MODIFIABLE FACTORS:

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY  Frequent falls

A. THEORETICAL BASED  Individual who engages
 with high risk sports NON-MODIFIABLE FACTORS
 Occupation  Bone disease
 Motor Vehicles  Age
 Poor Nutrition  Sex (Female)
 Smoking
 Sedentary/ No exercise

Pathologic (Spontaneous) Fracture Fatigue or Stress Fracture Sudden Injury/Compression Fracture

Complete Fracture Incomplete Fracture

Open/Closed
Fracture

Break or disruption in the

continuity of the bone

Displacement of the fragments of

the bone

Disruption of surrounding tissues:

-Blood vessels are ruptured
-Severed nerves

Damage to bone tissue which causes decrease Damage to the

Damage to muscle blood supply to and within the bone. And the peripheral nerves
tissues surrounding the bones
Degeneration of nerve cells
Spasm Pull of
Inflammatory Process Numbness Loss of muscle control
fragments out
of position

Poor muscle Absence of Loss of

tone reflexes muscle
mass
 Injured tissues and the leukocytes in the
Pain Deformity area secrete histamine,serotonin and
Paralysis
kinins
Immobility
Vasoconstriction of the Increased
Vasodilation of the arterioles
small veins capillary/vascular
Partial/full/temporary
permeability Decrease blood
loss of function
volume
Hyperemia Hematoma
formation Decrease tissue
v perfusion. Lack of
Capillary leak allowing
Decrease blood supply oxygen supply
plasma to leak to the tissues
Swelling to and within the bones
Ischemic Necrosis
(Osteonecrosis)
Increase pressure Redness Heat Area of bone necrosis
and irritation in the (Rubor) (Calor)
nerve endings Dead cells prompt the Tissue Death
migration of fibroblast and
Pain osteoblast to the fracture
(Dolor)
Formation of fibrocartilage
providing foundation for
bone healing
(within 2to 6 weeks)

Granulation of tissue

Callus formation

Osteoblast
proliferation

REFERENCES:
Medical Surgical Nursing Bone remodeling
Critical Thinking for Collaborative
Care 5th Edition Bone healing
By: Ignatavicius and Workman

Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing

Bone healing completed
11th Edition
By: Brunner and Suddarth