Allelochemicals World Congress

5th World Congress on Allelopathy
“Growing Awareness of the Role of Allelopathy in

Ecological, Agricultural, and Environmental Processes”
September 21- 25, 2008

The Saratoga Hilton, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
http://www-iascongress5.org
5th WCA │September 21-25, 2008 │Saratoga Springs, NY, USA 1
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Schedule at a glance
Breaks and
Morning Luncheons Afternoon Evening
Sunday Registration Reception
September 21 2:00 – 7:00 pm 7:00 pm –
Monday Registration Opening Breaks MT 8 & 13 Dinner on your

September 22 8:00 – 5:00 pm ceremony 8 am 10:35 & 15:30 13:45 – own
– 9:15
Lunch and Odd numbered
MT 9 & 12 posters posters
9:20 – 12:15 – 17:00 –
Tuesday Registration MT 2 & 7 Break Conference 18:00 Dinner

September 23 8:00 – 12:30 pm 8:00 – 10:00 tour departs cruise on Lake
1300 George
Lunch – 11:30
Wednesday Registration MT 1, 3 & 5 Breaks MT 4 & 10 Congress

September 24 8 – 5 pm 8:00 – 10:00 & 15:00 13:00 – Banquet
18:30 –
Lunch and Evern
posters numbered
11:45 – posters – 16:30
Thursday Registration MT 6 & 11 Break 12:15 – Closing

Sept ember 25 8:00 – 11:00 am 8:00 – 10:00 ceremony and
IAS business
Lunch on your meeting
own
Prasanta C. Bhowmik, Editor

University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA 01003
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Welcome from the Conference Chairs
We welcome you to the 5th World Congress of Allelopathy. The continuing success of this triennial
congress series reflects the continued interest of scientists throughout the world in the intriguing science
of allelopathy. In fact, we have scientists from almost forty countries on the program for this 5th iteration
of the congress. We have been impressed by the breadth of scientific areas covered by the thirteen Main
Topics. We thank the Main Topic Organizers for helping to attract such a varied and highly interesting
assemblage of papers.
Please join us for the Opening Reception on Sunday evening and take the opportunity to renew
friendships and meet new colleagues. The congress technical program will begin with the plenary
address by Dr. Norman Lewis on Monday morning, followed by several days of oral and poster
presentations. Lunches will be provided for registered delegates on Monday through Weds. We have an
excursion to beautiful natural areas on Tuesday afternoon, followed by a dinner cruise on Lake George.
Our congress banquet will be on Wednesday evening. Finally, we hope that all of you can stay for the
closing ceremony and International Allelopathy Society business meeting and awards ceremony on
Thursday afternoon. At this meeting, we will decide the venue for the 6th World Congress of Allelopathy in
2011 and announce winners or the awards.
We hope that all of you will take advantage of the opportunities for learning and networking throughout
the events of the conference. We wish you a rewarding and enjoyable stay in Saratoga Springs.
Prasanta Bhowmik
Stephen Duke
Leslie Weston
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Contents
Schedule at a glance 1
Welcome from the Conference Chairs 2
Congress Organizers 4
Program Committee 5
General Information 6
Program 8
Abstracts 28
Author Index 105

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Conference Organizers
Conference Chair
Leslie Weston
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
Program Chairs
Prasanta Bhowmik
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Stephen Duke
USDA, ARS, Oxford, MS, USA
Leslie Weston
Organizing Committee
Prasanta Bhowmik
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Stephen Duke
USDA, ARS, Oxford, MS, USA
Leslie Weston
Jeffrey Weidenhamer
Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
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Program Committee
Prasanta Bhowmik, Co-Chair Shibu Jose

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Stephen Duke, Co-Chair Chuihua Kong

USDA, ARS, Oxford, MS, USA Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
Leslie Weston, Co-Chair Y. Fujii

Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia National Institute for Agro-Environmental
Sciences, Tsukuba, Japna
Scott Baerson
USDA, ARS, Oxford, MS, USA Francisco Macias
Univeristy of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
Regina Belz
University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany Azim Mallik
Lakehead Univeristy, Thunder Bay, Canada
Nils-Ove Bertholdson
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Tsutomu Ohno
Alnarp, Sweden University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
Ray Callaway Ann Osbourn

University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
Frank Dayan Jim Pratley

USDA, ARS, Oxford, MS, USA Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
Gary Ervin Agnes Rimando

Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA USDA, ARS, Oxford, MS, USA
Marina Della Greca Margo Schulz

Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples Italy
University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Inge Fomsgaard
University of Aarhus, Slagelse, Denmark
Jeffrey Weidenhamer
Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
Ines Fritz
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Tulln, Austria
Ren-sen Zeng
South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou
510642, P.R. China
David Gealy
USDA, ARS, Stuttgart, AR, USA
Inderjit
Univeristy of Delhi, Delhi, Inda
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General Information
Registration Hours
Registration will be located in the Gallery near the Saratoga Hilton lobby. Participants can pickup
registration materials during the registration hours below:
Sunday, September 2:00 PM – 7:00 PM

Monday, September 22 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Tuesday, September 23 8:00 AM – 12:30 PM
Wednesday, September 24 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Thursday, September 25 8:00 AM – 11:00 AM
Poster Session
Gallery
We would like all posters to be mounted on boards in the Gallery near the hotel lobby from Sunday at
3:00 PM until Thursday at 10:00 AM. Poster presentations of odd numbered posters (consult program
abstract number for number) will be on Monday and even-numbered posters will be on Wednesday. See
the program for further details. Posters left after 10:00 AM on Thursday will be disposed of.
Reception
Welcoming Reception will take place in the Foyer/Pavilion area on Sunday, September 21 7:00 – 8:30
PM and will feature regional wines and cocktails as well as finger foods.
Conference Tour
Tour will take place from 12:45 PM until 9:45 PM on Tuesday September 23.
Tour will depart from the hotel on air conditioned buses and stop at several sites of interest to view local
points of interest with respect to invasive species, and succession and regional history. Lunch will be
completed before departure. Refreshments and dinner will be provided on the tour and lake cruise on
Lake George. We will not be returning to the hotel during the tour, so please bring along any necessary
items.
Banquet
Wednesday, September 24
6:00 – 6:45 Cash bar in the Atrium across from the Ballroom
6:45 – 9:00 Banquet and awards presentations, with comments from President Stephen O. Duke
Saratoga Ballroom
IAS Closing Ceremony and Business Meeting

Thursday, September 25 12:30 – close
Saratoga Ballroom 1 & 2
There will be a short Closing Ceremony and an International Allelopathy Society business meeting will be
conducted by the Executive Committee of IAS and will be held following the regular program. The
meeting is open to all members and we encourage attendance at this important event where we will
choose the meeting site for the 6th World Congress on Allelopathy (2011) and new members of the
executive committee and board of directors, and entertain any new business presented by the
membership.
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Accompanying Persons’ Program:

Although there is no formal program for accompanying persons each day, we have many local activities
and sites of interest that can be arranged by the hotel and interested parties. For example, local spas
have numerous day packages to enjoy mineral baths and massages, the harness track is running daily,
excursions can be easily arranged to Lake George for tours and shopping, and the historic art district and
local gardens and museums can be accessed by foot from the hotel. If you have a particular interest in
exploring a regional location, please let Leslie Weston know and she would be happy to help organize a
visit for all interested. Most venues are easily accessible by foot or by hotel van or limo service. Local limo
service can be accessed in the lobby of the Saratoga Hilton. Lists of local restaurants and locations of
interest are found at the concierge desk in the hotel lobby. Please google search Saratoga Springs and
you will readily find sites of interest to visit, listed by the local chamber of commerce website.
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Program
Sunday, Sept. 21, 2008

Registration begins at 2:00 PM
Gallery
Reception at 7:00 PM
Foyer/Pavilion
Monday, September 22, 2008

08:00 to 09:15 Opening ceremony
Saratoga Ballroom 3
Phytochemical Diversity and Its Implications
Norman G. Lewis
Eisig-Tode Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute of Biological Chemistry
Washington State University, USA (1.)
09:20 to 12:30 Concurrent sessions: MTs 9 and 12
Main Topic 9. Allelopathy methodologies

Travers/Alabama
Organizer: Jeffrey Weidenhamer
Co-organizer: Regina Belz
9:20 The Conundrum of Allelopathic Agents in Soils: Soil Extractions and Dose Response Studies
Udo Blum
Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, USA (151)
9:35 Measurement of Allelochemical Dynamics and Movement with Polydimethylsiloxane Sorbents

Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer
Department of Chemistry, Ashland University, USA (152)
9:50 Hormesis in Allelopathy Research – Modelling and Characteristic Features

Regina G. Belz
University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine, Germany (153)
10:05 On Density-Dependence of Plant Growth Response to Toxic Compounds

Aki Sinkkonen, Minna Vesterinen, Mari Hansi, Rauni Strömmer
University of Helsinki, Dept. Ecol. Environmental Sciences, FInland (154)
10:20 Allelopathy: From Field Observation to Laboratory and Glasshouse Experiments

J.R. Qasem
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Jordan (155)
10:35 Break
11:00 Parasitic Plants as a New Target Plant for Bioassay Method of Evaluating or Screening Rice Allelopathic Potential
1, 2 1 1
Yiqing Guo , Donghyun Shin , Kil-Ung Kim
1
College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University
2
Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Korea (156)
11:15 Can Marigold Root Exudates Suppress Weed Growth?

Shobha Sondhia, Jay G. Varshney
National Research Centre for Weed Science, India (157)
11:30 Allelopathy of Polish Winter Wheat Cultivars

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Helena Gawronska, Dorota Ciarka, Dariusz Ruszkowski, Stanislaw Gawronski*
Laboratory of Basic Research in Horticulture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland (158)
11:45 Current Allelopathic Research in Pakistan-Some Implications

Zahid Ata Cheema*, Abdul Khaliq and M. Naeem Mushtaq
Weed Science-Allelopathy Laboratory, University of Agriculture, Pakistan (159)
12:00 Effect of UV-B (280-320 nm) on the Enhancement of Allelochemicals (phenols) in Catharanthus roseus Plants
V. Selvakumar, P. Periyakaruppiah, K. Rajarathinam, M. Jayakumar
Research Department of Botany, VHNSN College, India (160)
Main Topic 12. Allelopathy in aquatic environments

Broadway 1 & 2
Organizer: Gary Ervin
Co-organizer: Marina Della Greca
9:20 Impact of Allelopathy on the Periphyton of Submersed Freshwater Macrophytes

D. Erhard
Limnological Station, Technical University of Munich, Germany (199)
9:35 Chemical Warfare in the Marine Plankton

1 1 1 2
J. Kubanek , E. Prince , T. Myers , and J. Naar
1
School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology
2
Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA (200)
9:50 Can Allelopathic Interactions Explain Plankton Blooms?

P. Jonsson, G. Toth, and H. Pavia
Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, Göteborg University, Sweden (201)
10:05 Allelopathic Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth Promotion of Marine Photosynthetic Bacteria
L. Li, X. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Almeira, F. Li, and X. Hu
Department of Environmental Studies and Environmental Engineering, Ocean University of China, China (202)
10:20 Chlorellin Production by Chlorella vulgaris: Qualitative and Quantitative Changes Influenced by Chemical and
Biological Factors
1 2 2 3 3 1
M. DellaGreca , P. Fergola , M. Cerasuolo , A. Pollio , G. Pinto , and A. Zarrelli
1
Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica
2
Dipartimento di Matematica e Applicazioni “R. Caccioppoli
3
Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale. Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
(203)
10:35 Break
11:00 Allelopathic Activities of Ceratophyllum demersum on Microcystis aeruginosa in Co-cultivation

1 1 1 1 2 1
Q. Xian , X. Li , J. Xu , S. Gao , D. Yin , and H. Zou
1
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University
2
Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, China (204)
11:15 QTL Mapping and Identification of Candidate Compounds Associated with Allelopathic Effect of Rice
1 2 3
Kazutoshi O. , K. Ebana , and M. M. Y. Hegab
1
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
2
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Japan
3
Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt (205)
11:30 Response of A Native Insect to Allelochemicals from A Native and Invasive Watermilfoil
1,2,3 1 2
M. D. Marko , R. M. Newman , and F. K. Gleason
1 2
Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota Department of Plant Biology,
University of Minnesota
3
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Soil and Water, USA (206)
11:45 Utilization of Allelopathic Plant Water Extracts in Combination with Reduced Rate of Atrazine for Weed Management
in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Azhar Mahmood, Zahid Ata Cheema, Abdul Khaliq and M. Naeem Mushtaq
Weed Science & Allelopathy Laboratory, University of Agriculture, Pakistan (207)
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12:00 Influence of Plant Population, Allelopathic Water Leachates and a Post-Emergence Herbicide on
Weeds in Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Arif Rehman, Zahid Ata Cheema, Abdul Khaliq and M. Naeem Mushtaq
12:15-13:45 Lunch provided and odd numbered posters

13:45-17:00 Concurrent sessions: MTs 8 and 13
Main Topic 8. Interactions in the rhizosphere

Travers/Alabama
Organizer: Chuihua Kong
Co-organizer: Ines Fritz
13:45 The Rhizosphere – The Hidden Half of The Hidden Half

Markus Puschenreiter and Walter W. Wenzel
University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences - BOKU, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Austria (138)
14:00 Rhizosphere Processes and Interactions in Cropping Systems in China

F. S. Zhang, J. G. Wang, C. H Kong, J. B. Shen, X. J. Liu and L. Li
College of Resources and Environmental sciences, China Agricultural University, China (139)
14:15 Fate of Phytotoxic Allelochemicals Produced by Cyperus rotundus in Environment and Change of Their
Phytotoxicity
Masanori Morimoto
Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Kinki University, Japan (140)
14:30 The Role of Soil Microorganisms in Transformation and Activity Change of Allelochemicals from Selected Plants
Ines Fritz, Denise Schneider, Dominic Funk, Marcus Pruckner, Michaela Bauer, Rudolf Braun
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Department IFA-Tulln, Austria (14.)
14:45 Role of Root-mediated Allelopathy in the Rhizosphere of Ageratum conyzoides

1 1 2 2
Daizy R. Batish , Shalinder Kaur , H.P.Singh and R.K.Kohli
1
Department of Botany, Panjab University
2
Centre for Environment and Vocational Studies, Panjab University, India (142)
15:00 Allelochemical Interactions in the Rhizoshpere

C. H. Kong
Institute of Applied Ecology, China Agricultural University, China (143)
15:30 Break
16:00 Studies on Composition of Amino Acids in Watermelon Root Exudates and Their Effects on Growth and
Development of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.nevium
Bo Liu, Fengzhi Wu, Yang Yang, and Xuezheng Wang
Horticulture College, Northeast Agricultural University, China (144)
16:15 Analysis of the Structure and Its Function of Microbial Flora in the Rhizospheric Soil Mediated by Allelopathic and
Non-allelopathic Rice Accessions
1,2 1,2 2 2 1,2
Long Qiu , Jun Xiong , Yue e Zhuang , Kaihui Hu , Wenxiong Lin
1
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), China;
2
Institute of Agroecology, FAFU, China (145)
16:30 Rice Root Exudates Induced by UV-irradiation in Rhizosphere Soil

1, 2 1, 2
Khalid Mahmood and Ren Sen Zeng
1
Research Center for Chemical Ecology
2
Institute of Tropical and Sub-tropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, China (146)
16:45 Fate of Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates in Soil

A. L. Gimsing and H. C. B. Hansen
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (147)
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Main Topic 13. Genetics and Biochemistry
Broadway 1 & 2
Organizer: Scott Baerson
Co-organizer: Anne Osbourn
13:45 Exploitation of Allelopathic Interactions in Cereal Crops

R. Gordon-Weeks and J. Pickett
Biological and Ecological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, UK (210)
14:00 Strigolactones: A cry for help results in fatal attraction

1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2
C. Ruyter-Spira , J. A. Lopez-Raez , C. Cardoso , T. Charnikhova , R. Matusova , W. Kohlen , F. Verstappen , and H.
1,2
Bouwmeester
1
Laboratory for Plant Physiology
2
Plant Research International, The Netherlands (211)
14:15 Biosynthesis and Allelopathic Activity of Diterpenoid Phytoalexins in Rice

1 1 1 2
H. Yamane , A. Okada , K. Okada , and T. Toyomasu
1
Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo
2
Department of Bioresource Engineering, Yamagata University, Japan (212)
14:30 Glucosinolates in Brassica Species: Weed Suppression, Biosynthesis and Engineering

H. Wu, E. Koetz, and D. Lemerle
EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Australia (213)
14:45 Investigating the Function of OsCYC1 and OsAOS Genes in Rice Allelopathy by RNA Interference
S. Luo, H. Bi, and R. Zeng
Institute of Tropical and Sub tropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, China (214)
15:00 Evolution of Benzoxazinone Biosynthesis

M. Frey, R. Dick, K. Schullehner, and A. Gierl
Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universität München, Germany (215)
15:15 Molecular Characterization of Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Allelochemical Sorgoleone
Z. Pan, S. R. Baerson, F. E. Dayan, A. M. Rimando, and S. O. Duke
USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USA (216)
15:30 Break
16:00 Allelopathic Compounds Produced by Oat

A. Osbourn and S. Mugford
Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, UK (217)
16:15 Identification and Analysis of meta-Tyrosine Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

G. Jander
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, USA (218)
16:30 Breeding Rye Cover Crops for Increased Allelopathic Potential

C. Reberg-Horton, A. Brooks, D. Danehower, M. Burton, J. Burton, G. Ma, and P. Murph
Depts. of Crop Science and Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, USA (219)
16:45 Development of Weed-Suppressing Rice Variety, Weed-Suppressing No.1, via a Specific Secondary Metabolite
Marker
Shao-chuan Zhou, De-cheng Lu, Hong Li, and Dao-Qiang Huang
Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Acamemy of Agricultural Sciences, China (220)
17:00 – 18:30 Odd numbered Posters

Gallery
Dinner on your own

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Tuesday, September 23, 2008

08:00-11:30 Concurrent sessions; MTs 2 and 7
Main Topic 2. Allelochemicals: Fate in soil and water

Travers/Alabama
Organizer: Inge Fomsgaard
Co-organizer: Tsutomu Ohno
08:00 Transformation of Benzoxazinoids in Soil - Kinetics and Pathways

1 1 1 1 1,2
Inge S. Fomsgaard , Per Kudsk , Solvejg K. Mathiassen , Sandra Carlsen , Stine Krogh Steffensen
1:Department of Integrated Pest Management,Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus
2:Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (28)
08:15 Evaluation of The Effectiveness of Allelochemicals in Soils

S. Hiradate, K. Ohse, A. Furubayashi, and Y. Fujii
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), Japan (29)
08:30 Behavior and Phytotoxic Activity of Allelochemical in Soil

K. Kobayashi
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan (30)
08:45 Mineralization of Sorgoleone, An Allelochemical Produced by Sorghum, in Soil

1 2, 3 3
A. L Gimsing , F. Dayan J. Bælum , and C. S. Jacobsen
1
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
2
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USA
3
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Geochemistry, Denmark (31)
09:00 The Fate and Impact on Microorganism of Rice Allelochemical in Paddy Soil
1, 2 1 2
C. H. Kong , P. Wang , and X. H. Xu
1
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
2
State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, China (32)
09:15 Presence that Belies The Persistence: A Perspective on Mediation of Allelopathy by Soils
1 2
N. Tharayil and P. C. Bhowmik .
1
Entomology, Soil and Plant Sciences, Clemson University
2
Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, USA (33)
09:30 The Biodegradation and Sorption of Flavonoids in Soil

1 2
L. Shaw and J. Hooker
1
Department of Soil Science, The University of Reading
2
School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand (34)
09:45 Fate of Benzoxazinoids in Soil Following Application of Rye (Secale cereale L.) as a Cover Crop and Their Possible
Link to Allelopathic Activity
1 1 2 1
C. P. Rice , J. R. Teasdale , I. A. Zasada , and K. Bialek-Kalinski
1
USDA-ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab
2
USDA-ARS Nematology Lab, USA (35)
10:00 Break
10:30 Chemical Interaction in Spear-grass (Imperata cylindrica)

T. D. Xuan, T. D. Khanh, and S. Tawata
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Japan (36)
10:45 Impact of Allelopathic Rice Seedlings on Rhizospheric Microflora Functional Diversity and Soil Enzyme Activities
L. Rui-yu, Y. Cui-ping, R. Hong, X. Qing-tie, and L. Wen-xiong
Institute of Agro-ecology, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, PR China (37)
11:00 Biomedicine: Degradation and Ecotoxicity of Artemisinin in Soil

1 2 3 1
Karina Knudsmark Jessing , Nina Cedergreen , John Jensen and Hans Christian Bruun Hansen
1
University of Copenhagen, Department of Natural Sciences
2
University of Copenhagen, Department of Agricultural Sciences
3
Aarhus University, National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark (38)
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11:15 Allelopathic Effect of Continuously Cropping Soils under Chinese Medicinal Achyranthes bidentata Blume and its
Molecular Mechanism
1,2 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,2*
Zhenfang, Li , Zhongyi Zhang , Jun Xiong , Hui Chen , Wenxiong Lin
1 2.
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Institute of
Agroecology, School of Life Sciences
3.
Institute of Chinses medicinal plants, Henan Agriculture University, China (39)
Main Topic 7. Invasion ecology and allelopathy 1

Saratoga Ballroom 3
Organizer: Y. Fujii
Co-organizer: L. A. Weston,
08:00 Integrated Invasive Plant Management in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA
1, 1 2
Hilary A. Oles Steven M. Flint and Daniel M. Spada
1
The Nature Conservancy – Adirondack Chapter
2
New York State Adirondack Park Agency, USA (122)
08:15 The Invasive Swallow-worts: What Do We Know About Their Biology and Management?
1 1 1 2
Kristine M. Averill , Antonio DiTommaso , Charles L. Mohler , and Lindsey R. Milbrath
1
Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University
2
USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USA (123)
08:30 Studies on The Ecology and Allelopathic Potential of Black and Pale Swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum nigrum and
rossicum) in New York State, USA
1, 2 1
Cameron Douglass Leslie A. Weston and Antonio DiTommaso
1
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, USA
2
E. H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Australia (124)
08:45 The Curse of Paterson’s Curse

J. E. Pratley and A. N. Seal
E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Australia (125)
09:00 Parthenium hysterophorus L Invasion and Allelopathy in Nepal

P. K. Jha, B. B. Shrestha, S. Maharjan, S. Joshi and B. Timsina
Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Nepal (126)
09:15 Allelopathic Potential as an Interference Strategy of the Invader Weed Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Itchgrass)
1 2 1
Silvia M. Contreras-Ramos , Luc Dendooven , and Ana Luisa Anaya .
1
Laboratorio de Alelopatía, Instituto, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
2
Laboratorio de Ecología de Suelos, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico (127)
09:30 Density-dependent Crop Allelopathy: Effectiveness for Weed Control, Associated Root Interaction and Morphology
Changes
1 2 1
M. An , C.J. Li , and J. Pratley
1
E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Australia
2
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, China (128)
09:45 Is the Allelochemical Parthenin Responsible for the Invasiveness of Parthenium hysterophorus L.?
1 2 2
Carl Reinhardt , Regina Belz and Karl Hurle
1
Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria
2
University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine, South Africa (129)
10:00 Break
10:30 Comparison of Allelopathy Potential between an Exotic Invasive Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides and a Local
Weed A. sessilis
1 2 1 1 1 1
Yong-jun, Zhou , Yoshiharu Fujii , Liu-qing Lu , Jian-ping Zhang , Yong-liang Lu , Song-nan Xuan
1
State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology China National Rice Research Institute
2
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Japan (130)
10:45 Allelopathic Effects of an Invasive Species Solidago canadensis on Soil-borne Pathogens: Implication of an
Alternative Explanation for Plant Invasion
Shanshan Zhang, Guodong Yu, Jianjun Tang, Xin Chen
College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, China (131)
11:00 Evaluation of Invasive Alien Plants by Modified FAO-WRA (2005): Importance of Allelopathy in Weed Risk
Assessment
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Yoshiharu Fujii, Syunji Kurokawa, and Syuntaro Hiradate
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Japan (132)
11:30-13:00 - Lunch provided
13:00 - Conference tour departs

Fieldtrip to view invasive weed ecology/lakes/forest ecosystems, followed by dinner cruise on
Lake George
18:00 Dinner cruise on Lake George
Wednesday, September 24, 2008

08:00-11:45 Concurrent sessions: MTs 1, 3 & 5
Main Topic 1. Allelopathic interactions including plant pathogens, endophytes,

mycorrhizal associations, and insect impacts
Travers/Alabama
Organizer: Marina Della Greca.
Co-organizer: Nils-Ove Bertholdson
08:00 Fungal Endophyte Metabolism and Allelopathic Interactions with Host Plants
A. E. Glenn, N. C. Zitomer, and R. T. Riley
USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, USA (2)
08:15 Specific Interactions between AM-fungi, PGPR and Plant Pathogens with Regard to Plant Growth Promotion
U. Granhall, V. Arthurson, and L. Jäderlund
Dept. of Microbiology, Swedish Univ. of Agric. Sciences (SLU), Sweden (3)
08 :30 Endophytic Fungi: New Perspectives in Allelopathy

1 2 3 1 1 1
A. L. Anaya , M. C. González , A. E. Glenn , A. Saucedo-García , M. L. Macías-Rubalcava , B. E. Hernández-Bautista , and R.
4
T. Hanlin
1
Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología
2
Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
3
USDA, ARS, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, USA
4
University of Georgia, Museum of Natural History Annex, USA (4)
08:45 Bioprospecting for Allelopathic Endophytes from Native Australian Flora with Mycofumigation Potential
S. Mattner, R. Mann, D. Allen, I. Porter, and J. Edwards
BioSciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Australia (5)
09:00 Research Progress of Compounds Isolated from Fungus for Weed Control in China
L. Yu, G. Duan, R. Geng, J. Zhang, Y. Lu and Y. Zhou
State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, China (6)
09:15 Plant Allelochemicals Mediate Tritrophic Interactions among Crops, Pathogens, and Insects via Induction of Insect
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases
1,2 3 2 3 2
R. S. Zeng , Z. Wen , G. Niu , M. A. Schuler , M. R. Berenbaum
1
Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, China
2
Department of Entomology, University of Illinois
3
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, USA (7)
09:30 Bioprotective Functions of Ergot Alkaloids in an Endophytic Fungus-Grass Symbiosis

1 1 2 2
D. G. Panaccione , J. R. Cipoletti , C. L. Schardl , and D. A. Potter
1
West Virginia University
2
University of Kentucky, USA (8)
09:45 Amending Soil with Artemisinin-Rich Dry Leaf Tissue of Artemisia annua Improves A. annua’s Competitive Ability
N. Delabays
Swiss Agricultural Research Station, Switzerland (9)
10:00 Break
10:15 Plant-Plant Interaction – A Multitrophic Phenomenon? Studies in a Barley Crop System
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V. Ninkovic
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden (10)
10:30 Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Spring Host Plant Alternation by the Bird Cherry-oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi
L.)
P. Czerniewicz and B. Leszczyński
University of Podlasie, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland (11)
10:45 Differential Responses of Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. in VAM Soil Containing Glomus fasciculatum on Vegetative
Growth, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Uptake
M. B. Ray and S. Halder
1
Department of Botany, Burdwan University
2
Department of Botany, Burdwan Raj College, India (12)
11:00 Reaction of Oncomelania hugpensis to the Allelopathic Cardiac Glycosides of

Nerium indicum
1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1
W.–X. Wang , Y. Yang , W.–P. Tang , Q.-X. Sun , X.-D. Zhang , X.-Y. Hu , W. Chen , H.-D. Jiang , W.-L. Yun , J. Wu
1
Institute of Biology and Science, Hubei University
2
Hubei Provincial Academy of Forestry
3
Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China (13)
11:15 Rice Allelopathy for Control of Phytophathogenic Fungi

R. Bajwa and A. Javaid
Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology, University of the Punjab, Pakistan (14)
11:30 Allelopathic Compound Production Influences Fungal Endophyte Community Assembly and Establishment of a
Seed-borne Primary Colonizer in Maize
M. Saunders, A. E. Glenn and L. M. Kohn
Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada (15)
MT 3 Allelochemical identification, localization and applications

Broadway 3 & 4
Organizer: Agnes Rimando
Co-organizer: Francisco Macias
08:00 Developing New Herbicides from Gramineae Allelochemicals

Francisco A. Macías, Elena Arroyo, Nuria Chinchilla, Rosa M. Varela and Jose M.G. Molinillo
Dept. of Organic Chemistry, University of Cadiz, Spain (44)
08:15 Momilactone A and B as Rice Allelochemicals

Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University, Japan (45)
08:30 Biological Activity of Phytotoxins Isolated from Fungal Pathogens of Cirsium arvense and Sonchus arvensis.
1 1 1 1 2 2
Alexander Berestetskiy , Andrey Dmitriev , Galina Mitina , Oleg Yuzikhin , Alessio Cimmino , Anna Andolfi , Antonio
2
Evidente
1
All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Russia
2
Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy (46)
08:45 Bioactivity-guided Chemical Isolation of Secondary Metabolites from Plants that Interact and Inhibit Photosynthesis
Blas Lotina-Hennsen, Maria Isabel Aguilar and Beatriz King-Díaz
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico (47)
09:00 Potential Allelopathic Interferences in Mediterranean Macchia

Antonio Fiorentino, Assunta Esposito, Brigida D’Abrosca, Angelina Izzo, and Pietro Monaco
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Second University of Naples, Italy (48)
09:15 Why Orobanche cumana is a Specific Parasite of Sunflower: Some Chemical Clues
Francisco A. Macías, María D. García-Díaz, Pablo Sánchez-Gómez and Juan C. G. Galindo
Cadiz Allelopathy Group, University of Cadiz, Spain (49)
09:30 Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase as Allelochemicals

Rajendra Gupta
Department of Botany, University of Delhi, India (50)
09:45 Cyanamide as a Natural Product

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Tsunashi Kamo, Syuntaro Hiradate and Yoshiharu Fujii
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), Japan (51)
10:00 Break
10:15 Allelopathic Studies on Teak (Tectona grandis): New Active Naphthoquinones

Francisco A. Macías, José M. G. Molinillo, Rosa M. Varela, Rodney R. Lacret, Clara Nogueira and Carlos K. Z. Andrade
Dept. of Organic Chemistry, University of Cadiz, Spain (52)
10:30 Trichothecene chemotype is Thought to Play a Key Role in the Phytopathogenicity of Individual Fusarium Strains
Takumi Nishiuchi
Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Japan (53)
10:45 Physiological Activity of Allelochemicals from Germinating Plant Seeds: Recent Progress and Future Prospects
1 2 1 1,2
Kosumi Yamada , Katsutoshi Hirose , Hideyuki Shigemori and Koji Hasegawa
1
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2
KNC Laboratories Co., Ltd., Japan (54)
11:00 Allelochemicals Involved in Rice Allelopathy

1,2 2
C. H. Kong and X. H. Xu
1
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
2
State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, China (55)
11:15 New Potential Allelochemical from Acacia leucophloea Willd.

Raj Nath Yadava
Natural Products Laboratory, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, India (56)
11:30 Effect of Essential Oils on the Germination of Solanum nigrum and Physalis angulat
Ilhan Uremis, Mehmet Arslan and Ahmet Uludag
Plant Protection Department, Aegean University, Turkey (57)
Main Topic 5. Allelopathy in agricultural settings

High Rock
Organizer: Jim Pratley
Co-organizer: David Gealy
08:00 Developments in Rice Allelopathy: Searching for the Balance between Allelopathic Activity, Agronomic Viability and
Commercial Acceptability
1 2 3 1
David Gealy , Karen Moldenhauer , John Mattice , and Wengui Yan
1
USDA-ARS, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center
2
University of Arkansas Rice Research and Extension Center
3
University of Arkansas, Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, USA (82)
08:15 Allelopathy in Agroecosystems of Northwestern India and its Practical Utility

1 2 2
Daizy R. Batish , H.P.Singh and R.K.Kohli
1
Department of Botany, Panjab University
2
08:30 Role of Allelopathy in the Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Hairy Vetch Cover Crop Residue in No-Tillage
Sustainable Production Systems
John R. Teasdale
USDA-ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab, USA (84)
08:45 Green Manures in Organic Farming Systems: Multiple Stresses Affect Seedbank Dynamics
a b c d
E. R. Gallandt , H. M. Kruidhof , E. R. Haramoto and L. Bastiaans
a
University of Maine
b
University of California, Riverside
c
Mount Holyoke College, USA
d
Wageningen University, The Netherlands (85)
09:00 Alternative Weed Management in Cotton Field by Employing Allelopathy Principles: A Case Study in Pakistan
1 2
Javaid Iqbal and Zahid A. Cheema
1
College of Agriculture
2
University of Agriculture, Pakistan (86)
09:15 The Use of Mustard Cover Crops in Potato Rotations

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Rick Boydston
USDA-ARS, USA (87)
09:30 The Allelopathic Potential of Rice Cultivars to Control Multiple Australian Rice Weeds
A. N. Seal and J. E. Pratley
E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Australia (88)
09:45 Allelochemically-Enhanced-Competition: Theoretical Framework, Experimental Approach, and Ecological

Significance
1 2 3 1
M. An , Y.H. Liu , M. Saeed and J. Pratley
1
2
Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, College of Sciences, South China Agricultural University, China
3
Directorate of Agronomy, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Pakistan (89)
10:00 Break
10:15 Breeding for Improved Allelopathic Activity in Swedish Spring Wheat

Nils-Ove Bertholdsson
Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden (90)
10:30 Terpenoids: Better Candidates for the Development of Natural Herbicides

HaiBin He, HaiBin Wang and Wen Xiong Lin
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (91)
10:45 Effect of Continuous Cropping of Chinese Medicinal Plant Rehmannia glutinosa on Rhizospheric Microorganisms
1,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2*
Zhongyi Zhang , ZhenfangLi Jun Xiong ,Hui Chen and Wenxiong Lin
1
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), China
2
Institute of Agroecology, FAFU
3
Institute of Chinese Medicinal Plants, Henan Agriculture University, China (92)
11:00 Modelling Autotoxicity in Continuous Cropping and the Dynamics of Autoxins

1 1 2
Y.H. Liu , Y. L. Fu and M. An
1
College of Sciences, South China Agricultural University, China
2
E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Australia (93)
11:15 Weed Management in Wheat (Triticum aestivum l) through applying Allelopathic Plant Water Extracts in
Combination with Reduced Herbicide Doses
*1 2 3 4
Muhammad Saeed , Muhammad Rafiq , Min An and Aamer Sattar
1
Directorate of Agronomy, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute & University of Agriculture, Pakistan
2
Technical Branch, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Pakistan
3
4
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Pakistan (94)
11:30 The Influence of Tea Saponins and Caffeine on the Growth of Tea Plant in Vitro
1 2
P. Okinda Owuor , and Francis N. Wachira
1
Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Kenya
2
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Egerton University, Kenya (95)
11:45-13:00 - Lunch provided with even numbered posters

13:00 – 16:30 - Concurrent sessions MTs 4 & 10
MT 4 Allelopathy in forest ecosystems

Broadway 3 & 4
Organizer: Azim Mallik
Co-organizer: Shibu Jose
13:00 Allelopathy by Empetrum hermaphroditum in the Boreal Forest – A Summary of Research Conducted
Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Sweden (69)
13:15 Kalmia – Conifer Interactions in Eastern Canada: From Allelopathy to Satellite Imagery
Nelson Thiffault
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec, Canada (70)
13:30 Belowground Competition and Chemical Interference between Kalmia and Black Spruce
Azim U. Mallik, Shekhar R. Biswas and Laura C. Siegwart
Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Canada (71)
13:45 Allelopathic Influence of Imperata cylindria (L.) Beauv.) on Recruitment and Establishment of Understory Plants of
Southeastern U.S. Forests
Shibu Jose and E. Corrie Pieterson
School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, USA (72)
14:00 Describing Phytotoxic Effects of Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon L.) on Cumulative Germination
M. Iftikhar Hussain, l. González Rodriguez and M. J. Reigosa Roger
Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, University of Vigo, Spain (73)
14:15 Changes in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential Oils with Water Stress

1 2 2 1 1
Silvia Leicach , A. Garau , A.B. Guarnaschelli , N Sztarker and A. Dato
1
Cátedra de Química Orgánica
2
Cátedra de Dasonomía. Facultad de Agronomía. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (74)
14:30 A process-based Approach for Predicting the Toxicity of Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone) and other
Phytochemicals in Soils beneath Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) Trees
Guntram von Kiparski
University of California – Riverside, Department of Environmental Sciences, USA (75)
14:45 Plant-plant Interference in Mediterranean Forest Dynamic: Consequences of Resource Competition and Allelopathy
on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and a Deciduous Oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) Growth
Yogan Monnier, Bruno Vila, Catherine Fernandez
Institut Méditerranéen d’Ecologie et Paléoécologie IMEP
Equipe Ecologie Fonctionnelle, Aix-Marseille Université, France (76)
15:00 Break
15:15 76. Opportunities for Allelopathy Research in the Management of Vegetation in Power Line Rights-of-way
Timothy A. Chick
Div. of Forestry, Natural Resources and Recreation, Paul Smith’s College, USA (77)
15:30 Allelopathy of a Sacred Grove Tree Species, Aglaia elaegnoidea on Green Gram, Vigna radiata
M. P. Ramanujam, P. Suganthi, M. Sathya and D. Kadamban
Botany Laboratory, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, India (78)
15:45 Allelopathic Potential of Mangrove Plants on Growth and Development of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides St. and
Hub.)
K. Arumugam
Department of Botany – DDEAnnamalai University, India (79)
16:00 Using Plant Extracts in Control of Canary Grass (Phalaris minor Retz.)
Masoumeh Younesabadi, Habib Ollah Kashiri, Ali Reza Savari Nejad and Leila Torbati
Dept. of Plant Protection, Agricultural research center, Iran (80)
16:15 Tropical Trees Leaves Used as Mulches: Effects on Crop Plants Growth, Weeds, Microbiota, and Soil Properties
M. Flores-Carmona, R. Cruz-Ortega, and A. L. Anaya
Laboratorio de Alelopatía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (81)
MT 10 Invasion ecology and allelopathy 2

Travers/Alabama
Organizer: Inderjit
Co-organizer: Ray Callaway
13:00 Biogeographical Approaches to Allelopathy Helps to Evaluate the Impact of Exotic Invaders
R. M. Callaway and Inderjit
Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, USA
1
Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi, India (163)
13:15 Invasion Success: Are Mode of Actions of Root and Exudate Chemicals Useful Indicators?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F. Hadacek and Chobot
University of Vienna, Austria (164)
13:30 Allelpathic Interference of Cyperus rotundus L. with Some Crops

Alsaadawi and Salih
Office of Agricultural Researches, Ministry of Science and Technology, Iran (165)
13:45 Significance of Algal Allelochemicals in Natural and Agroecosystem

A. S. Ahluwalia
Department of Botany, Panjab University, India (166)
14:15 Conditional Effects of an Allelopathic Root Exudate: The Toxicity of (±)-catechin is Affected by Interactions with
Different Metals
Jarrod Pollock, Ragan M Callaway, Inderjit and William E. Holben
Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, USA (167)
14:30 Allelopathy Contributes to The Invasion Success by Creating a Negative Feedback for Native Residents
1 2
Inderjit and R. M. Callaway
1
Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi, India
2
Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, USA (168)
14:45 Allelopathy of Acacia dealbata Link in Invaded Areas in North West of Spain
Paula Lorenzo, Eva Pazos, Luís González, Manuel J. Reigosa
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Spain (169)
15:00 Break
15:15 Allelopathic Interaction Between Two Co-occurring Ruderal Invasive Plant Species in The Kashmir Himalaya, India
Reshi Z. and Rashid
University of Kashmir, India (170)
15:30 Allelopathy as a Mechanism for Invasion by Non-indigenous Species

Robin Svensson
Department of Marine Ecology, Gothenburg University, Sweden (171)
15:45 Seed Germination, Growth and Root Vessel Elements of Sesame Seedlings as Affected by Leaves, Stem and Root
Extracts of Aristolochia esperanzae
1 2 3
Alfredo G. Ferreira, Ana B. Gatti and Sonia C.J.G.A.Perez
1
Botany Department, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University, Brazil
2
Ecological and Natural Course at São Carlos University, Brazil
3
Botany Department, São Carlos University, São Paulo State, Brazil (172)
16:00 Allelopathic Effects of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Litter on Soil Microbial Activity
1* 1 2 1
F. Esposito , A. De Marco , A. Zarrelli and A. Virzo
1
Dipartmento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale
2
Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Napoli ”FEDERICO II”, Complesso Universitario
Monte S. Angelo via Cinthia, Italy (173)
16:15 The Bittersweet Paradox: Toxic Allelochemicals also Facilitate Nutrient Acquisition
1 2 3
Nishanth Tharayil , Prasanta Bhowmik and Peter Alpert
1
Entomology Soil & Plant Sciences, Clemson University
2
Plant Soil & Insect Sciences, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst
3
Biology Department, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, USA (174)
16:30 – 18:30 Even numbered posters

Gallery
18:30 Banquet at hotel (with presidential address)

Saratoga Ballroom
Thursday, September 25, 2008

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08:00-12:00 Concurrent sessions: MTs 6 & 11
Main Topic 6. Biosynthesis, mode of action, and detoxification of phytotoxins from plant
Saratoga Ballroom 1
Organizer: Franck Dayan
Co-organizer: Margo Schulz
08:00 The Allelochemical Benzoxazolinone – Molecular Backgrounds of Its Detoxification and Degradation
1 2 2 2
M. Schulz, S. Kant, M. Knop, D. Sicker , T. Colby , A. Harzen and J. Schmidt
IMBIO (Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnology der Pflanzen
1
Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Germany (101)
08:15 Momilactone B Accumulation in Rice and Rice Rhizosphere by Environmental Stresses

H. Kato-Noguchi, H. Kujime and T. Ino
Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University Miki, Japan (102)
08:30 Cytotoxic Effects of Cyanamide on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Root Growth
1 2 2 1 1
D. Sołtys , A. Rudzińska-Langwald , W. Kurek , A. Gniazdowska and R. Bogatek
1
Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Science-SGGW
2
Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Science-SGGW, Poland (103)
08:45 Phytotoxicity Caused by Sicyos deppei (Cucurbitaceae): Metabolic Targets in Lycopersicon esculentum
A. Lara-Nuñez, A. L. Anaya and R. Cruz-Ortega
Laboratorio de Alelopatía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (104)
09:00 In planta Mechanism of Action of the Allelochemical Sorgoleone

F. E. Dayan
Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, USA (105)
09:15 Elucidation of the Final Reactions of DIMBOA-Glucoside Biosynthesis in Maize

1 1 1 2 1
M. Frey , R. Jonczyk , E. Glawischnig , D. Sicker , and A. Gierl
1
Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen
2
Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitaet Leipzig, Germany (106)
09:30 Allelopathic Potential of Sunflower Plants (Helianthus annus L.) on Soil Texture and its Root Extract on Physiology
of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seedlings
J. Kamal and Asghari Bano
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan (107)
09:45 Root Inhibitory Effect of Caffeic Acid: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
1 2 1 1
S. Kaur , H. P. Singh , D. R. Batish and R. K. Kohli
1
Department of Botany
2
10:00 Break
10:30 Allelopathic Potential and Molecular Analysis of Some Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivated in Kurdistan
Region – Iraq
Z. M. Al-Asaadee, J. M. S. Jubrael and H. A. M. Mezori
University of Dohuk, Iraq (109)
10:45 Changes of Allelopathic and Autotoxic Potentials of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Under Enhanced Ultraviolet-B
Radiation
K. Pan, H. Li, J. Wang and Y. Wang
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (110)
11:00 Understanding the Mode of Action of BOA (2-benzoxazolinone) and PCA (Protocatechualdehyde) on Arabidopsis
Plants
M. J. Reigosa Roger, A. Martínez-Peñalver and A. M. Sanchez Moreiras
Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Universidade de Vigo, Spain (111)
11:15 Protein Profiles From Lettuce Plants: Testing the Stress Hypothesis
A. M. Sanchez Moreiras and M. J. Reigosa Roger
Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Universidade de Vigo, Spain (112)
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11:30 Allelopathic Potential of Caesulia axillaries on Physiology and Yield of Wheat

Devendra Singh, Mrintunjay Kumar, Nawalesh K. Sinha and S. S. Mandal
Department of Agronomy, Rajendra Agricultural University, India (113)
11:45 The Comparative Study of Allelopathic Effects of Acroptilon repens L. on Some of Physiological Properties of
Brassica napus L. and Accompanying Weeds
1 2 3 4
F. Abbassi, M. R. Rusta Nejad, R. Ghorbani and M. Bazubandi
1
Biology Department of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
2
Agriculturi Department of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
3
Agronomy Plant Breeding Department of Agriculture Faculty of Ferdowsi University Mashhad
4
Research Center of Khorasan-e-Razavi, Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, Iran (114)
Main Topic 11. Allelopathy in crop settings for weed suppression

Saratoga Ballroom 2
Organizer: Prasanta Bhowmik
Co-organizer: Ren-sen Zeng
08:00 The Challenge of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) – Will Allelopathy be Part of the Solution?
J. E. Pratley
E. H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Australia (175)
08:15 Role and Persistence of Rye Allelopathic Activity in Soil

1 1 2
John R. Teasdale , Clifford P. Rice and Inga A. Zasada
1
USDA-ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab
2
USDA_ARS Nematology Lab, USA (176)
08:30 Rye Cover Crop Management to Enhance Allelopathic Weed Suppression

James Burton, Christophe LaHovary, Christine Sickler, David Danehower, Chris Reberg-Horton, Michael Burton, and Paul
Murphy
Depts. of Horticultural Science and Crop Science, North Carolina State University, USA (177)
08:45 Open
Paper moved to Poster Session
09:00 Allelopathic Rice: From Theory to Practice in China

H. Fei, *C. Kong and X. Chen
Laboratory of Weed Science, South China Agricultural University, China (179)
09:15 Molecular Physiological Properties of Different Allelopathic Potential Rice Accessions in Responses to Nutrition
Deficiency
1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1,2 1,
W.X. Lin , J. Xiong , H.B. He , H.B Lin and L. Qiu
1
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU)
2
09:30 FQ-PCR Analysis on Key Enzymatic Genes Related with Phenolic Acid Metabolism in Rice Accessions (Oryza Sativa
L.) Exposed to Nitrogen Stress
1 1 1 2 1 1 1
J. Xiong , H.B. Wang , L. Qiu , H. Wu , H.B. He , R.Y. Lin and W.X. Lin
1
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU)
2
09:45 Exploiting Rice Allelopathy for Management of Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Arshad Javaid, Sobiya Shafique, Shazia Shafique and Tariq Riaz
Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology, University of the Punjab, Pakistan (182)
10:00 Break
10:30 Effect of Different Allelopathic Crop Residues Applied as Surface Mulch for Weed Management in Maize (Zea mays
L.)
Azhar Mahmood, Zahid Ata Cheema, Abdul Khaliq and M. Naeem Mushtaq
10:45 Allelopathic Potentials of a Non-Leguminous Cover Crop, Nelsonia canescens (Lam) Spreng, Family Acanthaceae
1 2 1 3 1
A. G. N. Fongod , D. A. Focho , A. M. Mih , Nukuna B. N. and V. P. K. Titanji
1
Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon
2
Department of Plant Biology, University of Dschang, Cameroon
3
Lerner Research Institute, Cleaveland, Ohio, USA (184)
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11:00 Control of Weeds in Wheat Field by Applying Allelopathic Concept in Bangladesh

1 1 2
P. K. Biswas , M. M. Morshed and P. C. Bhowmik
1
Dept. of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh
2
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA (185)
11:15 Phyto-toxicity of Wheat Straw on Selected Weed Species in Respect to Germination and Growth
G.P.Satsangi, Garima Bartariya, and Anjali Saxena
Department of Botany, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University, India (186)
11:30 Allelopathic Effect of Jatropha curcus Oil Cakes after Biodiesel Recovery on Zea mays and Sorghum vulgare.
M. Jayakumar and P. Meena
Research Department of Botany, VHNSN College, India (187)
11:45 Weed Suppression in Organic Gardening and Farming: Is Allelopathy the Answer?
Gerald R. Leather
West Virginia University Agriculture Extension Service, USA (188)
12:15 – Closing ceremony and IAS business meeting

Posters listed by their abstract number

Odd numbered posters presented on Monday, even numbered poster on Wednesday (see
schedule). All posters remain throughout the meeting.
Gallery
Main Topic 1. Allelopathic interactions including plant pathogens, endophytes,

16. Evaluation and Nematocide Effect of Capparis spinosa L. on Germination and Early Growth of Cumcumber (Cucumis
sativus L.) Under Laboratory Conditions
1, 2 1, 3 1
M. Rafieiolhossaini , H. Sodaeizadeh and P. Van Damme
1
Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium;
2 3
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; Faculty of Natural Resource
and Desert Study, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
17. Effect of the Fungal Endophyte Epichloë festucae on the Allelopathic Potential of Festuca rubra Grass
M. Romo, B. García-Criado, A. García-Ciudad, B. R. Vázquez de Aldana
Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNASA-CSIC), P.O.
Box 257, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
18. Characterization of Fusarium verticillioides Genes Necessary for Benzoxazolinone Biotransformation

A. E. Glenn and C. W. Bacon
USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA
30604, USA.
19. Bacillus mojavensis Transforms BOA Into Fungitoxic APO in the Presence of Fusarium verticillioides
1 1 1 2 2
C. W. Bacon , D. M. Hinton , A. E. Glenn , F. A. Macias , and D. Marin
1 2
USDA, ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30604, USA; Department of Organic Chemistry,
University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.
20. Allelopathic Actions of Camptotheca acuminata Decne. Against Pest Spodoptera exigua Hubner
H. Jiang
Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 110094, China
21. Peroxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase as Bioindicators of Grain Aphid Adaptations towards Walnut Phenolics
G. Chrzanowski, B. Leszczynski, H. Matok, and K. Milewska
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Podlasie 12 B. Prusa St., 08
110 Siedlce, Poland.
22. Studies on the Allelopathy of the Triterpene Sapogenin from Nerium indicum to
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Oncomelania hugpensis
1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1
W. –X. Wang , Y. Yang , W. –P. Tang , Q.-X. Sun , X.-D. Zhang , X.-Y. Hu , W. Chen , H. –D. Jiang , W.-L. Yun and J. Wu
1 2
Institute of Biology and Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062; Hubei Provincial Academy of Forestry, Wuhan
3
430079; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091.
23. Introducing Neotyphodium occultans in Australian Annual Ryegrass Populations

1 1 2 1 1 3
K. A. Kirkby , J. Pratley , D.E. Hume , A. Seal , M. An , and H. Wu
1 2
EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678; Grasslands Research
Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4442
3
EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650
24. Effect of Plant Extracts on Grain Aphid (Sitobion avenae F.)

G. Chrzanowski and B. Leszczyński
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Podlasie 12 B. Prusa St., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
25. Induction of DIMBOA and Phenolic Acids by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae Confers Increased Corn
Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani
1,2 2 2 1,2
R. S. Zeng , M. Cao , J. H. Huang and S. M. Luo
1
Research Center for Chemical Ecolog
2
Institute of Tropical and Sub-tropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642 P.R.
China
26. Effect of Bird Cherry Volatiles on Host Plant Selection by Bird Cherry-oat Aphid During Autumn
R. Krzyżanowski and B. Leszczyński
University of Podlasie, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, B. Prusa 12 St., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
27. Allelopathy Impact of Two Resistant Tomato Rootstocks on the Population Dynamics and Diversity of Rhizosphere
Free-living Nematodes
Z. Cao and L. Han
College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100094
Main Topic 2. Allelochemicals: Fate in soil and water

40. Allelopathic Potential of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)-infested Soil Extract and its Phytotoxic Compounds
Tran Dang Khanh, Tran Dang Xuan, and Sinshichi Tawata
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of the Ryukyu, Okinawa 902-0213, Japan
41. Fate of Toxic Potato Glycoalkaloids in a Potato Field

1,2 1 2 2 2
P. H. Jensen , O. S. Jacobsen , R. B. Pedersen , B. W. Strobel , and H. C. B. Hansen
Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871
1
Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Department of Geochemistry, Øster
2
Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Natural Sciences,
Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
42. Content and Distribution of the Carcinogen Ptaquiloside in Soil and Groundwater
1, 2 1 1 2 2
P. H. Jensen , O. S. Jacobsen , R. K. Juhler , A. L. Gimsing , and H. C. B. Hansen
1
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350
2
Copenhagen K, Denmark; Department of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871
Frederiksberg C, Denmark
43. Allelopathic Activity of Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora Sieb) Leaf Powder
Yumi Okamoto, Keiko Yamaji, and Katsuichiro Kobayashi
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
Main Topic 3. Allelochemical identification, localization and applications
58. Potential Allelopathic Interferences of Melilotus neapolitana Metabolites

Assunta Esposito, D’Errico Elena, Severina Pacifico, Annunziata Golino, Maria Teresa Pascarella, Brigida D’Abroca,
Antonio Fiorentino
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
59. Autotoxic Compounds from Fibrous Roots of Panax quinquefolium L.

1 1 1 1 2 1
Weiwei Gao , Chunnian He , Jiaxue Yang , Wu Bi , Xuesong Zhang and Yangjing Zhao
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1
Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.
2
151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, P. R. China; Beijing Tianhui Ginseng Industrial CO., LTD,
Beijing 101400, P. R. China.
60. Isolation and Identification of Allelothathic Substance in Cucumber Plants

1 1 2 2
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi , Ho Le Thi , Teruya Toshiaki and Suenaga Kiyotake
1
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan;
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-
8522, Japan.
61. Biotechnological Production of Benzoxazinones

1 1 1 1 2 2
Domingo Cantero , Gema Cabrera , Jose M. Gómez , Antonio Valle , José M.G. Molinillo and Francisco A. Macías *
1 2
Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, c/ República Saharaui s/n,
11.510 Puerto Real, Spain.
62. Allelopathic Activity of Root Extracts of Aristolochia esperanzae from Brazil’s Cerrado
1 1 2 2 b
Ana Beatriz Gatti , Sonia Cristina J. Gualtieri de A. Perez , Rosa M. Varela , José M. G. Molinillo and Francisco A. Macías *
1 2
P.O. Box 676, Dept. of Botany, Federal University of S. Carlos, CEP13565-905, S Carlos SP, Brazil; Dept. of Organic
Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, c/ República Saharaui s/n, 11.510 Puerto Real, Spain.
63. Novel Preussomerins and Palmarumycins with Allelochemical Activity from the Tropical Endophytic Fungus Edenia
gomezpompae
1 1 2 3
Martha L. Macías-Rubalcava , Blanca E. Hernández-Bautista , Manuel Jiménez-Estrada , María C. González , Anthony E.
4 5 2 1 1
Glenn , Richard T. Hanlin , Simón Hernández-Ortega , Aurora Saucedo-García , Jordi M. Muria-González , Claudio
1 1
Meléndez-González and Ana Luisa Anaya *
1 2 3
Laboratorio de Alelopatía, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología; Instituto de Química; Instituto de
4
Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, 04510, México, D.F.; USDA, ARS,
5
Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30604, USA; University of Georgia,
Museum of Natural History Annex, 4435 Atlanta Highway, Bogart, Georgia 30622, USA.
64. Potential Allelopathic Effects of Mediterranean Shrubs Metabolites on Coexisting Species and on Weed Seedling
Growth
Piera Uzzo, Angelina Izzo, Angela Natale, Marianna Letizia, Brigida D’Abrosca, Assunta Esposito and Antonio Fiorentino
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita - Second University of Naples – via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
65. Searching for Allelopathic Activity of Guazuma ulmifolia: Inhibition Effect on Photosynthesis
Alonso Zavaleta-Fernandez de Cordova, Beatriz King-Diaz, and Blas Lotina-Henssen
C.P. 04510 Departamento de Bioquímica; Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México.
66. Characterization of Secondary Metabolites from Stereocaulon antarctica Collected from Caleta Cierva, Antarctica: A
pilot International Research Experience for Undergraduates (NSF REU)
1 2 2 1
Adrianna Pavia , Ascensión Torres Martínez , Juan Carlos García Galindo and Joanne G. Romagni
1 2
St. Edward's University, Dept. of Chemistry, Austin, TX 78704 USA; University of Cadiz, Dept. of Organic Chemistry,
Puerto Real, Spain.
67. Resistance of Grafted Eggplants to Verticillium (Verticillium dahllae) Wilt and Identification of Allelochemicals from Its
Root Exudates
Na Liu, Baoli Zhou, Yixiu Li, Jing Hao and Bo Lu
College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
68. Characterization of Secondary Metabolites from Cladina rangiferina collected from Caleta Cierva, Antarctica: a Pilot
International Research Experience for Undergraduates (NSF REU)
1 2 2 1
Alicia Jones *, Ascensión Torres Martínez , Juan Carlos García Galindo , and Joanne G. Romagni
1 2
St. Edward's University, Dept. of Chemistry, Austin, TX 78704 USA; University of Cadiz, Dept. of Organic Chemistry,
Puerto Real, Spain
Main Topic 5. Allelopathy in agricultural settings

96. Allelopathic Effect of Cleavers (Galium aparine) on Germination and Early Growth of Wheat
A.Aziz*, A. Tanveer, A. Ali, M. Yasin*, B.H. Babar and M.A. Nadeem
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
97. Potential Phytotoxic Effects of Achillea santolina L. on two Economically Important Field Crops in Egypt
S.M. El-Darier and A.A. Tammam
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
98. Management of Allelopathy in Closed-Ecosystem for Space Agriculture

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1 1 1 1,2 3 4
Kaori Tomita-Yokotani , Hiroko Iwasawa , Kanae Hiraishi , Maki Asano , Yoshiharu Fujii , Hirofumi Hashimoto , and
4
Masamichi Yamashita
1 2
University of Tsukuba, Keio University, ３National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Jaxa
99. Brassica Allelopathy against Soilborne Pathogens and Weeds of Strawberry

Scott Mattner, Ian Porter, Rajendra Gounder, and David Allen
Private Bag 15, BioSciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Ferntree Gully DC, Vic 3156, Australia
100. Allelopathy in Bangladesh Rice Cultivars

Hisashi Kato-Noguchi and Md. Abdus Salam
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
101. Assessment of Phytotoxic Properties of Peganum harmala on Growth of Redroot Amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus)
in Greenhouse Conditions
1,2 1
Hamid SodaeiZadeh* and Patrick Van Damme
1
Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; ²Faculty
of natural Resources & Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Main Topic 6. Biosynthesis, mode of action, and detoxification of phytotoxins from plant
116. Inhibition of Maize (Zea mays) Root Growth by m-Tyrosine Results From Cell Cycle Disruption
1 2 2 1
R. Bogatek , A. Rudzińska-Langwald , W. Kurek , Z. Kostrzewa1 and A. Gniazdowska
1
Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Science-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa,
2
Poland; Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Science-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa,
Poland.
117. Allelopathic Effect of Zingiber officinale on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Soybean and Chive
C. Han, K. Pan, J. Wang, Y. Wang
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
118. Camphor and Menthol Affect Plant Growth, Polarity, and Cytoarchitecture Via Their Effects on the Actin Cytoskeleton
1 1
O. Šamajová, M. Schlicht, B. Kriegs , Margot Schulz and F. Baluška
IZMB (Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik) Universität Bonn
1
Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany IMBIO (Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnology der Pflanzen,
Universität Bonn Karlrober Kreiten Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
119. Approaching Molecular Backgrounds of Stomata Response to Monoterpenes

1
B. Kriegs, H. Peisker, A. Ulbrich and M. Schulz
IMBIO (Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen) Universität Bonn Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13,
1
53115 Bonn, Germany Forschungszentrum Jülich ICG.3:Phytosphäre, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
120. Allelopathic Effects of Phenolic Extracts of Canola (Brassica napus L.) on Growth and Physiological Responses of
Soybean (Glycine max L.) Seedlings
1 1 2
Z. Gerivani , Gh. R. Haddadchi and M.Gerivani
1
Department of Biology, College of Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,
2
Gorgan.Iran; Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran.
121. In vivo Effects of Cercocarpus macrophyllus Organic Extracts on Trifolium alexandrinum and Lolium perenne and
Bioactivity-guided Isolation of 3β, 28-dihydroxyolean-12-ene and its Effect as a Hill Reaction Inhibitor on Photosynthesis
1 1 2 1
C.J. Meixueiro-Galán , B. King-Díaz , M.I. Aguilar-Laurents and B. Lotina-Hennsen
1 2
Departamento de Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacia, Fac.de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
México D.F., C. P. 04510. México

133. Phillyrea angustifolia as a source of potentially phytotoxic compounds
Marina Della Greca, Lucio Previtera, Raffaella Purcaro, and Armando Zarrelli
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dip. di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Via Cinthia 4 80126 Napoli, Italy.
134. Allelopathic Assessment of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) by Root Exudate Bioassay
1 2 2
R. Amini , M. An and J. Pratley
1 2
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran,; E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural
Innovation (a collaborative alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga
Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
135. Rosmarinic Acid as Potent Allelochemical from Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L)

1* 1, 2 1, 2 1, 1
Yoshiharu Fujii , Zahida Iqbal , Habib Nasir , Akihoro Furubayashi and Syuntaro Hiradate
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1 2
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan; University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi,
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
136. Demonstration of Allelopathy in Tissue Culture of Coffee and Guarana: Plant Cells Communicate through Production
of Caffeine as an Autotoxic Allelochemical in Mixed Culture
1 2 2*
George R. Waller , Zahida Iqbal , and Yoshiharu Fujii
1 2
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA; National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science,
Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
137. An Investigation into The Allelopathic Potential of Two Invasive Alien Species of Balsam (Impatiens) Found in The
UK, Using the Plant Box and Dish Pack Methods.
1 2
Owen Smith and Yoshiharu Fujii
1 2
School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK; National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Main Topic 8. Interactions in the rhizosphere

148. Root Associated Microorganisms Perform Degradation of Caffeine Absorbed by Salvia officinalis
●
Margot Schulz, Mona Knop, Maritta Kunert and Carmen Müllenborn
IMBIO (Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnology der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Karlrober Kreiten Str. 13, D-
●
53115 Bonn, Germany; Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Ökologie, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745
Jena, Germany
149. Analyses of the Components from the Root Exudates of the Cucumber Cultivars with the Different Resistance to
Fusarium Wilt
Pan Kai, Wu Fengzhi
Horticulture College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
150. Biological Induction of DIMBOA in Wheat Seedlings by Weeds

Yongquan Zheng, Jianlei Yu, Xingang Liu and Fengshou Dong
Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
Main Topic 9. Allelopathy methodologies

161. Allelopathic Effect of Floral Volatile Chemicals on Behavioural and Electrophysiological Responses of a Female Predator
Insect
1 2 2 3
Mourad Shonouda , Sergio Angeli , Stefan Schuetz and Stefan Vidal
1 2
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, 21511 Mharam Bey, Alexandria University, Egypt; Institute for Forestzoology
3
and Conservation, University of Göttingen, Germany; AgroEntomology Section, Crop Sciences Department, University of
Göttingen, Germany.
162. Methods for Analysis of the Distribution of Allelochemicals in Selected Plants

1
Denise Schneider, Ines Fritz , Dominic Funk, Marcus Pruckner, Michaela Bauer, Rudolf Braun
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.

123. In Vitro Comparisons of Root Allelopathy among Native and Invasive Asteraceae
1, 2 2 1
Guangyan Ni , Shaolin Peng and Ragan Callaway
1
Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812 USA
2
State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 5I10275
China
Main Topic 11. Allelopathy in crop settings for weed suppression

178. Argentinean Rice Cultivars: Their Allelopathic Potential for Weed Control
1
Florencia Urteaga Omar, Hugo D. Chludil and Silvia R. Leicach
1
Organic Chemistry, Agronomy School, Buenos Aires University, Argentina
189. Bio-control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. by Using Extracts of Selected Plant Species

G.P.Satsangi, Anjali Saxena and Garima Bartariy
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra 282005,
India.
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190. The Effects of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) Extracts on Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) and its
Important Weeds
Mohammad Armin and mosareza Hookmabadi
Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Sabzeva, Iran
Email:
191. Exploring the Possibility for Canarygrass (Phalaris minor Ritz.) Control through Allelopathy
Khawar Jabran, Muhammad Farooq, Hafeez-ur-Rehman and Mubashir Hussain
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
192. DIBOA and BOA Production by Eight Rye Cultivars and Allelopathic Effect of the Mulch on Four Warm Season Weeds
1 1 2 1
Vincenzo Tabaglio , Carolina Gavazzi , Margot Schulz and Adriano Marocco
1
Istituto di Agronomia Generale e Coltivazioni Erbacee, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia
2
Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; IMBIO, University of Bonn, Karlrobert Kreiten Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
193. Allelopathic Effects of Circium arvensis (L.) Scop. on Germination and Growth of Some Crops and Weeds
Masoumeh Younesabadi, Habib Ollah Kashiri, Leila Habibian and Ali Kian Poor
Dept. of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Center, Beheshti Avenue, Gorgan, Golestan 49156-77555, Iran
194. Use of Plant Extract in Control of Avena ludoviciana Durieu

Masoumeh Younesabadi, Habib Ollah Kashiri and Koorosh Ghaderi
195. Herbicidal Potential of Nettle Leaf Goosefoot (Chenopodium murale L.)

Masoumeh Younesabadi
196. Allelopathic Activity of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) on Certain Common Weed Species
N. N. Issa and J. R Qasem
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
197. Allelopathy in Cultivated Amaranth Varieties

Solvejg K. Mathiassen, Per Kudsk and Inge S. Fomsgaard
Department of Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200
Slagelse, Denmark
198. Effect of Walnut Phenolics on Germination of Dandelion Seeds

Henryk Matok, Bogumil Leszczynski and Grzegorz Chrzanowski
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Podlasie 12 B. Prusa Str., PL-08110, Siedlce, Poland
Main Topic 12. Allelopathy in aquatic environments

209. A Preliminary Study on Allelopathic Effect of three Compositae Plants on Microcystis aeruginosa
Weihao Zhang
School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Main Topic 13. Genetics and Biochemistry

221. Selection for Allelopathy in Rye (Secale cereale)
A. Brooks
Dept. of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
222. Overcoming Plant Biotic Stresses Through Allelopathy and Induced Resistance
1,2 1,2
Ren Sen Zeng * and Shi Ming Luo
1
Research Center for Chemical Ecology
2
Institute of Tropical and Sub-tropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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ABSTRACTS
Main Topic 1: Allelopathic interactions including plant pathogens, endophytes,

1. Manipulating Phytochemical Diversity: Unintended Interestingly, a unique population of F. verticillioides

Causes and Effects? pathogenic on banana does not produce fumonisins.
Norman G. Lewis Fumonisin-nonproducing banana strains form
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State asymptomatic infections in maize without disruption of
University, Pullman, WA, USA 99164-6340 sphingolipid metabolism. Molecular analysis of the
Email: lewisn@wsu.edu fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster showed that essentially
the entire cluster was deleted in the banana-associated
The fantastic diversity of phytochemicals found in nature strains. To further evaluate the impact of fumonisin
profoundly influences the interactions of all forms of plant production on maize seedling disease, a banana strain was
life with all other living (biological) organisms. This cotransformed with two overlapping cosmids containing
phytochemical diversity, in turn, serves to underscore the the full gene cluster. Fumonisin-producing cotransformants
remarkable metabolic complexity that has evolved and been were recovered and were pathogenic on sweet corn
fine-tuned over the passage of time. Today, the recent seedlings, thus supporting the hypothesis that fumonisin
advances in plant genetics/plant biochemical pathway production is required for development of foliar disease
manipulations now affords new insights into such processes, symptoms. The mechanism of action involves
as well as the severe limitations of our knowledge of factors accumulation of FB1 and disruption of sphingolipid
controlling metabolism in general. This presentation metabolism in plant tissues. The significance of maize
summarizes, in a general sense, the breadth of phytochemical genotype effects on disease development is being
diversity, as it relates to allelopathy. More specifically, a investigated in greater detail, including assessing impacts
focus is placed upon some of the consequences of altering of fumonisin sensitivity on other maize-associated
phenylpropanoid pathway metabolism and the microbes and metabolic activities.
unintended/unexpected physiological consequences that can
result as regards growth, development and metabolism of 3. Specific Interactions between AM-fungi, PGPR and
manipulated plant lines. These, in turn, have many Plant Pathogens with Regard to Plant Growth
downstream consequences, including those affecting Promotion
rhizosphere and allelopathic processes. Ulf Granhall, Veronica. Arthurson, L. Jäderlund
P.O. Box 7025, Dept. of Microbiology, Swedish Univ. of
2. Fungal Endophyte Metabolism and Allelopathic Agric. Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE- 75007, Sweden
Interactions with Host Plants Email: ulf.granhall@mikrob.slu.se
Anthony E. Glenn, Nicholas C. Zitomer, Ronald T. Riley
USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Toxicology & A series of green-house experiments were conducted with
Mycotoxin Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), arbuscular mycorrhizal
GA 30604, USA fungi (AMF; Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices), plant
Email: anthony.glenn@ars.usda.gov growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Paenibacillus and
Pseudomonas strains isolated from different plant hosts)
The maize endophyte Fusarium verticillioides produces the and a plant pathogen (snow mould; Michrodochium nivale).
fumonisin mycotoxins, which are of significant concern for Mycorrhizal root colonisation, plant growth and in some
their animal toxicity caused by inhibition of ceramide cases plant uptake of phosphorous were analyzed. Bacterial
synthase and disruption of sphingolipid metabolism. antagonism against the plant pathogen and phosphate
Fumonisin-producing strains associated with maize cause leaf solubilisation was tested separately in vitro. The most
lesions, developmental abnormalities, stunting, and interesting observations about the interactions were: ¤ The
sometimes death of susceptible corn seedlings. Leaf lesion plant host origin affected the compatibility of the
incidence and severity of effects on root and stalk growth rhizobacteria with regard to plant-microbe-interactions.
were significantly correlated with fumonisin accumulation High inoculation levels of less compatible strains could
and disruption of sphingolipid metabolism in roots. interfere negatively with plant emergence. ¤ Certain
Fumonisins were also detected in leaf tissues, with fumonisin bacterial strains had direct plant growth stimulating effects
B1 (FB1) preferentially accumulated in leaves over fumonisin possibly by production of phytohormones. P. polymyxa
B2 and fumonisin B3. Levels of FB1 accumulation in the 1st strains alone (isolated from wheat) had dramatic effects on
leaf paralleled the susceptibility of maize lines to F. root growth, whereas only certain bacterial combinations
verticillioides-induced leaf lesions, and the levels of FB1 in with AMF stimulated shoot growth. ¤ All paenibacillii
all leaves of a susceptible sweet corn were significantly solubilised inorganic phosphates in vitro but not all
(p<0.001) greater than in the resistant dent corn. For all stimulated plant P-uptake. The AM-fungi alone did not
leaves, plants inoculated with a fumonisin-producing strain increase P-uptake. ¤ AMF root colonisation level above a
had significantly elevated sphingoid bases and their 1- threshold value influenced plant P-levels positively, but
phosphates, indicating disruption of sphingolipid metabolism. only in the presence of bacterial strains isolated from the
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same plant host. ¤ The different bacteria affected root compounds for the discovering of new potential
colonisation levels of the two AM-fungi variously. Some agrochemicals and drugs of natural origin.
acted as mycorrhiza-helper-bacteria (MHB). The colonisation
level, however, was not directly related to plant growth. The 5. Bioprospecting for Allelopathic Endophytes from
specificity of the interactions determined the efficiency rather Native Australian Flora with Mycofumigation Potential
than colonisation rate per se. ¤ All paenibacillii but not the Scott Mattner, Ross Mann, David Allen, Ian Porter, Jacky
pseudomonas were antagonistic against M. nivale in vitro. In Edwards
vivo, however, only G. intraradices alone or in combination Private Bag 15, BioSciences Research Division,
with the biocontrol strain of Pseudomonas clearly Department of Primary Industries, Ferntree Gully DC, Vic
counteracted the negative effects on plant growth caused by 3156, Australia
the plant pathogen. In conclusion, most PGPR studied showed Email: scott.mattner@dpi.vic.gov.au
specificity with regard to interaction with the plant host, the
AMF (invasion and efficiency in P-transfer) and the plant Soil mycofumigation is the process of using volatile
pathogen. allelochemicals produced by fungi to control soilborne
phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, weeds and
4. Endophytic Fungi: New Perspectives in Allelopathy insect pests. Endophytic fungi inhabit plant tissues without
Ana Luisa Anaya1, Maria C. González2, Anthony E. Glenn3, causing disease, and many have formed symbiotic
Aurora Saucedo-García1, Martha L. Macías-Rubalcava1, relationships with their hosts. For example, some
Blanca E. Hernández-Bautista1, Richard T. Hanlin4 endophytes protect their hosts from pest and pathogen
1
Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, infection through the production of allelochemicals. Our
2
Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología. preliminary research aimed at bioprospecting for
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal endophytic fungi from native Australian flora that produce
275, 04510 México, D.F. volatile allelochemicals, with potential for use as
USDA, ARS, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, Russell mycofumigants against soilborne pathogens of horticultural
4
Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30604, USA University of crops. By direct culturing, a total of 66 endophytic fungi
Georgia, Museum of Natural History Annex, 4435 Atlanta were isolated from 12 Australian native plants in a cool
Highway, Bogart, Georgia 30622, USA temperate rainforest in Victoria (Sherbrooke Forest,
Email: alanaya@ecologia.unam.mx Dandenong Ranges). In vitro bioassays showed that two
isolates, from Lomatia fraseri and Olearia argophylla,
Tropical forests contain a great diversity of plants that produced volatile allelochemicals that suppressed the
suggests a great diversity of fungi species associated with growth of the fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia fragariae,
plants since millions of years ago. Endophytic fungi studies Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Verticillium
are important to know the variety of interactions among plants dahliae, and Colletotrichum acutatum by between 50 –
and microorganisms in natural conditions, and to emphasize 100%. Molecular (amplification and sequencing of the ITS
the significance of these relations in the plant history. region of the rRNA) and morphological identification
Experiments of in vitro competence between endophytic fungi placed the two isolates in the same undescribed species of
show that most of them inhibited the growth of other Nodulisporium (teleomorph Hypoxylon, Xylariaceae). The
endophytic and phytopathogenic species. We performed an volatile compounds (characterised by SPME GC/MS)
investigation on the endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves produced by the two isolates varied, but mostly included of
of four plant species of the dry forest of the Ecological a range of terpenes and alcohols. We hypothesise that
Reserve El Eden, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Antagonism some of these compounds are allelochemicals with
bioassays showed the type of interactions between fungi by potential for use as mycofumigants. Our future research
means of percentages of growth inhibition and antagonism aims to: (1) screen the individual volatile compounds
indexes. Four endophytic fungi with the higher antagonism produced by the Nodulisporium isolates for their activity
indexes and the lower percentages of inhibition of their against phytopathogens, weeds and pests; (2) determine the
growth were selected to perform additional antagonism potential of the isolates for soil mycofumigation against
bioassays against seven species of phytopathogenic fungi. At pathogens of vegetable crops, and (3) determine the
the same time, fermentations at low scale of the four fungi potential of integrating mycofumigation with other
were made to obtain organic extracts and to evaluate their treatments (eg allelopathic green manure crops, biological
bioactivity on phytopathogenic fungi and plants. The control, solarisation) to offer growers more sustainable soil
endophytic fungus with the higher antagonism index was disinfestation systems than the use of synthetic pesticides.
identified as a new genus and species: Edenia gomezpompae This is the first report of volatile allelochemicals from
(Pleosporaceae). This fungus was isolated from the leaves of Nodulisporium spp. having antifungal activity against
Callicarpa acuminata (Verbenaceae). Chemical investigation phytopathogens.
of the mycelium of this novel fungus resulted in the isolation
of various novel naphthoquinone spiroketals and 6. Research Progress of Compounds Isolated from
palmarumycin CP2. Their bioactivity was tested on Fungus for Weed Control in China
endophytic fungi and phytopathogenic microorganisms. We Liuqing Yu, Guifang Duan, Ruimei Geng, Jianping Zhang,
conclude that investigations on endophytic fungi could help to Yongliang Lu, Yongjun Zhou
elucidate complexity, variety and importance of relationships State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice
that establish with their biotic surrounding. Moreover, they Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
contribute to the knowledge of biodiversity and to find novel Email: liuqyu53@yahoo.com.cn
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demonstrated that aflatoxin B1 is in fact extremely toxic to
There are seven phytotoxic compounds that were isolated H. zea and that toxicity results from bioactivation via
from four fungus species in China. A mycotoxin compound, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated metabolism;
α, β-dehydrocurvularin was isolated from a fungus this bioactivation parallels that which occurs with certain
Curvularia eragrostidis. This compound was effective control classes of insecticides, such as organophosphates.
the troublesome weed Digitaria sanguinalis, interfered upland However, dietary supplementation of plant allelochemicals
crops. The mode of action of this compound might be the that are frequently (coumarin, flavone), occasionally
damage of PSII reaction center and inhibition of the (indole-3-carbinol) or rarely (xanthotoxin, visnagin)
reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor (QA), which encountered by H. zea larvae substantially reduced the
resulted in the inhibition in electron transport between PSII toxicity of AFB1 and insecticides (diazinon, α-
reaction center and QA or between QA and the second cypermethrin and carbaryl) to H. zea. Diets containing
electron acceptor (QB). Another toxin compound, coumarin and xanthotoxin significantly increased CYP6B8
helminthosporin was isolated from the same strain C. transcripts; CYP321A1 transcripts increased 20.7, 8.3 and
eragrostidis. There were 18 out of the 28 species tested on 10.6-fold in response to coumarin, indole-3-carbinol and
their selective were susceptible to the toxin. Chenopodium xanthotoxin, respectively. These indicate that tritrophic
serotinum is the most susceptive, and D. sanguinalis, interactions among crops, pathogens and herbivorous
Polygonum aviculare and Alopecurus japonicus took second insects are mediated by plant allelochemicals, consumption
place. Soybean, cotton and tomato were resistant to the toxin of allelochemicals in host plants can ameliorate toxicity of
at 500 µg/mL concentration. However, maize and wheat were natural mycotoxins and synthetic insecticides encountered
susceptible to this compound. Brefeldin was isolated, purified by insects and suggest that cytochrome P450
and identified from the filtering liquid of fermentation of monooxygenases induced by these allelochemicals
Alternaria zinniae. Brefedin gave excellent control to contribute to detoxification of these chemicals in H. zea.
Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng., the most troublesome
invasive weed in South-west part of China. Vulculic acid was 8. Bioprotective Functions of Ergot Alkaloids in an
isolated and identified from liquid fermentation of the fungus Endophytic Fungus-grass Symbiosis
Nimbya alternantherae. Vulculic acid had good control to the Daniel G. Panaccione1, Jessica R. Cipoletti 1, Christopher
invasive weed Alternanthera philoxeroides in China. Four L. Schardl 2, Daniel A. Potter2
1
compounds, 3-anhydroophiobolin B, ophiobolin A, 3- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
2
anhydro-6-epiophiobolin A and 3-anhydro-6-epiophiobolin B University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
were isolated from mycelia and culture filtrate of Email: danpan@mail.wvu.edu
Heminthosporium gramineum Rabenh., a fungus
phytopathogenic to barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli Ergot alkaloids are indole-derived mycotoxins produced by
(L.) Beauv). Ophiobolin A with the molecular weight of 400 several fungi, including species of Neotyphodium that grow
and the molecular formula of C25H36O4 had the most activity as endophytic symbionts in pasture and turf grasses.
to control barnyardgrass with the IC50 of 7.5µM among these Neotyphodium sp. Lp1 in perennial ryegrass (Lolium
four compounds. perenne) produces the ergot pathway end product,
ergovaline, but also accumulates pathway intermediates
7. Plant Allelochemicals Mediate Tritrophic Interactions and spur products (clavine ergot alkaloids) to relatively
among Crops, Pathogens and Insects via Induction of high concentrations. I hypothesize that inefficiency in the
Insect Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases pathway has been selected for because the intermediates
Ren Sen Zeng1,2, Zhimou Wen3, Guodong Niu2, Mary A. and spur products provide benefits that differ from benefits
Schuler3, May R. Berenbaum2 conferred by pathway end products. Ergot mutants
1
Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, South China generated by gene knockout truncation of the pathway at
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China the first step (producing no ergot alkaloids) or the
2
Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, penultimate step (accumulating clavine intermediates and
IL, 61801 3Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, spur products but not ergovaline or other lysergic acid
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801 derivatives) were tested for activity against vertebrate and
Email: rszeng@scau.edu.cn invertebrate herbivores. Clavine alkaloids were sufficient to
deter feeding by rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), whereas
The polyphagous corn earworm Helicoverpa zea is a major lysergic acid derivatives were either ineffective or
pest throughout the United States of corn and a number of redundant with clavine alkaloids. In alternate feeding trials
other crops. H. zea encounters a diversity of plant ergovaline but not clavine alkaloids affected satiety of
allelochemicals in its many host plants and, as well, can rabbits. In experiments with black cutworm (Agrotis
encounter aflatoxins, the mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus ipsilon), only lysergic acid derivatives (products of the
flavus and A. parasiticus, two closely related fungal species finals stages of the pathway) affected feeding or survival of
that can infect multiple hostplants of H. zea. Aflatoxins are neonates. The data indicate that intermediates and end
among the most active natural carcinogens known. products of the ergot alkaloid pathway have different
Aspergillus fungal infections and aflatoxin contamination are activities and confer different benefits to the producing
often exacerbated by Helicoverpa zea feeding. This study fungi and the grasses that harbor them.
elucidates the impact of plant allelochemicals on
detoxification responses of Helicoverpa zea to aflatoxin B1
(AFB1) and synthetic insecticides. Our investigations have
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9. Amending Soil with Artemisinin-rich Dry Leaf Tissue expressed via volatile substances and have affects across
of Artemisia annua Improves A. annua’s Competitive three trophic levels; they affect barley biomass allocation,
Ability aphid settling response and searching behavior of predatory
Nicolas Delabays ladybirds. The results stimulate discussion on plant
Swiss Agricultural Research Station, Agroscope Changins- responses to their environment, not only in terms of
Wädenswil, P.O. Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland ‘chemical warfare’ and allelopathy as a means for plant
Email: nicolas.delabays@acw.admin.ch competition, but as an advanced capacity of a plant to adapt
to current conditions. It may be hypothesized that
Several strains of annual wormwood (Artemisia annua) herbivores closely adapted to plant physiology are more
accumulate in their glandular trichomes high quantities of sensitive to plant allelopathic responses, and that the third
artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that, besides an trophic level (predators of herbivores) respond to traits in
antimalarial activity, exhibits also phytotoxic properties. It the host plant that are shared with stress conditions.
has been shown that the incorporation into the soil of dry leaf
tissue from artemisinin-rich plants inhibits weed development 11. Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Spring Host Plant
in the field. Moreover, artemisinin, when brought into the soil Alternation by the Bird Cherry-oat Aphid
with the leaves, is quite stable. It has also been reported that (Rhopalosiphum padi L.)
leaves left on the ground after harvest still produce and Paweł Czerniewicz, Bogumił Leszczyński
accumulate artemisinin for several weeks while drying. University of Podlasie, Department of Biochemistry and
Although the mode of action of artemisinin as a phytotoxin Molecular Biology, B. Prusa 12 St., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
remains unknown, the strong allelopathic effects of the Email: leszczb@ap.siedlce.pl
molecule under field conditions raise questions about a
possible ecological role for the species. One hypothesis is that Bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. is a
the molecule produced in the leaves of the plant contributes to heteroecious species that alternates between woody primary
clean the ground for the next generation. Studies have being host (Prunus padus L.) and herbaceous secondary hosts
carried out in order to evaluate this hypothesis. Seeds of (Poaceae). The aphid life cycle is quite well known, but
Artemsisia annua and of two weeds, Chenopodium album and there is little information on chemical interactions between
Rumex obtusifolim, were sowed, alone or in mixture, in soil R. padi and its host plants. One of the most active group of
amended with 1% artemisinin-rich dry leaf tissue or in non- allelochemicals, that affect aphid’s behaviour are phenolics.
amended soil. The incorporation of the leaves of A. annua The present paper reports on changes in content of plant
inhibited the growth of the three species sown alone, but C. phenolics within leaves of bird cherry and selected
album and R. obtusifolium were more strongly affected. When secondary hosts while the insect occurrence on them. Host
sown together with A. annua in non-amended soil, the plant alternation of the bird cherry-oat aphid was monitored
biomass production of both weeds was much higher than that in central-eastern Poland on bird cherry and two species of
of A. annua. In the presence of the A. annua debris into the secondary hosts: orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and
substrate, the growth of the two weeds was reduced, while the winter triticale (Marko cv.). Content of free phenolic
biomass production of A. annua plants was significantly compounds within tissues of the tested plants was
higher, indicating that its competitive ability was improved. determined by high performance liquid chromatography
Similar trials carried out with leaves of a artemisinin-poor (HPLC). While the aphid population developed on the
strain of A. annua suggest that artemisinin contributes to the primary host the highest concentration of the phenolics was
positive effect of A. annua debris on the competitive ability of noted in mature leaves of bird cherry and was followed by
the species. R. padi migration onto secondary hosts. At that time the
orchard grass and winter triticale contained lower level of
10. Plant-plant interaction - A Multitrophic Phenomenon? the phenols in comparison to P. padus. In particular,
Studies in a Barley Crop System chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Velemir Ninkovic occurred in higher concentration in bird cherry leaves,
P.O. Box 7044, Dept. of Ecology, Swedish University of whereas coumarin was detected only within tissues of the
Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden secondary hosts. Obtained results suggest that host plant
Email: Velemir.Ninkovic@entom.slu.se alternation allows the bird cherry-oat aphid to avoid
accumulation of high level of the phenolics within wooden
Emission of volatile compounds as a natural consequence of primary host and on the other hand coumarin might be
plant life may have profound effects on neighbouring plant important in the secondary host plant selection.
individuals. Volatiles produced by damaged plants have been
shown as signals that initiate defensive responses in 12. Differential Responses of Withania somnifera (L.)
neighbouring plants making them less attractive for Dun. in VAM Soil Containing Glomus fasciculatum on
herbivores and more attractive for their natural enemies. Vegetative Growth, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake
However plant interactions by volatiles emitted from foliage Manjubilas B. Ray1 and S. Halder2
1
between undamaged plants have not previously been Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section , Department
considered an important factor for induced resistance to of Botany, Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal,
herbivores. Results from experiments with a barley cropping India 2Department of Botany, Burdwan Raj College,
system as model, show that allelopathic interactions occur not Burdwan, West Bengal, India
only between weeds and barley but also between different Email: golamda@gmail.com
genotypes of Hordeum. These chemical interactions are
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Withania somnifera (vern. Ashwagandha) belonging to the however, the protein contents were not affected. This paper
family Solanaceae is an important medicinal and endangered analyzed the molluscicidal activity of cardiac glucosides
plant grows in dry and arid soil of subtropical regions. It is and elucidated the mechanisms underlying the allelopathic
mainly cultivated for its medicinal roots containing effects of the cardiac glucosides on morphological
heterogeneous alkaloids. Plants were grown in plastic pots pathology, metabolisms of sugar and protein of O.
under aseptic conditions. The VAM soil containing Glomus hupensis. We have obtained chemiecological evidence that
fasciculatum was applied once after 30 days of transplanting N. indicum is capable of killing O. hupensis and plant
in one set of plants and twice after 30 days and 75 days of molluscacide can control O. hupensis. We have published
transplanting in another set of experiment. In this several papers about the molluscicidal activities of plants.
investigation, attempt has been made to establish Glomus The activity of N. indicum extracts were stronger than other
fasciculatum with the root system of W. somnifera and to plants, while the activity of the cardiac glycosides of N.
analyze the effectiveness of this mycorrhiza on plant growth indicum were lower than synthetic molluscicides, plant
and absorption of nutrients from the soil. The establishment of moluscicides are much safer to human beings and
the fungus within the root in the form of vesicle was environment.
observed. Formation of vesicles within the root indicated the
affinity of the fungus with the plant. It was noted that 14. Rice Alelopathy for Control of Phytophathogenic
mycorrhizal treatment showed better vegetative growth Fungi
including root in comparison to non-mycorrhizal treatment, Rukhsana Bajwa, Arshad Javaid
particularly when VAM soil was applied twice. Significant Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology, University of
increase in root, height of the plant, number of branches and the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore, Pakistan
number of leaves over non-treated plants were found. Email: rukhsanabajwa_mppl@yahoo.com
Observation also showed the increase of fresh weight and dry
weight of stem, leaf and root. Glomus fasciculatum also The study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal
enhanced the levels of phosphorus in different parts of treated activity of aqueous, methanol and n-hexane shoot extracts
plants. But nitrogen levels were higher in different parts of the of 0, 1, 3 and 5% of three rice varieties viz. Basmati-385,
plant when VAM soil applied once. This result indicates that Basmati-386 and Basmati Super against two
Glomus fasciculatum has an effective role as biofertilizer on phytopathogenic fungi viz. Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.
Withania somnifera. and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) G. Goid. Aqueous
and n-hexane extracts of the three test varieties
13. Reaction of Oncomelania hupensis to the Allelopathic significantly suppressed the in vitro growth of M.
Cardiac Glycosides of Nerium indicum phaseolina resulting 21–52 % and 18–60% reduction in
Wan-Xian Wang 1, Yi Yang 1, Wan-Peng Tang2, Qi-Xiang growth of M. phaseolina due to aqueous and n-hexane
extracts of different rice varieties, respectively. Effect of
Sun3, Xu-Dong Zhang3, Xin-Yi Hu2, Wen Chen1, Hui-Dong
ethanol extracts on this phytopathogenic fungus was
Jiang 1, Wei-Lin Yun1, Jun Wu1 insignificant. A. rabiei was found to be less susceptible to
1
Institute of Biology and Science, Hubei University, Wuhan employed extracts as compared to M. phaseolina. Only 1%
430062 2Hubei Provincial Academy of Forestry, Wuhan aqueous extracts of Basmati 385 and Basmati 386, and 3%
that of Bamati Super significantly inhibited the growth of
430079 3Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of
this fungus while all other extracts either exhibited
Forestry, Beijing 100091 insignificant effect or stimulated the fungal growth.
Email: wangwx49@yahoo.com.cn
15. Allelopathic Compound Production Influences
Cardiac glycosides from the fresh leaves of Nerium indicum Fungal Endophyte Community Assembly and
were used in experiments. The fresh leaves were cleaned and Establishment of a Seed-borne Primary Colonizer in
smashed by grinder, immersed in 70-80% ethanol (10 times Maize.
the weight of fresh leaves) at 70° C for 12 h, drew, filtrated Megane Saunders, Anthony E. Glenn, Linda M. Kohn
and solvent removed under vacuum. The concentrate was Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of
dissolved in water extracted with ether, added of saturated Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON,
solution of lead acetate, and filtrated. The filtrate was passed Canada L5L 1C6
through with the H2S, filtrated and the settlement crystallized. Email: megan.saunders@utoronto.ca
After qualitative analysis by chromatography, mass spectrum,
NMR, etc., crystallizations gave mainly Oleandrin, Neriantin, Maize was used to assess the influence of three biotic
Adynerin, Deacetyloeandrin. They are called total glycosides factors on fungal endophyte community assembly:
of N. indicum. From 118.2 g fresh leaves, 0.9815 g of cardiac production of host allelopathic compounds, proximity of a
glycosides were obtained. The mortality of Oncomelania host to a neighboring plant producing allelopathic
hupensis treated with 20 mg/L cardiac glycosides for 3-4 d compounds, and presence of a primary colonizer tolerant to
was similar to that treated with 1 mg/L niclosamidum for 2-3 these compounds. Maize has been selectively bred to
d. The LD50 and LD90 values for the cardiac glycosides were produce high concentrations of benzoxazinoids (BXs),
4.05 mg/L and 22.25 mg/L, respectively. The treated samples some byproducts of which are toxic to fungi, bacteria,
displayed higher activities of EST isozyme in early stage, and arthropods and plants. To determine the influence of BX
lower that in middle stage and late stage and lesser the production on endophyte communities, fields were planted
glycogen content (ranged from 9.9 % to 32.6 %) than control, with maize genotypes differing in their ability to produce
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BXs. Fungal endophyte community members were identified allelopathic effect on germination and growth of cucumber.
and tested for tolerance to a toxic BX-byproduct, 2- Between the evaluated traits, plant materials had only
benzoxazolinone (BOA). Species diversity and distribution of significant effect on germination percentage. With Regard
BOA tolerance levels in communities was determined. In to nematodicidal effect, results indicate that the 10 percent
seedling roots and mature leaves, the community proportion aqueous extract concentration and above can kill about 100
with low tolerance to BOA was significantly greater in BX percent of the parasitoide nematodes. On the other hand,
non-producers (BX-) than in producers (BX+). Mean for all of the concentrations, the allelopathic and
abundance of Fusarium species, including agents of animal nematodicidal effects of above-ground parts displayed
toxicosis and corn diseases, was up to 35 times higher in stronger suppression than under-ground part. We can
mature leaves of BX+ than in BX- plants. Next, we compared conclude that C. spinosa and more especifically its above-
communities from BX- plants that were either planted in plots ground parts of it has allelopathic and nematodicidal effects
with two BX+ genotypes, or in a BX- monoculture. Mean on cucumber at laboratory conditions whereas the effect
endophyte abundance and species diversity were greater in was concentration-dependent.
monoculture than in triculture. Finally, the effect of a seed-
borne endophyte on communities was investigated. Fields
were planted with BX+ and BX- genotypes that were 17. Effect of the Fungal Endophyte Epichloë festucae on
sterilized or inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides, a maize the Allelopathic Potential of Festuca rubra Grass
endophyte able to detoxify BOA. Results indicate that F. María Romo, Balbino García-Criado, Antonia García-
verticillioides facilitates colonization by closely related Ciudad, Beatriz R. Vázquez de Aldana
species in BX+, but not BX- plants. Collectively, results Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología – Consejo
suggest that increased colonization of maize by Fusarium Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNASA-CSIC),
may be an outcome of selective breeding for BX production. P.O. Box 257, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
Production of BXs, spatial proximity of BX- hosts to BX+ Email: beatriz.dealdana@irnasa.csic.es
plants, and presence of F. verticillioides as a primary
colonizer in seed significantly altered endophyte community In Mediterranean grasslands from the ‘dehesa’ ecosystem
assembly. (Spain), a 70% of Festuca rubra plants are systemically
and asymptomatically infected by the fungal endophyte
Epichloë festucae. Endophyte-infected grasses are
16. Evaluation of Allelopathic and Nematodicide Effect of
characterized by increased resistance to herbivores and
Capparis spinosa L. on Germination and Early Growth of
abiotic stresses, as compared to non-infected grasses.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under Laboratory
The objective of this work was to determine whether
Conditions
Mohammad Rafieiolhossaini1, 2, Hamid Sodaeizadeh1, 3 and allelopathic potential of Festuca rubra is affected by the
Patrick Van Damme1 presence of the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae. For
1
Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and this purpose, experiments in Petri dishes were carried out to
Ethnobotany, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium 2 evaluate the effect of extracts from infected (E+) and non-
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord infected (E-) Festuca rubra plants on the germination and
University, Shahrekord, Iran 3 Faculty of Natural Resource seedling growth of several legume species: Trifolium
and Desert Study, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran pratense, T. repens, T. subterraneum, Anthyllis vulneraria
Email: m_rafiee_1999@yahoo.com and Lotus corniculatus. Leaf and root plant tissues were
used to prepare aqueous extracts.
In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on All extracts inhibited radicle growth over control and
exploiting allelopathy not only for weed management, but extracts of leaves caused more inhibition than root extracts.
also for pest control. Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) is a The effects of root extracts of E+ plants on the radicle
common perennial shrub in the Mediterranean regions, growth of T. repens and T. pratense were more pronounced
growing both wild and cultivated, with medicinal and than extracts of E- plants. Thus, the percentage of radicle
aromatic properties. It has been documented that this plant has inhibition (over control) of T. repens was 45% with E+ and
allelopathic and nematodicide effects. The aim of the present 29% with E- root extracts, and that of T. pratense was 50%
investigation was to evaluate the allelopathic and with E+ and 0% with E- extracts. The effect in Anthyllis
nematodicidal effects of C. spinosa on Cucumis sativus L. as vulneraria was the opposite and root extracts of E- plants
a test plant. Five g of powder of shade-dried material was inhibited radicle growth in a greater extent than E+
soaked in a flask containing 100 ml distilled water for 24 extracts. The effect of the endophyte in T. subterraneum
hours. The extract was diluted with sterile water to yield and Lotus corniculatus was not significant. The effect of F.
desirable concentrations. Treatments consisted of 5 rubra extracts on germination was lower. Only concentrate
concentrations of aqueous extract of C. spinosa (5 – 10 – 25 – leaf extract decreased percentage of germination over
50 – 100% (w/v)) and distilled water as a control in control, and it was independent of fungus.
combination with 2 parts of C. spinosa plant materials (above- We found a greater content of total phenolics in extracts of
ground and under-ground) replicated thrice in a completely roots of E+ plants than in those of E- plants. These results
randomized design. Based on the results of this experiment, suggest that fungal endophyte can affect allelopathic
the aqueous extract concentration for eavaluation the potential of F. rubra plants.
nematodicide effect was modified to 5 – 10 – 25 percent.
Results indicate that an aqueous extract of C. spinosa 18. Characterization of Fusarium verticillioides Genes
especially at 50 and 100 percent concentration has strong Necessary for Benzoxazolinone Biotransformation
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Anthony E. Glenn, Charles W. Bacon malonamic acid (HPMA) and 2-acetamidophenol via the
USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Toxicology & intermediate 2-aminophenol (AP). A potential biocontrol
Mycotoxin Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, bacterium for this pathogen on maize is Bacillus
GA 30604, USA mojavensis, an endophytic species that confers growth
Email: anthony.glenn@ars.usda.gov enhancements and disease protection. Since, the
benzoxazolinones are known to be toxic to both Gram
Maize produces the benzoxazinones DIMBOA and DIBOA, negative and positive bacteria, an in vitro study of the
which naturally transform into the more stable effects of BOA on this endophytic species was examined.
benzoxazolinones MBOA and BOA, respectively. These The study illustrated a curious interaction of BOA and its
weed-suppressive allelopathic compounds are also implicated decomposition products in the presence of the bacterium
in resistance to microbial diseases and insect feeding. and F. verticillioides. The results showed that apparently
Fusarium verticillioides, the most common fungal pathogen the bacterium is tolerant to BOA, and that there was an
associated with maize, has the physiological capacity to increased production of a red pigment on BOA amended
detoxify MBOA and BOA. The biotransformation pathway is media when wild type and specific genetic crosses of F.
suggested to involve hydrolysis of BOA (encoded by the verticillioides were co-cultured with this bacterium. The
FDB1 locus) to produce 2-aminophenol (2-AP), which is red pigment was identified as 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-
subsequently acylated (encoded by the FDB2 locus) to one (APO), which is a highly toxic and stable product of
produce N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) malonamic acid (HPMA). AP. The results indicate that the bacterium directly or
Fungal growth is inhibited on BOA-amended medium if indirectly interacts with the fungus preventing it from
either gene is mutated. An fdb2 mutant can produce low transforming BOA to the non-toxic HPMA, resulting in an
levels of an acetylated 2-AP branch metabolite, N-(2- accumulation of APO, which is very toxic to F.
hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (HPAA). In order to molecularly verticillioides and other organisms, but nontoxic to B.
characterize genes involved in biotransformation, suppression mojavensis. Thus, an enhanced biocontrol is suggested
subtractive hybridization was used to identify genes up- from this in vitro study.
regulated in response to BOA. Two gene clusters were
identified that functionally correspond to the FDB1 and FDB2 20. Allelopathic Actions of Camptotheca acuminata
loci. Genes at both loci are being evaluated. At the FDB2 Decne. Against Pest Spodoptera exigua Hubner
locus a putative N-acetyltransferase (NAT) was of particular Hongyun Jiang
interest due to the postulated role of the FDB2 locus. This Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of
gene was subcloned from an identified cosmid that Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 110094, China
complemented an fdb2 mutant. The subcloned gene also Email: hyjiang@ippcaas.cn
complemented an fdb2 mutation. Deletion of the gene
eliminated the ability of F. verticillioides to metabolize BOA, There are chemical interactions mediated by plant
and the mutants did not grow. We therefore functionally secondary metabolites between plant and pests, which act
associate FDB2 as the gene encoding this putative NAT as plant chemical defense on pests in agro-ecosystems.
activity. The branch metabolite HPAA was produced at low Clarification of the chemical interactions and compounds
concentrations in ∆fdb2 mutants suggesting acetylation of the can develop new strategy for pest management.
intermediate 2-aminophenol occurred independently from the Camptotheca acuminata Decne may produce the several
putative N-acyltransferase activity of FDB2, which is compounds to impact on economically destructive pest
proposed to involve malonylation of 2-aminophenol. Thus, Spodoptera exigua Hubner. In this study, the effects of
we have provided further evidence for the genetics and various extracts from C. acuminata against S. exigua were
biochemical nature of benzoxazolinone biotransformation, a investigated. As a result, ethyl alcohol, chloroform and
metabolic process that may enhance the ecological fitness of aqueous extracts from C. acuminata seeds showed strong
F. verticillioides in the maize field environment. effects of anti-growth and breed-inhibition on the new-
hatching larvae of S. exigua. Particularly, the development
19. Bacillus mojavensis Transforms BOA into Fungitoxic stage for larvae was delayed 1.16 days by ethyl alcohol
APO in the Presence of Fusarium verticillioides extracts. Furthermore, pupal weight of S. exigua was
Charles W. Bacon1, Dorothy M. Hinton1, Anthony E. Glenn1, obviously reduced by the extracts of C. acuminate seeds.
Francisco A. Macias2, and D. Marin2 Similarly, the adult longevity was shortened by the extracts.
1
USDA, ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Female adult longevity of S. exigua decreased 3.4, 5.3 and
Athens, Georgia 30604, USA 4.6 days while 2.8, 4.6 and 3.6 days for male adult
2
Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cadiz, longevity, respectively. There are significant differences in
Cadiz, Spain average egg production per day by S. exigua among three
Email: anthony.glenn@ars.usda.gov extracts, but their ranges were relatively wide. The average
overall egg production was only 364.5 grain for those
Benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA) is an important female adults that feed on ethyl alcohol extract, 411.7 grain
transformation product of cyclic hydroxamic acids of maize. for chloroform extract and 648.5 for aqueous extract. The
This natural product has the potential of providing resistance results suggested that C. acuminate seeds contained active
to maize from Fusarium verticillioides, a major pathogen of compounds against S. exigua.
maize. However, it has been demonstrated that this maize
pathogen and others are capable of detoxifying the
benzoxazolinones, producing less toxic N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)
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21. Peroxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase as Bioindicators interaction had significant effect on the mortality of O.
of Grain Aphid Adaptations towards Walnut Phenolics hupensis. The result of scanning electron microscope
Grzegorz Chrzanowski, Bogumil Leszczynski, Henryk proved that the samples of O. hupensis treated by 40mg/L
Matok, Katarzyna Milewska of the concentrations lixivium of the triterpene sapogenins
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, from N. indicum could cause apparent damage to the soft
University of Podlasie 12 B. Prusa St., 08-110 Siedlce, tissues. The changes in liver and intestines structure were
Poland observed under transmission electron microscope:
Email: leszczb@ap.siedlce.pl After treated for 24h, the nuclear was swollen up, nucleolus
decomposed, nucleoplasm reduced; rough endoplasmic
Peroxidase (PX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) play an reticulum (rER) was destroyed and vesiculated,
important role in metabolism of plant phenolics by mitochomdrias in it were more than that in normal liver
herbivorous insects. Both enzymes protect herbivores from cell, and the microvilli arrange of intestines was out of
the phenolic compounds and convert them into less toxic order. After treated for 48h, the damage was more severe
metabolites. The aim of this paper was to investigate effect of than ever; rER became many small saccules; some of
the phenolic extracts from walnut (Juglans regia L.) on nucleus and mitochondrias ruptured, the microvilli arrange
activity of the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase within deteriorate, lots of vacuoles could be seen, some nucleolus
tissues of the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.). Extraction of was dissociated, and cell organ in cytoplast had vacuole of
the phenolics from walnut leaves and green-brown shells was different sizes. The esterase (EST) isozyme electrophoresis
carried out with 80% methanol and the crude extracts were in liver of O. hupensis was analyzed. The activity of
diluted with distilled water to obtain 4% methanol solutions. enzyme was higher than control group after been treated for
The bioassays were performed by spraying the grain aphid 24-48h, lowered and disappeared after 72h. We have
populations reared on winter wheat seedlings with the 4% obtained ultrastructure evidence in killing snails in the
methanol solutions of the crude walnut extracts or 4% microscopic field for the morphologic pathology of O.
methanol solution in case of the control aphids. Aphids from hupensis caused by allelopathy. This result has provided
treated and control populations were collected after 24, 48 and the foundation for constructing plant community with
168h and activity of the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase strong allelopathy to kill O. hupensis.
within their tissues was examined. The walnut extracts
reduced activity of the polyphenol oxidase within the grain 23. Introducing Neotyphodium occultans in Australian
aphid tissues with exception of insects sprayed with the Annual Ryegrass Populations
walnut leaf extract that were collected 24h after treatment.
K.A Kirkby1, Jim Pratley1, D.E Hume2, A. Seal1, Min An1,
Higher reduction in activity of the PPO was observed when
H. Wu3
the grain aphids were treated with extracts from the green- 1
EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation Charles
brown shells. Activity of the aphid peroxidise showed a great
Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678
variation and was clearly modified under the walnut extract 2
Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston
treatments. Obtained results suggest that the walnut phenolics
North, New Zealand, 4442
possess an allelopathic activity towards the grain aphid and 3
EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW
might be useful as a natural allelochemicals in biocontrol of
Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW
the aphid pest.
2650
Email: kkirkby@csu.edu.au
22. Studies on the Allelopathy of the Triterpene
Sapogenin from Nerium indicum to Oncomelania hupensis Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) is a major weed
Wan-Xian Wang1, Yi Yang1, Wan-Peng Tang2, Qi-Xiang of economic importance in winter crops in southern
Sun3, Xu-Dong Zhang3, Xin-Yi Hu2, Wen Chen1, Hui-Dong Australia. Changes in farming practices have led to the
Jiang 1, Wei-Lin Yun1, Jun Wu1 development of herbicide resistant populations (Gill, 1996,
1
Institute of Biology and Science, Hubei University, Wuhan Heap and Knight, 1982, Powles et al., 1997, Broster and
430062 Pratley, 2006). Authors (Moon et al., 2000) found annual
2
Hubei Provincial Academy of Forestry, Wuhan 430079 ryegrass is infected with the cool season grass endophyte
3
Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Neotyphodium occultans. Whilst there is an abundance of
Beijing 10009 research on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and its
Email: wangwx49@yahoo.com.cn symbiotic relationship with the endophyte Neotyphodium
lolii, little is known about the relationship of annual
This paper has analyzed the reaction of Oncomelania ryegrass and N. occultans. During the course of my PhD
hupensis to molluscicidal activity of the sapogenins from the focus of research will be to address the following
Nerium indicum. Five concentrations of the triterpene research questions:
sapogenins from N. indicum were used to treat O. hupensis, • What is the effect of storing seed on endophyte
and treatments of O. hupensis with niclosamidum and viability?
dechlorided water were set as control. The result of probit • What is the incidence/frequency of N. occultans
analysis showed that the LD50 of triterpenoid saponins from infection in annual ryegrass in Australia?
N. indicum were 78.31, 30.26, 20.50, 14.19 mg/L, • What is the extent of genetic variation in both
respectively. The result of variance analysis showed that the host and endophyte?
concentration and the time of treatment as well as their
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• Is there a fitness benefit/penalty (competitive Glomus mosseae. The disease incidence and disease index
advantage) associated with this symbiotic were reduced by 50-67.7% and 25-57.0%, respectively.
relationship? HPLC analysis showed that AMF inoculation led to
• What allelochemicals are exuded by annual ryegrass significant increase in 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-
infected with N. occultans? benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) and p-
• Is there any link between herbicide resistance and hydroxycinnamic, caffeic and ferulic acids in corn leaves
endophyte infection? and roots. R. solani inoculation resulted in more
accumulation of DIMBOA in corn after mycorrhization.
24. Effect of Plant extracts on Grain Aphid (Sitobion Ten days after inoculation with R. solani DIMBOA
avenae F.) concentrations in roots of Gaoyou 115 and Yuenong 9 pre-
Grzegorz Chrzanowski, Bogumil Leszczyński inoculated with AMF increased 3.0-fold and 2.4-fold
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, compared with these of non-mycorrhizal control,
University of Podlasie 12 B. Prusa St., 08-110 Siedlce, respectively. DIMBOA inhibited mycelial growth in vitro
Poland Email: leszczb@ap.siedlce.pl by 18.5% and 69.4% at concentrations of 50 and 500
µg/mL, respectively. Ferulic, p-hydroxycinnamic and
The grain aphid is known as serious pest of cereals across caffeic acids inhibited mycelial growth by 20.3%, 8.5% and
Europe. The rising costs of pesticides, environmental 6.3% at 250 µg/mL, respectively. BX9 gene is one of the
contamination and reduction of natural enemies caused a key genes in DIMBOA biosynthesis pathway. RT-PCR
searching for natural biopesticides, e.g. plant phenolics. The analysis showed that the transcripts of BX9 and other three
aim of the conducted research was to examine an influence of defense related genes PR2a, PAL and AOS in leaves of
several plant extracts containing phenolics on fecundity and maize significantly increased in response to mycorrhizal
development of the grain aphid. The active compounds were infection, especially when the plants were challenged by R.
extracted from leaves of sour cherry (Cerasus vulgaris Mill.), solani pathogen. These results indicate that allelochemicals
black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) induced by mycorrhizal infection play a vital role in
with 80% methanol. After purification with petroleum ether mycorrhizal induced defense in host plants.
the phenolic fraction (a crude extract) was dissolved with
distilled water to obtain 1% and 5% solutions. The grain 26. Effect of Bird Cherry Volatiles on Host Plant
aphid population was sprayed with the obtained solutions and Selection by Bird Cherry-oat Aphid during Autumn
control population was treated with 1% or 5% methanol. Robert Krzyżanowski, Bogumił Leszczyński
Effect of the studied plant extracts on the grain aphid growth University of Podlasie, Department of Biochemistry and
and development was monitored daily. All examined extracts Molecular Biology, B. Prusa 12 St., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
showed a negative influence on growth and development of Email: leszczb@ap.siedlce.pl
the grain aphid population. They prolonged length of the
prereproductive period (time from birth till maturity) about Overwintering of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum
2.5 – 4.5 days and decreased daily fecundity even about 2.5 padi /L./ in form of eggs takes place on bushes of bird
larva’s per female. The value of intrinsic rate of natural cherry, Prunus padus /L./. Thus in the end of summer
increase (rm) of treated aphids was about 30% lower and net winged forms of the aphid migrate onto primary (winter)
reproductive period significantly shorter in comparison to host plant. The phenomenon is well known, however not
control aphids. Among the studied plants the walnut extract much information on chemical interactions between these
showed the strongest effect on the grain aphid growth and organisms at this stage of season is available. The present
development. Obtained results suggest that the phenolic paper reports on volatile allelochemicals that may attract
extracts of the studied plants might be used as a source of the winged migrants to recolonize the primary host-plant.
biopesticides highly active towards the grain aphid. The autumn migration of the bird cherry-oat aphid was
monitored in Aleksandria Park at Siedlce during September
25. Induction of DIMBOA and Phenolic Acids by and October. The volatile compounds emitted by the bird
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae Confers cherry trees were trapped using the HS-SPME method. The
Increased Corn Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani samples were separated with help of gas chromatography
Ren Sen Zeng1,2, Man Cao2, Jing Hua Huang2 and Shi Ming combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatile
Luo1,2 compounds were identified by their mass spectra and on
1
Research Center for Chemical Ecology, base of their retention times confirmed with internal
2
Institute of Tropical and Sub-tropical Ecology, South China standards. Obtained results demonstrated that attraction of
Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642 P.R. the bird cherry-oat aphid to its primary host during autumn
China was mostly conditioned by benzaldehyde. Moreover, at this
Email: rszeng @scau.edu.cn period of growing season the bird cherry did not show any
emission of the green leaf volatile compounds. Role of the
Arbuscular mycorrhizas are most important symbioses in volatiles in allelopathic interactions between the bird cherry
terrestrial ecosystems and they enhance the plant defense and the bird cherry-oat aphid is discussed.
against numerous soil-borne pathogenic fungi and nematodes.
Two varieties Gaoyou 115 and Yuenong 9 of corn were used 27. Allelopathy Impact of Two Resistant Tomato
for mycorrhizal inoculation in this study. The disease Rootstocks on the Population Dynamics and Diversity
resistance of corn to Rhizoctonia solani was greatly increased of Rhizosphere Free-living Nematodes
after inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Zhiping Cao Lifang Han
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College of Resources and Environmental Science, China grafted with susceptible scion FA189); (3) FA189/He-man
Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100094 (He-man grafted with susceptible scion FA189), a blank
Email: zhipingc@cau.edu.cn plot without any tomato planting was also included. Soil
samples were collected twice a year in each three years,
In Shandong province, eastern China, root-knot nematode before planting (September 2005, 2006, 2007) and at
(Meloidogyne incognita, RKN) is a serious soil born disease harvest (March 2005, 2006, 2007) of tomato. Soil
in greenhouse for vegetable production. Two resistant tomato nematodes populations were classified into four trophic
rootstocks, Energy F1 (L.esuclentum x L.esculentum and He- groups: bacterivores, fungivores, plant-parasites and
man F1 (L. lycopersicum x L. hirsutum), were selected to omnivore-predators. Bacterivore nematodes were always
grafted with RKN-susceptible commercial scion FA189 as a the most abundant trophic group in the consecutive 3 years.
biological approach to combat the RKN diseases, and the field Compared with blank control, the density of free-living
experiment results showed that they are very efficient to nematode increased from 230 to 3556 individuals/100g dry
reduce root-knot nematode infection and prevent tomato fruit soil, with low diversity and evenness and high dominance
yield loss. But what is their soil ecological impact? Will the with tomato planting, and this trend is clearer with the
resistant rootstocks influence the rhizosphere organisms? The increase of consecutive tomato planting times from 2005 to
objective of this study is to investigate the possible 2007. The nematode trophic diversities of Energy and He-
allelopathy effect of rootstocks to soil free-living nematodes. man were 1.29 and 1.35 respectively, while of FA189 was
A 3-year filed experiment was designed with 3 treatments as 2.32.
following (1) FA189 (control); (2) FA189/Energy (Energy
Main Topic 2: Allelochemicals: Fate in soil and water
28. Transformation of Benzoxazinoids in Soil - Kinetics varied according to initial concentrations of the
and Pathways compounds. Transformation of BOA to APO was
Inge S. Fomsgaard, Per Kudsk, Solvejg K. Mathiassen significantly faster than the transformation of MBOA to 2-
Department of Integrated Pest Management, University of amino-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one (AMPO). A
Aarhus, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark complex pattern of further hydroxylated and acetylated
Email: Inge.Fomsgaard@agrsci.dk transformation products was seen. Chemical
characterization and quantification of allelochemicals and
Benzoxazinoids are allelochemicals found in plants (for their transformation products in soil are thus necessary
instance wheat, maize, rye) of the monocotyledonous family tools in the exploitation of allelopathic properties for
Poaceae but their occurrence in some dicotyledonous species suppressing weeds and soil-borne diseases.
was also reported. The occurrence and allelopathic effects of
benzoxazinoids have been studied for decades. The 29. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Allelochemicals
exploitation of the suppressive effects of benzoxazinoids on in Soils
weeds and soil-borne diseases requires substantial knowledge Syuntaro Hiradate, Kenji Ohse, Akihiro Furubayashi,
of their transformation in soil to be able to evaluate both target Yoshiharu Fujii
and non-target effects. A substantial part of the EU-financed National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
FATEALLCHEM project was dedicated to such studies. (NIAES), 3-1-3 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604,
When young rye plants were incorporated into soil as a Japan
simulation of the use of rye as green mulch, LC-MS analysis Email: hiradate@affrc.go.jp
of the soil revealed the appearance of 6-
methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (MBOA), 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4- The authors have proposed the use of the terms “specific
benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA), 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one activity” and “total activity” for evaluating biological
(HBOA), 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one activity of a compound and a plant material, respectively.
(HMBOA), benzoxazolin-2-one (BOA) and the benzoxazinoid The specific activity is expressed as a concentration
derivate 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one (APO). The profiling showing the half-maximum biological effect, which is
of the benzoxazinoids in soil was dynamic and time EC50. The total activity is expressed by the following
dependent. The highest concentrations of most of the equation: (total activity) = (concentration of the
compounds were seen at day 1 after incorporation. A biologically active compound in the plant material) / EC50
maximum concentration was reached at day 4 for a few of the which means the number of times the biologically active
compounds. Field studies are currently being undertaken, in compound is concentrated against the specific activity
which a total of 20 allelochemicals (phenolic acids, (EC50) in the plant material. An allelopathic potential of a
benzoxazinoids and their derivatives) are quantified plant material should be evaluated by the total activity, but
continuously in soil after incorporation of rye. Preliminary many allelochemicals are assumed active in soil
results of these studies will be presented. In other experiments environments, where the concentration of the biologically
the pure compounds 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (MBOA) active compound may be decreased by adsorption,
and benzoxazolin-2-one (BOA) and their synthesized transformation, biodegradation, etc. We evaluated the
isotopomers were incorporated into soil with the purpose of overall changes of the biological activity of several
elucidating transformation kinetics and pathways. Half-lives allelochemicals in soils (overall soil factor) by using a
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soil-based bioassay system, and an allelopathic potential in Denmark
soil (total activity in soil) was evaluated by taking into account Email: angi@life.ku.dk
both the overall soil factor and the total activity in plant as
follows: (total activity in soil) = (total activity in plant) × Sorghum is known for its weed suppressive activity. It has
(overall soil factor) L-Mimosine shows a high total activity of been discovered that the basis of the weed suppressive
130 in Leucaena leucocephala but its total activity in soil is activity is the compound sorgoleone found in sorghum
substantially decreased to < 3 in volcanic ash soil, alluvial root exudates. Sorgoleone (2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-
soil, and calcareous soil because of the very low values of the [(8'Z,11'Z)-8',11',14'-pentadecatriene]-p-benzoquinone) is
overall soil factors (< 0.02). Similar trend was observed for L- phytotoxic because it inhibits photosynthesis by blocking
DOPA and (+)-catechin. This result indicates that the photosystem II electron transport in a way similar to
allelopathic activity of these allelochemicals would be herbicides such as s-triazines, phenyl urea and uracil.
substantially reduced in these soils. On the other hand, the Several studies have confirmed that growing sorghum
overall soil factors of juglone and coumarin were higher and plants inhibits the growth of other plants. At present the
in the range between 0.5 and 0.1. These parameters would be biosynthetic pathway of sorgoleone, its mode of action
useful for evaluating allelopathic potential in various soil and excretion by root hairs is known, but virtually no
environments. knowledge exists about sorgoleone’s behavior and fate in
the soil environment. As sorgoleone is released into soil
30. Behavior and Phytotoxic Activity of Allelochemical in from the roots of sorghum, knowledge of its fate in soil
Soil will be of importance to understand and optimize the use
of sorghum’s weed suppressive properties for weed
Katsuichiro Kobayashi
management and for making a risk assessment for
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, sorgoleone. Results from a study of the mineralization of
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 306-8572, Japan sorgoleone will be presented. The experiments were
Email: kakobae@envr.tsukuba.ac.jp performed with 14C-labeled sorgoleone labeled in three
different ways. The labeled sorgoleone was produced by
Allelopathy in soil is plant-plant interaction mediated by the germinating sorghum seeds in the presence of the labeled
chemical released from the donor plant into soil and the precursors. These experiments showed that the methoxy
chemical reaches the receiver plant in various ways. The group of sorgoleone is easily mineralized, whereas the
behavior of allelochemicals released from a donor plant is an pentadecatriene chain is very hard to mineralize, possibly
important factor affecting the phytotoxic activity of the because of sorption to soil. Both Danish and American
receiver plant in soil. In soil, the allelochemical is released by soils were used in the experiments and it was shown that
leaching from the foliage, exudation from the roots and soils differ in their ability to mineralize sorgoleone.
decomposition of the dead residues of the donor plant.
Consequently, the allelochemical is present in soil water, 32. The Fate and Impact on Microorganisms of Rice
adsorbed on soil solids, desorbed from the solids, moved with Allelochemicals in Paddy Soil
water, and metabolized by chemical and biological processes. C. H. Kong a, b, P. Wang a, X. H. Xu b
a
When an allelochemical is released into soil, its behavior is Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of
dominated by various soil factors such as soil moisture, soil Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China b State Key Laboratory
texture, soil organic and inorganic matters as well as the of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University,
organisms. In our various studies on phytotoxic activity of Tianjin 300071, China
allelochemicals in soil, it was revealed that the concentration Email: kongch@iae.ac.cn
of allelochemical in soil water is a dominant factor directly
determining its phytotoxic activity in soil and the Allelopathic rice varieties can release allelochemicals into
concentration is controlled by the behavior of allelochemical soil to inhibit neighboring weeds, but little is currently
such as adsorption, desorption and degradation in soil. It is known about their fate and impact on microorganisms in
suggested that the phytotoxic activity of allelochemicals in paddy soil. This study showed that allelopathic rice
soil is a function of the complex interactions among the PI312777 released much higher concentrations of 5,4′-
behavior of allelochemicals and the physiological and dihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-7-O-β-glucopyranosylflavone
ecological properties of both donor and receiver plants. than non-allelopathic rice Liaojing-9. Once released the
flavone O-glycoside immediately hydrolyzed glucose with
31. Mineralization of Sorgoleone, an Allelochemical stimulation on soil bacteria and aglycone 5,7,4′-
Produced by Sorgum, in Soil trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone with inhibition on soil
Anne Louise Gimsing1, Franck Dayan2, Jacob Bælum3, fungi. When quantitative 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-
Carsten Suhr Jacobsen3 dimethoxyflavone was incubated into soil, the flavone
1
Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, gave a short half-life of 18.27±2.32 h (r2 0.94) and could
University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 easily be degraded into benzoic acid by soil interactions.
Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Benzoic acid with a half-life of 29.99±2.19 h (r2 0.96) was
2
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Products more resistant toward degradation in paddy soil. The
Utilization Research Unit, P.O. Box 8048, University of results implied that the flavone would be responsible for
Mississippi, Oxford 38677, USA the dynamics of soil microorganisms during an early
3
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department period of release, and any observed effect during a late
of Geochemistry, Ø. Voldgade 10, DK-1310 Copenhagen K, period of release would very likely be due to its
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degradation products particularly benzoic acid rather than the and phytotoxicity. The presence of phenolic co-solutes
flavone itself. Both the culturable microbial population and the resulted in a four times increased persistence of catechin
entire microbial community structure of soil incubated with in a sandy soil; however, this persistence was less
the flavone and benzoic acid were evaluated using the soil significant in silt loam soil. This indicates catechin could
dilution plate method and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) persist in some soils under the right set of conditions. The
analysis, respectively. It appeared from the results that the results underline a need to have a shift in allelopathic
flavone could reduce microorganisms especially for fungi research ‘from identification of phytotoxins in the plants
present in paddy soil, while benzoic acid could induce a higher to the elucidation of mechanisms of persistence of
response for soil microorganisms especially for bacteria. allelochemicals in soil matrices that facilitate the proposed
These results suggested that allelopathic rice varieties could phytotoxic effect’.
modify soil microorganisms to their advantage through release
of allelochemicals. The concentration and fate of 34. The Biodegradation and Sorption of Flavonoids in
discriminating allelochemicals between allelopathic and non- Soil
allelopathic varieties tested in rice soil would result in the Liz Shaw1, John Hooker2
1
different pattern of microbial population and community Department of Soil Science, the University of Reading,
structure in the paddy ecosystem. Whiteknights, P. O. Box 233, Reading, RG6 6DW, U.K.
2
School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of
33. Presence that Belies the Persistence: A Perspective on Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New
Mediation of Allelopathy by Soils Zealand Email: e.j.shaw@reading.ac.uk
Nishanth Tharayil1 and P. C. Bhowmik2
1
304 Long Hall, Entomology Soil & Plant Sciences, Clemson Flavonoids are a diverse family of secondary metabolites
University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA produced by higher plants. It is thought that flavonoid
2
Plant Soil & Insect Sciences, Univ. of Massachusetts structures enter the soil and rhizosphere as a result of
Amherst, MA 01003, USA above-ground litter inputs, root exudation and root
Email: nntharay@CLEMSON.EDU senescence. Once present in soil, it is thought that
flavonoids play a multi-functional role in plant-microbe,
In spite of competent research efforts, the occurrence and plant-soil and plant-plant interactions. However, little is
significance of allelopathy at ecosystem levels is still highly known about their fate and bioavailability in the soil
debated, primarily due to the fact that the purported system. Therefore, the aim of this research was to
allelochemicals are rarely found at phytotoxic concentrations conduct experiments to estimate the bioavailability of
under field conditions. In most pant-plant interactions the flavonoids in soil through quantification of their sorption
medium of transportation of allelochemicals is soil, and soil to soil constituents and to quantify flavonoid
matrix is capable of altering the bioavailability of biodegradation potential when subject to the catabolic
allelochemicals by various processes including sorption, and activities of the soil microbial community. Three
chemical and microbial degradation. Since allelochemicals are flavonoids were chosen for study: naringenin, a flavanone
secreted in quantities far smaller than needed to overwhelm central to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway;
the soil processes at the field level by moderating its formononetin, an isoflavanone produced almost
bioavailability, the soil matrix becomes the governing factor in exclusively by legumes and ononin the glucoside
the allelochemical phytotoxicity. Consequently, the conjugate of formononetin. Construction of sorption
phytotoxicity predictions based on the plant tissue isotherms and estimation of log(Koc) (the organic carbon-
allelochemical concentration and release often have lower normalized partition coefficient) for comparison to
ecological significance. Since the allelochemicals are exuded compounds whose soil behavior is better known revealed
in mixtures, we investigated the role of co-solutes in that naringenin and formononetin had a log(Koc) similar to
increasing persistence of allelochemicals in soil matrices that of naphthalene (3.1-3.2), indicating a ‘moderate’
through competitive sorption and preferential microbial bioavailability. Indeed, tests indicated that both naringenin
degradation. In axenic environments, in equilibrated systems, and formononetin (spiked at 50 µg g-1) were sufficiently
the phenolic acids exhibited competition for sorption sites, bioavailable to allow rapid biodegradation in soil. The log
displacing the more hydrophilic compounds to soil solution, (Koc) for ononin was lower (2.18) than that of naringenin
and thus increasing their effective concentration. In the and formononetin, suggesting less interaction with the soil
presence of ferulic acid, more than 90% of the initially added solid phase and therefore potentially greater
vanillic acid remained in the soil solution, as opposed to 10% bioavailability and mobility. These results are discussed
in the absence of ferulic acid. We further investigated the role with reference to what is known regarding total and
of phenolic acids, produced during the litter decomposition of bioavailable concentrations of flavonoids experienced by
Centaurea maculosa, in stabilizing its allelochemical catechin microbes in soil. Information is currently lacking
in a soil-microbial system. Compared to a single-solute system regarding the spatial influence of flavonoids in the
the persistence of individual allelochemicals significantly rhizosphere; approaches which could be used to address
increased in a multi-solute system. Oxidation was primarily this knowledge gap will be outlined.
involved in the initial rapid degradation of allelochemicals as
observed by the corresponding soil Fe and Mn reduction. In 35. Fate of Benzoxazinoids in Soil following
single-solute systems, catechin rapidly underwent Application of Rye (Secale cereale L.) as a Cover Crop
polymerization to form procyanidin dimmer and tannins both and their Possible Link to Allelopathic Activity
in soil and bioassay medium, resulting in reduced persistence
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Clifford P. Rice1, John R. Teasdale1, Inga A. Zasada2, spear-grass soil, respectively. Contents of the plant growth
Krystyna Bialek-Kalinski1 inhibitors in the rhizome were 0.76-166.2 mg/g, whereas
USDA-ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab1 and they were 0.01-0.07 mg/g in the leachate and 0.02-0.4
Nematology Lab2, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA mg/g in the weed’s soil. The inhibitive strength against
Email: Clifford.Rice@ARS.USDA.GOV barnyardgrass growth was maximum for iso-eugenol
(IC50=63.6 µg), followed by 2,4-bis-(1,1) dimethylethyl
Few investigators have attempted to measure benzoxazinoids phenol (IC50=139.8 µg) and hydrocinnamic acid
in field soils after the incorporation of a rye (Secale cereale (IC50=207.7 µg). Stearic acid was the least inhibitive
L.) cover crop. Verifying the presence and availability of (IC50=6.2 mg), followed by ferulic acid (IC50=3.6 mg),
these secondary plant defense compounds in soil is important linoleic acid (IC50=2.6 mg), palmitic acid (IC50=1.9 mg),
to linking their presence to observed allelopathic effects. An and iso-ferulic (IC50=1.6 mg). Evidences from our study
experiment was conducted to determine the allelopathic suggest that the detected chemicals from spear-grass are
activity and persistence of rye after cover crop termination in involved in the invasiveness of the weed in the plant
2006 and 2007 at two sites near Beltsville, MD. Rye in a late ecosystem.
vegetative stage was killed by an application of paraquat and
residue either shallowly incorporated or retained on the soil 37. Impact of Allelopathic Rice Seedlings on
surface without tillage. This study was part of a larger study Rhizospheric Microflora Functional Diversity and Soil
evaluating the effect of rye on weed emergence. The major Enzyme Activities
goal of this study was to follow the persistence and fate of Lin Rui-yu, Yu Cui-ping, Rong Hong, Xiao Qing-tie, Lin
selected allelopathic compounds arising from the cover crop Wen-xiong
residues. The rye biomass was collected at cover crop Institute of Agro-ecology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian
termination to determine initial benzoxazinoid concentrations Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China,
available for each treatment. Soil samples were collected at 350002 Email: lrylin2004@163.com
the initiation of the treatments and at approximately weekly
intervals up to the time when allelopathic activity became Rice allelopathic potential is indirectly regulated by the
minimal (about five weeks after cover crop termination). All microflora in the rhizosphere. Four rice cultivars with
samples were stored frozen for subsequent analysis with triple varied allelopathic activity, PI312777, IAC47, Iguape and
quadrupole LC/MS-MS to determine benzoxazinoid Lemont, were used to investigate the functional diversities
concentrations. Methods were tested for efficient extraction of and soil enzyme activities in the seedling rhizospheres of
the benzoxazinoids likely to occur in these samples. This was rice by employing BIOLOG and enzyme activities
especially challenging with the soil samples, since effective analysis. The microbial flora in the rhizospheric soil of
spike recoveries did not appear to be a precise indicator of different rice cultivars was dominated by bacteria
recoveries of some of the more tightly bound benzoxazinoids, (58.4%~65.6%), followed by actinomycete
especially DIBOA and BOA. The list of monitored (32.2%~39.4%) and fungi (2.2%~2.8%). BIOLOG
compounds included glucose-DIBOA, DIBOA, HBOA, BOA, analysis showed that the value of Average Well Color
APO, AAPO, glucose-DIMBOA, DIMBOA, HMBOA, Development (AWCD) was always highest in the
MBOA, and AMPO. Early results show that levels of DIBOA rhizospheric soil of the strongly allelopathic rice cv.
were higher when rye was incorporated into soil versus PI312777 and lowest in the poorly allelopathic rice cv.
retained on the soil surface without tillage. Lemont. Three principal component factors in relation to
carbon sources were identified, accounting for 70.1%,
36. Chemical Interaction in Spear-grass (Imperata 11.3% and 7.0% of the variation respectively. Phenolic
cylindrical L) acids, carbohydrates, amino acids and amides were
Tran Dang Xuan, Tran Dang Khanh, Shinkichi Tawata significantly related to the principal component 1,
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of phenolic acids, carbohydrates and fatty acids to the
Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 902-0213, principal component 2, and carbohydrates and hydroxylic
Japan acids to the principal component 3. Amino acids and
Email: g056003@agr.u-ryukyu.ac.jp amides were the two main carbon sources separating the 3
principal component factors. The analysis of soil enzyme
Spear-grass (Imperata cylindrical L) is an invasive species, activities showed that allelopathic rice suppressed the
distributed widely worldwide. This weed is causing trouble for activities of dehydrogenase, peroxide, ployphenol
agricultural production and plant ecosystems. Its strong and oxidase, urease, and cellulose, while acid phosphatase,
deep rhizome plays an important role in the weed’s invasion alkaline-phosphatase, ucrase, and catalase were enhanced
as well as results in much difficulty in spear-grass control, in its rhizospheric soils. This will be beneficial to the
compared to other weeds. Our results showed that the rhizome accumulation of allelopathic substances, promote the soil
of spear-grass contained numerous growth inhibitors, of which carbon cycles and phosphorus cycles in the rhizosphere,
29 compounds were identified for the first time, belonging to implying that these changes might play a role in
phenolic acids, phenols, lactones, fatty acids, and steroids. iso- governing the rice allelopathic activity in the field.
Ferulic was the major compound in the rhizome of the weed,
followed by trans-p-coumaric acid, and linoleic acid. 38. Biomedicine: Degradation and Ecotoxicity of
Although many allelochemicals were detected in the roots, Artemisinin in soil
only 9 and 5 (major are phenolic acid and long chain fatty Karina Knudsmark Jessing1, Nina Cedergreen2, John
acid) compounds were found in the roots’ leachate and in Jensen3, Hans Christian Bruun Hansen1
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1
University of Copenhagen, Department of Natural Sciences, The allelochemicals in the rhizospheric soil sampled from
Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark the field of continuously cropped A. bidentata Blume
2
University of Copenhagen, Department of Agricultural plants were extracted by water and organic solvent. The
Sciences, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark results from the bioassay in Petri dishes showed that the
3
University of Aarhus, National Environmental Research promotion effect of the extracts on the growth of Lactuca
Institute, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark sativa was significant, implying that the allelochemicals
Email: jessing@life.ku.dk especially from the water extracts might contain plant
activators to promote the growth of L. sativa. To further
To commercially use the effect of an allelopathic compound in understand the mechanism of the growth promotion by the
the field, knowledge of the active compounds’ degradation extracts, subtractive hybridization suppression (SSH) was
kinetics, leaching potential and effect toward both target and used to investigate gene expression profiles of A.
non-target organisms is pivotal. This is also the case when bidentata Blume treated with the extracts. Ten up-
cultivating plants producing active compounds for medical regulated genes from the SSH-cDNA library were
purposes. Artemisia annua, wormwood, is a vigorous weedy sequenced and assigned. According to the function
annual and highly aromatic plant belonging to the Asteraceae category, the identified genes were related to the
family. A. annua is a widely dispersed invasive species and elementary metabolism, flavonoids and phytosterol
the plant has potential allelopathic properties. In addition A. synthesis.The results indicated that flavonoids and
annua is cropped on large scale in many countries for phytosterol might play an important role in the promotion
medicinal purposes, as the plant synthesizes and accumulates of continuously cropped A. bidentata Blume.
the secondary metabolite artemisinin. Artemisinin, a Proteomics were employed to confirm the molecular
sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide bridge is an mechanism of growth promotion by the extracts. The
efficient drug against drug-resistant strains of the malaria result showed that 25 proteins changed in the expression
parasite. Also, artemisinin has documented phytotoxicity as abundances in the treated plants compared with control, of
well as toxicity toward insects. It has therefore been proposed which 15 were up-regulated and 10 down-regulated.
as a “green pesticide”. To gain knowledge on the fate of Based on the functions of the identified proteins, the
artemisinin in the field, the degradation kinetics of artemisinin results confirmed that the extracts from continuously
and its effects on seedling emergence and growth of salad, cropped soils under the Chinese medicinal plant
duckweed and algae and effect on soil living organisms have A.bidentata Blume activated the genes encoding the key
been studied. Degradation experiments showed a two-phase enzyme involved in terpenes and flavonoids synthesis, in
exponential decay with half lives of 4.2 and 0.9 days in sandy turn leading to promoted growth of A. bidentata Blume.
and loamy soil, respectively, and complete disappearance after
43 and 63 days. Artemisinin did not affect seedling emergence 40. Allelopathic Potential of Barnyardgrass
but EC50 for salad, Latuca sativa L., growth was 2.48 mg/kg. (Echinochloa crus-galli)-infested Soil Extract and its
EC50 for earthworm, Eisenia fetida, avoidance was 21.6 Phytotoxic Compounds
mg/kg whereas springtails, Folsomia candida, were not Tran Dang Khanh, Tran Dang Xuan, Sinshichi Tawata
significantly affected, <50 mg/kg. The measured water Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of
solubility was 49.7 mg/l and medium mobility of artemisinin Agriculture, University of the Ryukyu, Okinawa 902-0213,
in soil was indicated as Koc was estimated to 324 kg/l. In water Japan
artemisinin gave an EC50 of 0.19 mg/l for duckweed, Lemna Email: khanhkonkuk@gmail.com
minor, and of 0.24 mg/l for the algae, Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata. These values are comparable to the effects of Barnyardgrass is one of the most competitive annual
commercial pesticides. grasses, has been ranked as the world’s worst rice weed
and causes problems in at least 61 countries and in 36
39. Allelopathic Effect of Continuously Cropped? Soils different food crops. The objectives of this experiment
under the Chinese Medicinal Plant Achyranthes bidentata were to examine the allelopathic potential of
Blume and its Molecular Mechanism barnyardgrass-infested soil extract and identify its
ZhenfangLi1,2, Zhongyi Zhang1,3, Jun Xiong1,2,Hui Chen1,2, phytotoxic compounds by GC-MS. In a bioassay, an
Wenxiong Lin1,2 aqueous extract exhibited strong inhibition on the growth
1
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, of its major competitive species, germination of
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), C/O monochoria was inhibited most. The IC50 values of the
Ministry of Education China other tested crops were 1.71-2.77 mg ml-1; of these,
2
Institute of Agroecology C/O School of Life Sciences, FAFU, inhibition of carrot and radish was shown to be greater
Fuzhou 350002, China than rice and lettuce. Germination of rice growth was also
3
Institute of Chinese Medicinal Plants, Henan Agricultural significantly reduced by 1.96, 0.45 and 1.01 mg ml-1 for
University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China shoot and root length of rice. However, the barnyardgrass-
Email: wenxiong181@163.com infested soil extract exhibited less phytotoxic action
against non-competitive species such as lettuce, radish and
Based on the investigation of a positive allelopathic effect of carrot, and showed least influence on the growth of
Achyranthes bidentata Blume in a continuous cropping system barnyardgrass itself. In general, the emergence of all
in the Henan province, an experiment was conducted to study indicator plants was stunted, but the growth of rice and
the promotion of continuously cropped soils under monochoria showed most influence. Eighteen compounds,
Achyranthes bidentata Blume. which are potentially involved in the phytotoxic activity of
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1
barnyardgrass released in paddy soil, were identified by GC- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS),
MS; most of them belong to the terpenoids, the derivatives of Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-
cinnamic acid and ferulic acid, and long-chain fatty acids. 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
2
Four compounds were quantified and tested for their University of Copenhagen, Department of Natural
herbicidal activity on the growth of radish. Linalool, methyl Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C,
phenethyl ketone and methyl ester cinnamic acid revealed Denmark
inhibition from 14.0 to 36.2%, respectively, whereas 4- Email: phj@life.ku.dk
tepineol and coumaran exhibited promotion to the growth of
radish by 20.1 to 31.7%. Følgende kan jeg ikke få til at give The invasive and cosmopolitan plant, bracken fern
meningThe obtained data noted that barnyardgrass contains (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) produces a number of
strong phytotoxic substances which can be released into paddy toxic compounds. The carcinogenic norsesquiterpene
soil to compete with rice and other paddy weeds in its vicinity glucoside ptaquiloside (PTA) is one of these natural
by chemical pathways. toxins. Bracken fern contains PTA in all plant parts, and
the concentration varies with the season. Also, the content
41. Fate of Toxic Potato Glycoalkaloids in a Potato Field varies widely between locations. Part of the produced PTA
Pia H. Jensen1,2, Ole S. Jacobsen1, Rasmus B. Pedersen2, is transferred to soil, where the mobility may be high due
Bjarne W. Strobel2, Hans Christian B. Hansen2 to little sorption. In this work, the seasonal variation of the
1
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), content of PTA and the transformation product pterosin B
Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 (PTB) in soil and groundwater was investigated.
Copenhagen K, Denmark Soil, groundwater, and plant samples were collected from
2
University of Copenhagen, Department of Natural Sciences, three Danish bracken-covered field locations during a
Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark growth season. Soil samples were taken from the litter
Email: phj@life.ku.dk layer and from the two subsequent soil layers.
Groundwater samples were sampled from the uppermost
The glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine are plant groundwater. All plant, soil and groundwater samples
toxins produced in all parts of the potato plant. The were analyzed for PTA and PTB by HPLC-UV or a newly
compounds are believed to be a part of the plant defensive developed LC-MS/MS method. The highest amount of
system, and they are known to be toxic toward fungi, insects, PTA in the plants was found in the period June-September
snails, and humans. The glycoalkaloids may be released to the (up to 160-630 mg/m2 or 700-2200 mg/kg dry weight),
terrestrial environment due to leaching from the plant parts whereas almost no PTA was present after withering in
and due to release from plant debris left on the soil after November-December. In the soil samples PTA as well as
harvest. In this study, we investigated the load of PTB were present in almost all samples during the whole
glycoalkaloids from potato plants to the field during the season. Concentrations up to 3.2 mg PTA/kg dry soil and
growth season and the fate of the glycoalkaloids in soil. Soil 8.5 mg/kg PTB dry soil were found. Preliminary analyses
and plant samples were collected in the field during the of the groundwater samples showed both compounds to be
growth season and were analyzed for glycoalkaloids and present in some samples (up to approx 0.2-0.5 µg/L).
metabolites. There was a potentially high load of Exact concentrations are to be determined.
glycoalkaloids in the soil; the highest content in the plants was The presence of PTA and PTB in as well soil samples as
found in July (~25 kg ha-1), while it declined during the in some of the groundwater samples indicates a serious
autumn (~800 g ha-1). A substantial amount was still detected risk of groundwater contamination. In comparison, the
in the plant debris on the soil surface in September-October. maximum tolerable concentration of PTA in drinking
The highest concentrations in the soil samples were found in water was estimated to 0.5-0.16 ng/L
September and October, where preliminary results showed a
total glycoalkaloid concentration of up to 1.5 kg/ha. In January 43. Allelopathic Activity of Camphor Tree
detectable amounts were still found. In general, the (Cinnamomum camphora Sieb) Leaf Powder
concentrations varied widely between the individual samples, Yumi Okamoto, Keiko Yamaji, Katsuichiro Kobayashi
showing the distribution of glycoalkaloids in the soil to be Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences,
rather heterogeneous. Laboratory incubation studies at 15ºC University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
showed a dissipation time (DT50) of about 2 days, while 5% of Email: terad0127@yahoo.co.jp
the added glycoalkaloids were still present in the soil after 42
days. Only a limited effect of whether the degradation was The allelopathic activity of Camphor tree (Cinnamomum
taking place in top- or subsoil was observed. As the camphora Sieb.) leaf powder on the growth of rice (Oryza
glycoalkaloids were shown to be present in the soil for a long sativa L.) seedlings was investigated. The growth of rice
period of time, a possible effect toward soil microorganisms seedlings, as a test plant, was inhibited in the soil
may last for several months. incorporated with Camphor tree leaf powder. Growth
reduction of rice seedlings was also found in the sea sand
applied with soil water separated from the soil previously
42. Content and Distribution of the Carcinogen incorporated with the leaf powder. The results suggested
Ptaquiloside in Soil and Groundwater that the phytotoxic activity of Camphor tree leaf powder
Pia H. Jensen 1 2, Ole S. Jacobsen1, René K. Juhler1, Anne incorporated into soil depends on the concentration of
Louise Gimsing2, Hans Christian B. Hansen2 some compound(s) in soil-water. The growth of rice
seedlings in sea sand culture was inhibited by the leaf
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powder placed in a small glass vial in a large glass bottle allelopathic activity of Camphor tree leaf is induced by
tightly sealed. It is suggested that the volatile compound(s) in two different absorption ways: the receiver plants directly
the leaf shows the phytotoxic activity. Camphor tree leaf absorb camphor from the air through its stomata and
extract was analyzed by GC-MS and camphor was identified camphor and/or the other phytotoxic compound(s) in soil-
as a phytotoxic compound. These results suggested that the water released from Camphor tree into soil.
Main Topic 3: Allelochemical Identification and localization

44. Developing New Herbicides from Gramineae Momilactone A and B were first isolated from rice (Oryza
Allelochemicals sativa) husks as growth inhibitors involved in seed
Francisco A. Macías, Elena Arroyo, Nuria Chinchilla, Rosa dormancy, and later confirmed in rice plants as
M. Varela, Jose M.G. Molinillo phytoalexins. Recently, both momilactones were found in
Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of rice root exudates as potent rice allelochemicals.
Cadiz, c/ República Saharaui s/n, 11.510 Puerto Real, Spain Momilactone A and B, respectively, inhibited the growth
Email: famacias@uca.es of Echinochloa crus-galli, E. colonum and Arabidopsis
thaliana at concentrations greater than 10 and 1 mM.
DIMBOA and DIBOA have been described as important However, momilactone A and B inhibited the growth of
allelochemicals from Gramineae. Several bioactivities have rice seedlings at concentrations greater than 100 and 300
been described and evaluated for these compounds and their mM, respectively. The effectiveness of momilactone A
degradation products, especially APO. 2-Deoxy derivatives of and B on the growth inhibition of rice seedlings were 1%
benzoxazinones have been proposed as useful candidates for of those on the growth inhibition of E. crus-galli, E.
natural herbicide models development. A second generation colonum and A. thaliana, suggesting that the toxicities of
of chemicals, which include structural modifications to momilactone A and B to rice seedlings are probably much
enhance their phytotoxicity and selectivity, have been less than to E. crus-galli, E. colonum and A. thaliana.
synthesized and tested on rice, the Standard Target Species When A. thaliana seedlings were incubated in medium
(Lepidium sativum L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Allium containing 10 µM of momilactone A and B, endogenous
cepa L., and Triticum aestivum L.) and common weeds concentrations of momilactone A and B in A. thaliana
(Lollium rigidum, Avena fatua and Echinochloa crus-galli). were 14.8 and 11.6 pmol plant-1, respectively. It was
Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies (QSAR) confirmed that A. thaliana itself did not produce
constitute the key for a systematic analysis of structure and momilactone A and B. Therefore, very small amounts of
bioactivity properties. QSAR methodology was extensively momilactone A and B were absorbed by A. thaliana and
employed for drug discovery, and its applications on new induced growth inhibitory effects on A. thaliana, which
agrochemicals’ design are starting to rise. The barriers that a suggests that momilactone A and B may be involved in
crop protection agent must cross to reach its molecular target the early events of growth inhibiting process in A.
site may vary. Systemic transportation would be favored by a thaliana. In addition, novel proteins were found in
higher aqueous solubility, but some lipophilicity will be momilactone A- and B- treated A. thaliana seedlings by
necessary to cross cell membranes and to reach the target site SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rice plants were
of action. We have studied the structural requirements for this grown hydroponically and concentrations of momilactone
activity, and some molecular properties that can be related A and B in the culture solutions were determined. The
with the results were obtained. These modifications include concentrations of momilactone A and B in the culture
the introduction of halogenated substituents that modify the solution increased rapidly from day 30 until day 80 when
electronic properties and the introduction of side-chains to flowering started, and then decreased, which indicates the
regulate their lipophilicity. Results showed that higher secretion of momilactone A and B by rice plants occur
activities were found in those compounds halogenated at C-6, throughout the life cycle. These results suggest that rice
whereas halogenation at C-8 enhanced selectivity. Following plants may be able to inhibit the growth of their
the same methodology, preliminary studies are being neighboring plants due to the secretion of momilactone A
performed using APO as a model for the development of new and B into their rhizosphere without serious toxicity to the
herbicides. D-DIBOA degradation experiments were source rice plants. Thus, momilactone A and B may play
performed in wheat crop soil. The results permitted to an important role in rice defense mechanism in the
estimate its half-life in this environment, being longer than rhizosphere for competition with invading root systems of
that for the natural allelochemical DIBOA, which is too short. neighboring plants.
This could be an advantage for its use as herbicide.
46. Biological Activity of Phytotoxins Isolated from
45. Momilactone A and B as Rice Allelochemicals Fungal Pathogens of Cirsium arvense and Sonchus
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi arvensis
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Alexander Berestetskiy1, Andrey Dmitriev1, Galina
Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Mitina1, Oleg Yuzikhin1, Alessio Cimmino2, Anna
Japan Andolfi2, Antonio Evidente2
1
Email: hisashi@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, Saint-
Petersburg, 196608 Russia;
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2
Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, Annonaceous acetogenins such as squamocin, bullatacin
dell’Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di and motrillin, and bis-tetrahydrofuran affect the J-I phase
Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy of fluorescence in a similar way as Tris does, indicating
Email: aberestetski@yahoo.com that the inhibition site of these compounds is at the water-
splitting enzyme. Air-dried leaves of Croton
The perennial Asteraceae weeds Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ciliatoglanduliferus were ground and extracted at room
and Sonchus arvensis L. infest different crops worldwide in temperature with n-hexane. The solvent was evaporated
regions of temperate climate. A number of fungal pathogens in vacuo to give a crude extract that inhibited ATP
of these weeds were identified and proposed as potential synthesis (I50 = 42 ppm). The n-hexane extract was
biocontrol agents. Some of these fungi can also be sources of fractionated by column chromatography, then by thin-
phytotoxins, metabolites with herbicidal properties, which layer chromatography. Two compounds were isolated and
could be used as templates for the development of novel characterized as the flavonoids retusin (5-hydroxy-
agrochemicals against weeds. Two species, Stagonospora 3,7,3´,4´-tetramethoxyflavone) and pachypodol (5,4´-
cirsii Davis and Phoma exigua Desm. var. exigua, were found dihydroxy-3,7,3´-trimethoxyflavone). These compounds
to be common pathogens of both weeds and were used for the were separated by repeated preparative thin-layer
isolation and characterizations of phytotoxic compounds. chromatography runs (hexane:ethyl acetate, 80:20 v/v);
New nonenolides named stagonolide and stagonolides B-F their structures were confirmed by comparison of physical
were recently isolated from the culture filtrate and the solid (melting point) and spectroscopic (UV, 1HNMR,
13
culture of S. cirsii, respectively. Stagonolide was found to be CNMR, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) properties with those
the most potent phytotoxin. A number of well-known and reported in the literature. Pachypodol was the most active
new phytotoxic cytochalasins together with p- inhibitor of ATP synthesis. Its inhibition site was located
hydroxybenzaldehyde were isolated from the liquid and solid at OEC level. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the
cultures of two strains of P. exigua var. exigua. Several dried stems of Croton ciliatoglanduliferus led to the
phytotoxic nonenolides and cytochalasins from different isolation of labdanes [labdane-8a,15-diol (1) and its acetyl
phytopathogenic fungi were used for structure-activity derivative (2)]. The inhibition site for 1 was located at
relationship study. Stagonolide was shown to be the most OEC level, and for 2, at OEC and at P680 in PSII, and at
toxic to C. arvense leaves, whereas deoxaphomin was highly the span of P700 to FX in PSI. (Acknowledgements to
active against S. arvensis. The effect of selected cytochalasins DGAPA-UNAM for the financial support on the project
and nonenolides on light absorption and membrane PAPIIT IN205806)
permeability of leaf tissues of C. arvense was studied. It was
hypothesized that stagonolide acted on C. arvense leaves in 48. Potential Allelopathic Interferences in
different way than known photosynthesis inhibitors and the Mediterranean Macchia
cytochalasins. At present, Alternaria spp. infecting both
Antonio Fiorentino, Assunta Esposito, Brigida D’Abrosca,
perennial weeds is targeted for the isolation phytotoxic
Angelina Izzo, Pietro Monaco
compounds. Zinniol was identified first in the culture filtrate
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Second University of
of A. cirsinoxiae Simmons et Mortensen; its activity on leaves
Naples, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
of C. arvense was demonstrated. Isolation and
Email: antonio.fiorentino@unina2.it
characterization of other phytotoxins are in progress. Research
was supported in part by European Commission (FP 6,
Plant performance can be influenced by several factors
contract NFOOD-CT-2003-001687) and International Science
(e.g. environmental conditions, disturbance type, plant
and Technology Center (Project N2939).
species interference) specially when these are rigorous,
complex and specialized. Therefore the complexity and
47. Bioactivity-guided Chemical Isolation of Secondary the variability of an ecosystem can be understood as the
Metabolites from Plants that Interact and Inhibit result of intra- and inter-specific interactions among
Photosynthesis species and between species and their environment. It is
Blas Lotina-Hennsen, Maria Isabel Aguilar, Beatriz King-Díaz
known that Mediterranean macchia ecosystems are
C. P 04510 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
characterized by high level of spatial variability and
Facultad de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, México D. F.,
structural complexity, depending mainly on its
México
environmental conditions and disturbance history. As a
Email: blas@servidor.unam.mx
consequence it is hypothesized that Mediterranean plant
species have evolved and activated allelopathic
The photosynthetic machinery of chloroplasts is a preferred
mechanisms as life strategies to survive in this
target for allelochemicals. Interruption of the electron
environment. In order to investigate the potential
transport chain in photosynthesis is detected by polarography
allelopathic interferences among plant species of the
and chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curves. Secondary
Mediterranean area, we carried out work on herbaceous
metabolites that transform the regular O-J-I-P sequence into
and shrub plant communities of “Castel Volturno” Nature
an O-J curve have similar site of inhibition as those of the
Reserve, a flat coastal area north of Naples (Southern
phenylurea type herbicides. Secondary metabolites like
Italy). Several approaches were utilized: field sampling
sorgoleone, tricolorin A, trachyloban-19-oic acid, flindersine
vegetation, phytochemical study of selected species,
and N-methyl-flindersine behave like Diuron, blocking the
bioassays, phytotoxicity of decomposed plant material,
electron transfer at QB site. N-methyl-flindersine has another
analysis of allelochemical in soil samples. In particular,
site of inhibition located at PQH2 oxidation. Odoratol,
analysis of allelochemicals was performed on selected
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species such as Carex distachya, Melilotus neapolitana, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007,
Lobularia maritima, Arbutus unedo, Teucrium chamaedrys. India
Plant metabolites were isolated, purified by HPLC, and Email: rajengupta@gmail.com
identified by spectroscopic methods. Results showed that
each plant species is characterized by specific bioactive One of the most important factors for the ecological
metabolites belonging to different classes of natural products. success of weeds is the presence of chemicals that are (a)
These compounds were present in high quantities both in the strong deterrents against herbivory and, (b) harmful to the
leaves and roots, are released in the environment by growth of other plants. Several phytochemicals found in
decomposition processes, and are persistent in the soil even weeds affect animals by interfering in the working of the
after a year from the release. The metabolites were tested on workhorse neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Interestingly,
coexisting species showing a species-specific inhibiting or some of these phytochemicals that are toxic to animals’
stimulating response, suggesting a probable competitive co- acetylcholine system are also known allelochemicals. In
evolution phenomenon. recent years, there has been increasing realization that all
the components of the neuronal acetylcholine system are
49. Why Orobanche cumana is a Specific Parasite of also present in plants and that some phytochemicals that
Sunflower: Some Chemical Clues severely hit important enzymes in animals’ nerves may
Francisco A. Macías, María D. García-Díaz, Pablo Sánchez- also target some crucial enzymes in plants. This work
Gómez, Juan C. G. Galindo explores an interesting possibility that some weeds may
Cadiz Allelopathy Group, Dept. of Organic Chemistry, utilize inhibitors of acetylcholine metabolism as a weapon
Faculty of Sciencies, University of Cadiz, c/ República against other plants to win ecological competition.
Saharui s/n, Apdo. 40, 11520 – Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain Extracts of 45 weeds not only inhibited
Email: juancarlos.galindo@uca.es acetylcholinesterase in animals but also inhibited the same
enzyme in crop plants, besides inhibiting germinating and
Parasitic plants have a very specific tight relationship with seedling growth. Weeds that are invasive in India were
their hosts. The chemical relationship between host and found to have extremely high concentrations of
parasite is complex and not fully understood as yet. However, anticholinesterases. Results from experiments with
one thing is known: the parasitic seeds need a specific anticholinesterases from native and invasive species
chemical exuded by their hosts to induce germination. The against native and introduced crop plant support the
seeds recognize the chemical as a signal that there is a host in chemical weapon hypothesis, that the native species are
the vicinity. Detection of the chemical cue triggers seed adapted to chemicals present in each other but they are
germination. Among the natural chemical inducers isolated susceptible to chemicals in the introduced species. Levels
from host and non-host plants the bisnorsesquiterpenes called of anticholinesterases in weeds may be used as a marker
strigolactones are the ones most often reported. These of aggressiveness and to predict potential invasiveness in a
compounds induce germination of parasitic seeds of the new environment. Anticholinesterases, physostigmine
genera Striga (witchweeds) and Orobanche (broomrapes). from Physostigma venenosum and its synthetic analogue
Orobanche cumana parasitizes sunflower; however, no seed neostigmine, were found to inhibit induction of gibberellic
germination inducer has been isolated from Helianthus spp. so acid–induced α–amylase activity in germinating seeds of
far. Sunflower is a rich source of sesquiterpenes, and barley and wheat, thereby suggesting a crosstalk between
sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) constitute an important part of gibberellins and acetylcholine systems in allelopathy. A
the plant’s chemical pool. Whether these compounds are tissue culture based study led to the confirmation of the
exuded into the environment is a question that remains to be involvement of acetylcholine system in allelopathy.
addressed. We have previously shown that SLs have the
capacity to induce germination of Orobanche cumana seeds 51. Cyanamide as a Natural Product
but not other Orobanche species. SLs have also been Tsunashi Kamo, Syuntaro Hiradate, Yoshiharu Fujii
previously reported to induce germination of Striga asiatica National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
and Striga hermonthica. Here we present results on structure- (NIAES), 3-1-3 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604,
activity relantionship (SAR) studies and a QSAR study that Japan
addresses the question of host specificity of O. cumana. To Email: tkamo@affrc.go.jp
investigate host specificity, we synthesized and tested as
germination inducers a series of strigolactone-like Cyanamide is contained in hairy vetch (Vicia villosa
guaianolides (which we named guaianostrigolactones) that subsp. varia), a potentially allelopathic crop which
mimics the ABC-D enol-γ-lactone system typical of strongly inhibits the growth of weeds. Cyanamide has
strigolactones. These compounds were tested on O. cumana been considered to not occur in nature until it was isolated
and O. ramosa (tobacco broomrape) as model systems. from this legume as a major plant growth inhibitory
Influence of lipophilicity on germination activity was also compound. This finding led us to confirm the natural
taken into consideration in the QSAR study. Results are occurrence of cyanamide, establish a useful method for its
explained in terms of the specificity of O. cumana towards quantification, and survey its distribution in the plant
sunflower. kingdom. By feeding experiments to confirm that
cyanamide is a natural product, [15N]nitrate and
50. Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase as Allelochemicals [15N]ammonium were used and were successfully
Rajendra Gupta incorporated into cyanamide molecules. We also
established a stable isotope dilution gas chromatographic
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mass spectrometry (SID-GCMS) method in which QSAR studies and the enhancement and modulation of
[15N2]cyanamide was used as an internal standard. The leaves this activity.
of 553 species of higher plants were analyzed by using the
SID-GCMS method. Among the nine Vicia species tested, 53. Trichothecene Chemotype is thought to Play a Key
only V. villosa subsp. varia (449 mg/kg fresh wt.) and V. Role in the Phytopathogenicity of Individual Fusarium
cracca (3526 mg/kg fresh wt.) contained detectable Strains
cyanamide. Although all the other species in the higher plants Takumi Nishiuchi
tested contained no detectable cyanamide (<1 mg/kg fresh Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University,
wt.), a leguminous tree, Robinia pseudo-acacia (442 mg/kg 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
fresh wt.), was a remarkable exception. These results indicate Email: tnish9@kenroku.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
that the distribution of cyanamide in the plant kingdom was
highly limited. To discuss the role of cyanamide in plants, the Phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium species
localization of cyanamide was investigated. In a seedling of synthesize the trichothecene family of phytotoxins.
V. villosa subsp. varia, more than 95% of cyanamide was Trichothecenes are classified into four major groups based
contained in the leaves (629 mg/kg fresh wt.) and the stems on their chemical structures. Type A (T-2 toxin, HT-2
(256 mg/kg fresh wt.), while the cyanamide concentration in toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol [DAS]) and type B
the roots was lower than the detectable level (<20 mg/kg fresh (nivalenol and deoxynivalenol [DON]) are often detected
wt.). The accumulation of the majority of cyanamide in the in certain agricultural commodities and commercial foods.
aerial parts suggests that this compound might function These compounds are distinguishable by the absence or
against herbivores and insects. presence of a carbonyl group at the C8 position.
Trichothecenes are thought to be a virulence factor
52. AllelopathicStudies on Teak (Tectona grandis): New allowing infection of plants by the producing Fusarium
Active Naphthoquinones species. Trichothecenes inhibit protein synthesis in
Francisco A. Macías, José M. G. Molinillo, Rosa M. Varela, eukaryotic cells, therefore considered to be the
Rodney R. Lacret, Clara Nogueira, Carlos K. Z. Andrade suppressors of defense response in host plants. Effects of
Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of various trichothecenes on defense response were
Cadiz, c/ República Saharaui s/n, 11.510 Puerto Real, Spain investigated in Fusarium-susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana
Email: chema.gonzalez@uca.es (Nishiuchi et al., MPMI, 19: 512-520, 2006). Type A
trichothecenes trigger cell death by activation of an
The forest species Tectona grandis is of interest from elicitor-like signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. It is likely
chemical and biological point of view. This is based on its that type A trichothecene-induced cell death is
etnobotanical uses, the biological activity shown by its contributing directly to the virulence of their-producing
extracts, the success in agroforestry systems and the durability necrotrophic fungi. Although DON did not have such an
of its wood. The bioactive fractions of Tectona grandis have activity even at 10 µM, translational inhibition by DON
yielded seven apocarotenoids, two were isolated for the first was observed at concentrations above 5 µM. These results
time as natural products (tectoionol A and B), as well as 21 suggested that Fusarium species utilize DON as a non-
terpenes (4 sesquiterpenes, 8 diterpenes and 9 triterpenes). Of defense-inducing translational inhibitor during disease
the terpenes, abeograndinoic acid has been isolated as natural spread in host plants. Trichothecene-producing Fusarium
product for the first time and presents a new skeleton. A species have strain-specific trichothecene metabolite
biogenetic hypothesis for this compound is proposed. profiles. It is thought that trichothecene chemotype play a
Together with these compounds, two new naphthoquinones role in the phytopathogenicity of individual Fusarium
(naphthotectone A and B) have been isolated, naphthotectone strains. Recently, the AtNFXL1 gene was reported as type
A being one of the most abundant in the extract. The general A trichothecene-inducible gene (Masuda et al., JXB, 58:
bioactivity of the compounds isolated was studied using the 1617-1626). The atnfxl1 mutant exhibited hypersensitivity
etiolated wheat coleoptiles bioassay. Those compounds that phenotype to type A trichothecenes (Asano et al., Plant J.,
presented higher levels of activity were assayed on Standard 53: 450-464). In contrast, such a phenotype was not
Target Species (Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicum esculentum, observed in DON-treated atnfx1 mutant. Thus, the
Lepidium sativum and Allium cepa). The compound that AtNFXL1 gene functions as a signaling component of the
showed higher phytotoxic activity was naphthotectone A, type A trichothecene-dependent response in Arabidopsis.
followed by the diterpenes 2-oxokovalenic acid and 19-
hydroxyferruginol, and the bisnorsesquiterpene 3β,9- 54. Physiological Activity of Allelochemicals from
dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol. Naphthotectone A is the Germinating Plant Seeds: Recent Progress and Future
compound that showed the highest activity from those Prospects
evaluated and its level of activity, as well as the quantity in Kosumi Yamada1, Katsutoshi Hirose2, Hideyuki
which it is present in the plant, suggest that it contributes Shigemori1, Koji Hasegawa1, 2
1
clearly to the allelopathic potential of Tectona grandis. These Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences,
results allowed proposing this new quinone as model for University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
2
subsequent structure-activity relationship studies for the KNC Laboratories Co., Ltd., Hyogo 651-2271, Japan
possible development of natural product based herbicides. Email: kosumi@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp
Additionally, we present studies on the synthesis of this
compound and some analogues that will allow us to perform The term "allelopathy" has been defined as both
detrimental and beneficial biochemical interactions among
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all classes of plants (including microorganisms) through the concentration for initiation of inhibition of associated
production of chemical compounds that are released into the weeds at day 30 after seedling emergence. The other
environment. Previously, it was shown that the hypocotyl compounds were not detected, or were only in trace
growth of cockscomb seedlings was significantly promoted amounts in the soil. Results indicated that allelopathic
when various plant species were cultured together with rice seedlings can establish weed defense mechanism
cockscomb seeds in a Petri dish. This phenomenon led to the through the production and release of 3-isopropyl-5-
finding of stimulatory allelopathy in which germinating plant acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1, momilactone B and 5,7,4′-
seeds secrete growth-promoting substance(s) to their trihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyflavone. However, either
environment as allelopathic factors. Candidates for stimulatory allelopathic or non-allelopathic rice straw released
allelopathic factors include lepidimoide and lepidimoic acid momilactone B and lignin-related phenolic acids (p-
from the mucilage of germinating cress seeds (Hasegawa et hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic and vanillic
al., 1992, Plant Physiol.), vanillic acid from the exudate of acids) into the soil during decomposition to inhibit
germinating watermelon seeds (Kushima et al., 1998, Plant successive plants. These results suggested that
Growth Regul.) and arctigenin and arctigenic acid from the allelochemicals involved in rice allelopathy from living
exudate of germinating burdock seeds (Higashinakasu et al., and dead plants are substantially different.
2005, Heterocycles). During the past decade, many significant
advances concerning the biological activities of lepidimoide in 56. New Potential Allelochemical from Acacia
several developmental stages of plants have been made and a leucophloea Willd.
convenient method for the synthesis of lepidimoide from okra R. N. Yadava
(Hibiscus esculentus) mucilage has been developed. Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,
Lepidimoide promotes chlorophyll accumulation in sunflower Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470 003,
and cucumber cotyledons by affecting the level of 5- India
aminolevulinic acid, leaf development, flowering and seed Email: rnyadava@rediffmail.com
production in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as shoot growth in
seedlings of various plant species, and inhibits the loss of total Acacia leucophloea Willd. (Family Leguminosae),
chlorophyll in oat leaf segments and the formation of commonly known as “Safed Kikkar” in Hindi, is an
abscission in bean petiole explants. On the basis of this ornamental tree found throughout India. It is an important
information, lepidimoide appears to be a novel plant growth dry season fodder and pasture tree. Its pods are eagerly
regulator with multiple physiological functions for the eaten by goats, sheep and cattle. Its stems are used as
regulation of growth and development in plants. A summary dyes. Fiber from its inner bark is used to make fish nets
of this work as well as the possible application of these and rough rope. Its bark cures inflammation, bronchitis,
allelochemicals in agriculture will be presented. leprosy; is useful in biliousness, vomiting and burning
sensation. Its leaves are used in the treatment of syphilis.
55. Allelochemicals Involved in Rice Allelopathy The present paper deals with the isolation and structural
C. H. Kong1,2, X. H. Xu2 elucidation of a new isoflavone glycoside [melting point
1
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 265-266°C, molecular formula C33H40O19, [M]+ 740
Shenyang 110016, China (FABMS)] from the methanolic extract of the defatted
2
State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, seeds of this plant. Its structure was characterized as 7,2'-
Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China dihydroxy-4',5'-dimethoxy-isoflavone-7-O-α-L-
Email: kongch@iae.ac.cn arabinopyranosyl(1→3)O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→4)O-β-
D-glucopyranoside by various chemical degradations and
A few rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties or rice straw can spectral analysis. This new compound showed activity
produce and release allelochemicals participating in its against various plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
defense against paddy weeds. However, it remains obscure
which allelochemicals are predominantly involved in rice 57. Effect of Essential Oils on the Germination of
allelopathy. In this presentation, more than 100 compounds Solanum nigrum and Physalis angulata
were systematically isolated and identified from an Ilhan Uremis, Mehmet Arslan, Ahmet Uludag
allelopathic rice variety, PI312777. Among the compounds, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture,
alkaloids, alkylresorcinols, cyclohexenone, urea derivatives, Aegean University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
flavonoids and their glucosides, diterpenoids and triterpenes Email: ahuludag@yahoo.com
had inhibitory activity on the growth of paddy weeds.
However, the presence of these compounds in allelopathic rice Trends in agriculture, such as organic and sustainable
plants does not necessarily mean that they can be released into agriculture, and caring attitude of human being on the
the environment to fulfill their allelopathic effects under environment and health require new methods to combat
natural field conditions. Accordingly, allelochemicals pests. Weeds are among the main pests which limit
released from selected rice seedlings or straw into soil were agricultural production and interfere with the environment.
determined and analyzed by LC/MS and HPLC. Phenolic Solanum nigrum L. and Physalis angulata L. are
acids, flavonoids, diterpenoids, cyclohexenone and urea important weeds in summer crops such as corn, cotton and
derivatives were found in the soil. Particularly, 3-isopropyl-5- soybean in Turkey. Studies with allelopathic chemicals to
acetoxy-cyclohexene-2-one-1, momilactone B and 5,7,4′- control weeds have been receiving more attention. In this
trihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyflavone occurred in the soil at day study, the possible use of essential oils of Ocimum
15 after rice seedling emergence, and reached the basilicum L., Salvia officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris L.,
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Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Satureja hortensis L., and Email: wwgao@implad.ac.cn
Origanum majorana L. were researched to determine their
effect on germination of S. nigrum and P. angulata. Oil Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) is a perennial
extracted from all the species inhibited germination of both understory herb that has been wildly used as a medicinal
weeds, but the effective rate was significantly different. T. plant in China and other countries. Autotoxicity has been
vulgaris and S. hortensis oil inhibited S. nigrum germination at reported to be one of the major problems hindering the
the lowest rate applied, 2 ml per petri dish. O. basilicum at 8 consecutive cultivation of American ginseng. Here, we
ml, and L. angustifolia and O. majorana at 16 ml reached 90 reported the isolation and characterization of a group of
% inhibition while S. officinalis inhibited less than 90 % at the autotoxic compounds from the aqueous extracts of the
highest application rate of 32 ml per petri dish. S. hortensis fibrous roots of American ginseng, and elucidated their
again was the most inhibitory species for P. angulata allelopathic effect on American ginseng. Forty-four
germination. Little inhibition was detected with S. officinalis compounds were identified that can be sorted into 7 major
treatments. Inhibition of over 90 % occurred for T. vulgaris at chemical groups. Of these compounds, the existence of
8 ml, O. basilicum and O. majorana at 16 ml, and L. five compounds was further confirmed by column
angustifolia at essential oil application of 32 ml per Petri dish. chromatography isolation followed by NMR and mass
spectrometry analyses. To determine which compounds
58. Potential Allelopathic Interferences of Melilotus contributed to the autotoxicity, we examined the
neapolitana Metabolites functional effect of 14 individual compounds found in the
Assunta Esposito, D’Errico Elena, Severina Pacifico, bioactive fraction. Results revealed that 9 phenolic
Annunziata Golino, Maria Teresa Pascarella, Brigida compounds significantly reduced the growth of seedlings
D’Abroca, Antonio Fiorentino in a concentration-dependent manner while 5 aliphatic
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Second University of compounds showed modest inhibition at all three
Naples, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy concentrations tested. Furthermore, we verified the
Email: assunta.esposito@unina2.it existence of the autotoxic compounds in the plow layer
soil of 3-year-old and 4-year-old American ginseng
As part of our research to evaluate the allelopathic potential of commercially cultivated fields, and the concentration of
Mediterranean plants, Melilotus neapolitana L., an annual some compounds as determined by HPLC was inline with
stenomediterranean species that frequently occurs in the the concentration tested to be bioactive. Taken together,
herbaceous plant community of the Mediterranean macchia our study has established a functional link between the
was investigated. This vegetation type shows a characteristic compounds produced by American Ginseng and their
spatial pattern with spotted areas as virtual monocultures autotoxic effect.
mainly covered by Melilotus neapolitana and areas with small
scale species richness and a co-dominance of grasses, forbs 60. Isolation and Identification of Allelopathic
and other nitrogen fixing legumes. Analysis of M. Substance in Cucumber Plants
neapolitana extracts led to the isolation of eleven secondary Hisashi Kato-Noguchi1, Ho Le Thi1, Teruya Toshiaki2,
metabolites: the coumarin and their glycoside precursors cis- Suenaga Kiyotake2
1
and trans-melilotoside, and dihydromelilotoside; seven Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of
flavone glycosides, as well as the β-sitosterol, a C13- Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795,
norterpene glucoside and a polyphenol. All the structures Japan; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and
were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic features. Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku,
The organic extracts and all the pure compounds were assayed Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
for their allelopathic activity on three coexisting species, Email: hisashi@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp
Petrorhagia velutina (Guss.) Ball. et Heyw., Dactylis
hispanica Roth., and Phleum subulatum (Savi) Asch. et Gr. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the important crop
Cluster analysis showed a clear structure-activity relationship plants in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae and currently
as evidenced from four main groups of compounds with widely cultivated. After crop harvesting, however,
specific effect patterns. Coumarin, the most abundant cucumber plants are mostly dumped as waste at a huge
compound both in the plant extracts and soil, was found to be expense. Manipulation of wastes is now becoming a
highly phytotoxic on all the test species. As for the flavone serious environmental issue. Extract of cucumber plants
glycosides, it was shown that aglycones play an important role after harvest have been reported to inhibit the germination
due to their bioactivity. and growth of Echinochloa crus-galli under laboratory
and greenhouse conditions. These findings suggest that
59. Autotoxic Compounds from Fibrous Roots of Panax cucumber plants may have substances with allelopathic
quinquefolium L. activity, and may be potentially useful for weed
Weiwei Gao1, Chunnian He1, Jiaxue Yang1, Wu Bi1, Xuesong management in some agricultural field settings. However,
Zhang2, Yangjing Zhao1 the chemical basis for cucumber allelopathy is not fully
1
Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy understood. Thus, the allelopathic activity of cucumber
of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. plants was determined and a growth inhibitor causing the
151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, allelopathic effect was isolated and characterized.
P. R. China Aqueous methanol extracts of the cucumber plants
2
Beijing Tianhui Ginseng Industrial CO., LTD, Beijing inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress, lettuce,
101400, P. R. China alfalfa, ryegrass, timothy, crabgrass, E. crus-galli (L.) and
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1
E. colonum, and increasing the extract concentration increased P.O. Box 676, Dept. of Botany, Federal University of S.
the inhibition. The aqueous methanol extract of cucumber Carlos, CEP13565-905, S Carlos SP, Brazil
2
plants was divided into ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions, Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
and the growth inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate fraction was University of Cadiz, c/ República Saharaui s/n, 11.510
greater than that of aqueous fraction. Thus, ethyl acetate Puerto Real, Spain
fraction was further purified and a main allelopathically active Email: famacias@uca.es
substance in the fraction was isolated and determined as (S)-2-
benzoyloxy-3-phenyl-1-propanol by spectral data. This
substance inhibited root and shoot growth of cress seedlings at Aristolochia esperanzae is one of the most abundant
concentrations greater than 10 mM, and the concentration pioneer species in the dense vegetation of São Paulo state,
required for 50% inhibition of root and shoot growth was 21 Brazil that presented allelopathic potential as determined
and 23 mM, respectively. These results suggest that (S)-2- in previous works. A. esperanzae roots were extracted two
benzoyloxy-3-phenyl-1-propanol may contribute to the growth different methods. In method 1, 200g of root powder was
inhibitory effect of cucumber plants and may play an extracted with 600mL each of hexane, dichloromethane,
important role in cucumber allelopathy. Thus, cucumber ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The extraction was
plants may be potentially useful for weed management in a carried out with ultrasound during one hour then the
field setting. extracts were filtered with a vacuum pump and
evaporated. Method 2 was a liquid - liquid extraction; 200
g of root powder was extracted with 300 mL distilled
61. Biotechnological Production of Benzoxazinones
Domingo Cantero1, Gema Cabrera1, Jose M. Gómez1, Antonio water, left in an ultrasound during one hour. The aqueous
Valle 1, José M.G. Molinillo2, Francisco A. Macías2 extract was filtered and fractionated with dichloromethane
1
Dept. of Chemical Engineering; 2Organic Chemistry, Faculty and ethyl acetate. The dichloromethane fraction obtained
of Sciences, University of Cadiz, c/ República Saharaui s/n, from method 1 extraction was subjected to
11.510 Puerto Real, Spain chromatographic partition having silica gel as stationary
Email: famacias@uca.es phase. A mixture of hexane + acetate 20, 30, 40 and 60%;
ethyl acetate 100%; ethyl acetate + acetone 20, 30; 40,
Benzohydroxamic acids, such as DIBOA and DIMBOA, have 50%; and methanol were employed as mobile phases.
demonstrated an important bioactivity as phytotoxic agent. This procedure produced 14 sub-fractions, obtained from
The synthesis of 2-deoxy derivatives of this class of combining fractions with similar thin layer
compounds has been developed in laboratory scale from chromatography profiles. The phytotoxic activity of
different precursors in three steps. From commercial and fractions from method 1 extraction and Method 2 liquid -
economic point of view, substitution of the second step of the liquid extraction (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and
synthesis; i.e., the reduction of nitro group of the precursor, aqueous fractions) were investigated. Different bioassays
with a microorganism-mediated process is of interest. This were performed using seeds or wheat coleoptile.
work studied the viability of reduction of the nitro aromatic Germination and growth inhibition of the roots and aerial
compound intermediate to the corresponding hydroxylamine part of tomato, lettuce, cress and onion were recorded.
derivative (D-DIBOA, benzohydroxamic acid) by the The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions from the
biological action of two different bacteria. Microorganisms two methods of extractions presented the highest
were selected according to their capacity to reduce the nitro inhibitory activity. In the wheat coleoptile bioassay, the
groups of trinitrotoluene (TNT) via hydroxylamine dichloromethane fraction obtained from liquid - liquid
intermediates. Escherichia coli JM109 (ATCC 53323) and extraction was the most toxic, and in general, was more
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 700310) were chosen. Both toxic than Logran®, an herbicide with known activity.
bacteria were adapted to the corresponding culture medium
and 30°C temperature, to facilitate a subsequent scale-up of 63. Novel Preussomerins and Palmarumycins with
the process. Experiments to determine tolerance of the two Allelochemical Activity from the Topical Endophytic
bacteria to solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, water) and Fungus Edenia gomezpompae
precursor concentration (0.1-0.4 mg/ml) were carried out. Martha L. Macías-Rubalcava1, Blanca E. Hernández-
Notable changes were not seen in the kinetic growth of both Bautista1, Manuel Jiménez-Estrada2, María C. González3,
bacteria. Analysis of metabolites by HPLC showed the Anthony E. Glenn4, Richard T. Hanlin5, Simón
disappearance of the precursor and the formation of Hernández-Ortega2, Aurora Saucedo-García1, Jordi M.
hydroxylamine intermediate and others byproducts (amine Muria-González1, Claudio Meléndez-González1, Ana
compounds). The best results, hydroxylamine intermediate Luisa Anaya*1
production, were obtained with E. coli. In order to improve 1
Laboratorio de Alelopatía, Departamento de Ecología
the bioprocess it is necessary to increase the concentration of Funcional, Instituto de Ecología; 2Instituto de Química;
the nitroaromatic compound and optimize the operating 3
Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
conditions (such as culture medium, pH, temperature, México, Apartado Postal 70-275, 04510, México, D.F.;
fermentation time) of the reaction. 4
USDA, ARS, Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit,
Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30604, USA;
62. Allelopathic Activity of Root Extracts of Aristolochia 5
University of Georgia, Museum of Natural History
esperanzae from Brazil’s Cerrado Annex, 4435 Atlanta Highway, Bogart, Georgia 30622,
Ana Beatriz Gatti1, Sonia Cristina J. Gualtieri de A. Perez1, USA
Rosa M. Varela2, José M. G. Molinillo2, Francisco A. Macías2 Email: alanaya@ecologia.unam.mx
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for their effect on germination and seedling growth of
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the mycelial extract from E. three coexisting herbaceous species. The effects of these
gomezpompae, a newly discovered endophytic fungus isolated metabolites on weeds were also investigated.
from the leaves of Callicarpa acuminata (Verbenaceae)
collected from the ecological reserve El Eden, Quintana Roo, 65. Searching for Allelopathic Activity of Guazuma
Mexico, resulted in the isolation of eight naphthoquinone ulmifolia: Inhibition Effect on Photosynthesis
spiroketals, including seven novel compounds and Alonso Zavaleta-Fernandez de Cordova, Beatriz King-
palmarumycin CP2. We elucidated the structures of the new Diaz, Blas Lotina-Henssen
metabolites by extensive NMR studies, including DEPT, C.P. 04510 Departamento de Bioquímica; Facultad de
COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and chiroptical methods. Química, Universidad Autónoma de México, México,
The trivial names proposed for the new spiroketals are D.F., México
preussomerins EG1 (1), EG2 (2), EG3 (3) EG4 (4), and Email: alonsaurio@gmail.com
palmarumycins EG1 (5), EG2 (6), and EG3 (7). In addition,
the X-ray data of 5, 6 and 8 were obtained. The bioactivity of Guazuma ulmifolia is an arboreal plant native of the
the mycelial organic extracts and the pure compounds was American continent. It has wide distribution and great
tested against three endophytic fungi (Colletotrichum sp., adaptability, which may be due to its allelopathic property.
Phomopsis sp., and Guignardia manguifera) also isolated We have been studying this plant for this activity. We
from C. acuminata, and against four economically important tested in vitro the effect of the chloroform extract of the
phytopathogenic microorganisms (two fungoid oomycetes, dry leaves on isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Phythophtora capsici and P. parasitica, and the fungi chloroplasts. We found that the extract inhibited ATP
Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria solani). In general, the synthesis (I50 = 17 ppm). In addition, the chloroform
spiroketals displayed significant growth inhibition against all extract was sprayed on leaves of Trifolium alexandrinum
the phytopathogens. Preussomerin EG1 (1) showed the (a dicot) seedlings and Echinocloa crus-galli (a monocot
strongest bioactivity. The acetylated derivatives of 1, 1a and weed). After 24 hours, direct chlorophyll a (Chl a)
1b, were obtained and their biological activity was tested on fluorescence in photosystem II (PSII) was measured, and
endophytes and phytopathogens. Preussomerins 1, 1a, and 1b fluorescence transients were analyzed through the O-J-I-P
exhibited significant bioactivity against all microorganisms test. T. alexandrinum and E.crus-galli plants showed
tested with the exception of Alternaria solani. Study of alterations in several values; specifically the
relationship between plants and endophytic fungi constitutes a Photosynthetic Performance Indexes (calculated on
promising field to study chemical relationships among absorption basis) were decreased by 40% and 80%,
organisms living in intimate contact, and to discover novel respectively. The PIABS performance index combines
secondary bioactive metabolites. three parameters favorable to photosynthetic activity: (1)
the density of reaction centers (expressed on absorption
64. Potential Allelopathic Effects of Mediterranean Shrubs basis RC/ABS); (2) the quantum yield of primary
Metabolites on Coexisting Species and on Weed Seedling photochemistry jPo =TRo/RC, and (3) the ability to feed
Growth electrons into the electron chain between PSII and PSI,
Piera Uzzo, Angelina Izzo, Angela Natale, Marianna Letizia, designated as Y0. All data suggested the presence of
Brigida D’Abrosca, Assunta Esposito, Antonio Fiorentino allelochemicals in G. ulmifolia that affect chloroplasts PS
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Second University of II. In addition, the organic extract inhibited biomass
Naples, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy accumulation of Trifolium alexandrinum by 35%. The
Email: Piera.UZZO@unina2.it allelochemical(s) will be isolated from the chloroform
extract through bioactivity-guided fractionation. (The
In the ecosystem, plants communicate with other organisms authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from
(animals or other plants) through characteristic chemical grants DGAPA-UNAM, IN 205806)
signals. In fact, they produce a great variety of chemical
substances known as secondary metabolites. These natural
products are specific for a species or genus, and are 66. Characterization of Secondary Metabolites from
responsible for a wide range of biological activities. It is Stereocaulon antarctica Collected from Caleta Cierva,
widely demonstrated that secondary metabolites interfere with Antarctica: A Pilot International Research Experience
the development of other organisms present in the same for Undergraduates (NSF REU)
habitat. The interference also concerns other vegetal species Adrianna Pavia1*, Ascensión Torres Martínez2, Juan
and, in this case, the phenomenon is known as allelopathy. Carlos García Galindo2, and Joanne G. Romagni1
1
Many natural products from plants (allelochemicals) have St. Edward's University, Dept. of Chemistry, Austin, TX
been proven to have stimulating or inhibitory effects on the 78704 USA
2
growth of other coexisting species. In the study of natural University of Cadiz, Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Puerto
products’ allelopathic role we recently reported the potential Real, Spain
allelopathic role of bioactive compounds isolated from plant Email: apavia@stedwards.edu
species in the Mediterranean area. In this communication we
report the chemical characterization and the bioactivity of The characterization of secondary metabolites from an
secondary metabolites from several plants of the shrub Antarctic lichen species, Stereocaulon antarctica, was
community of the Mediterranean area. The metabolites were studied. Lichens are symbiotic relationship resulting from
identified on the basis of their spectroscopic features, tested a partnership between a fungus and algae (or
cyanobacteria). S. antarctica is unique to the Antarctic
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peninsula and the surrounding islands. It contains a exudates of grafted eggplants were different from those of
cyanobacterial photobiont in addition to the mycobiont. The the non-grafted eggplants. Carbazoles, azulenes, amines,
objective of this study was to extract, isolate and identify the fluorene and indenol were detected only in the root
secondary metabolites. Standard methods were used. exudates of grafted eggplants. The relative contents of
Following Soxhlet extraction, fractions from the hexane and hydrocarbon and ester were higher in the grafted as
acetone extractions were used. Characterization of total compared to non-grafted eggplants. Derivatives of
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fatty acids and simple sugars benzene and indene were correspondingly lower. The
were also done. We used 2 mg from each concentrated enhanced disease resistance of tomato-grafted eggplant to
extraction to determine the biological activity of the lichen Verticillium wilt may be due to the changes in classes and
through in coleoptile bioassays. Preliminary results indicate contents of allelochemicals.
high levels of bioactivity in the acetone fractions. NMR
analysis has identified several compounds within this fraction. 68. Characterization of Secondary Metabolites from
Future research includes analysis of the remaining three Cladina rangiferina collected from Caleta Cierva,
extractions through column chromatography as well as HPLC Antarctica: a Pilot International Research Experience
separations. Isolation and identification of the secondary for Undergraduates (NSF REU)
metabolites in this lichen is necessary to better understand the Alicia Jones1*, Ascensión Torres Martínez2, Juan Carlos
allelopathy of this organism. Upon purification of the García Galindo2, and Joanne G. Romagni1
1
bioassay-directed fractions, elucidation of mechanism of St. Edward's University, Dept. of Chemistry, Austin, TX
action will be done for all bioactive compounds. 78704 USA
2
University of Cadiz, Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Puerto
67. Resistance of Grafted Eggplants to Verticillium Real, Spain
(Verticillium dahllae) Wilt and Identification of Email: joanner@stedwards.edu
Allelochemicals from its Root Exudates
Liu Na, Zhou Baoli, Li Yixiu, Hao Jing, Lu Bo When compared to many regions of the globe, the
College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, terrestrial biodiversity initially appears low in Antarctica.
Shenyang 110161, China However, it is spatially complex and the changes,
Email: zblaaa@163.com particularly on the Antarctic Peninsula, are happening
much faster than on any other place on the globe. Most of
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a popular vegetable the terrestrial flora is either moss or lichens. With the
worldwide. Eggplant Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne disease, rapid climate changes occurring globally, we wish to
which causes great reduction in eggplant yield annually due to monitor the effects of these changes on lichens with
continuous cropping. Rootstock replacement through grafting particular attention paid to their ecological chemistry.
is considered the most effective method to prevent this Cladina rangiferina is a global lichen species containing a
disease. Specially, eggplants grafted with tomatoes as green algal photobiont. Due to the unique enviornmental
rootstocks have better resistance to Verticillium wilt than conditions, we expect to find distinctive metabolites
those grafted with wild eggplant. In this study, resistance of produced. The objectives were to characterize, isolate and
grafted eggplants to Verticillium (Verticillium dahllae) wilt identify lichen secondary metabolites. Standard methods
and the allelochemicals in root exudates of eggplant grafted were conducted at the University of Cadiz in Spain,
with tomatoes as rootstocks are presented. Results showed including Soxhelt extraction, TLC, column
that disease incidence and disease index of grafted eggplants chromatography, HPLC and NMR. Separate 2 mg
were markedly lower than those of non-grafted eggplants. samples were prepared for coleoptile bioassays to
Five days after artificial introduction of V. dahllae into the determine bioactivity. The acetone extraction containing
rhizosphere, the disease incidence and disease index of grafted the majority of secondary metabolites was fractionated
eggplants were 0, but were 66.7% and 36.25%, respectively, using column chromatography. Results indicated that one
for the non-grafted eggplants. Until 25 days after inoculation, fraction contained several products. Characterization of
disease incidence and disease index of grafted eggplants were the lichen also included total protein, total lipids, fatty
only 9.53% and 2.5%, respectively; however, for the non- acids, total carbohydrates and simple sugars. Future
grafted eggplants these values sharply increased to 100% and studies continue with the isolation and identification of
81.48%, respectively. Mycelium growth was inhibited by root other secondary metabolites from other fractions. Three
exudates of grafted eggplants (RI value = -0.155). In contrast, extractions still need to be fractionated and the products
root exudates of non-grafted eggplant enhanced mycelium further analyzed with the same techniques. Following
growth (RI value = 0.090). GC-MS analysis revealed eleven identification of bioactive compounds, elucidation of
chemical classes in the root exudates of grafted eggplants. mechanism of action will be done.
The class and the relative contents of compounds in root
Main Topic 4: Allelopathy in forest ecosystems

69. Allelopathy by Empetrum Hermaphroditum in the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of
Boreal Forest – A Summary of Research Conducted Forest Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and
Marie-Charlotte Nilsson Management, SE- 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
Email: Marie-Charlotte.Nilsson@svek.slu.se
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In the prolonged absence of fire in the boreal forest of mainly related to severe competition for nutrients,
Scandinavia, the clonal long-lived evergreen dwarf shrub allelopathic interactions, and the production of recalcitrant
Empetrum hermaphroditum commonly dominates the ground humus. However, our understanding of the interactions
vegetation where it suppresses surrounding vegetation to form among Kalmia, conifers, and site ecological characteristics
low productive sites. Several earlier experimental field- and is not complete. We demonstrated how the extensive root
glass house studies have shown that Empetrum inhibits tree system of Kalmia ensures that the species dominates the
seed germination and growth by both resource competition nutrient uptake processes. We also confirmed that the
and allelopathy, and that increasing densities of Empetrum are recalcitrant ericaceous humus has striking effects on soil
frequently associated with lower levels of decomposer temperature, reducing the energy absorbed by the rooting
microbes and reduced forest tree stand productivity. In the zone. However, Kalmia does not seem to directly
longer term Empetrum is also affects belowground processes influence soil temperature and moisture, or induce water
such as decomposition rates, soil microbial activity, stress to planted seedlings. In boreal Québec, we verified
availability of soil N, soil C sequestration and buildup of soil if slow-released fertilizers can alleviate the nutrient status
humus. This is likely to be the result of allelopathic rather than of Kalmia sites. We measured increased early growth
competitive effects of Empetrum as Empetrum produces high responses following fertilization, compared to unfertilized
concentrations of dihydrostilbene Batatasin-III (3-methoxy- conditions. We also confirmed the efficacy of mechanical
5,3'-dihydroxy-dihydrostilbene). This phenolic substance scarification to stimulate planted seedling growth. Site
constitutes as much as up to 11% of the shrub’s leaf dry mass preparation favoured the establishment of early-succession
and is released from glandular trichomes on the green leaf species that were absent from control plots. We carried
surfaces when the leaves are in contact with rain, drizzle and further research to explain the distribution and dynamics
snowmelt. Stable levels of Batatasin-III have been quantified of ericaceous shrubs at various scales, from the site to the
in Empetrum throughfall, litter and soil humus suggesting that national level by using ecological data from forest
Batatasin-III does not easily undergo transformations in soil inventories. We are developing cartographical tools based
nor is completely degraded by soil microbes. The negative on satellite imagery to assess ericaceous heath expansion
effects of Empetrum on tree seedlings are largely mitigated in over time. We will use this new knowledge to elaborate
field plots when activated carbon is added as an adsorbent of succession models that take into account the ‘ericaceous
Batatasin-III in soil. Charcoal produced during wildfires, effect’ on forest regeneration. Such models are essential to
which operates as a form of activated carbon, may also assess forest productivity. A better understanding of
minimize the effects of Batatasin-III on ecosystem processes. mechanisms of ericaceous interferences is needed to
In vitro studies have shown that Batatasin-III inhibits both develop ecosystem-based silviculture.
photosynthesis and ammonium uptake in birch seedlings,
further supporting the hypothesis that Batatasin-III is involved 71. Belowground Competition and Chemical
in the chemical interference exerted by the shrub. The Interference between Kalmia and Black Spruce
mechanisms by which Batatasin-III operates at the cellular Azim U. Mallik, Shekhar R. Biswas and Laura C.
level is not fully known, but Batatasin-III strongly inhibits Siegwart
proton pumping in isolated plant plasma membrane vesicles, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder
suggesting that it disturbs membrane integrity and Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
fundamental processes such as ion uptake in target plants. We Email: azim.mallik@gmail.com
have also shown in short-term studies that Batatasin-III is
carried by runoff into streams and lakes during the snowmelt Empirical evidence suggests that ericaceous plants
period and is a potential harzard to aquatic fauna (eg. brown interfere with conifer germination, establishment and
trout and water fleas). As no apparent effects were shown growth through competitive and allelopathic interactions.
when exposing brown trout alevins and seeds to simple However, the relative roles of these processes are unclear.
phenols, our studies suggest a specific toxic component in the We tested the importance of course and fine root
bibenzyl structure of Batatasin-III. competition and root allelochemicals between a common
ericaceous plant, Kalmia angustifolia and a widely
70. Kalmia – Conifer Interactions in Eastern Canada: distributed boreal conifer, black spruce (Picea mariana) in
From Allelopathy to Satellite Imagery a replicated (n=9) greenhouse experiment with a 3 x 2
Nelson Thiffault factorial design (N=72). Kalmia and black spruce
Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources seedlings were planted in pairs in rectangular (28 x 20 x
naturelles et de la Faune du Québec, 2700 Einstein, Québec, 22 cm deep) plastic pots containing non-Kalmia mineral
QC, G1P 3W8, Canada soil and 3:1 peat vermiculite mixture with the following
Email: nelson.thiffault@mrnf.gouv.qc.ca treatments: i) removal of course root competition, by
placing a 20µm wire mesh separating the rooting zone of
In eastern Canada, the ericaceous shrub Kalmia angustifolia is the two species but allowing fine root penetration, ii)
recognized to rapidly invade fotest sites following harvesting suppression of ericoid mycorrhiza, by applying 1 ppm
or wildfire. On some sites, such invasion can induce benomyl fungicide while allowing coarse root
ecosystem retrogression, as the species induces a “growth competition, iii) combined effect of competition,
check” of naturally established or planted conifers. This shift allelopathy and ericoid mycorrhiza, by allowing roots of
from once productive forest stands to Kalmia heaths has Kalmia and black spruce free to grow in each plants
important effects on forest productivity and biodiversity. The rooting zone, iv) removal of root exudation by treating
direct and indirect effects of ericaceous shrubs on conifers are half of the pots with activated charcoal while the rest
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received no charcoal and v) control established by planting Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology,
pairs of only Kalmia and only black spruce seedlings in each University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200 Vigo,
plot with and without charcoal. Preliminary results after 6 Spain
months indicate that removal of coarse root competition in the Email: mreigosa@uvigo.es
absence of charcoal significantly increased black spruce height
and diameter compared to the other treatments. There was no Plants may favorably or adversely affect other plants
significant difference in height or diameter growth among through allelochemicals which may be released directly or
species receiving benomyl application or treatment allowing indirectly into surrounding environment. Acacia
root competition. However, charcoal treatment caused melanoxylon L. is an invader in Galician forests with well-
significantly greater relative height and diameter growth in documented allelopathic tendencies that have generally
Kalmia than black spruce with and without competition. been ascribed to its most abundant secondary metabolites
Charcoal and benomyl treatment had significant interaction present in flowers, leaves and other plant parts.
effect facilitating greater height and diameter increase in black Laboratory bioassays were conducted to test the herbicidal
spruce than Kalmia. These results suggest that Kalmia coarse potential of aqueous extract of A. melanoxylon flowers and
root competition inhibits black spruce growth more than fine leaves on germination, seedling growth and radicle length
root competition and Kalmia root exudation, and that of four test species (Rumex acetosa, Lolium perenne,
phenolics secreted from Kalmia roots may have autotoxic Lactuca sativa and Dactylis glomerata). We compared
effect on Kalmia. four common germination indices (GT, S, AS, and CRG)
calculated with same data in order to discuss their
72. Allelopathic Influence of Imperata cylindria (L.) physiological meaning. Each index led to a different
Beauv.) on Recruitment and Establishment of Understory interpretation of allelochemicals effect on germination. All
Plants of Southeastern U.S. Forests four indices of germination (GT, S, AS, CRG) are sensitive
Shibu Jose and E. Corrie Pieterson enough to establish the allelopathic activity. Inhibition of
School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of seed germination of test species showed a species-specific
Florida, 351 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611. and dose-dependent response with highest inhibition
Email: sjose@ufl.edu occurring at concentration of 100% flowers and leaves
aqueous extract. The L. perenne, L. sativa and D.
Recent literature has focused extensively on the potential role glomerata seeds are most sensitive, whereas those of R.
of allelochemicals for increased competitive ability of invasive acetosa are least sensitive. The aqueous extract of A.
plants. The “novel weapons hypothesis” hypothesizes that melanoxylon flowers is more phytotoxic as compared to
exotic plants may increase their likelihood of invasion success leaves even at lowest concentration (25%). The extracts
through allelochemicals and novel allelopathic agents in the were selective in their herbicidal activity and did not
soil. These allelopathic agents can either affect the invaded significantly affect germination in R. acetosa while A.
community plants directly or affect the soil biota to inhibit or melanoxylon flowers significantly inhibited radicle length
cause harm to native plant growth and development. Plants in of all target species at all concentration as compared to A.
the invaded community, following this hypothesis, will be melanoxylon leaves and control. A. melanoxylon flowers
more vulnerable to allelochemicals because they will lack the and leaves significantly inhibited radicle length of D.
co evolutionary relationship that existed between the exotic glomerata at all concentration. The limitations of any
and the plants in the native range. Imperata cylindria, one of index to adequately reflect the effect of allelochemicals on
the most troublesome weed species in the world has been germination is evident from the present studies, and the
spreading in the U.S. Southeast at an alarming rate in the use of multiple indices seems necessary
recent past. Changes in species diversity and productivity loss
have been reported in infested forests. However, the 74. Changes in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential
underlying mechanisms of invasion success have not been Oils with Water Stress
explored completely. I. cylidrica has known allelopathic Silvia Leicach1, A. Garau2, A.B. Guarnaschelli2 , N
properties, which may add to its ability to outcompete other Sztarker1 and A. Dato1 1Cátedra de Química Orgánica.
2
species. We tested the allelopathic effects of I. cylindrica on Cátedra de Dasonomía. Facultad de Agronomía.
germination and growth of 10 common understory plants of Universidad de Buenos Aires. Avda. San Martín 4453.
the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem in the Buenos Aires (1417), Argentina
southeastern U.S. The understory of the longleaf pine Email: leicach@agro.uba.ar
ecosystem is considered having the highest species diversity
outside the tropics. The plants tested included three functional Eucalyptus camaldulensis seedlings are planted in
groups; grasses, forbs and shrubs. The results indicated that Argentina during spring, when drought events causing
allelopathy could be partially responsible for the reduction in increased seedling susceptibility to herbivory and disease
species richness and diversity in infested stands. I. cylindrica and compromise their survivorship and growth. Water
poses a serious threat to the ecological sustainability of the stress, a common problem in forestry during planting due
longleaf pine understory communities. to poor initial contact between seedling roots and soil, has
proved to modify eucalypts seedling quality through
73. Describing Phytotoxic Effects of Blackwood (Acacia physiological and morphological changes. Seedlings
melanoxylon L.) on Cumulative Germination subjected to drought conditions at nursery stage increased
M. Iftikhar Hussein, I. Gonzalez Rodriguez, and M. .J. their tolerance to water stress performing better during
Reigosa Roger early establishment. Changes in essential oil composition
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could also contribute to avoid herbivory. The aim of this work Quercus pubescens, a late successional species. Aleppo
was to evaluate changes in essential oil production and pine is known to produce secondary compounds that may
composition in Eucalyptus camaldulensis seedlings subjected influence early recruitment. The purpose of this study was
to drought conditions. Water restriction was applied during 4 to distinguish and quantify resource competition and
weeks at the last stage of the nursery period (20 weeks). allelopathic effects on Pinus halepensis and Quercus
Control seedlings (C) were irrigated daily and water stressed pubescens in early vegetation development stage. In a
seedling (S) received irrigation in every three days. nursery experiment, four factors were tested on tree
Treatments were applied with 11 replicates. Changes in growth: (i) competition (pine, oak, and pine with oak), (ii)
seedlings leaves essential oil composition as a response to allelopathy (with or without pinus leaf leachates), (iii)
water deficiency were evaluated by GC ad GC-MS. We found light (natural or shading conditions) and (iv) resource
no significant changes due to water-stress in oil yield (0.79 mg availability (low or high nutrient rates) in order to
g-1 fr. wt.), but there were significant changes in essential oil understand their interactions. Results show no effect of
relative composition. Non-oxygenated terpenes lowered 44% allelopathic compounds on oak growth which is limited by
their total relative abundance under drought conditions. shading conditions, competition and low nutrient
Cineole content was enhanced 28.3%, and sesquiterpenes availability. As expected pine growth is also limited by
globulol, epiglobulol and ledol (among other oxygenated competition and low resources availability. But for this
terpenes) contents almost doubled. It was demonstrated that last species, P. halepensis leaf leachates strongly
higher 1,8-cineole content in Eucalyptus essential oils lowered inhibited its height growth, indicating autotoxic effect.
herbivory damages (3). This experiment highlights the importance of pine-oak
interactions in early regeneration stages throgh
75. A process-based Approach for Predicting the Toxicity autotoxicity, and resources competition.
of Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone) and other
Phytochemicals in Soils Beneath Black Walnut (Juglans 77. Opportunities for Allelopathy Research in the
nigra L.) Trees Management of Vegetation in Power line Rights-of-
Guntram von Kiparski way
University of California – RiversidE, Department of Timothy A. Chick
Environmental Sciences, 2208 Geology Buildign, Riverside, Div. of Forestry, Natural Resources and Recreation, Paul
CA 92521, USA Smith’s College, 51 Juniper Circle
Email: kiparski@ucr.edu Lake Placid, NY 12946, USA.
Email: tacadk@roadrunner.com
Although there is considerable evidence for the presence of
juglone in soils beneath black walnut trees, determining the There are over 2 million acres of land in the United States
ecological significance of any of juglone and related that are occupied by high voltage transmission power
compounds in soils has been elusive. This is because many lines. In order for utility companies to supply energy to
competing source and sink mechanisms and rates interact to customers in a safe and reliable manner, it is necessary to
determine the availability and activity of these and other keep tall growing trees and shrubs from interfering with
phytochemicals as potential toxins in soils. Factors power lines. Traditional methods for managing vegetation
determining juglone’s release, accumulation, and decline in on power line rights-of-way (ROWs) include manual
soils will be discussed using data from soils beneath black cutting, mowing with large machines and spraying with
walnut trees, greenhouse studies, and laboratory herbicides. In 1953, researchers found that specific cutting
sorption/degradation studies. The significance of this data in and spraying techniques produced stable low-growing
describing the distribution behavior and toxicity of juglone in herbaceous and shrub communities that limited the
soils will be discussed together with a process-based approach germination and growth of trees. This ecological approach
for predicting the accumulation and fate of juglone and other for controlling undesirable vegetation, which is commonly
potential allelochemical agents in soils. used today, presumed that competition for light was the
regulator of these communities. Allelopathy wasn’t
76. Plant-plant Interference in Mediterranean Forest mentioned in the literature as a possible consideration in
Dynamic: Consequences of Resource Competition and the management of ROWs until the early 1980s. During
Allelopathy on Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and a the mid-1990s, a handful of ROW managers and
Deciduous Oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) Growth researchers initiated projects related to allelopathy but
Yogan Monnier, Bruno Vila, Catherine Fernandez there seemed to be little interest within the utility industry
Institut Méditerranéen d’Ecologie et Paléoécologie IMEP, to accept allelopathy as an interference element in plant
UMR CNRS 6116, Equipe Ecologie Fonctionnelle, Aix- community dynamics or in recognizing its potential for
Marseille Université, Campus de St. Jérôme, Case 421, 13397 use in the management of ROW vegetation. In spite of the
Marseille, Cedex 20, France. lack of research about allelopathy within the utility
Email: yoganmonnier@yahoo.fr industry, there is information from allied disciplines that
can be incorporated into present ROW management
Vegetation succession dynamics greatly depend on species practices. Forest regeneration and soils studies along with
colonization and establishment and plant-plant interferences research in ecology and agriculture provide knowledge
(resources competition and allelopathy) could play a central that is relevant to ROW mgmt. Bioherbicide research in
role during this process. In Mediterranean region, Aleppo pine agriculture might provide a model for the development of
forms dense tree stands with low regeneration rate contrary to pesticides for use in ROW management that are more
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socially acceptable than currently used herbicides. It appears and pot experiment results revealed that the lower
that allelopathy may not become an integral part of ROW concentrations (5 and 10%) of both aqueous and methanol
management until public and legislative pressures prohibit extracts of all the mangrove plants except Excocaria
current herbicides from being used. In the meantime, there are agollocha L increased the percentage of seed
ample opportunities for researchers to explore the allelopathic germination, morphological parameters and Biochemical
potential of numerous herbaceous and woody shrub species constituents of test crop seedlings. But in higher
for resistance to tree invasion and to develop bioherbicdes concentrations retarding effects were observed. Among
using new modes of action for controlling tall woody species. the six mangrove plants the aqueous and methanol extracts
of Excocaria agollocha L showed an adverse inhibitory
78. Allelopathy of a Sacred Grove Tree Species, Aglaia effect in all the parameters studied in the Pearl millet
elaegnoidea, on Green Gram, Vigna radiata seedlings even in the lower concentrations (5 and 10%) of
M. P. Ramanujam., P. Suganthi., M. Sathya and D. Kadamban the extracts.
Botany Laboratory, Centre for Post Graduate Studies,
Pondicherry-605008, India 80. Using Plant Extracts in Control of Canary Grass
Email: mpraman@gmail.com (Phalaris minor Retz.)
Masoumeh Younesabadi, Habib Ollah Kashiri, Ali Reza
Aglaia elaegnoidea (A. Juss.) Benth. is a dominant tree Savari Nejad, Leila Torbati
species of sacred groves of Pondicherry region. Green gram, Postal Code: 49156-77555, Dept. of Plant Protection,
Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, is a grain legume commonly Agricultural research center, Beheshti Avenue, Gorgan,
cultivated in the adjoining fields. The allelopathic influence Golestan, Iran
of this tree was investigated by exposing green gram seeds and Email: myounesabadi@yahoo.com
seedlings to 0, 1.0, 2.5 and 5% concentrations of the aqueous
leaf extract. While the seeds were presoaked in the test Canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) is one of the most
solutions and germinated in Petri plate moist chambers, the important weeds in winter crops in Iran. Successive and
seedlings were raised in pot-culture and irrigated with the test excessive using of chemical herbicides against P.minor
solutions on alternate days and with tap water on other days. caused its resistance to common herbicides. Searching
Germination and seedling growth (length, and biomass of natural compounds that can be replaced with chemical
shoot, root and plant) lateral root development and nodulation herbicides is a useful method to solve this problem. In this
were adversely affected by the leaf extracts. Besides nodule experiment, herbicidal effects of 6 plant species water
number and size, the activity of nitrate reductase was inhibited extract (Camel thorn (Alhgi camelorum fisch), Canada
too. Of the cellular metabolites, the levels of starch and total thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Horse mint
soluble sugars decreased in proportion to the concentration of (Mentha longifolia L.), Dwarf mallow (Malva neglecta
the extract. The photosynthetic pigments viz. chlorophylls and Wallr.), Elder berry (Sambucus nigra L.)and Nettle leaf
carotenoids levels were also decreased. Concomitantly, the goose foot( Chenopodium murale L.)) were tested on
photosynthetic performance was also suppressed as indicated germination and growth of P. minor. All extracts were
fluorescence transient measurements (Fv/Fm and Fo/Fv). The prepared from above ground organs, at vegetative phase
structural and functional integrity of the plasma membrane except M.longifolia extract that prepared in flowering
seem to have been disrupted significantly since the leakage of stage. The result showed that P. minor germination was
electrolytes and malondialdehyde levels were more in the inhibited by all extracts especially at 75% and 100% (1:10
treatments than in control. However, the antioxidative w/v) concentration. Root length of P.minor had no change
enzymes, Super oxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase by treatments, although a little decrease was observed in
(PPO) and ascorbate peroxidase (APO) were increased. Of generally. 75% and 100% concentration of all extracts had
these, PO and SOD were stimulated significantly while significant reduction on stem length of P. minor but lower
polyphenol oxidase was increased only mildly. doses had no effects on stem length. A little increase of
P.minor stem length was observed at 25% extracts of
79. Allelopathic Potential of Some Mangrove Plants on S.nigra and A.camelorum but this increase was not
Growth and Development of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum different from control treatment significantly.
typhoides St. and Hub.)
K. Arumugam 81. Tropical Trees Leaves Used as Mulches: Effects on
Department of Botany – DDE, Annamalai University, Crop Plants Growth, Weeds, Microbiota, and Soil
Annamalai Nagar – 608 002, India Properties
Email: drkabotany05@yahoo.co.in María del Carmen Flores-Carmona, R. Cruz-Ortega, Ana
Luisa Anaya
The six mangrove plants were selected from Pitchavaram Laboratorio de Alelopatía. Departamento de Ecología
mangrove forest, Tamil Nadu, South India to study their Funcional. Instituto de Ecología. Universidad Nacional
allelopathic potential against the growth and development of Autónoma de México. Apartado Postal 275, 04510
Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides St. and Hub.). Different México, D.F.
concentrations (5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of aqueous Email: alanaya@ecologia.unam.mx
and methanol leaf extracts prepared from six mangrove plants
ie. Rhizophora apiculata Bl, Avicennia officinalis L, Acanthus The use of organic fertilizers, particularly plant mulches,
ilicifolius L, Bruguiera cylindrica (L) Bl, Sesuvium among Maya people to improve soil is a very ancient
portulacastrum L and Excocaria agallocha L. The laboratory agricultural practice. Plant mulches decomposition
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releases allelochemicals that affect, positively or negatively, mulches on some chemical and physical characteristics of
soil microbiota, nutrients dynamics, and plant growth. We soil. Results showed that weeds increased in pots with
performed a greenhouse experiment incorporating dry leaves Zuelania leaves. Both mulches, Zuelania and Sebastiania
of two trees from the dry tropical forest of Quintana Roo, leaves, had negative effects on tomato, maize, and cowpea
Mexico: Sebastiania adenophora (Euphorbiaceae) and relative growth. On the other hand, they increased the
Zuelania guidonia (Flacourtiaceae) into the soil of pots. Both number of Rhizobium nodules in cowpea roots, the
trees produce bioactive allelochemicals; the leachates of their colonization of AM fungi in the three crop roots, and
leaves inhibited in in vitro bioassays, the germination and root improve the stability of soil aggregates. We conclude that
growth of tomato. In this greenhouse experiment we the decomposition of Sebastiania and Zuelania leaves in
determined: 1) the effects of both plant mulches on the the soil release mixtures of allelochemicals modifying its
emergence and dry weight of weeds; 2) the relative growth of conditions, altering the dynamic of biotic interactions,
tomato, maize and cowpea; 3) the colonization of arbuscular chemical and physical factors, and therefore the
mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in roots of the three crop plants, and emergence of weeds and plant growth.
of Rhizobium in cowpea roots; 4) and the effects of these
Main Topic 5: Allelopathy in Agricultural Settings
82. Developments in Rice Allelopathy: Searching for the reduced-input systems is that environmental conditions
Balance between Allelopathic Activity, Agronomic and weed pressure vary from year-to-year. Thus, weed-
Viability and Commercial Acceptability suppressive rice cultivars in systems permitting herbicides
David Gealy1, Karen Moldenhauer2, John Mattice3, and (i.e. not organic) could benefit substantially from
Wengui Yan1 herbicide application at reduced rates or on a ‘wait-and-
1
USDA-ARS, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, see’ basis. Using such an approach, weed suppressive
2890 Hwy 130 East, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA cultivars could be a viable component of major U.S. rice
2
University of Arkansas Rice Research and Extension Center, systems.
2900 Hwy 130 East, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA, and
3
University of Arkansas, 1366 W. Altheimer Drive,
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, 83. Allelopathy in Agroecosystems of Northwestern
Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA India and Its Practical Utility
Email: David.Gealy@ARS.USDA.GOV Daizy R. Batish1, H.P.Singh2 and R.K.Kohli2
1
Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh –
Sustainable weed control is an ongoing challenge in rice 160014, India
2
production. Indica rice lines that suppress troublesome C4 Centre for Environment and Vocational Studies,
grass weeds such as Echinochloa crus-galli and Leptochloa Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh –
fusca ssp. fascicularis have been evaluated extensively in 160014, India
Arkansas. Earlier findings suggested that suppression likely Email: daizybatish@yahoo.com
included both competition and allelopathic components.
These indicas often reduced growth of the weed roots Allelopathic interactions are known to have occurred in
(determined using 13C depletion) and aboveground parts more the complex environment of agroecosystems since
than did commercial cultivars. In an ongoing antiquity. This is evidenced by the observations and
breeding/selection program we attempt to combine desirable experimental work of renowned philosophers and
quality and yield characteristics of southern long grain scientists. A number of crops, weeds and agroforestry
cultivars with highly weed-suppressive rice lines. One such trees are known to be allelopathic by reducing the growth,
selection (RU0701087; from pedigree PI 338046 / KATY // PI development and yield of crops and thus adversely
312777) was evaluated in the five-state Uniform Regional affecting agricultural productivity. India, being primarily
Rice Nursery (URRN) in 2007. In this test, its yield and an agriculture-based country, is no exception in this
quality were acceptable, but in other tests, weed suppression regard. Several reports from India indicate a decline in
was less than that of the PI 338046 and PI 312777 parents. crop productivity owing to the chemical interference of
Additional selections that suppressed E. crus-galli in weeds. In northwestern India where rice and wheat are the
bioassays were not effective in the field. Chinese indicas such major crops and grown in rotation, several weeds like
as ‘4484’ (PI 615022) and its irradiated mutant selection, Ageratum conyzoides, Chenopodium murale, C. album,
‘4484-1693’ (RU0603075), also have been evaluated in field Parthenium hysterophorus, Echinochloa crus-galli and
tests including the URRN. Typically, weed suppression by Phalaris minor interfere with the growth and development
these indica lines was greater than that of commercial of crops and cause enormous crop losses thus putting
standards, and yield and disease tolerance were as high or economic burden on the farmers. To control these weeds
higher than in standards. Commercial, high-tillering hybrids farmers use huge amounts of synthetic herbicides that not
have also suppressed weeds effectively in the field. High- only reduce soil quality but also increase the risks of
yielding indica lines such as 4484-1693 are now being used in environmental pollution and human health effects.
limited commercial production of organic rice, in part because Allelopathy, if suitably manipulated, can help control
of their weed-suppressive characteristics. A challenge for harmful weeds in an eco-friendly way and thus maintain
soil sustainability since the allelochemicals (being natural
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plant products) are biodegradable and provide several other Email; gallandt@maine.edu
advantages. Some of the approaches for practical use of
allelopathy include use of allelopathic plant residues and Green manures—crops grown and incorporated into the
allelochemicals that selectively control weed species of rice soil primarily for soil-improvement—have the potential to
and wheat – the major crops of Northern India. The present contribute multiple stresses in the life cycle of annual
paper discusses these aspects of allelopathy that help in weeds. Such system-level effects are of particular
enhancing crop productivity and restoring sustainability of importance to organic farmers who typically rely heavily
agroecosystems in this region. on cultivation for weed management. These farmers often
work in the context of an abundant weed seedbank that
84. Role of Allelopathy in the Stimulatory and Inhibitory can overwhelm even effective cultivation practices.
Effects of Hairy Vetch Cover Crop Residue in No-Tillage Central to improving weed management on such farms are
Sustainable Production System strategies that target the seedbank, reducing seed inputs
John R. Teasdale and increasing seed losses. During their growth,
USDA-ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab, Building competitive effects of green manure crops decrease seed
001 Room 245, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Email: inputs, particularly when compared to “fallow” controls.
john.teasdale@ars.usda.gov However, this effect is probably less important than the
opportunity for preemption of seed inputs by careful
Cover crops can provide multiple benefits to sustainable timing of green manure incorporation. There are several
cropping systems including building soil organic matter, mechanisms through which green manures may increase
controlling soil and nutrient losses from fields, moderating weed seed losses. Most importantly, incorporated residues
radiation and moisture exchange, releasing nutrients for effectively reduce the “effective” weed seedbank by
subsequent crops, and suppressing weed and pest populations. reducing the probability of seedling establishment. Field
Many of these benefits are particularly important for no-tillage bioassays conducted with a wide range of species sown
systems where cover crop residue interacts directly with into one leguminous and several non-leguminous green
nutrient, moisture, and weed/pest dynamics at the soil surface. manures show that establishment may be reduced 23 to
Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) is a winter annual legume 34% compared to bare fallow controls. Thus, all else
cover crop that has been the subject of extensive research on equal, greater seed inputs the preceding year could thus be
its capacity for providing nitrogen to subsequent crops. The tolerated. Green manures may also reduce seedling
potential of hairy vetch for promoting crop growth also can performance, evidenced by an average 2 day delay in
result in the promotion of germination and emergence of emergence, but these effects on the individual become
selected weed species responsive to inorganic nitrogenous more difficult to detect later in the season. Although other
compounds. In addition, surface vetch residue can create reports had indicated that seed mass was positively
“safe sites” for both crops and weeds by maintaining more correlated with the ability to withstand the various stresses
uniform soil moisture and moderate temperature under hot, related to incorporated residues, our first analyses of these
dry conditions. However, high levels of hairy vetch residue data failed to show this effect. However, re-analysis of
also can inhibit weed emergence by attenuating environmental these data demonstrated that the magnitude of residue-
cues required for germination, by physically interfering with mediated effects was affected foremost by timing of
the upward movement of the emerging seedling and the seedling emergence relative to inhibitory potential of the
downward penetration of light, and by releasing phytotoxic residues, after which seed mass was an important factor.
allelochemicals. Allelopathic compounds appear to be Improved understanding of green manure contributions to
released into soil only during the initial phases of residue organic farming systems will require mechanistic
decomposition, primarily from leaf tissue, and appear to only advances, particularly with greater focus on variation
contribute to weed suppression for a couple of weeks. attributed to environmental conditions, and greater
Research has shown that phytotoxins may be more effective at system-level understanding that will come from cropping
suppressing weeds when combined synergistically with the systems experiments and simulation models that permit
etiolating influence of a surface mulch; this is a potentially exploration of the many cropping scenarios possible with
important area for future investigation. As a result of these long- and short-season green manures.
multiple stimulatory and inhibitory effects, it may be difficult
to predict weed suppression by a leguminous cover crop such 86. Alternative Weed Management in Cotton Field by
as hairy vetch. Clearly, more research is needed to optimize Employing Allelopathy Principles: A Case Study in
management of these complex interactions to selectively Pakistan.
promote crop production and limit weed interference. Javaid Iqbal1 and Zahid A. Cheema2
1
College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200
85. Green Manures in Organic Farming Systems: Pakistan, 2 University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040
Multiple Stresses Affect Seedbank Dynamics Pakistan
E.R. Gallandt1, H.M. Kruidhof2, E.R. Haramoto3 and L. Email: javaidleghari@hotmail.com
Bastiaans4
1
University of Maine, Orono, ME, U.S.A Twoyear field investigations were carried out during
2
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2003-2004 to establish alternative purple nutsedge
currently, University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A. (Cyperus rotundus L.) management strategies in cotton by
3
Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, U.S.A employing allelopathy principles. In the first study, crop
4
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. ‘ water extracts (sorghum, sunflower and brassica) @ 12
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and 15 L ha-1 in different combinations were tank mixed with E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles
reduced rates of glyphosate at 67% (767 g a.e. ha-1) of label Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia 2678
rate (2.3 kg a.e. ha-1) and sprayed as directed post emergence Email: aseal@csu.edu.au
at 40 days after sowing (DAS). Purple nutsedge density was
decreased by 59-99% and dry weight by 66-99% as compared In Australia, researchers are detecting increasing levels of
to control. The high rate of crop water extracts (15 L ha-1) resistance to the major herbicide available for weed
significantly reduced the growth of purple nutsedge more than control in rice. The objective of the current research was
the lower rates (12 L ha-1). Seed cotton yield in these to determine if those cultivars previously shown to be
treatments was comparable to herbicide applied at suppressive towards arrowhead also inhibited the growth
recommended rates. The second study was conducted to of several currently and potentially important aquatic rice
determine the effectiveness of intercropping single and double weeds in Australia. Several rice weed species belonging
rows of sorghum, soybean and sesame in a cotton crop on the to the Alismataceae were tested to ascertain whether the
suppression of purple nutsedge. Results revealed that all these allelopathic potential of rice cultivars extended beyond a
intercrops were effective in inhibiting purple nutsedge density single weed if the weed species were related. Rice
(70-96%) and dry matter production (71-97%) during both cultivars were screened in the laboratory for allelopathic
years of experimentation. Control in the second year was more potential using the Equal Compartment Agar Method
effective than in the first year. The seed cotton yield was also (ECAM). Significant differences existed between rice
depressed by the intercrops but its suppression (8-23%) was cultivars in their ability to suppress the root growth of
far less severe than that of purple nutsedge and its loss was each weed studied. Correlation analysis between root
compensated by greater total economic returns. Intercropping inhibition values for various combinations of all five
of sorghum and sesame produced greater than 20% net tested weeds was undertaken. All correlations were
benefits (up to 60%) in comparison with control (cotton significant. A. lanceolatum and S. graminea both
alone). The sesame two rows intercrop treatment was the most correlated very highly with the overall ranking having r
profitable with net benefits of 51-59% with good purple values of 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. This information
nutsedge control (73-92% density suppression, 77-95% dry would be useful for breeders who want to breed for more
weight suppression) during both years of experimentation. than one weed at the same time. In this case, screening
rice cultivars for their allelopathic effect using either of
87. The Use of Mustard Cover Crops in Potato Rotations the aforementioned weeds as test species would be a good
Rick Boydston indication of their allelopathic potential against the whole
USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA, (509) 786-9267 range of rice weeds tested here. Breeders are also
Email:rick.boydston@ars.usda.gov interested in how certain traits are inherited. When cluster
analysis was performed on the pedigree information
The use of Brassicaceae cover crops has increased recently as available for these rice cultivars, it was observed that
a result of benefits including nematode, weed, and disease several cultivars with high allelopathic potential were
suppression, soil conservation, nutrient cycling, and increasing grouped in one cluster, whereas many of the cultivars with
soil quality. Brassicaceae cover crops suppress weeds due to lower allelopathic potential formed clusters of their own
fast emergence and vigorous competitive growth during fall on the resulting dendrogram. This information along with
establishment and allelopathic substances released during the overall ranking, correlations and cluster analysis may
degradation of the cover crop residues. Early season weed be useful for breeders attempting to understand the
emergence is often suppressed following fall-planted S. alba specificity of allelopathic potential.
or B. napus cover crops. The mechanisms of weed suppression
with Brassicaceae cover crops are not completely understood, 89. Allelochemically-Enhanced-Competition:
but breakdown products of glucosinolates, such as Theoretical Framework, Experimental Approach, and
isothiocyanates and ionic thiocyanate (SCN¯) are believed to Ecological Significance
contribute to weed suppression. Preventing weeds from M. An1, Y.H. Liu2, M. Saeed3, and J. Pratley1
producing seed in fall-planted cover crops contributes to 1E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a
reduced weed emergence in the succeeding spring-planted collaborative alliance between Charles Sturt University
crop. White mustard (Sinapis alba), rapeseed (Brassica and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga
napus), brown mustard (B. juncea), and oilseed radish Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
2
(Raphanus sativus) have been utilized as fall-planted cover Institute of Tropical & Subtropical Ecology, College of
crops preceding potatoes. White mustard (S. alba) or rapeseed Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan,
(B. napus) produced the greatest amount of biomass if planted Guangzhou -510642, China
3
from August 15 to September 1 in the Pacific Northwest. Seed Directorate of Agronomy, Ayub Agricultural Research
meal, a by-product of mustard grown for biofuel, can contain Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
high levels of glucosinolates that produce compounds that Email; man@csu.edu.au
suppress weeds. S. alba seed meal at rates above 1 MT/ha
suppressed early season weeds in peppermint and potato with Competition is one of the foundations for the science of
little or no injury to the deeper-planted crop. ecology. However, the mechanism for competition still
remains largely unknown and unexplored. Allelopathy and
its relationship with competition have been long ignored
88. The Allelopathic Potential of Rice Cultivars to Control and underestimated even though allelopathy has been a
Multiple Australian Rice Weeds long-recognized phenomenon. Increasing density of crop
A. N. Seal & J. E. Pratley
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plants can increase crop competitiveness, effectively the differences in weed biomass was the allelopathic
controlling weed growth by reducing weed biomass and seed activity measured as the root growth inhibition of
production. By employing such a density-dependent ryegrass. Neither early biomass growth nor early plant
crop/weed interaction as a model system, the concept of height or straw length was correlated with weed biomass.
allelochemically-enhanced competition, and an associated These first field data indicate that it is feasible to breed for
theoretical framework, is proposed for exploring the improved weed suppression by selecting allelopathic
relationship between allelopathy and competition. This activity. Hopefully new field trials in the spring of 2008
concept proposes that a density-dependent two species will confirm this statement. The Swedish Research
interaction consists of three phases, and both inter- and Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and
intraspecific competition, which coexist and evolve from one Spatial Planning (Formas) is acknowledged for funding
to another as density increases. Mechanism for such this research
alternation is the increased allelochemical production as
density increases. In a density-dependent crop/weed 91. Terpenoids: Better Candidates for the
interaction, the observed increased crop competitiveness is Development of Natural Herbicides
largely a result of its increased allelochemical production as HaiBin He, HaiBin Wang & Wen Xiong Lin
density increases. Therefore, allelopathy and competition may Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology,
not be two distinct processes as commonly perceived but Ministry of Education; Agroecological Institute, Fujian
inherently related. Allelopathy may be one of the internal Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002,
motivating forces of a plant species for defending and China
maintaining a favourable growth environment, while Email: wenxiong181@163.com
competition may be an external expression of such operation.
A laboratory experiment involving wheat and annual ryegrass Because terpenes are nonpolar compounds and have
(Lolium rigidum) has demonstrated the concept of negligible water solubility, research on their ecological
allelochemically-enhanced competition and further quantified roles has been focused on their volatile characters in
the enhancement portion of allelopathy in species competition. chemical defenses against herbivores, feeding attraction or
Full understanding of the competition mechanism will enable repellence, pollination attraction and fighting disease or
management practices, such as high crop density for antimicrobial activity. Weidenhamer et al. suggested that
controlling weeds, to be utilised as part of an integrated weed many monoterpenes are phytotoxic in concentration under
management program while avoiding the disadvantages of 100 ppm, well below the saturated aqueous concentrations
crop autotoxicity and the associated yield decline. of oxygenated monoterpenes. The oxygenic terpenes, even
diluted in soil solutions, may act allelopathically on paddy
90. Breeding for Improved Allelopathic Activity in weeds. Some oxygenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes
Swedish Spring Wheat were detected in root exudates from the allelopathic rice
Nils-Ove Bertholdsson variety PI312777 cultured in paddy soil and sand media,
P.O. Box 101, Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, and the inhibitory effect of 5 oxygenic monoterpenes on
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-230 BYG were validated as previously described. Based on the
53 Alnarp, Sweden results of our previous study, 5 oxygenic terpenoids,
Email: Nils-Ove.Bertholdsson@Itj.slu.se namely (–)-carveol, (+)-carvone, (–)-menthone, (–)-carvyl
acetate, and (+)-cedrol, were subjected to an interaction
Spring wheat is less competitive against weeds than is rye, oat test. The optimum combination of the abovementioned 5
or barley. This is probably an effect of less vigorous growth terpenoids was determined by orthogonal rotatable central
early in spring, but allelopathy may also be involved. In a composite design for 5 variables and 5 concentration
screening of more than 800 different genotypes from a world levels. In a petri dish test, barnyard grass (Echinochloa
collection, Swedish cultivars both, old and new, showed low crus-galli; BYG) was unable to regrow in the solution
allelopathic activity against perennial ryegrass (Lolium containing a mixture of the optimum combination of the 5
perenne L.) if compared with e.g. barley or most of the foreign terpenoids. In hydroponic experiments, this mixture
wheat cultivars. Two foreign wheat cultivars were identified to significantly inhibited the root length, plant height, plant
be as allelopathic as the most allelopathic Swedish barleys and dry weight, and root activity of BYG, causing a
are now used in a breeding program. Since the cultivars are considerable decline in the superoxide dismutase,
not adapted to Swedish conditions several steps, involving peroxidase, and catalase activities in the root and leaves of
crossings and back-crossings followed by repeatedly BYG. In a field test, the mixture was highly effective in
allelopathy selections, are therefore needed to recover the suppressing BYG development in both monocultures and
originally high quality wheat but with higher allelopathic co-cultures of BYG with 2 rice accessions. However, the
properties. From a breeding point of view it is important, at an mixture was not harmful to the 2 rice accessions. Further,
early stage, to evaluate how important allelopathy is for the this mixture inhibited the growth of most paddy weeds in
weed competitive ability. Therefore, in 2007, four breeding the field test. Oxygenic terpenoids that show high
lines (not completely stable and only back-crossed once) were inhibitory effects at low concentrations may be promising
studied in an organic yield trial together with the Swedish herbicides candidates.
parent and other advanced normal breeding lines. As in most
studies including weeds, standard errors are high, but 92. Effect of Continuous Cropping of Chinese
genotypic differences in weed biomass were still observed. Medicinal Plant Rehmannia glutinosa on Rhizospheric
Interestingly, the only single trait found to be correlated with Microorganisms
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Zhongyi Zhang1,3, ZhenfangLi1,2 Jun Xiong1,2,Hui Chen1,2, and is governed by biotic and abiotic factors, the results of
Wenxiong Lin1,2* which variously affect the growth of the next crop.. The
1
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, identified factors include length of cropping, seedling
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), C/O density of the crop, rate of autoxins released from the
Ministry of Education China previous crop, and rate of transfer of autoxins in the soil.
2
Institute of Agroecology C/O School of Life Sciences, FAFU, Modelling outcomes of autoxicity and the dynamics of
Fuzhou 350002, China autoxins under various conditions are presented, and their
3
Institute of Chinese medicinal plants, Henan Agriculture agronomic implications are discussed.
University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China: Email:
wenxiong181@163.com 94. Weed Management in Wheat (triticum aestivum l)
through Applying Allelopathic Plant Water Extracts in
An experiment was conducted to determine microbe quantity, Combination with Reduced Herbicide Doses
microbial population and soil enzyme activity in the Muhammad Saeed1, Muhammad Rafiq2, Min An3 and
rhizospheric soils under successively cropped Aamer Sattar4
1
Rehmanniae.glutinosa for one and two years respectively. Directorate of Agronomy, Ayub Agricultural Research
Successive cropping of R.glutinosa significantly affected the Institute, Faisalabad (Pakistan) & University of
microbial flora and enzyme activity in the rhizospheric soil. Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
With successive cropping years increasing, the number of Technical Branch, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute,
bacteria and fungi decreased but not significantly in the Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
rihzospheric soil. The reverse was true for the number of E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a
actinomycetes, which in the soil successively cropped for two collaborative alliance between Charles Sturt University
years was about four times as many as in the soil successively and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga
cropped for one year. The result also showed that ammonifier, Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
4
aerobic azotobacter, sulphate reducer, denitrifier and Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad,
anaerobic cellulosede-composer were increased by 25.99, Pakistan Email: saeedmuaf@yahoo.com
45.39, 11.43, 1.36 and 1.43 folds, while aerobic cellulose-
decomposer was reduced by 86.74 % in the soil respectively. In order to find alternatives for minimizing the total
In addition, It was also found that the root exudates of reliance on synthetic herbicides for weed management in
successively cropping R.glutinosa markedly promoted the wheat, a field experiment was conducted to assess the
activities of urease, polyhphenol oxidase, sucrase, protease efficacy of water extract of allelopathic crops, sorghum
and cellulase glucose, showing their increases by 62.87%, and sunflower, in combination with reduced doses of some
9.43%, 47.91%, 139.62% and 31.33% respectively, but post emergence herbicides, such as mesosulfuron,
inhibited the activity of catelase. The findings suggested that idosulfuron, metribuzin, phenoxaprop, and bensulfuron,
continuously cropping R.glutinosa would result in a destroyed on weed control during the winter seasons of 2005-06 and
balance of rhizospheric microbial flora, and provided an 2006-07. It was found that sorghum and sunflower
insight into the mechanism of the obstacle in successively extracts in combination with reduced herbicide doses of
cropping R.glutinosa. all herbicides effectively controlled the weeds of wheat
and at the same time 20-36% increase in grain yield was
93. Modelling Autotoxicity in Continuous Cropping and obtained, which was equal to the grain yield achieved with
the Dynamics of Autoxins application of recommended doses of herbicides. The
Y.H. Liu1, Y. L. Fu1 and M. An2 economic analysis showed that sorghum and sunflower
1
College of Sciences, South China Agricultural University, extracts each at 18 L ha-1 in combination with 70%
Wushan, Guangzhou -510642, China reduced dose of metribuzin + phenoxaprop gave the
2
E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a maximum net benefits. Those field results demonstrated
collaborative alliance between Charles Sturt University and the feasibility of reducing reliance on synthetic herbicides
NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga Wagga, NSW for weed control by utilizing allelopathic principles, which
2650, Australia. can contribute significantly to the agricultural and
Email: lake502@yahoo.com.cn environmental sustainability as well as to the savings of
farming costs.
Continuous monocropping and intensive culture systems often
result in poor growth and yield decline of the crops, a 95. The Influence of Tea Saponins and Caffeine on the
phenomenon often referred to as autotoxicity, and contribute Growth of Tea Plant in Vitro
to the autoxins produced and accumulated by crop plants in P. Okinda Owuor1, and Francis N. Wachira2
1
that soil. Mathematical approaches have been undertaken to Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P. O. Box
model this important phenomenon in order to increase 333 -40105, Maseno Kenya 2Department of Biochemistry
understanding of autotoxicity and to guide cropping practices and Biotechnology, Egerton University, P. O. Box 536,
to avoid its negative impacts. Theoretical analysis Njoro Kenya.
demonstrates that the biological responses of crop plants to Email: uwuorpo@africaonline.co.ke
autotoxicity follow the prediction of the An_Hormesis model.
Autotoxicity is dose-dependent and may only occur when the The tea plantations can have life spans of over 100 years,
autotoxin levels accumulated in the soil reaches a high reaching a maximum production potential after 20 to 40
threshold. The amount of autoxins present in the soil varies years beyond which yields decline or stagnate, making it
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mandatory to uproot and replace old plants. However, 97. Potential Phytotoxic Effects of Achillea santolina
replanted germplasm perform poorly, compared to the same L. on Two Economically Important Field Crops in
cultivars cultivated on virgin lands. Rehabilitation of such Egypt
lands by fallowing or using alternative crops does not improve S.M. El-Darier and A.A. Tammam
their productivity. These problems suggest these soils may be Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria,
suffering from long-term deposition of allelochemicals, University, Alexandria, Egypt
possibly metabolites of the plant. Caffeine in coffee and Email: eldarier@excite.com
saponins in mungbeans exhibited allelopathic activities. Tea
leaves contain up to 4% caffeine while tea roots, tea seeds and The aim of this study was to investigate the phytotoxic
tea leaves contain saponins. In tea cultivation, large amounts effect of Achillea santolina L. on some growth parameters
of leaves are returned to the soil via prunings and leaf fall, physiological and biochemical processes during
while the tea roots are usually not disturbed and formed tea germination of mustard seeds (Sinapis alba L. cv.
seeds also drop in the tea fields. Over long period, the Nakielska). To exclude the involvement of osmotic stress
metabolites can accumulate in the tea soils. Leachates from tea in seed reaction to phytotoxic compounds, we compared
leaves inhibited seed germination and subsequent growth of the effect of 10% (w/v) water extract from sunflower
lettuce, indicating possible allelopathic potential. Tea roots (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Ogrodowy) leaves and 28.4%
and seeds saponins were tested on seed germination, root and (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 solution
stem growth of various vegetables. The saponins did not affect characterized by an equal Ψ = −1 MPa. We evaluated (1)
the germination of the vegetables, but inhibited the roots and
the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); (2) activities of
stems elongation, demonstrating allelopathic potential. The
antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, and
inhibition of root growth was higher than that of stem growth.
glutathione reductase; (3) membrane permeability; and (4)
Tea seed saponins were more potent than the tea roots
level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Both, sunflower
saponins. Further experiments assessed in vitro growth
compounds and PEG solutions inhibited mustard seed
response of young tea plants to tea seed saponins and caffeine.
germination, but only phytotoxins caused an increase in
Caffeine reduced root and stem growth of the young tea plants
the cell membrane permeability, MDA level, H2O2
while saponins promoted their growth. The poor re-growth on
concentration, and alterations in activities of antioxidant
the old tea soils maybe associated with accumulation of
enzymes. Our results demonstrate that despite the
caffeine in these soils. However, accumulation of saponins in
activation of the antioxidant system by sunflower
the soils may promote the growth of the tea plants.
phytotoxins, reactive oxygen species accumulation caused
cellular damage, which resulted in the decrease of
96. Allelopathic Effect of Cleavers (Galium aparine) on
germinability and gradual loss of seed vigor. It seems that
Germination and Early Growth of Wheat
the negative effect of sunflower on germination of
A.Aziz, A. Tanveer, A. Ali, M. Yasin2, B.H. Babar and M.A.
mustard seeds is mostly because of its toxicity and not to
Nadeem
its contribution to osmotic potential.
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan, 2Institute of Soil and Environmental
98. Management of Allelopathy in Closed-Ecosystem
Sciences University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
for Space Agriculture
Email: ahsanagrarian@hotmail.com
Kaori Tomita-Yokotani1, Hiroko Iwasawa1, Kanae
Hiraishi1, Maki Asano1,2, Yoshiharu Fujii3, Hirofumi
Aqueous extracts obtained from roots, stem, leaves and fruit of
Hashimoto4, Masamichi Yamashita4
cleavers (Galium aparine) harvested at maturity, and soil 1
University of Tsukuba
taken from a G. aparine field were used to determine their 2
phytotoxic effects on germination and seedling growth of Keio University, ３National Institute for Agro-
４
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the laboratory at 15 and 20oC. Environmental Sciences, Jaxa Email:
Maximum time taken for 50% germination and mean kaboka@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp
germination were recorded for stem and fruit extracts. Time
taken for 50% germination and reduction in germination index Habitation in outer space becomes reality in these day. We
were greater at 20oC whereas highest mean germination time start our study on space agriculture to provide foods for
was recorded at 15oC. Reduction in root and shoot length, and space living people. Inter-organisms and -species
biomass of wheat seedlings due to different extracts over interactions have long been known as allelopathy.
control was 34.0 to 67.9%, 10.4 to 61.6% and 16.5 to 38.0%, However, little is known about whether such interaction
respectively. Greatest reduction in root and shoot length, their (allelopathy) may, or may not, differ under space
dry weights and seedling biomass of wheat was caused by the environment, exposed on the space station or in the
fruit extract of G. aparine. Root extract showed 32.4% closed-ecosystem on extraterrestrial bodies. We have
increase in shoot dry weight and 11.4% in seedling biomass examined allelopathy under altered gravitational
over control. Soil beneath G. aparine plants significantly environment, in order to answer those questions.
reduced the shoot length, dry weight and seedling biomass but Gravitational effects on allelopathy among a plant-plant
increased root dry weight of wheat seedlings. These findings system were surveyed by applying them pseudo-
suggest that soil incorporated plant residues of this weed may microgravity, generated by a 3D-clinostat. The candidate
have broad implications for the growth of a succeeding crop. substances related to allelopathy, which are affected by
gravity, were found in some plant species, velvet bean
(Mucuna pruriens L.), broccoli (Brassica coleracea var.
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italica) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In addition to 100. Allelopathy in Bangladesh Rice Cultivars
those allelopathic plant species, we chose buckwheat Hisashi Kato-Noguchi and Md. Abdus Salam
(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench ) and Lotus japonicus in this Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of
study to analyze allelopathic action. Some of flavonoids are Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795,
responsible for the allelopathic function. The production of Japan
total flavonoid was affected by gravity. Some enzyme related Email: hisashi@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp
to flavonoids synthesis would relate to the reduction of
flavonoid production. We also study on the relationship Rice crop productivity of Bangladesh is low in
between the gravity and each allelochemical synthesis. If comparison to other rice-producing countries, although
biosynthesis, emission, transport and sensing process of rice is one of the main foods in the country. Severe weed
allelopathic substances would be affected by gravity, member infestation is one of the major reasons for such low yield
organisms in a closed-ecological system might exhibit in Bangladesh andand weeding is the most widely used
different behaviors, when they are exposed to micro- or hypo- weed control method. Weed control is often imperfect
gravity in space. To synthesize a robust ecosystem for space and/or delayed because several constraints limit the
agriculture, we have to consider the principle of allelopathy effective use of hand weeding. Rice allelopathy has
under the various environments. received much attention, and may be an alternative to the
chemical and mechanical control of weeds. The
99. Brassica Allelopathy against Soilborne Pathogens and allelopathic effect of rice on weeds could be applied to
Weeds of Strawberry reduce use of chemical herbicides, which might results in
Scott Mattner, Ian Porter, Rajendra Gounder, and David Allen improved water quality and less environmental
Private Bag 15, BioSciences Research Division, Department contamination and also reduce labor for hand weeding. It
of Primary Industries, Ferntree Gully DC, Vic 3156, Australia was therefore of interest to assess the allelopathic potential
Email: scott.mattner@dpi.vic.gov.au of Bangladesh rice cultivars for weed control purposes.
The allelopathic potential of 102 Bangladesh rice (42 high
This research aimed at identifying factors that improve / limit yielding and 60 traditional cultivars) was determined
the efficacy of allelopathy by brassica green manures for soil against the seedling growth of cress, lettuce, Echinochloa
disinfestation against strawberry pathogens and weeds. In crus-galli and E. colonum. Some high yielding and
bioassays, the volatiles released from macerated roots of a some traditional rice cultivars were found to have
Brassica rapa / B. napus mixture were six times more allelopathic effect against these test plant species. High
effective at suppressing the growth of the strawberry pathogen yielding rice cultivars, BRRI dhan37, BRRI dhan30 and
Rhizoctonia fragariae than shoots. The toxicity of the BRRI dhan38, respectively, had the most significant
volatiles increased as brassica developmental stage inhibiting effect on the growth of cress, lettuce and E.
progressed. These results related to the release of higher colonum, and traditional rice cultivar, Kartikshail had the
quantities and a greater diversity of isothiocyanates (ITCs) most significant inhibiting effect on barnyard grass. The
from the roots of mature brassica plants than from their shoots. high yielding rice cultivar, BR17 marked the greatest
Separate bioassays showed the volatiles from the brassica crop inhibitory activity with an average of 39.5% of the growth
suppressed the growth of six soil-borne pathogens of inhibition on roots and hypocotyls/shoots of cress, lettuce,
strawberry and seven clover weed species. Suppression of barnyard grass and E. colonum. The present research
clovers did not relate to their seed size, but might relate to suggests that BR17 is the most allelopathic in 102
their hard-seededness or genotype. Freeze dried root meal of Bangladesh rice cultivars and may be one of the
the brassica crop (8 tonnes/ha) released 10 molar equivalents candidates for a research programme in Bangladesh rice
less of ITCs into soil (64 mol/ha) than the commercial soil allelopathy for isolation and identification of
fumigant, metam sodium (736 mol/ha, applied at 106 kg allelochemicals.
ai/ha). Currently, the relatively low amounts of ITCs released
by brassica crops into soils are important limitations to their 101. Assessment of Phytotoxic Properties of Peganum
ability to control soilborne pests to the levels of synthetic harmala on Growth of Redroot Amaranth
fumigants. In the field, rotary incorporation of the brassica (Amaranthus retroflexus) in Greenhouse Conditions
crop did not produce detectable levels of ITCs in soil; reduce Hamid SodaeiZadeh*1, 2 and Patrick Van Damme1
1
the survival of the strawberry pathogens, Phytophthora Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and
cactorum and Cylindrocarpon destructans; or affect Ethnobotany, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
populations of culturable soil microflora. Yet, it suppressed ²Faculty of natural Resources & Desert Studies, Yazd
the growth of emerging weeds (mostly Poa annua) by 40% University, Yazd, Iran
and the growth of Phytophthora cactorum by 20%. We Email: hsodaee@yahoo.com
hypothesise that allelochemicals other than ITCs, such as
nitriles, or other biological mechanisms might also play a role Wild plant species usually contain much higher levels of
in brassica allelopathy. A key to improving the efficacy of secondary chemicals than cultivated crops. Peganum
brassica allelopathy in the field seems to lie in the harmala (Zygophyllaceae) is a common species in arid
development of application technologies that can macerate and Middle East areas. The objectives of the present study
incorporate plant tissues evenly in soils, in addition to were to investigate the effect of P. harmala residues on
incorporating brassicas under optimal edaphic conditions for seedling growth of redroot amaranth (Amaranthus
release of ITCs. retroflexus) as a weed species and the role of activated
charcoal in mitigating the allelopathic interference of P.
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harmala. Ten redroot amaranth seeds were sown in plastic Amendment of 4, 8 and 12 g per kg soil reduced dry
pots containing 300 g of sandy loam soil mixed with three weight of redroot amaranth by 31, 85 and 92 %,
amounts of shade-dried powder of aboveground P. harmala respectively. Addition of activated charcoal ameliorated
material (4, 8 and 12 g dry weight per 1000 g dry soil). By the inhibitory effect of P. harmala plant materials at all
mixing 4 g activated charcoal into the soil in half of the pots residue amounts. At 12g concentration, activated charcoal
we established an experimental environment to check the role increased leaf area, root length, plant height and dry
of allelopathy and release of organic molecules from residues. weight by 46, 38, 24 and 75 % respectively, when
Untreated soil with and without activated carbon served as compared to amended soil without charcoal. In
control. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete conclusion, the present study indicates the phytotoxic
block design with three replicates. Results indicate that nature of P. harmala residues and the possible
addition of 12 g P. harmala residues to 1000 g soil reduced involvement of organic molecules in growth inhibition of
leaf area and root length of redroot amaranth by 79 and 65 %, redroot amaranth.
respectively, when compared to non-amended soil.
Main Topic 6: Biosynthesis, mode of action, and detoxification of phytotoxins from

plant
102. The Allelochemical Benzoxazolinone – Molecular Carbamate degradation is initiated by the production of
Backgrounds of Its Detoxification and Degradation carbamic acid, from which BOA is reconstituted. The
M. Schulz, S. Kant, M. Knop, D. Sicker1, T. Colby2, A. uptake and detoxification cycle can start again or soil
Harzen2 and J. Schmidt2 microorganisms degrade BOA via 2-aminophenol and
IMBIO (Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und phenoxazinone is produced. Phenoxazinones can be
Biotechnology der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn Karlrober degraded by oxidative mechanisms which require fungal
Kreiten Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany activities.
1
Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig,
Johannisallee 29, Leipzig, Germany 103. Momilactone B Accumulation in Rice and Rice
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl von Linné Rhizosphere by Environmental Stresses
Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany. H. Kato-Noguchi, H. Kujime and T. Ino
Email: ulp509@uni-bonn.de Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kagawa University Miki, Kagawa 761-0795,
Benzoxazolinones are bioactive compounds that can suppress Japan
certain weeds such as crabgrass or redroot pigweed. However, Email: hisashi@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp
numerous European weeds and cereals are able to detoxify the
compounds and to release a certain portion of the Rice seedlings were hydroponically grown and subjected
detoxification products again by root exudation. At present to injury, heavy metal, UV-irradiation stresses, and the
eight higher plant detoxification products have been identified. changes in the concentration of momilactone B in the
All investigated species are able to detoxify BOA via BOA-6- seedlings and secretion level of momilactone B into the
OH and subsequent O-glucosylation, Poaceae mainly perform medium were determined. The injury stress was made by
BOA-N-glucosylation, the resulting BOA-N-glucoside is cutting the first leaves of rice seedlings. The
rearranged to glucoside carbamate. In Zea mays, this product concentration of momilactone B was 3.1-fold greater in
is further modified by malonylation or transformed to the medium of the injury stressed seedlings than that of
gentiobioside carbamate, both of which are generated late in the non-stressed seedlings. Rice seedlings were grown in
the detoxification process steps. Detoxification of MBOA 1 mM CuCl2 solution. The concentration of momilactone
results in BOA-6-O-glucoside or in glucoside methoxy B was 3.7-fold greater in the medium containing CuCl2
carbamate. Enzymes supposedly involved in the detoxification than that in control medium. These results indicate that
reactions include monooxygenases, glucosyltransferases and injury and heavy metal stresses may increase momilactone
malonyl-transferases. The maize glucosyltransferase B secretion from rice seedlings into the medium. UV-
catalysing BOA-6-O- and BOA-N-glucosylation was purified, irradiation increased the concentration of momilactone B
biochemically characterized and identified as constitutive in shoots and roots of rice seedlings. The concentration in
BX9. The well known natural function of the enzyme is UV-irradiated shoots and roots, respectively, was 31.8-
DIMBOA detoxification, for instance, in maize roots. BX9 is and 3.6-fold greater than that of non-irradiated shoots and
posttranslationally modified by redox mechanisms that enable roots. Accumulation of momilactone B occurred in
the protein to catalyse either BOA-6-OH or BOA-N- medium in which UV-irradiated seedlings were grown.
glucosylation. Carbamate production is closely coupled to UV-irradiation increased not only production of
oxidative stress reduction. The BX9 gene is not induced momilactone B in rice seedlings but secretion of
during the BOA incubation period. When exposure to BOA is momilactone B. These results suggest that injury, heavy
combined with additional stress situations (herbicide metal and UV-irradiation stresses may increase
application and sulfur deficiency), both glucosylation momilactone B secretion from rice roots into rice
mechanisms break down. Exuded carbamates and other rhizosphere. The plant rhizosphere is a densely populated
detoxification products can be degraded by microorganisms. area in which plant roots must compete with invading root
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systems of neighboring plants for space, water, and mineral Laboratorio de Alelopatía Departamento de Ecología
nutrients, and with other soil-bore organism, including Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional
bacteria and fungi. Momilactone B exhibits antimicrobial Autónoma de México. Apartado Postal 275, 04510 Mexico
properties and are synthesized as a part of defensive response
to the bacterial and antifungal activities. Momilactone B also Sicyos deppei is an endemic noxious weed of Mexico that
acts as an allelochemical. Therefore, secretion of momilactone grows extensively in crop fields and covers open areas.
B into the rhizosphere may provide a competitive advantage The physiological mechanism of action of the soluble
for root establishment through local suppression of soil phytotoxic compounds released by S. deppei was
microorganism and inhibition of the growth of competing investigated using Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae)
plant species. as the receptor plant. Tomato seed were exposed to S.
deppei aqueous leachate (0.5%) for different hours of
104. Cytotoxic Effects of Cyanamide on Tomato imbibition until germination, and several metabolic targets
(Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Root Growth were investigated. S. deppei causes a delay in the
D. Sołtys1, A. Rudzińska-Langwald2, W. Kurek2, A. germination process, resulting in an inhibition of radicle
Gniazdowska1, R. Bogatek1 growth. Tomato seeds exposed to S. deppei aqueous
1
Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life leachate show oxidative damage, evidenced by an
Science-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa, unbalance of the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant
Poland system, an increase in H2O2, and membrane lipid
2
Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Science- peroxidation that is correlated with the inhibition of
SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland membrane enzymes such as H+-ATPase and NADPH
Email: renata.bogatek@wp.pl oxidase. Carbohydrate metabolism is also affected; there
is a delay in starch degradation as well as in sucrose
Cyanamide, a well-known synthetic fertilizer and herbicide hydrolysis reflected in less fructose and glucose content;
synthesized about 100 years ago, was reported as a natural being lower the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase,
product of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa). Hairy vetch is now cell wall invertase and α-amylase. Additionally, activity of
cultivated as organic weed control in orchards and fallow of cell wall enzymes involved in endosperm weakening for
rice fields in Japan, but mode of action of cyanamide in radicle protusion, such as endo β-mannanase, β-1, 3-
allelopathic interaction is still unknown. We investigated glucanase, α-glucosidase and exo-polygalacturonase, are
phytotoxic effect of cyanamide on the root growth of young significantly lower in treated seeds. The activity of
tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings. Tomato seeds enzymes of primary metabolism, i.e. phosphofructokinase,
were germinated in water for 3 days. After radicule protrusion citrate synthase, malic dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and
seeds were transferred to cyanamide water solution. It was fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, was lower in treated seeds
demonstrated that cyanamide (used in different than in control. In addition, treated seeds had higher ABA
concentrations: 0.2 - 2 mM) inhibited tomato root growth in a content through imbibition times. To test if ABA is
dose-dependent manner. The strongest inhibition in root regulating cell cycle, the expression of the cycline genes,
growth was detected after exposure of the seedlings to 1.2 mM cycD3;1, cycB2;1, and the CDKB2;1 was analyzed;
solution of cyanamide. The inhibition of root growth was finding both cyclins and CDKB2;1 down regulated. These
accompanied by disturbances in cell division of root tips. results were related with flow cytometry analysis that
Cyanamide suppressed mitoses and no mitotic figures were showed that most cells in treated seeds are in G2 phase.
observed. The lower concentration induced aberrant mitotic Finally, phytotoxic activity of S. deppei aqueous leachate
figures with highly condensed chromosomes randomly spread might be related with the presence of protease inhibitors.
over the entire cell. No other stages of mitosis were observed.
We also studied cell cycle in root tip cells using a flow 106. In planta Mechanism of Action of the
cytometric analyses of the nuclear DNA content and Allelochemical Sorgoleone
immunodetection of α-tubulin. Upon cyanamide treatment F. E. Dayan
formation of mitotic spindles was impaired leading to Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS,
inhibition of cell division. Finally, it resulted in root growth P.O. Box 8048, University, MS 38677 USA
arresting. Inhibition in root growth was not accompanied by Email: fdayan@ole.miss.edu
induction of oxidative stress in tomato root cells, since ROS
concentration in roots of cyamanide treated plants was similar Injury to crops grown in rotation with sorghum (Sorghum
to that observed in control plants. On the other hand, the bicolor L.) suggested that this species was allelopathic.
inhibiting effect of cyanamide on tomato root growth was This phytotoxicity is associated with a group of lipid
accompanied by 2-fold increase in ethylene emission after 24 benzoquinones called sorgoleone that exude from the root
hr of exposure. The interaction between phytohormones in hairs of sorghum. The amount produced does not differ
regulation of cell cycle of cyanamide stressed plants will be during the early stages of development, but varies with
discussed. temperature and responds to the presence of other plants.
Sorgoleone is released directly in the soil and acts like a
105. Phytotoxicity Caused by Sicyos deppei pre-plant incorporated herbicide. One factor expanding
(Cucurbitaceae): Metabolic Targets in Lycopersicon the apparent persistence of sorgoleone in soil is the fact
esculentum that it is continually released from the roots of sorghum,
A. Lara-Nuñez, A. L. Anaya and R. Cruz-Ortega which sustains its concentration in soil over a long period
of time. Sorgoleone inhibits photosynthetic and
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mitochondrial electron transports and the activity enzyme p- Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-I-Azam University
hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase in in vitro assays. Islamabad, Pakistan
However, the in vivo mode(s) of action of sorgoleone is Email: javed_kamal1743@yahoo.com .
unclear. Root or foliar exposure to sorgoleone has no effect on
photosynthesis of 7 days-old velvetleaf. Radiolabeled The allelopathic potential of root extract from sunflower
sorgoleone is not translocated beyond the point of application. cv- Hysun 38 (Helianthus annus L.) was studied and its
However, sorgoleone disrupts photosynthesis in young effect on texture of soil and root extract of sunflower at
cotyledonary tissues; therefore, this allelochemical may still different concentrations were applied to determine their
act as a PSII inhibitor in emerging seedlings. Sorgoleone is effect on wheat two varieties cv-Margalla 99 and cv-
also known to inhibit root H+-ATPase activity and water Chakwall 97 seed germination rate, fresh weight, dry
uptake. We demonstrate that 40 µg mL-1 of sorgoleone weight, shoot length, hormonal analysis (IAA, GA and
causes a significant disruption of membrane integrity in the ABA) and quantification of DNA under labortary
dark, and that the growth of 3 days-old velvetleaf seedlings conditions in Petridishes were conducted. Water extract of
was reduced by half with 30 µg sorgoleone per plant. This sunflower root significantly inhibited germination rate,
loss of vigor may results in an even higher rate of weed seedling growth, Fresh weight, dry weight, root length,
suppression. Therefore, the allelopathic effect of sorgoleone shoot length, IAA, GA, DNA while increased ABA
is strong on young developing plants, which may take up contents of wheat in petridishes as compared to control.
sufficient amount of sorgoleone through their cotyledonary In pots sunflower plant affected on soil change soil texture
tissues to exert a phytotoxic response by light-independent from sandy soil to sandy loam soil.
disruption of membrane integrity, direct inhibition of
photosynthesis, or a combination of these mechanisms of 109. Root Inhibitory Effect of Caffeic Acid: Role of
action with yet unknown ones. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
S. Kaur1, H. P. Singh2, D. R. Batish1 and R. K. Kohli1
1
107. Elucidation of the Final Reactions of DIMBOA- Department of Botany
2
Glucoside Biosynthesis in Maize Centre for Environment and Vocational Studies, Panjab
M. Frey, R. Jonczyk, E. Glawischnig, D. Sicker1, A. Gierl University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Am Email: kaur_shalu@yahoo.com
Hochanger 8, 85 350 Freising
1
Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitaet Leipzig, Caffeic acid (CA), a well known phenolic acid
Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig ubiquitously present in plants, is widely implicated in
Email: Monika.Frey@wzw.tum.de allelopathic interactions among plants. The present study
investigated the effect of CA on adventitious root
Benzoxazinoids have been identified in the early 1960s as formation in mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) hypocotyls
secondary metabolites of the grasses that function as natural and whether it involved an induction of oxidative stress
pesticides and exhibit allelopathic properties. Benzoxazinoids via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CA
are synthesized in maize seedlings and stored as glucosides, significantly reduced the de novo root formation as
the main aglucone moieties are DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-2H- depicted by decrease in number of rooted hypocotyls, and
1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one) and DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7- reduction in number and length of adventitious roots. We
methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one). Genes of DIBOA- further explored the role of conventional stress-response to
glucoside biosynthesis, Bx1 to Bx5 and Bx8, Bx9 have CA exposure in terms of oxidative stress markers
previously been isolated and the enzymatic functions (malondialdehyde, MDA and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2)
characterized. Recently, the enzymes for conversion of and alterations in antioxidant enzymes. In CA treated
DIBOA-glc to DIMBOA-glc were identified and will be mung bean hypocotyls, a sharp increase in H2O2 and
described in detail. DIBOA-glc is the substrate of the oxidizing ability observed indicating a possible cellular
dioxygenase BX6, the produced TRIBOA-glc is metabolized damage. Further, CA significantly enhanced solute
by the methyltransferase BX7 to yield DIMBOA-glc. Both leakage and increased levels of MDA content thus
enzymes exhibit moderate Km values (below 0.4 mM) and indicating lipid peroxidation and negative impact on
kcat values of 2.10 s-1 and 0.25 s-1, respectively. Although membrane stability. To counter the CA-induced stress in
BX6 uses a glucosylated substrate, the enzyme is localized in hypocotyls, there occurred an upregulation of scavenging
the cytoplasm. Bx6 and Bx7 are highest expressed in seedling enzymes’ viz. SOD (superoxide dismutase), APX
tissue, a feature shared with the other Bx-genes. Bx6 and Bx7 (ascorbate peroxidase), and CAT (catalase) activities.
are unique and specific genes that at present have no close Increased activities of enzymatic antioxidants indicated
relatives among the members of their respective gene families. their role in protecting from cellular damage induced by
In maize, all Bx-genes are located on the short arm of enhanced MDA and H2O2 (ROS) generated upon CA
chromosome 4, all genes for the synthesis of DIBOA-glc map treatment. The study concludes that CA inhibits root
within 4 cM. formation in mung bean hypocotyls by inducing ROS-
generated oxidative stress and altering activities of
108. Allelopathic Potential of Sunflower Plants (Helianthus scavenging enzymes.
annus L.) on Soil Texture and its Root Extract on
Physiology of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seedlings 110. Allelopathic Potential and Molecular Analysis of
J. Kamal and Asghari Bano Some Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivated in
Kurdistan Region – Iraq
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Z. M. Al-Asaadee, J. M. S. Jubrael, H. A. M. Mezori alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa),
University of Dohuk, Iraq significant differences in inhibitory effects of
Email: vp.sci@uod.ac Zanthoxylum leaf extracts of 50 g L-1 and 25 g L-1 were
observed positively in response to enhanced ultraviolet-B,
Several experiments were conducted to determine the and so did on Medicago sativa under 12.5 g L-1, but to
allelopathic potential variation among six rice cultivars locally radish there was no significant differences in all
cultivated in Kurdistan Region. This was performed to study concentration under bioassay. Content of UV-B absorbing
the effect of aqueous extract of rice cultivars on seed compounds in Zanthoxylum seedlings responded
germination, seedling growth, and some physiological and positively to increases in UV-B radiation.
possible genetic malformation of lettuce plant. Aqueous
extracts of different rice cultivars significantly inhibited seed 112. Understanding the Mode of Action of BOA (2-
germination, the highest reduction was noticed in the cultivar benzoxazolinone) and PCA (Protocatechualdehyde) on
shash-mah (80%).Seedling growth was found to be more Arabidopsis Plants
sensitive to the water soluble extracts than seed germination, M. J. Reigosa Roger, A. Martínez-Peñalver, A. M.
the inhibition was (92%).the aqueous extracts of all rice Sanchez Moreiras
cultivars significantly reduced chlorophyll a,b, total Lab. of Plant Ecophysiology. Facultade de Ciencias.
chlorophyll content, ion uptake such as nitrogen , phosphorus, Universidade de Vigo. Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n.
calcium , Magnesium, potassium , and sodium of lettuce 36200-Vigo (Spain)
leaves , the reduction in chlorophyll and ion uptake appeared Email: mreigosa@uvigo.es
to be paralleled to the reduction in growth of lettuce plant.
Generally, shash-mah cultivar showed the highest allelopathic Plants alter gene expression pattern for coping with stress-
potential among other rice cultivars used. To investigate any imposing changes in the environment. When an
possible genetic malformation, genomic DNA of lettuce as the environmental change takes place, common and linked
model plant was isolated and quantified. After optimization of signal transduction pathways are activated, which can be
RAPD reactions conditions, ten different decamer primers of implicated in stress acclimation or cell death depending on
arbitrary sequences were used to scan for DNA the degree of the stress situation. Measurement of changes
polymorphisms. Results of repeated experiments revealed no in gene expression can help in understanding the global
genetic changes had occurred within primers annealing sites, cellular responses concerning consecutive changes in the
thus, most probably, it may be suggested that allelochemicals expression patterns of numerous genes and gene-gene
released did not have any genotoxicitical effects on lettuce interactions after biotic and/or abiotic stress. Analysis of
plant. proteomic patterns, with emphasis on stress-related
proteins, appears as a new approach in the gene expression
111. Changes of Allelopathic and Autotoxic Potentials of studies. Comparative analyses for control and treated
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Under Enhanced Ultraviolet-B plants give qualitative and quantitative information about
Radiation the changes at protein expression level, which is used for
K. Pan, H. Li, J. Wang, Y. Wang understanding gene function or correlating cell responses
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in front of biotic or abiotic stress. This study is focused on
Chengdu 610041, China understanding the mode of action of the secondary
Email: pankw@cib.ac.cn metabolites 2-3H-benzoxazolinone and
protocatechualdehyde. Some previous studies have shown
Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.), an already that plant derived natural compounds (hydroxamic
important commercial crop growing in Asia, is widely planted acid derived compounds, phenolic acids, terpenoids, etc.)
in the mountain areas of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. with a role in plant-plant interactions can be decisive
Continuous cropping problem of Chinese prickly ash occur at because of their high potential as possible natural
this region and could be incurred by autotoxic effects. herbicides with a very short half-life and a benign
Meanwhile, increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV toxicological profile. However, we need to know in detail
between 280 and 320 nm) due to continuing depletion of the mode of action of these compounds for a realistic use
stratospheric ozone have been well documented over the past of such molecules on pest control techniques, knowing
several decades. However, Effect of enhanced ultraviolet-B on where, when, and how they affect plant metabolism,
allelopathic and autotoxic potential of Chinese Prickly Ash characterizing their primary and secondary effects, and
has seldom been reported. The objectives of the study were to understanding their molecular mechanisms of action. The
determine: (1) change of autotoxic potential of Chinese current experiment is based on this characterization by
Prickly Ash for the seedlings using green house experiments, obtaining proteomic profiles from treated Arabidopsis
and (2) change of allelopathic potential of Chinese Prickly plants and comparing them with untreated plants.
Ash using alfalfa, lettuce as target organism exposure to To establish the right harvesting time, 5 weeks old Col-0
leaves aqueous extracts. Results indicated that increases in Arabidopsis plants were treated once with the bioactive
solar ultraviolet-B radiation significantly alter Chinese prickly compounds 1 mM 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) and 1 mM
ash autotoxic and allelopathic potentials. A significant Protocatechualdehyde (PCA) and chlorophyll a emission
inhibitory effect on germination rate was observed at all measurements were recorded for each plant at 1, 3, 6, 12,
concentrations of extracts of Zanthoxylum leaf both treated 24 and 30 h after allelochemical watering. Maximal PS II
with enhanced ultraviolet-B and untreated control except on quantum yield, quantum yield of nonregulated energy
radish (Raphanus sativus) under 12.5g L-1 concentration. To dissipation, effective PS II quantum yield, and the
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coefficient of nonphotochemical quenching were recorded for previously published metabolic analyses. It can help us in
each measuring time with an IMAGING-PAM M-Series the understanding of the molecular basis of BOA mode of
Fluorometer (Chlorophyll Fluorescence System) from Walz. action, its implication with environmental stresses, and its
With this record we get not only measure images of correlation with the results obtained previously by
chlorophyll fluorescence but provide also all relevant functional genomics. The protocol used in this work was
chlorophyll fluorescence parameters using the Saturation sensitive enough for the solubilization and separation of
Pulse method. Information about photosynthetic activity and proteins from the very large lettuce genome. We got
its spatiotemporal variations were obtained. Plants were reproducible gels with high levels of quantified spots for a
harvested for RNA extraction when the first changes on proteome never analyzed by two-dimensional
photosynthetic yield and fluorescence appeared and 24 h later, electrophoresis: the lettuce leaf proteome. With only 7 µg
a new harvest was done for two-dimensional electrophoresis protein we got an equitable representation between acidic
proteome studies. The two allelochemical compounds showed and basic as well as high and low molecular mass in these
fast effects on Arabidopsis treated plants, which were gels. This work confirmed also the different protein
confirmed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Not only content on plant metabolism under biotic and abiotic
reduced amount but also different protein profile was detected stress, which resulted in significant inhibition on protein
on treated plants. number for plants treated only with BOA. Like so, plants
exposed only to BOA showed less protein content, less
113. Protein Profiles from Lettuce Plants: Testing the global intensity, and less specific new proteins for this
Stress Hypothesis treatment. We propose the identification in of the
A. M. Sanchez Moreiras, M. J. Reigosa Roger previously showed spots for validating the nature of these
Lab. of Plant Ecophysiology. Facultade de Ciencias. spots as ‘stress proteins’ and their role in the whole plants
Universidade de Vigo. Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n. stress response induced after BOA or BOA+Salt
36200-Vigo Spain treatments.
Email: adela@uvigo.es
114. Allelopathic Potential of Caesulia axillaries on
The classical Gramineae compound 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) Physiology and Yield of Wheat
has been associated with dose-dependent germination Devendra Singh1, Mrintunjay Kumar2, Nawalesh K.
inhibition and growth reductions, as well as with more in- Sinha3 and S.S. Mandal*
depth effects on energy metabolism in higher plants. In the Department of Agronomy, Rajendra Agricultural
same way, different measurements related to oxidative University, Bihar, Pusa, Samastipur-848 125 (India)
damage on plant metabolism were significantly affected by the Email: devendrasingh_aicrpweed@yahoo.co.in,
allelochemical BOA. Our interest and main objective in the
second phase of this experiment was to know if the presence An experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2005-
of another stress in the medium could enhance the previously 2006 and 2006-2007, to study the allelopathic potential of
found effects of BOA on plant metabolism. As secondary Caesulia axillaries, a predominant weed of rice showed an
objective we want to know also if the response from plants allelopathic effect in succeeding crop, wheat under rice-
treated with the combined stress treatment is similar to those wheat cropping system which is most adopted cropping
from BOA or from salt-treated plants. The stress hypothesis is system of the state Bihar. Application of dried plant part
considered to be a second possible paradigm in allelopathy. of Caesulia axillaris @ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 t/ha was
The first would be the Rabotnov’s hypothesis. “It means that used as treatment. Control plot were run without
in special situations where plants are under stress, allelopathy application of Caesulia axillaries. The plot treated with
could become important”. As reviewed by several authors, 1.0 and 2.0 t/ha dried Caesulia axillaries observed
some works have suggested that temperature, irradiance, salt, significantly higher test weight (1000-grain weight) and
nutrient, and moisture stresses can intensify the negative grain yield. All physiological yield attributes viz. root
effects of an allelochemical, appearing additive germination or weight, root volume, leaf area and specific leaf weight
growth inhibitions in combined experiments. In our lab, showed an increasing trend but significantly higher at the
previous studies demonstrated that using two single-stress application of 1.0 and 2.0 t/ha of dried Caesulia axillaries
treatments (BOA and Salt) and a parallel analysis of the per plot. Chlorophyll-a, -b and total Chlorophyll were also
combined stress (BOA+Salt), plant responses to abiotic stress observed in increasing order up to the treatment 4.0 t/ha of
were very different depending on the presence of the dried Caesulia axillaries. Enzymatic activities viz. Nitrate
allelopathic compound. BOA+Salt led to greater inhibition of reductase activity and total dehydrogenase activity in
plant growth, vigor, and viability than either treatment alone. terms of root activity were also observed in increasing
BOA treatment alone induced mechanisms of tolerance to salt order. A significant increase and then decrease in Morpho-
stress, while the combined BOA+Salt treatment increased salt physio-biochemical yield attributes and yield by the
sensitivity. In that way our results morphological and application of Caesulia axillaries dried plant part
physiological results validated the stress hypothesis previously indicating the synergistic and antagonistic effect at lower
proposed. We propose with this experiment to compare the and higher concentrations, respectively.
protein patterns from lettuce leaves during such induced BOA
phytotoxicity (allelochemical action) and Salt treatment 115. The Comparative Study of Allelopathic Effects of
(abiotic stress) by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Acroptilon repens L. on Some of Physiological
Two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns were obtained from Properties of Brassica napus L. and Accompanying
BOA and BOA+Salt treated plants to be a complement of Weeds
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1
F. Abbassi, 2M. R. Rusta Nejad, 3R. Ghorbani and 4M. impairment of mitotic spindle formation. We have also
Bazubandi studied cell cycle during imbibition in m-tyrosine solution
1
Biology Department of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, using a flow cytometric analyses of the nuclear DNA
Iiran content. m-Tyrosine-induced disturbance in cell cycle of
2
Agriculturi Department of Islamic Azad University of meristematic root cells is probably the reason of the
Mashhad, Iiran observed root growth suppression. The inhibiting effect of
3
Agronomy Plant Breeding Department of Agriculture Faculty m-tyrosine on maize root growth was expressed also by
of Ferdowsi University Mashhad,Iran 4Research Center of strong decrease in ethylene production by the tissue. The
Khorasan-e-Razavi, Plant Pests & Diseases Research regulatory role of phytohormones in plant-plant
Institute, khorasan, Iran. allelopathic interaction will be discussed.
Email: forough_abbassi@yahoo.com
117. Allelopathic Effect of Zingiber officinale on Seed
In order to investigation of allelophatic effects of different Germination and Seedling Growth of Soybean and
sections of russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) on Chive
germination and vegetative growth of canola (Brassica napus C. Han, K. Pan, J. Wang, Y. Wang
L.), wild mustard (Sinappis arvensis L.) and wild barley Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of
(Hordeum spontaneum) two separate examinations in a Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
factorial design with completely randomized arrangement and Email: pankw@cib.ac.cn
four replications were conducted. In the first examination
(germination) treatments were combinations of two different Zingiber officinale (ginger) produces a pungent, aromatic
sections of russian knapweed (shoot and root), ten different rhizome that is valuable all over the world either as a spice
levels of water extracts (0, 15, 25,30,35,40,45,50,75 and 100 or herbal medicine, being an important horticultural crop
%) and three different plants (canola, wild mustard and wild in tropical Southeast Asia. However, ginger plant is easily
barley). In the other examination that was performed in pots, infected by Pseudomonas solanacearum, and thus ginger
treatments were two different sections of russian knapweed yield dramatically decreased. Crop systems of ginger
(shoot and root), three levels of dried powder (0, 0.25, 0.75, 1 intercropped with soybean and chive are traditionally
and 1.25 % w/w soil) and different plants (canola, wild mustard considered as an effective ways to reduce frequency and
and wild barley). Results indicated intense allelopathic effects intensity of ginger blast in Leshan City, Sichuan Province,
but the magnitude on each species and different criteria of China. Nevertheless, whether ginger has significantly
germination and vegetative stages were different. Generally allelopathic effect on seed germination and early seedling
germination criteria significantly affected more than growth of soybean and chive is still unknown. In the
vegetative growth. The effects of shoot section of russian paper, the rhizome, stem and leaf aqueous extracts of
knapweed was more intense than the root section and wild ginger were assayed at 10, 20, 40, and 80 g l-1 for their
mustard was the most sensitive plant, although wild barley effects on seed germination and early seedling growth of
was the lest sensitive plant to russian knapweed. soybean and chive. All aqueous extracts at all
concentrations inhibited seed germination, seedling
116. Inhibition of Maize (Zea mays) Root Growth by m- growth, water uptake and lipase activity of soybean and
Tyrosine Results from Cell Cycle Disruption chive compared with the control, and the degree of
R. Bogatek1, A. Rudzińska-Langwald2, W. Kurek2, Z. inhibition increased with the incremental extracts
Kostrzewa1, A. Gniazdowska1 concentration. The degree of toxicity of different ginger
1
Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life plant parts can be classified in order of decreasing
Science-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa, inhibition as stem > leaf > rhizome. The results of this
Poland study suggest that rhizome, stem and leaf of ginger
2
Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Science- contain water soluble allelochemicals which could inhibit
SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland. seed germination and seedling growth of soybean and
Email: renata.bogatek@wp.pl chive. The rhizome is the main harvested part of ginger.
The residue (mainly stems and leaves) of the ginger plant
The non protein amino acid, m-tyrosine, was identified as a should be removed from the field so as to diminish its
major active allelopathic component of fescue grasses root inhibitory effect. Further work is needed to specify and
exudates. In order to study the phytotoxic activity of m- verify the allelochemicals produced by this plant. The
tyrosine, its inhibitory effect was investigated using young results of this study suggest that ginger allelochemicals are
seedlings of maize (Zea mays). We demonstrated that m- heterotoxic, and thus intercropping should not be practiced
tyrosine applied in concentrations 250-1000 µg ml-1 strongly using ginger if the potential production of the system is
inhibits root growth of maize in a dose-dependent manner. soybean and chive.
Observations of mitoses in squashed root tips revealed strong
suppression of cell divisions after 24 hour treatment with m- 118. Camphor and Menthol Affect Plant Growth,
tyrosine. There were cells with aberrant metaphases and Polarity, and Cytoarchitecture via Their Effects on the
anaphases. In the majority of cells in metaphase, Actin Cytoskeleton
chromosomes arranged in a metaphase plate could not be O. Šamajová, M. Schlicht, B. Kriegs1, Margot Schulz1 and
identified. The pattern of mitotic microtubular assemblies in F. Baluška
meristematic cells was also studied by means of α-tubulin IZMB (Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik)
immunodetection. m-Tyrosine treatment resulted in Universität Bonn Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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1
IMBIO (Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und
Biotechnology der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn Karlrober 120. Allelopathic Effects of Phenolic Extracts of
Kreiten Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany Canola (Brassica napus L.) on Growth and
Email: ulp509@uni-bonn.de Physiological Responses of Soybean (Glycine max L.)
Seedlings
The volatiles camphor and menthol are allelochemicals with Z. Gerivani1, Gh. R. Haddadchi1 and M.Gerivani2
1
high biological activity. Both of them affected growth of Zea Department of Biology, College of Science, Gorgan
mays L. and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in a dose- University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural
dependent manner. At higher concentrations, both Resources, Gorgan.Iran
2
monoterpenes inhibited growth of primary and adventitious Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture,
roots and coleoptyles, but hypocotyls growth was unaffected. Zabol University, Zabol, Iran.
At lower concentrations moderate growth stimulation of Email: monestera@yahoo.com
seedlings was observed. Treatment with camphor for 24 hours
caused anatomical changes in the root apex of both tested Allelopathy, the production and release of toxic chemicals
plants. Root apex was regularly swollen. Abnormalities in the produced by one species that affect receiving susceptible
growth of shoots and swollen root tips are already known species, has been the subject of diverse degrees of
effects of the monoterpene 1,8-cineole. Camphor and menthol scientific enquiry. In this study soybean seedling were
were additionally tested for their effects on plant grown in sand culture containing root and shoot extracts.
cytoarchitecture. Both monoterpenes caused reorganisation Phenolic extracts of canola shoot (including leaves, stem,
and partial disruption of F-actin filaments consistent with their and flower) and root plant part were made by methanol
influence on cellular growth. Effects on actin filaments seem 70%, to determine their effects on seedling growth, hill
to be a common mode of action of several monoterpenes as it reaction, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzymes. In
was also observed with osteoclasts from rats. the 3-leaf stage, increasing the phenolic extract
concentration of separated canola plant parts decreased
119. Approaching Molecular Backgrounds of Stomata soybean seedling length and weight, specially reduced the
Response to Monoterpenes root hair density compared with control. In higher
B. Kriegs, H. Peisker, A. Ulbrich1 and M. Schulz concentration of root and shoot extracts severely reduced
IMBIO (Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und hill reaction, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. There
Biotechnologie der Pflanzen) Universität Bonn Karlrobert- were no significant difference in chlorophyll b under root
Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany 1Forschungszentrum extracts but was reduced by shoot extract. In compared
Jülich ICG.3:Phytosphäre, D-52425 Jülich, Germany with control, root SOD activity was enhanced by 26.2%
Email: ulp509@uni-bonn.de and 36.4% leaf SOD enhanced by 15.6% and 12.6%, root
CAT activity was enhanced by 972% and 975%, leaf CAT
The lipophilic layers of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf surface and activity was enhanced by 205% and 183% by root and
the stomata are primary targets of monoterpene allelopathic shoot phenolic extracts respectively. The result showed
attack. Exposure to the monoterpenes camphor and menthol or that there were no significant difference in root peroxidase
to the volatiles of the aromatic plants Mentha piperita, activity, but leaf POD activity increase significant by root
Lavandula latifolia and Artemisia camphorata resulted in a and shoot extracts. Membrane lipid peroxidation, in root
dramatic increase of stomata aperture and enhanced cells, also was enhanced by root and shoot extracts.
transpiration. Long term exposure to the two monoterpenes Synthesis of SOD and CAT as an adaptive response to
killed Arabidopsis plants by desiccation. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been reported. In the present study, the
short term fumigations with low amounts of the monoterpenes activities of CAT and SOD were also induced in agent
could also stimulate the growth of Arabidopsis plants under dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the oxidative
phytotron conditions. To get deeper insights into molecular stress condition led to an increased antioxidant capability
events that trigger damage or growth stimulation we of root and leaf cells. Root was more sensitive to extract
investigated gene inductions, malate dialdehyde (MDA) source than leaf.
production and PEPCase activity in Arabidopsis leaves
exposed to camphor and menthol. By means of real time 121. In vivo Effects of Cercocarpus macrophyllus
PCR, we found alterations in the expression of numerous Organic Extracts on Trifolium alexandrinum and
genes, some of them are involved in stress (drought) response, Lolium perenne and Bioactivity-guided Isolation of
such as strongly induced RD29B, AREB1 and AREB2. MAP 3β,28-dihydroxyolean-12-ene and its Effect as a Hill
kinase 3 gene (MPK3), involved in stomata closure, was Reaction Inhibitor on Photosynthesis
induced, whereas PEPC was down regulated. PEPCase C.J. Meixueiro-Galán1, B. King-Díaz1, M.I. Aguilar-
activity was as well reduced, the MDA content showed no Laurents2, B. Lotina-Hennsen1.
1
alterations. Although the machinery for stomatal closure was Departamento de Bioquímica
2
activated, closing of the stomatal aperture failed after long Departamento de Farmacia, Fac. de Química,
term exposure to the monoterpenes. The reasons for the failure Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F.,
are currently under investigation. High concentrations of C. P. 04510. México
monoterpenes and long term treatments are phytotoxic due to Email: kingbeat@servidor.unam.mx
uncontrolled transpiration ending up in plant death. Short term
exposures are supposed to increase plant fitness which can Hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts obtained from
induce in growth stimulations. eight different plants collected from Guerrero State,
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Mexico; were sprayed at 10 and 50 µM on Trifolium ene, erythrodiol, this is the first molecule isolated from
alexandrinum (a monocot plant) and Lolium perenne (an this plant. This compound inhibited ATP synthesis, the I50
eudicot plant) after 20 days of emergence. Chlorophyll a value was 120 µM. Erythrodiol behaved as a Hill reaction
fluorescence of PSII determination was performed after 24, 48 inhibitor. It inhibited the uncoupled electron flow on
and 72 hrs for control plants and plants sprayed; dry biomass photosystem II and the partial reactions from H2O to
was measured after 15 days of treatment. Of all organic silicomolybdate and from DPC (diphenyl carbazide) to
extracts assayed, those obtained from Cercocarpus DCPIP (dichlorophenol indophenol). These results
macrophyllus plant were the most active affecting these suggested that erythrodiol inhibits the span of electron
activities, therefore this plant was chosen for bioactivity- transport chain from P680 to QA. The fluorescence decay
guided chemical study. Cercocarpus macrophyllus belongs to data indicated the formation of silent reaction centers,
the family Rosaceae. It is found through north of Mexico and inactive reaction centers can neither reduce QA nor back
west of United States. The n-hexane extract from the C. transfer their excitation energy to the antenna, instead they
macrophyllus leaves was fractionated by bioactivity-guided, transfer the energy to heat.
led to the isolation of the triterpene 3β,28-dihydroxyolean-12-
Main Topic 7: Invasion ecology and allelopathy 1
122. Integrated Invasive Plant Management in the plant management in a comprehensive, systematic, and
Adirondack Park, New York, USA cooperative manner that has produced real on-the-ground
Hilary A. Oles1, Steven M. Flint1 and Daniel M. Spada2 results.
1
P.O. Box 65, The Nature Conservancy – Adirondack Chapter,
Keene Valley, New York 12943, USA 123. The Invasive Swallow-worts: What Do We Know
2
P.O. Box 99, New York State Adirondack Park Agency, Ray About Their Biology and Management?
Brook, New York 12977, USA Kristine M. Averill1, Antonio DiTommaso1, Charles L.
Email: holes@tnc.org Mohler1, and Lindsey R. Milbrath2
1
Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University,
The Adirondack Park Invasive Plant Program (APIPP) is a Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
2
two-time, national award-winning program that provides the USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and
expertise and framework through area-wide partnerships for Health, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
invasive plant monitoring, management, and community Email: kma25@cornell.edu
outreach in the 2.4 million hectare Adirondack Park. Initiated
in 1998 and formalized through a Memorandum of The swallow-worts [Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow)
Understanding in 2003, the Program is a partnership of state Barbar. and V. nigrum (L.) Moench] are nonnative,
agencies, not for profit organizations, and resident groups. perennial, herbaceous vines in the Apocynaceae that are
Partners developed an integrated management plan to expand invading natural areas in the northeastern U.S.A. and
partnerships with communities across the region and southeastern Canada. A classical biological control
inventory, map, monitor, and eradicate infestations to prevent program was initiated by the USDA-ARS in 2005 with the
the spread of certain targeted invasive species in the goal of providing sustainable and economical long-term
Adirondacks. Examples of target species include Alliaria suppression of these two aggressive species. This long-
petiolata, Fallopia japonica, Phragmites australis, Lythrum term management approach will complement the search
salicaria, Cynanchum spp., Myriophyllum spicatum, for effective short-term strategies, such as chemical and
Potamogeton crispus, and Trapa natans. Program successes mechanical control. The success of this biological control
include developing a regional volunteer monitoring program effort is dependent on the availability of plant
to detect aquatic invasive plants; recruiting and training 300 demographic data that can be modeled to determine which
staff and citizen volunteers to survey 205 lakes and ponds; swallow-wort life stage(s) may be most susceptible to
engaging 100 volunteers to inventory, map, and control control efforts. Thus, we initiated several field studies in
hundreds of terrestrial plant sites Park-wide; managing Central New York State that focused on gathering such
terrestrial invasive plants using best management practices data, including assessing (a) the degree and rate of
including biological, physical, and chemical control swallow-wort vegetative expansion of the in old-field
techniques; identifying research needs and pursuing projects to and/or forest environments and (b) seedling establishment
meet those needs; developing educational materials to increase success in habitats subjected to different disturbance
public awareness and a website www.adkinvasives.com to regimes. In the vegetative expansion study, the number of
facilitate information exchange; reaching more than 10,000 stems per plant did not change during two growing
individuals through presentations since 2004; and, leveraging seasons in the forested sites, but increased by 30% from
$1,100,000 since the program’s inception. Invasive species July 2005 to July 2007 in the old-field sites. First-year
management is most effective when addressed at the (2007) results from the seedling establishment study
landscape level with the synergy of diverse partnerships. The varied by site and type of disturbance. At the Hanshaw
APIPP has successfully incorporated this strategy by utilizing site, total seedling emergence was greater on mowed plots
the strengths of each Partner, organizing hundreds of (21%) than plots of other treatments: glyphosate + tilled
volunteers and approaching the daunting issue of invasive (4%), glyphosate only (7 %), and control (11%). Control
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plots had greater emergence than glyphosate + tilled plots. At precipitation levels were highly correlated with variation
the Mt. Pleasant site, total emergence in May 2007 was 18% in swallow-wort leaf size.
and did not differ between treatments. In September 2007, at
Mt. Pleasant, a better drained site located at a higher elevation 125. The Curse of Paterson’s Curse
than the Hanshaw site, survival was 73 and 88% of May and J. E. Pratley and A. N. Seal
June 2007 cohorts, respectively. At the Hanshaw site E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles
however, survival to September was 40 and 43% of May and Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia 2678
June 2007, respectively. Additional research on these two Email: jpratley@csu.edu.au
swallow-worts is focused on determining (a) resource
allocation patterns following the removal of aboveground Paterson’s curse (Echium plantagineum) was introduced
tissue at different intensities and frequencies, (b) the duration into Australia from Europe as a garden plant. It escaped
of the juvenile phase in habitats varying in light availability, from a garden near Albury in southern NSW because the
and (c) seed survival at different soil depths. garden was adjacent to a travelling stock reserve and now
covers a large part of the temperate (southern) part of the
124. Studies on the Ecology and Allelopathic Potential of continent. It often occurs as a totally dominating plant
Black and Pale Swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum nigrum and community and is considered one of Australia’s worst
rossicum) in New York State USA pasture weeds. It is an enigma in that its pollen produces
Cameron Douglass1, Leslie A. Weston2 and Antonio the finest quality honey yet it is toxic to grazing livestock,
DiTommaso1 particularly in their second year of grazing. This is due to
1
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, its content of pyrrolizidine alkaloids which accumulate
Ithaca NY, 14853 USA progressively in the livers of affected animals. Preliminary
2
Charles Sturt University, E H Graham Research Centre, tests suggest that Paterson’s curse exudes allelochemicals,
Wagga Wagga NSW Australia. most likely alkaloids, which interfere with the growth and
Email: leslieweston20@gmail.com development of neighbouring plants and give this weed a
competitive advantage for its invasion of pastures and
Black and pale swallow-wort are invasive perennial vines that rangelands. We will briefly discuss the biology and
were introduced to estates and botanical gardens in North ecology of Paterson’s curse in southern Australia and
America as novel plants of interest in the 19th century. possible strategies for management of this invasive pasture
Recently, these species have become invasive throughout New weed.
York, Ontario, Quebec and New England states. Our research
sought to: 1) develop an empirical basis for the role that 126. Parthenium hysterophorus L Invasion and
allelopathy might play in the competitive ability of these Allelopathy in Nepal
species, and 2) evaluate both morphological and genetic PK Jha, BB Shrestha, S Maharjan, S Joshi and B Timsina
diversity of swallow-wort populations collected from across Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University,
New York. We collected swallow-wort seeds and studied Kathmandu Nepal
populations from numerous habitats across New York, Email: pkjhaprof@gmail.com
including open fields and forest understory. Significant
variation in swallow-wort growth and morphology was Parthenium hysterophorus L was first reported in Nepal in
observed in both species, and range of infestation was broad 1967 but it remained unnoticed until the end of twentieth
but different for both species and nearly converged in several century. In the last decade, it has spread extensively in
locations. Results from laboratory agar and Petri dish assays mid hills and terai plains, particularly in urban cities such
showed that while swallow-wort root exudates, particularly as Kathmandu, Pokhara, Hetaunda and Butwal, posing a
those of the pale species, were capable of causing significant serious threat to native species, livestock and human
root length reductions and germination inhibition in both health. Currently, this species has invaded around 30% of
’introduced’ and ‘natural’ bioassay indicator species, swallow- fallow lands (grasslands and roadside areas) in the
wort species did not exhibit comparatively greater allelopathic Kathmandu valley, indicating its high rate of spread. To
abilities than the closely related milkweed. Allelopathic understand its invasive ecology, its distribution,
toxicity by swallow-wort root exudates and tissue leachates reproductive biology, phenology, leaf attributes and
may not play a substantive role in competitive plant-plant allelopathic effects have been studied in Kathmandu
interactions in which the invasive swallow-wort species are (location: 85۫ 10’ to 85۫ 32’ E, 27۫ 28’ to 27۫ 34’ N, alt.
clearly superior in field settings. Molecular marker-based 1350 – 1500 m). The vegetative phase exists for about
comparison among local populations of both species showed four weeks and reproductive phase for about 12-16 weeks
consistent and significant interspecies variation but very little in each individual plant. Monsoon is the main growing
intraspecies variation among populations across New York. season (May to September) but the plant could germinate,
Our preliminary results from molecular marker-based studies flower and produce seed throughout the year at moist
suggest that genetic diversity levels among invasive swallow- localities. The remaining plants were found in the
wort populations in New York are lower than might be flowering stage in most months during the year. Seed
expected given the multiple introductions of swallow-worts in production was prolific (12-16 weeks) and seed output of
North America over an extended period of time. Principal individual plants collected in August ranged from 1392 to
components analysis of morphology, soil and climate factors 3864 seeds/plant. The plant has replaced native palatable
indicated that variation in mean plant height between sites was species such as Acrachne racemosa (Heyne) Ohwi.,
strongly correlated with soil pH and Mg levels at the site, and Trifolium repens L., Imperata sp., Chrysopogan
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1
aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Sporobolus sp. and Dactyloctenium E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a
aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. Among the bioassay test species, collaborative alliance between Charles Sturt University
crucifers appeared to be more sensitive to allelopathic and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga
inhibition of P. hysterophorus to seed germination. Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
2
Negative impact to human and livestock health (e.g. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,
allergy, bittering of milk products) has been already noticed China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
in some urban cities such as Hetauda. Currently, none of Email: man@csu.edu.au
the proposed control measures has been implemented by
government authorities to mitigate the impact of invasion Australia is facing severe challenges related to chemical
of P. hysterophorus. options for effective control of certain crop weeds.
Alternative means are urgently required to address this
127. Allelopathic Potential as an Interference Strategy of issue. Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess
the Invader Weed Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Itchgrass) the effectiveness of density-dependent crop allelopathy in
Silvia M. Contreras-Ramos1, Luc Dendooven2, and Ana Luisa weed control and to examine associated root mechanisms
Anaya1 by using wheat-annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)
1
Laboratorio de Alelopatía. Departamento de Ecología interaction as a model system. It was found that
Funcional. Instituto de Ecología. Universidad Nacional increasing density of wheat plants with strong allelopathic
Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, 04510 México, potential could increase wheat competitiveness and
D.F. significantly inhibit the growth and development of
2
Laboratorio de Ecología de Suelos, Departamento de annual ryegrass. There was an upper density threshold for
Biotecnología y Bioingeniería. Centro de Investigación y maximum weed suppression, which was influenced by
Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto wheat cultivar. By examining the associated root
Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, 07360 México interaction, it was found that both total root length and
Email: alanaya@ecologia.unam.mx total root surface area of ryegrass steadily decreased as
the wheat density increased, while the average root
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) (itchgrass) is an annual diameter of ryegrass steadily increased. Annual ryegrass
tropical weed grass very competitive that invades agricultural roots consisted of fibrous roots with diameters ranging
fields in different countries. Itchgrass is aggressive causing between 0.0001 and 0.6mm. Their distribution and
serious problems in the different crop fields that invade and it dominance was uneven and wheat density dependent. At a
is considered one of the 12 worst weeds in the world. lower wheat density (0-10 plants/container) the dominant
However, there is little information about its allelopathic root diameter of annual ryegrass (>60% of roots) was
potential and the effects of decomposition of its organic matter between 0.001 and 0.2 mm. As wheat density increased
(leaves and roots) on microbial soil processes such as the percentage was gradually dominated by the root
nitrification. We investigated the allelopathic potential of R. diameter between 0.2 and 0.4 mm, up to 50%. It was
cochinchinensis that invades maize and sugar cane fields postulated that increased root diameter and decreased root
along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. This weed was length and surface area might have resulted from strong
collected in an Experimental Agricultural Field in Cotaxtla, allelopathic effects from a significant quantity of
Veracruz, Mexico. In vitro bioassays with leachates (1%) from allelochemicals exuded from wheat plant roots at high
fresh and dry entire leaves, primary and secondary roots were densities. This might have ultimately led to the
performed to test their effects on the root growth of five test suppression of annual ryegrass growth and development.
plants using non-germinated and pre-germinated seeds. Further examination on chemical association is currently
Results showed in general that Echinochloa crus-galli was the under the way. Those results suggest that density-
most sensitive test plant to the phytotoxicity of all leachates of dependent crop allelopathy may have agronomic potential
Rottboellia. Leachates of leaves and secondary roots (both to contribute to integrated weed management programs
fresh and dry) produced the strongest root growth inhibition for the effective control of weeds in field.
on the three maize varieties. Amaranthus root growth was
more inhibited by fresh Rottboellia material. In addition, we 129. Is the Allelochemical Parthenin Responsible for
performed an aerobic incubation with soil moistened with the Invasiveness of Parthenium hysterophorus L.?
leachates (2%) from dry entire leaves or dry secondary roots, Carl Reinhardt1, Regina Belz2 & Karl Hurle2
1
and amended with dry leaves or dry roots (2%) to evaluate Department of Plant Production and Soil Science,
their effect on nitrification. We evaluated ammonium, nitrite University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
2
and nitrate concentrations and microbial respiration during 56 University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine,
days. Our study is a contribution to the knowledge of the Department of Weed Science, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
allelopathic potential of invasive itchgrass as a more Email: Charlie.Reinhardt@up.ac.za
advantageous interference strategy of this grass weed in
Mexican crop fields. Parthenium hysterophorus L. (parthenium) is a
particularly successful alien invader plant in many
128. Density-dependent Crop Allelopathy: Effectiveness moderate and warm climate countries around the world. It
for Weed Control, Associated Root Interaction and belongs to the Asteraceae family (tribe Heliantheae) and
Morphology Changes originates from around the Gulf of Mexico including the
M. An1, C.J. Li2, and J. Pratley1 West Indies and presumably central Argentina. The fast
spread and rapid dominance of native vegetation by this
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weed are attributed to its rapid growth rate, high fecundity, of 1% extracts of A. philoxeroides, the root growth of the
competitive ability and allelopathic effects. Numerous studies lettuce was inhibited by 80.7%, significantly higher than
have given allelopathy a potential role in the invasiveness of the treatment of 1% extracts of A. sessilis (48.1%); the
parthenium. The sesquiterpene lactone parthenin has been shoot growth of the lettuce was inhibited by 38.1%, with
described as a major phytotoxin biosynthesized by parthenium inhibition greater than the treatment of 1% extracts of A.
and a role in allelopathy is presumed. However, phytotoxicity, sessilis (21.9%); however, no significant differences were
concentration and location of parthenin in plants represent observed. Similarly, with the concentrations of extracts of
only part of the knowledge needed to ascribe the compound an A. philoxeroides increasing, the rate of inhibition of
ecological role. Further important factors determining lettuce root growth was increased significantly, and the
allelopathic effects of parthenin in nature are its biosynthesis, values were 8.8%, 18.5%, 25.7% and 80.7% under the
bioavailability, phytotoxicity and persistence in soil. Our treatments of 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% of 70%
studies identified capitate-sessile trichomes on leaves as the alcohol extracts of A. philoxeroides, respectively. Our
main source of parthenin in P. hysterophorus; they contain results suggest that A. philoxeroides is an exotic invasive
almost 100 % parthenin which represents 2.4 % of fresh weed with allelopathic potential.
weight. Parthenin contributed between 16 and 100 % to
overall phytotoxicity of aqueous leaf extracts. In dose- 131. Allelopathic Effects of an Invasive Species
response bioassays, plant species differed considerably in their Solidago canadensis on Soilborne Pathogens:
sensitivity towards leaf extracts and to pure parthenin. Despite Implication of an Alternative Explanation for Plant
a fast degradation rate in soil (average DT50 59 h), parthenin Invasion
was phytotoxic in soil bioassays with ED50 values for growth Shanshan Zhang, Guodong Yu, Jianjun Tang, Xin Chen
inhibition ranging from 140-600 µg/g soil depending on soil College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
type used. Parthenium biotypes from around the world showed 310058
diversity in sesquiterpene lactone production (parthenin, Email: chen-tang@zju.edu.cn
coronopilin, tetraneurin-A), which may account for
differences in interference capacity based on allelopathic Recent studies have suggested that invasive plants had
effects. Results indicate that parthenin may require high plant significant effects on soil pathogens and in turn had
densities of parthenium biotypes that produce high levels of significant effects on the process of plant invasion.
parthenin and soils with low degradation capacity for However, how invasive plants directly affect soil
parthenin to contribute to the invasiveness of P. hysterophorus pathogens was less well known. We conducted four
in nature. experiments to test the hypothesis that invasive plant
species may affect soilborne pathogens through exudation
130. Comparison of Allelopathy Potential between an of allelochemicals by using the invasive plant Solidago
Exotic Invasive Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides and a canadensis L., a common native plant Kummerowia
Local Weed A. sessilis striata (Thunb.) Schindl and two common soilborne
Zhou Yong-jun1, Yoshiharu Fujii2, Yu Liu-qing1*, Zhang Jian- pathogens Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solain as our
ping1, Lu Yong-liang1, Xuan Song-nan1 model system. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
1
State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice which is sensitive to soil pathogens was used to indicate
Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China pathogenic activity of the pathogens. In experiment 1 and
2
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Tsukuba 2 (in situ test), seedling mortality and damping-off of
305-8604, Japan potato with both pathogens was reduced when using the
Email: zhyj88888@163.com soil in which S. canadensis was grown compared to that
from which K. striata was grown, implying that S.
This study aimed to estimate the allelopathic potential of canadensis soils possessed but K. striata did not possess
Alternanthera philoxeroides by two methods: the sandwich allelopathic effects on soil pathogens through root and
method and the bioassay method. A native Chinese weed A. rhizome exudation. In experiment 3 and 4, extracts from
sessilis was used as a comparative control. Under the roots and rhizomes of S. canadensis significantly
treatment of 50 mg of leaves of A. philoxeroides, the root suppressed the growth and pathogenic activity (in terms of
growth of the lettuce and barnyardgrass was inhibited by 81% seedling mortality and damping-off of potato) of both
and 51%, respectively, and shoot growth by 49% and 48%, pathogens, providing direct evidence of allelopathic
respectively, all of which were significantly greater than the effects on these pathogens from S. canadensis. From our
contro1. However, there were no significant differences present experimental results, we suggest that invasive
compared to that of the treatment with A. sessilis. The plant species may acquire advantages in non-native areas
inhibition rate on the root length of barnyardgrass was 54% on by using “novel weapons” to inhibit local natural enemies,
average under the treatment using the root of A. philoxeroides, including soil pathogens.
much higher than that of the treatments of its stem and leaf. In
addition, with the dose of A. philoxeroides increasing, the 132. Evaluation of Invasive Alien Plants by Modified
inhibition rate against the root growth of lettuce was enhanced FAO-WRA (2005): Importance of Allelopathy in Weed
significantly, and the values were 54%, 61% and 83% with the Risk Assessment
treatments of 10 mg, 30 mg and 50 mg leaf of A. Yoshiharu Fujii , Syunji Kurokawa, and Syuntaro Hiradate
1
philoxeroides, respectively. Various concentrations of the 70% National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science,
alcohol extracts from A. philoxeroides were bioassayed with Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
A. sessilis used as a comparative control. Under the treatment Email: yfujii@affrc.go.jp
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purposes, tolerant to water stress and affected by drought
Risk assessment of invasive alien plants of Category No. 1 conditions only when they are particularly severe. The
(the most invasive plants in Japan under the Invasive Alien methanol extract of P. angustifolia was investigated as a
Species Act (2005)) was conducted using the WRA (Weed source of potentially phytotoxic compounds. It had a high
Risk Assessment) scoring technique recommended by FAO total phenol content and contained secoiridoids. The
(2005). Five plants, Pistia stratiotes L. var. cuneata Engler, characterization of the most abundant phenolic compound
Alternanthera philloxeroides Griseb., Sicyos angulatus L., indicated the presence of oleuropein. Identification of
Hydrocotyle ranumculoides L.f., and Gymnocoronis other compounds was only feasible after isolation and
spilanthoides DC. showed the highest scores. Four of these NMR spectroscopic characterization. The compounds
plants, with the exception of Alternanthera philloxeroides, identified included oleuropein aglycone, verbascoside,
have already entered Japan and are now widely spreading ligstroside, and similar derivatives. The findings are
along rivers and near ponds. Although Alternanthera promising for the potential exploitation of P. angustifolia
philloxeroides is not yet widespread globally, its serious extract as a source for bioactive ingredients. Their
invasion in China prompted us to alert the Japanese subsequent phytotoxic properties will be determined on
Government. We have also evaluated the risk of the 100 most the cultivated species L. sativa, using a range of
invasive plants in Japan, tentatively announced by the concentrations between 10-4 and 10-7 M.
Ministry of Environment. Plants with highest scores are:
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub., Paspalum 134. Allelopathic Assessment of Annual Ryegrass
distichum L. var. distichum , Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) (Lolium rigidum) by Root Exudate Bioassay
de Wit, Robinia pseudacacia L. , Dactylis glomerata L. Iris R. Amini1, M. An2 and J. Pratley2
1
pseudoacorus L. Datura sp. , Salvinia molesta Mitch. and Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,
Egeria densa (Planch.) St. John.The FAO-WRA technique University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2
evaluates the plant based on 13 factors. We further developed E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a
the technique considering the allelopathic potential, and then collaborative alliance between Charles Sturt University
recalculated the scores of all the above- evaluated species. We and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga
also evaluated the importance of each factor through statistical Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
analysis. Two factors, “Parasitic weed” and “viable seeds” are Email: man@csu.edu.au
not correlated with the final results. Important factors with
high contributions are “Distributed by human activities, Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is the Australia’s worst
0.547”, “Allelopathy, 0.497”, “Propagation by vegetative invasive weed of temperate crop production. The first
organs, 0.455”, “The same species are also weeds, 0.446”. worldwide incidence of evolved resistance to the herbicide
Omitting the two factors with limited correlation and Roundup was identified in annual ryegrass (Pratley, 1996).
combining the allelopathic factor, a modified FAO–WRA However, the mechanisms for its wider proliferation and
technique with 10 factors was developed. With this, we have successful invasion largely remain unknown. It has been
evaluated 600 potential alien plants and screened potential long suspected that annual ryegrass may possess strong
invasive alien plants. allelopathic potential due to the conclusive evidence of
allelochemical involvement by its close relatives perennial
133. Phillyrea angustifolia as a Source of Potentially ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca spp.).
Phytotoxic Compounds A laboratory-based root exudate bioassay was conducted
Marina Della Greca, Lucio Previtera, Raffaella Purcaro, and to assess the allelopathic potential of annual ryegrass
Armando Zarrelli against wheat plants. It was found that living annual
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dip. di Chimica ryegrass seedlings severely suppressed the seedling
Organica e Biochimica, Via Cinthia 4 80126 Napoli, Italy growth of wheat plants, and the inhibition was ryegrass
Email: dellagre@unina.it density dependent. At an equal density, the wheat
inhibition was up to 40% while, at higher density of
Until recently, it was generally held that in the Mediterranean annual ryegrass seedlings, the growth of wheat plants was
Basin post-fire vegetation composition returned directly to the completely suppressed. Addition of activated charcoal to
pre-fire state even after recurrent disturbances by fire. the growth media significantly alleviated the suppression
Disturbance by fire is purported to be an ancient ecological, of wheat plant growth, up to 40%, indicating the large
whether natural or man-made, factor influencing the quantity of biologically active compounds released from
Mediterranean vegetation of Southern Europe. This high annual ryegrass living roots. Large varietal differences
degree of vegetation resilience was explained by the were also found among wheat varieties for their tolerance
adaptation of species to frequent historical fire occurrence. In towards annual ryegrass allelopathy. Among the four
the last few years, however, the idea of strong vegetation varieties assessed, variety ww14921 showed the most
resilience was criticized as local observations provided sensitive response, while the other varieties, ie. Janz,
evidence for changes in vegetation composition after fire Sunco, and Vertura, demonstrated strong tolerance to the
events. It has been suggested that some plants take the upper annual ryegrass allelopathy. Those results indicate that
hand due to strong allelopathic action through the production annual ryegrass allelopathy plays an important role in its
and release of secondary phytotoxic metabolites. One of the strong competitiveness against crop plants. Full
most aggressive plants in this region is Phillyrea angustifolia, understanding of annual ryegrass allelopathy will help
a native Mediterranean evergreen sclerophillous species, form integrated weed management programs for its
which has recently been considered suitable for landscaping effective control.
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the first product formed in the biodegradation pathway.
135. Rosmarinic Acid as Potent Allelochemical from Tissue culture of guarana produced predominately
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L) theobromine, whereas that of coffee produced largely
Yoshiharu Fujii 1*, Zahida Iqbal 1, 2, Habib Nasir1, 2, Akihoro caffeine. A mixed plant cell culture from Coffea arabica
Furubayashi1, and Syuntaro Hiradate1 and Paullinia cupana was placed side by side and
1
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Tsukuba incubated for 3 months. A marked increase in caffeine
305-8604, Japan and a concomitant decrease in theobromine were found as
2
University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, compared to the coffee and guarana controls. The high
Pakistan concentration of caffeine and other compounds produced
Email: yfujii@affrc.go.jp by these tissue cultures are associated with autotoxicity in
both species. It is known that theobromine is the
Symphytum officinale, commonly known as comfrey, belongs immediate precursor of caffeine and this conversion was
to family Boraginaceae. The plant grows very quickly, catalyzed by caffeine synthase. Based on the above
producing a lot of biomass. It is tolerant of being cut several observation, a mixed plant cell culture from Coffea
times a year. This plant is a native herb of Eurasia and often arabica and Paullinia cupana was established to observe
invades other places. S. officinale is widely consumed as a if the Coffea arabica cells take up theobromine produced
medicinal herb for the treatment of various illnesses. Many by the Paullinia cupana cells for conversion to caffeine.
compounds have so far been isolated which might account for In the mixed culture, the coffee tissue grew faster but
the therapeutic value of S. officinale, however none of these exhibited increased brittleness. The mixed culture showed
studies has focused on its allelopathic potential. S. officinale that the guarana/coffee interface served as a conduit for
showed strong plant growth inhibitory activity on lettuce using theobromine/caffeine biosynthesis through caffeine
the Plant Box Method. The results revealed that it releases synthase. In September 2006, we visited Galapagos
some allelochemicals, which resulted in growth inhibition of Islands and evaluated the allelopathic activity of these
neighboring plants. Total activity guided extraction and species by using the Sandwich method. Coffea arabica
separation led to the isolation and purification of an active leaves showed strong inhibitory activity upon Acacia,
constituent which inhibited the growth of lettuce and three Cordia and Brugmansia. Coffea arabica may become an
other common weeds. The crude ethanol extract of leaves of S. invasive tree in Galapagos Islands if allowed to escape
officinale showed inhibitory effects, and this inhibitory from plantations.
activity was noted in the subsequent ethyl acetate soluble
fraction and was purified successively using reversed phase 137. An Ivestigation into the Allelopathic Potential of
silica gel chromatography. Chromatographic separation of this Two Invasive Alien Species of Balsam (Impatiens)
fraction on lobar column using methanol-water yielded a pure Found in the UK, using the Plant Box and Dish Pack
compound identified as rosmarinic acid. Inhibitory activity of Methods
rosmarinic acid on the root elongation of lettuce seedlings was Owen Smith 1, Yoshiharu Fujii 2
1
noted and 200 uM concentration of rosmarinic acid was School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth,
required to inhibit the root growth of lettuce seedlings by 50 UK
2
%. The dose required for 50 % growth inhibition of National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences,
Amaranthus hypochondriacas, Brassica campestris and Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Phleum pretense was 200-277 uM. Plant growth inhibitory Email: owen.smith1@plymouth.ac.uk
activities of comfrey were evaluated in the field. Compared to
other ground cover plants, comfrey showed potent weed The genus Impatiens in the UK includes one native and
suppression activity. This practical weed suppression may several introduced species. The native species, I. noli-
prove useful as a ground cover plant to suppress weeds, but as tangere, is uncommon, with a limited distribution. Two
an invasive plant, comfrey also has the potential to become a Asian species I. parviflora and I. glandulifera are the most
noxious weed that could become dominant in agroecosystems. common, with I. glandulifera being considered one of
the UK’s top three weeds in terms of its visual impact.
136. Demonstration of Allelopathy in Tissue Culture of The Dish Pack method produced 40% inhibition of radicle
Coffee and Guarana: Plant Cells Communicate through growth in the case of I. glandulifera at a rate of 1mg of
Production of Caffeine as an Autotoxic Allelochemical in dried leaf/ml agar and 70% at 5mg dried leaf /ml agar. In
Mixed Culture the case of Impatiens parviflora the corresponding figures
George R. Waller 1 , Zahida Iqbal2, and Yoshiharu Fujii 2* were 10% and 40%. In some instances the dried leaves
1
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA produced an orange pigment that diffused into the agar.
2
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Tsukuba This was more pronounced in the case of I. glandulifera
305-8604, Japan than in I. parviflora. In the Plant Box method, living roots
Email: yfujii@affrc.go.jp embedded in low temperature agar produced a large
degree of inhibition in lettuce radicle elongation, with both
Caffeine is a naturally occurring, allelopathic compound found I.glandulifera and I.parviflora species causing
in a variety of plants: Coffea [coffee], Paullinia [guarana], approximately 80% inhibition of radicle elongation.
Camellia [tea], Ilex [maté], Cola and Theobroma [cacao]. Orange staining of the agar again took place, with this
Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis were used to elucidate being more pronounced in I.glandulifera than I.
the pathway for the metabolism of caffeine which has parviflora. The orange staining may be due to the
theobromine as the immediate precursor and theophylline as exudation of lawsone, one of the naphthoquinones found
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in both of these Impatiens species. Naphthoquinones are a These results suggest further investigation into the role of
group of biologically active compounds which are known to allelopathy in the spread of alien invasive balsam species
have anti-microbial and allelopathic properties. Both species is warranted.
are powerful inhibitors of lettuce seedling development.
Main Topic 8: Interactions in the rhizosphere

Intercropping and rotation cropping systems have been
138. The Rhizosphere – The Hidden Half of the Hidden practiced in China for more than 2000 years. This
Half presentation summarized main research works on
Markus Puschenreiter and Walter W. Wenzel rhizosphere processes in recent 20 years. Research on
University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences - interspecific relationships, especially below-ground
BOKU, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Peter-Jordan interactions between intercropped species showed that
Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. interspecific rhizosphere effect is influencing the
E-mail: markus.puschenreiter@boku.ac.at efficiency of Phosphorous uptake, resulting in higher
productivity of efficient and inefficient P species due to
The few millimetres of soil surrounding the plant roots are intercropping. For instance, faba bean can utilize sparingly
termed “rhizosphere”. While roots represent the hidden half of soluble P, which resulted from increased exudation of
entire plants, the microenvironment around roots constituting organic acids and elevated rhizosphere acidification.
the rhizosphere has been referred to as the “hidden half of the Chickpea uses organic P more efficiently than maize does,
hidden half”, bearing numerous secrets yet not completely which derived from higher acid phosphatase activity in the
revealed. In spite of its limited volume the rhizosphere plays a rhizosphere. Furthermore, interspecific below-ground
key role in controlling the soil-plant relationship. Rhizosphere interactions benefit to N2 fixation of legumes intercropped
soil differs largely from the bulk soil and represents the with cereals. Wheat-maize rotation frequently suffers from
microenvironment in which root activities and soil properties nutrient stresses due to low temperature and drought at
closely interact. Plant-microbe relationships ranging from early stage and root senescence at late stage. Our studies
symbiosis to parasitism as well as microbial population found that rhizosphere management by localized nutrient
dynamics are also influenced by these particular conditions. supply and application of root-promotion techniques
Availability and uptake of nutrients are largely controlled by significantly enhanced the resistance of seedlings to stress
soil conditions in the rhizosphere and the bioavailability of and increased nutrient uptake. Harmonising nutrient
pollutants may differ substantially from that in the bulk soil. supply and the plants demand at different growth stages
The rhizosphere is an extremely dynamic environment through root-zone or rhizosphere nutrient management is a
characterised by numerous feedback processes linking key step for developing sustainable crop production. The
phenomena in the biosphere with processes in the pedosphere. rice-wheat rotation system is a long-established major
The high complexity of a multitude of plant-induced, cereal cropping system with total area of 10 to 13 million
microbial, soil physical and chemical processes linked to each ha in China. However, it is difficult to meet the nutrient
other and occurring simultaneously at a micro-scale makes (particularly micronutrient) requirement by both rice and
rhizosphere research an extremely difficult task. In particular, wheat crops during the continuous wet and dry cycles.
access to study these processes and phenomena in situ is Manganese deficiency in wheat is a typical nutrient
limited as they occur below-ground and separation of the constraint for this cropping system which could be
components involved, such as roots, root hairs, soil solid ameliorated by managing crops, soil and nutrients
phase, soil solution, gaseous phase and microbes, is very differently so as to promote rhizosphere processes that are
challenging in respect of experimental designs and more favourable and enhance crop yield. When Mn is
technology. Rhizosphere research can represent an essential deficient in the topsoil, sufficient Mn supply in the subsoil
tool to enhance agriculture practices and to improve is crucial to improve the growth and uptake by wheat.
technologies employed to remediate contaminated sites. Through extending the range of rhizosphere, for example,
Sustainable agriculture may benefit from rhizosphere research deep plough is a useful measure to overcome wheat Mn
for the aspect regarding the management of nutrient deficiency and increase total productivity in the whole
availability and the biological disease control. Phyto- and bio- rice-wheat system. The rhizosphere is also a hotspot where
remediation technologies may benefit of an improved intensive interactions between plant roots and
knowledge on the processes that regulate availability, uptake microorganisms occur. In a continuous soybean
and degradation of the pollutants in the rhizosphere. monocropping system, both soybean root exudates and
allelochemicals released during decomposition of soybean
139. Rhizosphere Processes and Interactions in Cropping residues resulted in a significant change of soil microbial
Systems in China community and, consequently, the growth and
F. S. Zhang, J. G. Wang, C. H Kong, J. B. Shen, X. J. Liu and development of successive soybean crops were inhibited.
L. Li Similarly, there are chemical interactions between rice and
College of Resources and Environmental sciences, China soil organisms in the rhizosphere to mention. In particular,
Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China allelopathic rice varieties could modify soil
E-mail: zhangfs@cau.edu.cn microorganisms to their advantage through release of root
exudates, and the capacity of rice root exudates to affect
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soil microbes could be attributed to some of their individual respective aglycone. The released substances will undergo
components. The concentration and fate of discriminating different chemical reactions caused by microorganisms
allelochemicals between allelopathic and non-alleloparhic present in the soil, especially in the rhizosphere. These
varieties in rice soil would result in the different pattern of could be degradation and inactivation or transformation
microbial population and community structure in paddy into a more active metabolite. This phenomenon was
ecosystem. previously observed and described for Benzoxazinones
from wheat which had been transformed into higher active
140. Fate of Phytotoxic Allelochemicals Produced by and more stable Amino-phenoxazinoids. Current
Cyperus rotundus in Environment and Change of Their investigations now focus on the so called alien invasive
Phytotoxicity species (AIS), plants known to be harmful to the native
Masanori Morimoto flora in central Europe due to high allelopathic activity.
Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Kinki University, 3327-204 Since many allelochemicals are expected to become
Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan transformed within minutes and may be unstable even
E-mail: masanori@nara.kindai.ac.jp under sterile conditions, special experimental setups were
developed within this project to screen for inhibition
The phytotoxic allelochemicals released from Cyperus effects. Biological activity was investigated by applying
rotundus L. are sesquiterpene ketones, α-cyperone and and optimizing biotests with several aquatic and terrestrial
cyperotundone. Knowledge about their localisation in the organisms and by analytical follow up using HPLC-MS
rhizosphere and environmantal fate is crucial for explaining and molecular biological techniques. Even if causality
allelopathy in a habitat. Therefore, α-cyperone and between microbial population, transformation and
cyperotundone and corresponding precursor hydrocarbons, β- biological activity could be confirmed, some initial
selinene and cyperene were investigated by environmental questions remain open and some new arose. One of the
stability test and evaluation of oxidative products for most influential is: what is the ecological impact of
phytotoxicity against lettuce seedlings. All of them were not allelochemicals released to soil?
stable under the light oxidative condition, they gave
corresponding oxidative products. Phytotoxic sesquiterpene 142. Role of Root-mediated Allelopathy in the
ketone, α-cyperone was easy to oxidize within 8 days and its Rhizosphere of Ageratum conyzoides
oxidative products completely disappeared phytotoxicity Daizy R. Batish1, Shalinder Kaur1, H.P.Singh2 and
against lettuce seedlings. Similarly, non-phytotoxic precursor, R.K.Kohli2
1
β-selinene also converted to high polar products under the Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh –
light oxidative condition. Meanwhile, cyperotundone was 160014, India
2
more stable than α-cyperone under the light oxidative Centre for Environment and Vocational Studies,
condition, but it was completely transformed by Aspergillus Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh –
niger within 10 days. Though, oxidative products of 160014, India.
cyperotundone decreased its phytotoxicity, oxidative product E-mail: daizybatish@yahoo.com
of α-cyperone did not show phytotoxicity. Oxidative products
from both of their precursors also did not show phytotoxicity. Rhizosphere – a zone surrounding the plant roots is an
The major oxidative product from α-cyperone was identified active site where a number of root-mediated interactions
as α-cyperone-13-ol based on spectroscopic data. On the other, occur. Most allelopathic interactions that influence
artificial oxidative compounds from cyperotundone showed growth, establishment and productivity of other plants also
various effects on lettuce seedlings. One of them inhibited p- occur in this zone. In fact, root secreted exudates, root
hydroxyphenylpyruvate-dioxygenase acted on the biosynthetic residues or leachates accumulated in this zone have a
pathway of carotenoids and plastquinones. Consequently, light marked effect on other plants. It is thus very important to
oxidation of them was disadvantage for the plant growth establish allelopathic effect of rhizosphere soil and plant
inhibitor in this study, but a lot of phytotoxins are oxidized roots. Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae), an aromatic,
and these are critical moiety for phytotoxic property. It is annual invasive weed from tropical America, has
required to observe the multi-organism participated and naturalized various tropical and sub-tropical parts of the
inorganic chemical conversion. world, particularly South East Asia including India. The
present study investigated the effect of its rhizosphere soil,
141. The Role of Soil Microorganisms in Transformation root residues and leachates on crops such as Brassica
and Activity Change of Allelochemicals from Selected campestris, Raphanus sativus, Triticum aestivum, Cicer
Plants arietinum, Phaseolus aureus and Oryza sativa. A drastic
Ines Fritz, Denise Schneider, Dominic Funk, Marcus reduction in root and shoot length and biomass
Pruckner, Michaela Bauer, Rudolf Braun accumulation of crops was observed in the rhizosphere
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Department IFA-Tulln, soil indicating the presence of putative allelochemicals in
Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria. the soil. Growth of test crops was also retarded when root
E-mail: ines.fritz@boku.ac.at residues of A. conyzoides were amended in the soil at 5 to
20 g kg–1 soil. In general, growth of crops declined with
In many cases Allelochemicals are transported and stored increasing amount of root residues in soil. Growth
inside the plant as a less active variant, e.g. as glycoside. reduction in crops occurred despite addition of activated
Activation may be initialised by an external stimulant, mostly charcoal or supplementation of nitrogen in the soil.
catalysed by the plant, e.g. by hydrolysis and release of the Rhizosphere soil as well as soil amended with root
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residues or leachates possessed higher amount of organic higher than that in own-rooted seedlings, and also that in
matter and macro- and micro-nutrients compared to control grafted seedlings which susceptible cultivars were grafted
soil ruling out the possibility of their deprivation resulting in on pumpkin rootstock was significantly lower than that in
observed growth reduction. On the other hand, various own-rooted seedlings. Moreover, asparagine, methionine,
phenolic acids were identified as putative allelochemicals leucine, glutamic acid and phenylalanine promoted the
from the rhizosphere and root-amended soils. The study growth and development of Fusarium oxysporum
concludes that rhizosphere soil of A. conyzoides is rendered f.sp.nevium at concentration of 1.2 g·L-1 or more; but
phytotoxic owing to the presence of phenolic allelochemicals methionine and phenylalanine inhibited the growth and
released from its root residues and through leachates. development of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.nevium at
concentration of 0.6 g·L-1 or less.
143. Allelochemical Interactions in the Rhizoshpere
C. H. Kong 145. Analysis of the Structure and its Function of
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Microbial Flora in the Rhizospheric Soil Mediated by
Shenyang 110016, China and College of Resources and Allelopathic and Non-allelopathic Rice Accessions
Environmental sciences, China Agricultural University, Long Qiu1,2, Jun Xiong1,2, Yue e Zhuang2, Kaihui Hu2,
Beijing 100093, China. Wenxiong Lin1,2
1
E-mail: kongch@iae.ac.cn Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology,
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), C/O
The root-soil interface, particularly in the rhizosphere, is the Ministry of Education China
2
key site of occurring chemical interactions between plants and Institute of Agroecology C/O School of Life Sciences,
soil animals, soil microbes or other plants. Chemical FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China
interactions between plants and other organisms in the Email: wenxiong181@163.com
rhizosphere are mediated by allelochemicals in root exudates.
Rhizosphere interactions between plants and other organisms Plant allelopathy is a rhizosphere biological process and
depend on the concentrations and types of allelochemicals in rhizosphere microorganisms are the most active species
root exudates. Clarification of the allelochemicals and their lived in soil. In order to shed light on the rhizosphere
transformation as well function would be helpful to improve biological character of allelopathy, the structure and
our understanding of chemical interactions and cross talk in function of microorganism population in the rhizosphere
the rhizosphere. This presentation aims to outline recent mediated by different allelopathic potential rice accessions
advances in allelochemical interactions in the rhizosphere by were analyzed using cultivable and uncultivable methods.
studying the case of between rice and other organisms in The results showed that the microbial diversity in
paddy ecosystems, including (a) key allelochemicals exuded rhizosphere of allelopathic rice PI312777 was
from allelopathic rice variety, (b) the dynamics of rice significantly higher than that in its counterpart Lemont.
allelochemicals and their transformation in rhizosphere and Concretely, allelopathic rice PI312777 promoted nutrient
bulk soils, (c) mobility and diffusion of rice allelochemicals cycle in soil compared with Lemont, performing the larger
through soil solution, (d) the fate and interactions between rice number of ammonifier, nitrate bacteria, aerobic
allelochemicals and soil microorganisms. These results Azotobacter, and sulphate reducer, and higher activities of
provided limited information to help in understanding of how urease, phosphatase and sucrase. Furthermore, the results
allelopathic rice works in paddy ecosystems. obtained from T-RFLP analysis showed that there existed
some special bacterial population in the rhizosphere of
144. Studies on Composition of Amino Acids in allelopathic rice PI312777, such as Burkholderia, a kind
Watermelon Root Exudates and Their Effects on Growth of plant growth promote bacteria (PGPB), and
and Development of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.nevium Azospirillum, which is a kind of joint symbiotic nitrogen-
Bo Liu, Fengzhi Wu, Yang Yang, and Xuezheng Wang fixing microorganism with grass family. On the whole,
Horticulture College, Northeast Agricultural University, allelopathic rice appeared to promote the healthy
Harbin, 150030, China rhizosphere biological process, in turn ensued its healthy
Email: fzwu2006@yahoo.com.cn growth and development. In addition, some interesting
microbes such as Streptomyces (158bp) and Rhodococcus
Taking resistant, susceptible watermelon cultivars and (163bp) were detected in the rhizosphere of allelopathic
calabash, pumpkin rootstocks as experimental material, we rice, which are mainly associated with allelopathy.
investigated the composition and content of amino acids in Moreover, we detected many kinds of bacteria functioned
watermelon root exudates from own-rooted seedlings and in degradation of phenolic compounds in the rhizosphere
grafted seedlings in hydroponics by automatic amino acid under the two rice accessions concerned. Nevertheless,
analyzer and also the effects of different amino acids the amount of species was higher in the rhizosphere of
concentrations (0, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 g·L-1) on growth and allelopathic rice PI312777 than that in Lemont, which
development of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.nevium. The results might be attributed to the differences of the
showed that 15 kinds of amino acids were detected, and the phenylpropanoid metabolism in the two rice plants, which
contents of amino acids were the lowest in resistant cultivars, might result in differences among a vast array of phenolic
highest in susceptible cultivars, but there were no significant acids existing in soil.
differences between two rootstocks treatments. Otherwise, the
content of amino acids in grafted seedlings which resistant 146. Rice Root Exudates Induced by UV-irradiation in
cultivars were grafted on calabash rootstock was significantly Rhizosphere Soil
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Khalid Mahmood1,2 and Ren Sen Zeng1,2 matter. Both glucosinolates and isothiocyanates are
1
Research Center for Chemical Ecology degraded in soil, but the degradation rate depends strongly
2
Institute of Tropical and Sub-tropical Ecology, South China on soil type, moisture content and temperature.
Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. Glucosinolate degradation usually follows logistic kinetics
China with typical half-lives around 1 day in top soils and 8 to 9
Email: Khalidwattoecol@gmail.com days in subsoils. Degradation is faster in clayey soils than
in sandy soils probably because of an association between
Stratospheric ozone depletion has caused ground-level myrosinase activity and the clay fraction. Isothiocyanate
ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to rise in temperate latitudes of degradation follows first-order kinetics with half-lives
both hemispheres. We tested the effect of elevated UV- from hours to a few days. Interestingly isothiocyanates
irradiation on plant root exudates in two rice varieties. The appear to degrade more quickly in subsoils than topsoils.
secretion levels of root exudates from two rice (Oryza sativa Mineralization experiments with 14C have shown that the
L.) cultivars namely BR-41 (highly allelopathic) and rate and extent of mineralization of both glucosinolates
Haujingxian (low allelopathic) into rhizosphere were and isothiocyanates is similar to what is seen for many
examined through their effect on receptor plant seedlings pesticides. For glucosinolate 40-50% was mineralized
(lettuce and barnyard grass). We did different experiments to after 60 d and for isothiocyanate 35-50% was mineralized
assess (i) effect of UV-irradiation on allelochemicals in after 45 d. A leaching study using intact soil columns
rhizosphere, (ii) effect of UV exposure time on root exudates demonstrated that isothiocyanates can leach to 1 m
and shoot extract phytotoxicity. We observed the hormesis following simulated biofumigation, although at low
phenomena on exposure to UV-irradiation. Both rice cultivars concentrations (0.1 to 1 µM). Biofumigation may
demonstrated fluctuation in root exudates on exposure to constitute an environmentally friendly alternative to
ultraviolet irradiations. Rhizosphere soil of rice plants of fumigation with synthetic fumigants, but care must be
Haujingxian and BR-41 varieties exposed to UV- irradiation taken to avoid leaching.
for 30 min stimulated the lettuce seedlings growth as compare
to untreated rice plants in both cultivars. In case of 60 min 148. Root Associated Microorganisms Perform
exposure we found stimulation in root and shoot length of Degradation of Caffeine Absorbed by Salvia officinalis
Haunjingxian but inhibition in case of BR-41. However, 90 Margot Schulz, Mona Knop, Maritta Kunert● and Carmen
min exposure of UV-irradiation led to inhibition of lettuce Müllenborn
shoot and root length up to 25% and 30% by rhizosphere soils IMBIO (Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und
of Haujingxian. These inhibitory effects are most predominant Biotechnology der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Karlrober
in case of BR-41 variety i.e. up to 52% and 46.51%, Kreiten Str. 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; ●Max-Planck-
respectively. Aqueous extract of rice shoots also showed Institut für chemische Ökologie, Beutenberg Campus,
inhibition effect on barnyard grass as compare to untreated Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
rice plants. As root exudates acts as an antimicrobial and E-mail: ulp509@uni-bonn.de
allelopathic agent, more secretion of root exudates into the
rhizosphere may provide a competitive advantage for root Aromatic plants as intercrops in coffee plantations may
establishment. These results indicate that ozone depletion and reduce the caffeine accumulation in the soil, which is an
increase in UV-irradiation may enhance rice allelopathic important factor of coffee plant autotoxicity. The uptake
potentials on paddy weeds. of caffeine by Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Salvia
officinalis and Origanum vulgare was recently
147. Fate of Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates in Soil investigated. Caffeine was mainly found in the roots,
A. L. Gimsing and H. C. B. Hansen whereas in the shoots only traces of the alkaloid were
Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, detected. All absorbed caffeine was released again by
University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Mentha piperata and by Ocium basilicum after 24 h of
Frederiksberg C, Denmark incubation, when plants were transferred to caffeine free
E-mail: angi@life.ku.dk media. With Salvia officinalis and Oreganum vulgare a
large portion of the alkaloid was neither released nor
Glucosinolates are natural thioglucosides produced by plants detectable in extracts. Monoterpene compositions of the
belonging to the Capparales order. When glucosinolates are aromatic plants were not altered by caffeine applications.
hydrolysed by the endogenous enzyme myrosinase biocidal In a continuing study with Salvia officinalis, 5 mM
isothiocyanates are produced. The biocidal properties of the caffeine disappeared completely within five days. 2-3
isothiocyanates are utilized as an alternative to conventional µmol / g fresh weight were found in roots extracts, but
soil fumigation by a technique termed biofumigation where only nanomol amounts in the shoots. Theobromine, a
glucosinolate-containg plants are incorporated into soil. degradation product of caffeine, was found in the media.
However, as isothiocyanates are toxic to a wide range of In presence of antibiotics, 80 % of the applied caffeine
organisms the environmental aspects of the biofumigation could be regained. From the roots, several microorganisms
technique needs to be evaluated, and knowledge of the soil able to degrade caffeine were isolated. The isolated
fate of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates is also needed to bacteria and fungi, belonging to the genera Trichoderma
optimize the biofumigation technique. In a number of studies and Pseudomonas were less active than they were in
sorption and degradation of selected pure glucosinolates and association with the Salvia roots. Salvia plants, grown
isothiocyanates have been quantified. Glucosinolates are not under sterile conditions, accumulated caffeine in high
sorbed in soil, whereas isothiocyanates adsorb to soil organic amounts in the shoots, no degradation products were
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identified in the media. The results indicate that caffeine resistant cultivars. And the compound kinds and the
degradation is mainly performed by plant associated concentration were higher in the root exudates from the
microorganism, whereas the plants do not contribute to the inoculated seedlings than that of the un-inoculated
degradation. The plant seems to create optimal conditions for seedlings’ root exudates. A further found that the organic
the detoxifying microorganisms which may be endophytic or acids (acetic acid and Benzoic acid) had an evidence
associated with the rhizosphere. The study underlines the correlation with the resistant of cucumber cultivars, and
importance of microorganisms in retarding the worldwide these organic acids could be found from resistant cultivars
observed early degeneration of coffee plantations, which is and the inoculated seedlings.
partly due to caffeine accumulation in soil.
150. Biological Induction of DIMBOA in Wheat
149. Analyses of the Components from the Root Exudates Seedlings by Weeds
of the Cucumber Cultivars with the Different Resistance to Yongquan Zheng, Jianlei Yu, Xingang Liu, Fengshou
Fusarium Wilt Dong
Pan Kai, Wu Fengzhi Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of
Horticulture College, Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
Harbin 150030, China E-mail: yqzheng@ippcaas.cn
E-mail: fzwu2006@yahoo.com.cn
DIMBOA in wheat root exudates induced by six weed
The seedlings of cucumber cultivars with resistance to species was studied by hydroponic experiments. The
Fusarium oxysporum. F. sp. Cucumerinum owen and the results showed that DIMBOA content in both root
susceptible cucumber cultivars were treated with different exudates and shoot of wheat seedlings were significantly
concentration of fungus suspension (0 and 1×107 /ml). Root increased by three weed species, i.e. Digitaria
exudates were collected to analyse amino acids using an sanguinalis, Avena fatua L, and Amaranthus retroflexus,
Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer, and to analyse other and the induction effects happened to be in the three
compounds by GC-MS. The results showed that the exuded different resistant wheat cultivars (Zhongfu9507,
amino acids were different during the different cucumber Zhongbeizhong39, Jing411). The other three weed species
cultivars, and the kinds of amino acids and their total amount Poa annua L., Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Capsella
were all higher in resistant than in susceptible cucumber bursa-pastoris showed weak effects on DIMBOA in
cultivars. Phenylalanine, valine, methionine, glycine and wheat root exudates and aerial parts. Grown in pot, the
cysteine were all found in the root exudates from the all biological induction by the former three weeds gave the
cucumber cultivars seedlings. Total amount of these was consistent results as those grown in hydroponic solution.
higher in the un-inoculated seedling root exudates than in the DIMBOA content of aerial parts was higher when wheat
inoculated. The total percent of the same amino acids in the has grown in the pot compared to that grown in the
susceptible cultivars was higher than that of the resistant hydroponic solution. When wheat cultivars were
cucumber cultivars. Expect the soluble amino acids, eighty- intercropped with different density of D igitaria
five kinds of other compounds were detected by GC-MS in the sanguinalis, the DIMBOA content in aerial parts was
cucumber cultivars seedlings’ root exudates. Under the un- positively correlated with the density of Digitaria
inoculated seedlings’ root exudates, the kinds and the sanguinalis as a general trend. This result implies that
concentration of the all compounds in the root exudates of the changing the density of inducing plants may be a useful
susceptible cucumber cultivars were higher than that of the way to artificially improve crop resistance.
Main Topic 9: Allelopathy Methodologies
151. The Conundrum of Allelopathic Agents in Soils: extracts to isolate, identify, and quantify potential
Soil Extractions and Dose Response Studies allelopathic agents. Second, they have used dose response
Udo Blum studies of the alleged allelopathic agents identified to
Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State determine their potential as promoters or inhibitors.
University, Raleigh NC 27695-7612 Utilizing the case history of phenolic acids, the
Email: udo_blum@ncsu.edu effectiveness of soil extracts and dose response studies in
establishing these two criteria in nature will be discussed.
Among the criteria required to establish plant-plant It turns out that soil extracts and dose response studies as
allelopathic interactions in nature are a) that the affected presently used provide only a glimmer of insight regarding
plant must come in contact with and interact with organic allelopathic plant-plant interaction in nature. Our inability
promoters or inhibitors produced by an allelopathic plant to clearly demonstrate the above criteria in nature is a
and b) that these promoters or inhibitors must be at product of an inappropriate, albeit informal, mind set or
sufficient concentrations andbe present for a sufficient paradigm and the lack of adequate tools. In hopes of
length of time to modify plant function or growth of the stimulating renewed interest in this area of research, a
receiving plant. To establish that these two criteria are more appropriate paradigm and several potential tools to
actually met under field conditions researchers have improve the usefulness of soil extracts and dose response
generally done two things. First, they have used soil
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studies in establishing these criteria in nature will be reports that clearly prove hormesis of allelochemicals are
presented. still rare. Experimental dose-response designs that include
the stimulatory and inhibitory dose-range offer an
152. Measurement of Allelochemical Dynamics and opportunity to prove whether significant hormesis occurs,
Movement with Polydimethylsiloxane Sorbents and mathematical modelling of such biphasic dose-
Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer response curves allows quantifying the size and the dose-
Department of Chemistry, Ashland University, Ashland, OH range of the hormetic effect. Various examples will be
44805 USA given to demonstrate that the application of these models
Email: jweiden@ashland.edu covers single allelochemical treatments, but also their
natural mixtures (i.e., extracts or exudates of allelopathic
The lack of tools to measure allelochemical dynamics in the plants) or degradation studies. Nevertheless, biphasic
rhizosphere has been a longstanding problem in dose-response experiments must be conducted with care,
investigations of allelopathy. Soils beneath suspected as for example the dynamics of the hormetic response, the
allelopathic plants typically contain low allelochemical response parameter (growth rates, standing stock
concentrations, something which is cited as evidence that endpoints), environmental conditions (temperature, light,
these compounds do not play a significant role in plant- nutrients), or qualitative and quantitative differences in the
plant interactions. However, static concentrations in the chemical composition of allelopathic extracts or exudates
environment reflect the balance of input and output rates for may account for an absence of hormetic effects.
a compound. Because roots compete with both Knowledge of these characteristic features of a hormetic
microorganisms and other processes that remove response is essential to prove its significance, but can also
allelochemicals from soil solution, flux rates are likely to be considerably improve the conclusions drawn from such
a key component of toxicity. Measurement of flux rates experiments. Examples of this will be given with both
requires materials that trap allelochemicals as they are single allelochemicals and their natural mixtures. The
released. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sorbents are being given examples reflect that hormesis is substantial and
applied to measure fluxes of lipophilic allelochemicals from reproducible and may thus constitute an important aspect
roots. In this study, 5 cm lengths of stainless steel wire of some plant/plant interference if doses released are low
coated with PDMS were inserted into soil beneath marigold or degradation processes lead to stimulatory doses.
plants in the field. Probes were removed after 24 hours and Hormesis should therefore be regarded as a potential low
analyzed by HPLC. Microgram quantities of both 5-(3- dose component of plant/plant interference, and laboratory
buten-1-ynyl)-2,2’-bithienyl (BBT) and α-terthienyl were modelling may help to enhance our still limited
detected on individual probes. The amount and relative understanding of this phenomenon and its possible
proportion of each compound varied by plant and sampling implications for allelopathic interactions in a natural
date. Given the high potency of these thiophenes in setting.
bioassays, the concentrations found can readily be
conceived to be biologically active. The distribution of 154. On Density-Dependence of Plant Growth
marigold allelochemicals in the rhizosphere is spatially Response to Toxic Compounds
heterogeneous and dynamic over time. These techniques Aki Sinkkonen, Minna Vesterinen, Mari Hansi, Rauni
appear to be broadly applicable to the analysis of lipophilic Strömmer
root exudates. In addition, PDMS solid phase University of Helsinki, Dept. Ecol. Environmental
microextraction (SPME) fibers have been used to measure Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
the uptake of exogenously applied monoterpenes in vivo. Email: aki.sinkkonen@helsinki.fi
SPME could detect exogenously applied 1,8-cineole in
tomato stems within 1-2 hrs of a single application of 0.5 Previous studies suggest that density-response
mM cineole to soil, and this pulse persisted in the tomato experiments generally end up in a distinguishable pattern
stem for 72 hrs. The smallest exogenous concentration under homogenous exposure to toxins. Plant growth is
applied that resulted in a measureable pulse of cineole in the supposed to be negligibly affected at high plant densities
plant stem was 50 µM. Thus PDMS sorbents appear to be a when numerous plants compete for the same toxin pool.
powerful tool for tracking both the dynamics of As plant density decreases, toxin effects become more
allelochemicals in the rhizosphere and their movement into severe. At very low plant densities, plant growth may be
target plants. totally inhibited. The hypothesis is based on studies that
had been made under fair nutritional conditions and with
153. Hormesis in Allelopathy Research – Modelling and toxins that are relatively mobile in soil. We tested the
Characteristic Features hypothesis with relatively immobile lead (Pb) and creosote
Regina G. Belz and highly mobile copper (Cu). We used pine (Pinus
University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine, Dept. sylvestris), baby’s breath (Gypsophila elegans) and
Weed Science, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) as
Email: belz@uni-hohenheim.de study objects. The effects of Cu on plant growth were
diluted when plant density increased. Toxin effects were
Allelochemicals are known to be toxic at higher doses and independent of plant density in most experiments made
sometimes stimulatory or even beneficial at low doses. This with Pb or creosote. When nutrient availability was low,
phenomenon of hormesis has been considered a biological the results of density-response experiments were highly
property of allelochemicals for many years; however, variable. In some cases, toxin effects were diluted as in
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case of Cu. In other cases, an inverse density-response slope
was found. This suggests that toxin effects were enhanced Allelopathy is any direct or indirect harmful or beneficial
as plant density increased. The results were sensitive to soil effect by one plant (including microorganisms) on another
type (humus versus mineral soil). We conclude that density- through production of chemical compounds that are
response experiments should be used with caution. Low released into the environment. Allelopathy as one
toxin mobility in soil and harsh environmental conditions component of integrated weed management technology
may drastically affect plant response. The ecological can reduce a certain amount herbicide application and
consequences of our findings are discussed in the context of therefore also reduce concerns of consumers and
allelopathy. Since many plants have to stand several severe environmental groups. Screening or evaluating the
stress factors simultaneously in nature, plant response to allelopathic potential of rice varieties is a first step toward
homogenous allelopathic exposure may not follow a implementing an allelopathic component of weed
foreseeable pattern in natural plant communities. We management. In this study, the parasitic plant Triphysaria
suggest avoiding the use of density-response experiments as versicolor was investigated as a new target plant and
the main method in studies searching for ecologically method for allelopathic potential assays. The effects of
significant allelopathic effects. three rice cultivars, Koukesumochi, Dongjinbyeo and K21
on the haustorium induction rate, phytotoxicity and ROS
155. Allelopathy: From Field Observation to Laboratory (reactive oxygen species) activity ofTriphysaria versicolor
and Glasshouse Experiments were determined. Among the three cultivars, different
J.R. Qasem rates of haustorium induction were observed, and UV
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, irradiation to rice cultivars increased the rate of
University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan haustorium induction and phytotoxic effects on root
Email: jrqasem@ju.edu.jo growth of T. versicolor. Activity of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) was assayed by staining root tips of T.
In this work, the effect of four weed species; Anthemis sp., versicolor with the probe CM-H2DCFDA [5-(and 6)-
Matthiola sp., Malva sylvestris and Sisymbrium irio on chloromethyl-2’, 7’ dichlorodihydro-fluoroescein
wheat and barley will be presented and discussed as a diacetate, acetyl ester] and monitoring the change of
model of the differences between the observed effect of fluorescence. The fluorescence was increased when the
plant species in nature and that obtained in laboratory dye was oxidized by ROS. Fluorescence appeared in a
and/or glasshouse experiments. Observation on the effect of short time for the Kouketsumochi cultivar (allelopathic),
the four weed species in the field was found in some cases followed in order by K21 and Dongjinbyeo (non-
to differ from their effects on the same crops under allelopathic) cultivars. Results indicate that different
laboratory or glasshouse conditions. Similar conflicts in haustorium induction rates of rice cultivars were related to
results were observed between laboratory and glasshouse different activity of ROS. Thus, it is suggested that T.
experiments. Results showed the risk in relying on a single versicolor can be used as a new target plant for evaluating
experimental technique to explain and to judge on the type the allelopathic potential of plant species.
of interference between plant species in nature. The
interpretation and conclusion drawn based on the observed 157. Can Marigold Root Exudates Suppress Weed
inhibitory zone of certain species in nature may not always Growth?
be due to allelopathic effects, while strong inhibitory effects Shobha Sondhia, Jay G. Varshney
that certain species showed in laboratory experiments may National Research Centre for Weed Science, Jabalpur-
not be obtainable in glasshouse pot experiments and 482004 M.P., India
opposite responses are possible. The observed inhibitory Email: shobhasondia@yahoo.com
zones of Anthemis sp. and Matthiola sp. under field
conditions on wheat and barley crops was hard to confirm Allelopathic substances, if present in crop varieties, may
in pot experiments under glasshouse conditions. Similar reduce the use of synthetic herbicides. Allelopathy alone
differences in the effect of the four weed species on both may not be a perfect weed management technology but it
crops were obtained between laboratory and glasshouse may be a supplementary tool for weed control. A
experiments. It is concluded that plant-plant interactions methodology has been developed to isolate
lead to exclusion of certain species from spots in the field allelochemicals from the root exudates of marigold plants,
which are observed as inhibitory zones, but that these may which were grown for 4 months. Root exudates of
be due to other plant interaction mechanisms than marigold plants were collected every 3-4 days and stored
allelopathy. in the dark. Exudates were evaporated at low temperature
and partitioned with various solvents of increasing
156. Parasitic Plants as a New Target Plant for Bioassay polarity. This process yielded white crystals of a chemical
Method of Evaluating or Screening Rice Allelopathic compound which was non-polar in nature and insoluble in
Potential methanol. The phytotoxic effects of concentrated aqueous
Yiqing Guo1, 2, Donghyun Shin1, Kil-Ung Kim1 root leachates and isolated compound at concentrations of
1
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture & Life 1, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 ppm were evaluated on Vicia
Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, sativa, Lathyrus sativa, Parthenium hysterophorus,
Republic of Korea. Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana, Convolvulus arvensis
2
Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences under laboratory conditions. Root and shoot growth of all
Email: yichingguo@yahoo.com the weeds was reduced as the concentration of isolated
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compound increased. The aqueous extract was more activity was recorded. Field studies are in progress and
phytotoxic in reducing the growth of all the weeds as results will be presented.
compared to the isolated compound alone. The phytotoxic
effect of root leachates was equivalent to 10 and 1000 ppm 159. Current Allelopathic Research in Pakistan-Some
of isolated compound in the case of Parthenium Implications
histerophorus and Lathyrus sativa respectively; however Zahid Ata Cheema, Abdul Khaliq and M. Naeem Mushtaq
the phytotoxic effect was even more in case of Phalaris Weed Science-Allelopathy Laboratory, University of
minor and Avena ludoviciana as compared to control. The Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
phytotoxic effect of root exudates was in the order of L. Email: cheemaza@yahoo.com
sativa> P. minor> P. hysterophorus> A. ludoviciana> V.
sativa> C. arvensis. Root growth of all the weeds was more Present allelopathy-related research in Pakistan is mainly
severely affected as compared to shoot growth. focused on using different plant/crop water extracts for
Germination of P. minor, A. ludoviciana, V. sativa and L. weed control, using crop residues as mulches, combination
sativa was less affected by the root leachates and various of lower doses of herbicides with allelopathic water
concentrations of isolated compound as compared to shoot extracts, and the intercropping of allelopathic crops in
and root growth. However, more than 67 and 51% reduction main field crops for their effects on weeds and crop.
in germination of Parthenium hysterophorus and Inclusion of allelopathic crops in rotation systems for
Convolvulus arvensis was observed by aqueous root weed suppression is under investigation. Investigations on
exudates. It can be concluded that marigold root leachates the use of allelopathic plant extracts against insects and
have the capacity to reduce growth of these weeds under diseases are in their infancy. Early post-emergence
field conditions due to release of allelochemicals. application of the mixture of sorghum, sunflower, brassica
or mulberry water extracts suppressed total weed dry
158. Allelopathy of Polish Winter Wheat Cultivars weight by 40 to 75% and enhanced yield of wheat, maize,
Helena Gawronska, Dorota Ciarka, Dariusz Ruszkowski, cotton and rice by 15 to 25%. Combined application of
Stanislaw Gawronski these water extracts reduced the herbicide(s) dose by 50 to
Laboratory of Basic Research in Horticulture, Warsaw 75%. The intercropping of mungbean in maize was
University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02- effective to control weeds by 55% and was economical in
776 Warsaw, Poland terms of net benefits. Sorghum and berseem in rotation
Email: stanislaw_gawronski@sggw.pl settings decreased weeds by 85%. Results of some of the
latest experiments will be presented and discussed.
Winter wheat, one of the major cereal crops in the world, is
known for allelopathic activity but no such data for Polish 160. Effect of UV-B (280-320 nm) on the Enhancement
wheat cultivars are available, despite of its cultivation in of Allelochemicals (Phenols) in Catharanthus roseus
organic farms where this trait might be desired. This work Plants
reports the evaluation of: (i) activity of allelochemicals V. Selvakumar, P. Periyakaruppiah, K. Rajarathinam, M.
contained in: 1/ aqueous extracts of above ground organs Jayakumar
and roots, 2/ leached out from above ground organs, 3/ Research Department of Botany, VHNSN College,
volatiles, and 4/ root exudates, (ii) dynamics of plant Virudhunagar- 626 001, India
development at early growth stages, and (iii) of Email: periyakaruppiah@gmail.com
competitiveness of winter wheat cultivars with weeds in the
field. Studies were conducted in laboratory, greenhouse and
in the field. Donors of allelochemicals were seedlings and There are many reports on ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-320
fully developed plants of 3 to 11 Polish winter wheat nm) induced changes on plant growth, leaf morphology,
cultivars. Acceptors of the allelochemicals were seeds and foliar characteristics, chloroplast structure, and function in
seedlings of mustard, ryegrass and seeds of 14 weed higher plants. Only very few reports have appeared on the
species. Germination tests, co-culture of donor and acceptor effect of UV-B on secondary metabolism. Secondary
seedlings, observation and biometric measurements were metabolism not only helps plants overcome extreme
used for evaluation of allelopathic activities, weed environmental conditions but also acts as a defense tool to
appearance in the field and wheat plant growth. Results withstand UV-B stress. In this study, the influence of
showed that allelochemicals of winter wheat origin enhanced UV-B radiation on the synthesis of phenolic
possessed allelopathic activity, which was manifested by compounds was studied in the important medicinal plant
delayed and reduced or even completely inhibited Catharanthus roseus. Quantitative estimation of total
germination. Negative impact of these compounds was also phenolic acid content showed differences between control
recorded in early growth of acceptor seedlings though in and treated plants. The phenolic acid content was higher in
some cases stimulation was also recorded. Leachates the UV-B treated plants than the control plants. The
showed the least activity, while extracts showed the highest phenolic acid content in the plants treated with UV-B for
activity. Genotypic differences between tested cultivars two hours was very higher than those treated for one hour.
exerted by allelochemicals were recorded with Sakwa Qualitative analysis of phenolic acids of control and UV-B
cultivar usually showing the highest activity while Begra treated plants showed significant differences in the
and Mewa showed the lowest. In most cases, donor number of phenolic acids. The phenolic acids were
concentration/biomass amount/seedling number dependent separated by TLC, paper chromatography and HPLC
methods. The control plants and the plants grown under
UV-B enhanced radiation showed changes in different
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phenolic acids. In the plants treated with UV-B, gallic, in the field to evaluate the attractiveness of natural enemies to
protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, vanillic and these volatile compounds and the possibility to use them as
caffeic acids were determined. These experiments indicate additive stimulants in integrated pest management program.
that in Catharanthus roseus plants, the content of phenolic
allelochemicals can be enhanced by UV-B radiation. 162. Methods for Analysis of the Distribution of
Allelochemicals in Selected Plants
Denise Schneider, Ines Fritz, Dominic Funk, Marcus Pruckner,
161. Allelopathic Effect of Floral Volatile Chemicals on Michaela Bauer, Rudolf Braun
Behavioural and Electrophysiological Responses of Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Department IFA-Tulln,
a Female Predator Insect Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
Mourad Shonouda1, Sergio Angeli2, Stefan Schuetz2, Stefan Email: ines.fritz@boku.ac.at
Vidal3
1
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, 21511 Mharam Allelopathic compounds are secondary metabolites playing an
Bey, Alexandria University, Egypt important role in plant-plant interactions. Some kinds of plants
2
Institute for Forestzoology and Conservation, University of are able to produce a high amount of such bioactive substances
Göttingen, Germany and store them in nearly all compartments of the plant. Their
3
AgroEntomology Section, Crop Sciences Department, concentration inside the compartments varies depending on the
University of Göttingen, Germany function and use. Within this project special methodology was
Email: mlshonouda@yahoo.com developed to determine the distribution of allelochemicals in
selected plants with high allelopathic potential, namely
Naïve gravid females of the predator syrphid fly Episyrphus Impatiens glandulifera, Fallopia japonica and Heracleum
balteatus (DeGeer) were significantly attracted to Ziziphus spina mantegazzianum. This included both optimizing and applying an
christi flowers in olfactometric assays. Also, the gravid females agar-diffusion bioassay and also the use of a range of
were stimulated by floral odorants and laid significantly high standardized bioassays (e.g. Lumistox). The ground plant
percent eggs as compared with control. The Floral odorants were material of each compartment of the plants was used to produce
extracted by closed-loop-stripping analysis (CLSA). The CLSA methanolic extracts and to detect their toxicity against different
extract of Z. spina christi flowers was analyzed by gas test organisms. The results from the standardized bioassays were
chromatography-mass spectrometery-electroantennographic used to generate dose-response relationships while the agar-
detector (GC-MS/EAD). Seven compounds of 26 identified diffusion bioassay allowed only a screening concerning the
compounds in the CLSA extract showed clear antennal response. inhibition. The dimension of the inhibition correlated both with
The active identified compounds were 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one; the toxicity and the amount of allelopathic substances in the
nonanal; linaloloxide; benzaldehyde; linalool; lavandulol and compartments. The flowers and leaves of I. glandulifera and the
alpha-terpineol. High electroantennogram (EAG) responses of leaves of F. japonica have shown high allelopathic activity
these compounds were confirmed in dose-response bioassays when against all test organisms. In contrast all compartments of H.
used the standardized chemical compounds. It is imperative to mantegazzianum were low effective in nearly all cases.
know the chemical interaction between predator syrphid flies and
the surrounding environment to enhance the biological control
potential of the beneficial natural enemy. More studies are needed
Main Topic 10: Invasion ecology and allelopathy 2
163. Biogeographical Approaches to Allelopathy Helps to of the antimicrobial biochemistry of Alliaria petiolata and
Evaluate the Impact of Exotic Invaders the allelopathic effects of Centaurea maculosa; in both
Ragan M. Callaway* and Inderjit1 cases finding stronger toxicity expressed against species in
*
Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, the invaded ranges than in the native ranges.
Missoula, MT 59812, USA; 1Centre for Environmental
1
Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University
of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India 164. Invasion Success: Are Mode of Actions of Root
Email: inderjit@cemde.du.ac.in and Exudate Chemicals Useful Indicators?
Franz Hadacek, Vladimir Chobot
Understanding the mechanisms by which many exotic Department of Chemical Ecology and Ecosystem
invasive plants suppress their neighbors in invaded ranges but Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna,
coexist with neighbors in species-diverse systems in their Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
native ranges remain unclear. However, taking a
biogeographical approach, comparisons of the ecological traits The biological activity of many secondary metabolites
of species in home and native ranges, has proved useful for represents an often-considered factor utilized to explain
evaluating allelopathy as an invasive mechanism. Comparing phenomena ranging from interactions between species up
higher chemical production and/or accumulation, the effects of to ecosystem processes. In particular, growth inhibitory
novel chemicals, and differences in the sensitivity of native effects of low-molecular-weight compounds are
residents to novel chemicals are important ways to tackle the commonly interpreted as consequences of a function as
problem. We discuss the biogeographical approach in studies chemical weapon, which might confer resistance to the
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producing plant against microbial and herbivore predators and that allelopathy is the causative factor responsible for the
advantages in competing with other co-occurring species reduction of growth of the test crops by C rotundus with
(allelopathy). In vitro phytotoxic activities of many secondary competition probably accentuating its effect.
metabolites constitute a basic principle in the hypothesis of
allelopathy. Undoubtedly, side-by-side growing plants cause 166. Significance of Algal Allelochemicals in Natural
feedbacks on each other with negative but also with positive and Agroecosystem
results (facilitation). Idiosyncratically, the same compound A.S. Ahluwalia
may, always depending on the concentration, cause both Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh,
negative as well as positive effects. As a consequence, 160014, India
unambiguous decisions to what extent a chemical might
contribute to biological phenomena are more difficult than Algae and cyanobacteria are known to employ
ever. The complexity of this issue will be exemplified on two allelochemicals in the offensive and defensive interactions
secondary metabolites, which are reputedly involved in among themselves and with higher plants, which play an
allelopathic phenomena, also those of invasive plants: the important role in structuring the aquatic community. We,
naphtoquinone juglone and the flavan-3-ol (±)-catechin. To however, witness little progress in better understanding
serve as contrast, a well-known antioxidant, the flavonoid the role of algal chemicals in aquatic and wetland ecology.
quercetin, will also be included into the survey. A combined Demonstrating allelopathic activities in aquatic system, for
approach of phytotoxic, physiological and electrochemical example, is considered difficult because of dispersion of
assays aimed at exploring the potential of the tested allelochemicals due to continuous movement of water and
compounds to cause allelopathic effects will be presented. less chances of lack of contact between competing
Further, results from a current study exploring the organisms and chemicals. This talk will discuss the
contributions of secondary metabolites in root exudates from significance of well-replicated field studies from different
the black locust tree, Robinia pseudacacia, to its invasiveness geographical locations in appreciating algal allelopathy.
in Europe, shall illustrate the applicability of such an approach To understand wetland and aquatic ecology, bloom
in studies exploring the contribution of allelochemicals to formation, lake succession, algal invasion and dominance
plant invasiveness. of certain algae in a given ecosystem, more research is
needed on chemical warfare between and among algae and
165. Allelopathic Interference of Cyperus rotundus L. with cyanobacteria.
Some Crops
Ibrahim S Alsaadawi1 and Nadia M. M. Salih2 167. Conditional Effects of an Allelopathic Root
1
Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad Exudate: The Toxicity of (±)-Catechin is Affected by
University, Baghdad, Iraq Interactions with Different Metals
2
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Jarrod Pollock, Ragan M Callaway, Inderjit1 and William
Baghdad, Iraq E. Holben
Email: ibrahimalsadawi@yahoo.com Organismal Biology and Ecology, Division of Biological
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812,
Field observations indicated that Cyperus rotundus is able to USA; 1Centre for Environmental Management of
spread rapidly in to heavy stands of several field and vegetable Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi,
crops and caused significant reduction in their yield. The rapid Delhi-110007, India.
encroachment of C rotundus suggests the possibility of an Email: inderjit@cemde.du.ac.in
allelopathic mechanism in addition to competition. Results
indicated that root exudates of C rotundus significantly Evaluating variation, or "conditionality", in plant
reduced root and top growth of tomato and cucumber plants. interactions is crucial to understanding their ecological
Residues of C rotundus incorporated at rates of 3 and 6 g per importance. Much is known about conditionality in
kg soil significantly inhibited seedling growth of grain competition, facilitation, and herbivory, but not
sorghum, soy bean and mung bean and the reduction increased allelopathy, which likely contributes to the equivocal
with the increased rate of residues. Volatile compounds nature of reports on this topic. Centaurea maculosa
released from top and tubers of C rotundus caused a (spotted knapweed) is a highly invasive species in North
significant reduction to seedling growth of mung bean. The America, whose success has been attributed in part to the
toxicity of C rotundus residues in soil started two weeks after allelochemical root exudate, (±)-catechin. Among other
decomposition and continued for 8 weeks then declined. things, understanding the ecological relevance of an
Chromatographic analyses using HPLC revealed the presence allelopathic root exudate necessitates measurements of
of ferulic, caffeic, hydroxyl benzoic, syringic, chlorogenic and toxicity in reasonably relevant ecological conditions and
p-coumaric acids and three unidentified compounds in shoot determining how it interacts with various soil components.
and the same phenolic acids and one unidentified compound in We established low concentrations of catechin in nine
tubers. Additional chromatographic analyses showed that the different natural soils and then planted seeds of the native
shoot and tuber of C rotundus contain 13 and 11 volatile grass Koeleria macrantha. Catechin treatments
compounds respectively. Ten of these compounds were demonstrated phytotoxicity. Additionally, low doses of
identified as α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, camsaicin, catechin, resulting in soil concentrations below our
artimisin, camphene, camphor, citronellal, farnesol and detectable limit of 5 µg g-1, applied to the rhizospheres of
petalostemumol. Most of the isolated compounds were three native species at nine different field sites in western
reported to be phytoxic to several crop species. Thus it appears Montana also demonstrated phytotoxicity. Furthermore, in
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other experiments we found that some metals caused rapid and outside the grove of A. dealbata, while the other two
declines in measurable catechin in solution, while calcium were present only outside the grove. Allelopathic
prevented its auto-oxidation, which maintained catechin interference related to A. dealbata extracts was found.
concentrations at higher levels for longer periods if time than Test species were affected in different way by silver
was found for solutions of pure catechin. Using these wattle. It seems to indicate that different ecophysiological
solutions, we found that catechin was highly phytotoxic at low processes are affected. Through the year target species
experimental soil concentrations, but certain (catechin-metal responded in a singular way to the same allelochemical
complexes were more phytotoxic than catechin alone. Other stress induced by A. dealbata extracts, even within the
solutions showed decreased toxicity. The variable toxicity of same species. The fact that the extracts from A. dealbata
these complexes indicates that catechin effects can be produce both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on target
enhanced or diminished by pleiotropic interactions in soils, species, it could mean that allelochemicals can alter a
resulting from catechin forming complexes with different variety of physiological processes. Respiration of species
metals or other soil components. located outside the grove of A. dealbata was mainly
stimulated by the macerate extract. This suggests that A.
dealbata can interact with native species by allelopathic
168. Allelopathy Contributes to the Invasion Success by interference, and may be responsible for biodiversity loss
Creating a Negative Feedback for Native Residents in introduced ranges.
Inderjit and Ragan M. Callaway1
Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded
Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi, Delhi-110007 170. Allelopathic Interaction between Two Co-
India occurring Ruderal Invasive Plant Species in the
1
Organismal Biology and Ecology, Division of Biological Kashmir Himalaya, India
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA Zafar Reshi and Irfan Rashid
Email: inderjit@cemde.du.ac.in Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-
190 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Exotic invaders could encourage generalist soil pathogen, thus Email: zreshi@yahoo.com; ecoirfan@yahoo.co.in
creating a negative feedback for native plant species, which
are more sensitive to the pathogen than the invader itself.
Through several soil manipulation experiments we show that While allelopathic interaction between alien invasives and
allelochemicals influence soil microbial ecology to benefit the native species has been widely studied for being central to
exotic invaders. This talk will discuss the role of soil biota on ‘novel weapons hypothesis’, but explication of equally
the invasion success of an exotic invader by taking examples important interactions between two or more co-occurring
from Chromolaena odorata, Ageratina adenophora and invasive species in their non-native range have been rarely
Centaurea maculosa. Invasives gain dominance in the invaded studied. Thus, we investigated interactions between two
range through (i) their escape inhibitory soil biota in their co-occurring invasive alien species, namely Anthemis
native range and to inhibit soil biota in their invaded range, (ii) cotula and Conyza canadensis which inhabit disturbed
encouraging native soil communities, and (iii) exacerbating sites in the Kashmir Himalaya, India and exhibit similar
biotic interactions among native plants and native soil biota. growth and reproductive characteristics. Using filter paper
and soil bioassays, response of seed germination and
seedling growth of each species was studied in relation to
169. Allelopathy of Acacia dealbata Link in Invaded Areas
different concentrations of its own aqueous leaf leachate
in North West of Spain
Paula Lorenzo, Eva Pazos, Luís González, Manuel J. Reigosa and to leachate of the other species. Results indicate
Dept. of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo. As species-specific and dose-dependent response in seed
Lagoas, Marcosende. E-36310. Vigo, Spain germination and seedling characteristics. Though leachate
Email: luis@uvigo.es of both the species promoted achene germination in A.
cotula at low concentrations (2500 ppm), high leachate
The major problem that natural ecosystems are facing actually concentrations (10,000 ppm) had an inhibitory effect.
is the invasion by exotic species. Acacia dealbata Link is one Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced in
of the most active plant invader species and its distribution filter paper bioassay than in soil bioassay. Contributory
area in Europe is enlarging where it threatens native flora, role of allelopathy in invasiveness of the two species and
reduce biodiversity and can become a serious environmental ecological implications of interspecies interactions are
problem. Allelopathy probably is one of the physiological also discussed in the present communication
traits that promote the invasive capacity of A. dealbata,
affecting germination and seedling establishment of the native 171. Allelopathy as a Mechanism for Invasion by Non-
flora. The aim was to know the allelopathic effect of A. Indigenous Species
dealbata throughout the year on target species to know the Robin Svensson
role of allelochemicals on invasion process. The effects of Department of Marine Ecology, Gothenburg University,
throughfall (rain passing through the canopy), leatter leachate, Tjärnö Laboratorium 45296 Strömstad, Sweden
macerate (apical branches mixed with distilled water) and soil Email: robin.svensson@marecol.gu.se
macerate water extracts were studied in a grove of Acacia
dealbata in 2006, and 2007. The allelopathic capacity of Allelopathy is one of the most important non-resource
Acacia dealbata was tested using a crop species and several interactions in plant ecology and has long been suspected
autochthonous species, two of which were located both inside
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to be an important mechanism for invasive plants. It is, 173. Allelopathic Effects of Black Locust (Robinia
however, not until recently allelopathy has been pseudoacacia L.) Litter on Soil Microbial Activity
acknowledged as an influential mechanism in invasion F. Esposito1, A. De Marco1, A. Zarrelli2, A. Virzo1
1
biology. The Novel Weapons Hypothesis (NWH) predicts that Dipartmento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale,
2
exotic invaders will be successful if they bring unique Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica,
biochemicals to their new range. Since the native species are Università degli Studi di Napoli ”FEDERICO II”,
not adapted to these novel chemicals, the exotic species will Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cinthia, IT
establish and proliferate through allelopathic interactions. The - 80126 Napoli, Italy
novelty of a compound may be recognized by an index of the Email: fabrizio.esposito2@unina.it
phytochemicals in a community, which allows the NWH to
predict invasions a priori. Support for the NWH have been We investigated microbial abundance, diversity and
found for exotic plants in terrestrial communities and the activity, in soils under Pinus nigra Arn. and under Robinia
novel biochemicals in exotic species have been shown to have pseudoacacia L., planted, in the seventy’s, on lapillus
strong effects on native generalist herbivores, pathogens and from the last Vesuvius eruption (1944). Black locust soil
soil microbes in invaded ranges. In our experiment we was richer in organic matter and nutrients than pine soil.
investigated if the NWH can explain the presence of the In contrast, microbial biomass, basal respiration and
chemically defended exotic red algae Bonnemaisonia catabolic diversity were higher in pine soil. As compared
hamifera on the west coast of Sweden. The ephemeral B. to pine litter: 1) lignin concentration was higher in black
hamifera, which originates from Japan, was first observed in locust litter in the late stage of decomposition, 2) the
Sweden four decades ago and have since spread to become percentage of aromatic substances (110 – 165 ppm) in 13C
one of the most conspicuous red algae in Sweden. Results CPMAS NMR spectra was higher both in fresh and in
show that the secondary metabolite 4-bromo-heptanone, at decomposed black locust litter. Living tissues of black
natural concentrations, inhibits settlement of spores from locust are known to have allelopathic effects. In the
native algal species, and that the substance can be transferred hypothesis that black locust allelochemicals occur also in
from B. hamifera to the native species. The mechanism of litter and may inhibit soil biological activity, we
transferring the chemical compound to other surfaces might performed laboratory and field trials. In laboratory we
enable the algae to “reserve” the surface for future added water extracts of fresh and of decomposed litter to
colonization, and possibly also to protect the surface from pine and black locust soils. Microbial activity in pine soil
grazers. This is the first marine study to show invasion amended with fresh litter water extracts was significantly
facilitated by allelopathy and also that it may be beneficial to (P<0.05) lower than in control soil, whereas no effect was
transfer chemical defences from exotic to native species. observed in black locust soil, likely because in this soil
microbial populations are adapted to allelochemicals. 1H
172. Seed Germination, Growth and Root Vessel Elements NMR spectra of litter water exctracts showed: in the
of Sesame Seedlings as Affected by Leaves, Stem and Root decomposed one more abundant sugars; in the fresh one
Extracts of Aristolochia esperanzae more abundant aromatic or unsaturated compounds, in
Alfredo G. Ferreira1, Ana B. Gatti2, Sonia C.J.G.A.Perez1 particular 4 – hydroxyacetophenone was isolated and
1
Botany Department, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University, identified. In field we put a known amount of fresh and
Porto Alegre, Brazi decomposed black locust litter on pine soil, after removing
2
Ecological and Natural Course at São Carlos University, São needle litter, and we found a lower microbial and fungal
Paulo, Brazil biomass in the soil under fresh black locust litter.
E-mail: ferreira@unb.br Moreover the pine soils amended with fresh black locust
litter showed basal respiration and catabolic diversity
Aristolochia esperanzae is a climber species that occurs in lower than control soils.
Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) at central region of Brazil. This
species is rich in secondary metabolites like terpenes and 174. The Bittersweet Paradox: Toxic Allelochemicals
lignans. The goal of this studies was examined the Also Facilitate Nutrient Acquisition
allelopathical effects of this extracts on seed germination, NishanthTharayil1, Prasanta Bhowmik2 and Peter Alpert3
1
seedling growth and measured the root vessels size of Sesame Entomology Soil & Plant Sciences, Clemson University,
indicum (sesame). Aqueous extracts of leaves, stem and roots Clemson, SC 29634, USA
2
of Aristolochia esperanzae were prepared and bioassayed with Plant Soil & Insect Sciences, Univ. of Massachusetts
sesame. No inhibition was caused by the extracts from Amherst, MA 01003, USA
3
A.esperanzae on germination of sesame seeds The extracts of Biology Department, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst,
aboveground parts had a discrete effects on growth and root MA 01003, USA Email: ntharay@CLEMSON.EDU
aspect of sesame, but the extracts of undergrounds parts
caused a severe reduction of sesame root growth and a root Physiological traits that facilitate the efficient foraging of
showed a darkness appearance. The sesame root vessels were apparently deficient resources could increase the
about 150.9 µm of length but those that grew in the extracts invasiveness of an exotic species in a resource-limited
were about 50% of this size, and a decrease in number of habitat. Overall species fitness would be further enhanced
secondary roots were observed. Studies are underway to found if this foraging trait can inhibit the native species, so that
out what chemical substances function as allelochemicals the non-natives could gain uncontested access to the
produced by A. esperanzae. limited resources. Based on our previous studies
demonstrating the metal-nutrient mobilization ability of
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allelochemicals, we hypothesized that, along with the reported able to utilize Fe from insoluble Fe(OH)3, and the addition
toxic effect on the neighbors, these compounds could be of activated carbon that sequesters 8HQ caused severe Fe
directly involved in the resource acquisition of the allelopathic deficiency in Fe(OH)3 systems, we were able to confirm
plant. We tested this hypothesis using an allelopathic exotic the direct role of 8HQ in Fe acquisition of this plant from
species Centaurea diffusa that suppress the natives through its unavailable Fe forms. 8HQ was highly specific and
phytotoxic metabolite 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ). Since 8HQ efficient at mobilizing the Fe from soil invaded by C.
is a metal chelator and since C. diffusa mostly invades the diffusa. Further, the Fe uptake mechanism facilitated by
alkaline calcareous soils in United States where metal 8HQ was independent of both root-reductase activity and
micronutrient are limiting, we asked whether C. diffusa plasma-membrane transporter-proteins, and hence is novel
increases the release of 8HQ in response to low nutrient and possibly more energy-efficient. Thus our study
availability, whether 8HQ directly increases the ability of the elucidates one of the adaptive physiological mechanisms
plant to acquire nutrients, and by what mechanisms 8HQ that could increase the invasiveness of C. diffusa in
fulfills the functions of inducing phytotoxicity and procuring resource-limited habitats.
nutrients. Hydroponic studies with various nutrient treatments
showed that 8HQ production by C. diffusa to be non-specific
to nutrient deficiency. By demonstrating that C. diffusa was
Main Topic 11: Allelopathy in crop settings for weed suppression
175. The Challenge of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) 176. Role and Persistence of Rye Allelopathic Activity
– Will Allelopathy be Part of the Solution? in Soil
J. E. Pratley John R. Teasdale1, Clifford P. Rice1 and Inga A. Zasada2
E. H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles USDA-ARS Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab1 and
Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia 2678 Nematology Lab2, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
Email: jpratley@csu.edu.au Email: john.teasdale@ars.usda.gov
Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is one of the major weed Many extracts and compounds isolated from winter annual
challenges for the farmers of southern Australia. It infests cover crops have been demonstrated to have allelopathic
almost all fields of winter crops and requires herbicides to activity. These compounds can contribute to weed
enable the crop to produce an economic yield. The suppression when cover crops are terminated before
dependence on herbicides in the Australian conservation planting a cash crop. Although cover crop extracts can
farming regime has resulted in the evolution of herbicide exhibit allelopathic activity in laboratory assays, they
resistance in annual ryegrass to the extent whereby more than would be expected to have less activity and persistence in a
half the fields in winter crops are estimated to have resistant soil environment. Literature suggests that, following cover
ryegrass. This raises the prospect that Australia may run out crop termination, residues become less toxic as they
of effective herbicide options over the next 5 to 10 years for decompose over a period of several weeks. An experiment
control of this weed. Much research has been conducted to was conducted to determine the allelopathic activity and
improve the understanding of the biology of this species. This persistence of rye (Secale cereale L.) after cover crop
has been valuable information but its application in a termination in 2006 and 2007 at two sites near Beltsville,
chemical farming system has been limited. Until recently little MD. Rye in a late vegetative stage was killed by an
has been known of its chemical interactions of annual application of paraquat and residue either shallowly
ryegrass with other species in the field. The team at Charles incorporated or retained on the soil surface without tillage.
Sturt University has devoted the last decade to its allelopathic The annual broadleaf weed, smooth pigweed (Amaranthus
interactions with the prospects of novel solutions for its hybridus L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Great Lakes’)
management. This paper considers the prospects of breeding were planted into the incorporated rye, the no-tillage rye, or
crops for allelopathic control of ryegrass (the work of Wu), a control (with tillage similar to the incorporated rye
the search for new herbicide options through phytotoxicity treatment) immediately following and at approximately
(the work of Haig), the allelopathic impact of ryegrass on weekly intervals after tillage. Soil to a 10 cm depth was
other species (the work of An) and the role of endophytes on removed from each treatment at the same time that test
the fitness and competitiveness of ryegrass and generation of species were planted in the field and assayed in a
allelochemicals (the work of Kirkby). We know that there are hoophouse pot experiment using the same test species. Soil
good prospects for allelopathic varieties, that there are was also collected for determination of benzoxazinoid
phytotoxins that may be useful as natural herbicides, that concentrations in soil with LC-MS/MS at the same weekly
there are natural tolerances to ryegrass allelochemicals and intervals. Results of the field assay demonstrated a high
that endophytes are playing a role. This systematic approach level of suppression of both test species when planted
to weed control is discussed. immediately after rye termination (pigweed and lettuce
plant mass was reduced 84 and 89%, respectively, by
incorporated rye, and plant mass of both species was
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1
reduced 98% by surface rye residue compared to control Organic Chemistry, Agronomy School, Buenos Aires
plots). Suppression declined with subsequent plantings to less University, Avda. San Martín 4453. Buenos Aires
than 20% after approximately three weeks for incorporated (C1417DSE), Argentina
rye and approximately five weeks for surface rye. Results of Email: leicach@agro.uba.ar
the hoophouse assay demonstrated a moderate suppression of
both test species by soil from rye incorporated immediately Rice (Oryza sativa L.) allelopathic potential was
after planting (pigweed and lettuce mass were reduced by 37 investigated in the last decade with particular interest on
and 49%, respectively) but this suppression declined to less the identification of allelochemicals. However, there are
than 20% within one week after rye termination. Soil from not systematic studies performed on rice cultivars
no-tillage rye had no suppressive activity in the hoophouse commonly used in Argentina. The aim of present work was
assay. These results suggest that release of allelopathic to explore the allelopathic potential of six different rice
compounds accounted for at least half of the field suppression cultivars frequently used in Argentinean rice region. A
observed with incorporated rye but this effect was short-lived. modified relay seeding technique, a laboratory bioassay that
Allelopathy apparently made little contribution to field measures root growth inhibition of a weed species due to
suppression by surface rye residue. the presence of rice seedlings, was used to evaluate the
allelopathic effect of the rice lines. Six rice cultivars: El
177. Rye Cover Crop Management to Enhance Paso 144, Cambá, Blue Bonnet, IRGA 417, Yeruá, and El
Allelopathic Weed Suppression Supremo were selected for this bioassay. Barnyardgrass
James Burton, Christophe LaHovary, Christine Sickler, David [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.], one of the most
Danehower, Chris Reberg-Horton, Michael Burton, and Paul troublesome weeds in rice production was chosen as a
Murphy target species. Experiments were conducted in the
Depts. of Horticultural Science and Crop Science, North laboratory of the Organic Chemistry, FAUBA from August
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA to November 2007. The inhibition degree was quantified in
Email: Jim_burton@ncsu.edu terms of Echinochloa crus-galli root growth. Each
treatment was replicated eight times in a completely
Rye (Secale cereale) is used as a winter cover crop, often for randomized block design and the experiment was repeated
the allelopathic weed suppression provided by the mulch. twice. Analysis of variance was performed for all data
However, weed suppression from a rye cover crop mulch is using the General Linear Model. Treatment means were
not always reliable. This may be due to many factors, but one compared using the least significant difference (LSD) at the
aspect of cover crop mulch weed suppression that is not well 0.05 probability level. El Paso and Blue Bonnet were the
understood is the relationship between cover crop cultivars showing strong and consistent allelopathic activity
management and the allelochemical levels resulting from the against Echinochloa crus-galli, whereas the remaining rice
management system. Rye produces several allelochemicals, lines were weakly (or not) allelopathic. Utilization of
the principle allelochemical group include the benzoxazinone allelopathic potential in rice might become an easy and
(BX), represented by DIBOA. The constitutive biosynthesis affordable initial weed management strategy, accessible to
of allelochemicals in rye seems to be correlated with all farmers reducing dependency on chemical herbicides,
development; most is produced when the plants are at more thus reducing environmental pollution.
juvenile stages of growth. It is likely that rye produces a
constitutive amount of BX in each leaf, and does not produce 179. Allelopathic Rice: From Theory to Practice in
more unless induced. This constitutive content is diluted as China
the plant grows, and the lowest concentration of BX is found Hu Fei, *Kong Chuihua and Chen Xionghui
in mature flowering plants. However, the biomass increases Laboratory of Weed Science, South China Agricultural
can result in significant total BX accumulation, resulting in 30 University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
kg ha-1 at the time the cover crop is terminated (early to mid- Email: hufei@scau.edu.cn
May in NC). It is not known whether this high biomass to
high allelochemical ratio is optimum for weed management. Rice is one of the staple food crops in the World, nearly
Mowing and nitrogen application in the early Spring can alter half of China’s populations have being fed with rice for
the biomass profile (leaf to stem tissue ratio). We have found thousands years. Weed is always one of the serious
that very little BX is present in the stem or flower tissue. pathogens in rice production. Both manpower and chemical
Mowing with N increased the leaf:stem ratio at the early May methods are not the best weed control strategy in modern
sampling, when compared to the mowing only treatment. rice production. However, the development of allelopathic
Mowing plus N did not result in a greater or lower BX rice with significantly will decrease herbicide applications
concentration in the harvested tissue than the mowing alone and not increase manpower in weed rice management. Rice
treatment. These changes in the biomass profile as a result of allelopathic research have been initiated and the progress
cover crop management could result in improved weed has been fast both in theory and practices in China.
suppression by the cover crop mulch. Theoritical research includes rice allelochemicals, isolation
and identification and their synthesis, gene analysis, GM
178. Argentinean Rice Cultivars: Their Allelopathic rice for weed-suppress, mode of allelochemicals releasing
Potential for Weed Control and transformation, relations of rice allelopathic trait with
biotic and abiotic factors (soil, meteorological, weed,
Florencia Urteaga Omar, Hugo D. Chludil1 and Silvia R.
growth stage, etc), chemical signal among weeds and rice
Leicach1
plants. In China, both allelopathic and high yield yielding
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rice varieties have been breed for rice production. For the last ensured its relatively higher competitive capacity in the
10 years we have developed three rice lines that have both mixture of rice/weed.
weed-suppression trait and other commercial yield and quality
attributes. Now these three lines are being evaluated under the
control of government, meanwhile we are summarizing 181. FQ-PCR Analysis on Key Enzymatic Genes
production management practices for these three line rice in Related with Phenolic Acid Metabolism in Rice
the fields. These production practices may decrease herbicide Accessions (Oryza Sativa L.) Exposed to Nitrogen Stress
uses and increase rice yields for the farmers. We believe that Jun Xiong1, Haibin Wang1, Long Qiu1, Hanwen Wu2,
these alllelopathic rice lines along with their production Haibin He1, Ruiyu Lin1 and Wenxiong Lin1
1
practices may be adopted in 3 to 5 years by organic producers Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology,
in China. Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), C/O
Ministry of Education China
2
Institute of Agroecology C/O School of Life Sciences,
180. Molecular Physiological Properties of Different
FAFU, Fuzhou 350002, China
Allelopathic Potential Rice Accessions in Responses to
Email: xj_x0347@163.com
Nutrition Deficiency
Wenxiong Lin1, 2, Jun Xiong1, 2, Haibin He1, 2, Haibin Lin1 ,2
and Long Qiu1, 2 The different expressions of the key enzyme genes related
1
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, with the Phenylalanine pathway in allelopathic and non-
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), C/O allelopathic rice accessions under nitrogen stress were
Ministry of Education China investigated using real-time fluorescence quantitative
2
Institute of Agroecology C/O School of Life Sciences, FAFU, PCR(FQ- PCR).The results showed the expression of 5
Fuzhou 350002, China core genes in mRNA level, which were closely correlated
Email: wenxiong181@163.com with phenolic acids metabolism, all increased in
allelopathic rice PI312777 exposed to nitrogen starvation,
Our previous studies showed that nutrient deficiency could and of which, the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL) was
influence the production of allelochemicals, as a result, affect the most sensitive. Benzoic acid-2-hydroxylase responsible
allelopathic potential in the suppression of the target weeds. for the salicylic acid (SA) synthesis which is an important
Experiments were conducted to study the mechanism of the signal molecule was upregulated by 3.010 and 3.230 fold
changes in the suppression of barnyardgrass mediated by time in leaf and root, respectively. At the same time, the
different allelopathic potential rice accessions under nutrient other core enzymes related to phenolic acid synthesis were
deficiency. The result showed that the inhibitory effect on decreased in non-allelopatic rice Lemont under low N
barnyardgrass mediated by allelopathic rice PI312777 was supply except for the lightly increase of cinnamoyl-CoA in
significantly greater than that by non-allelopathic rice roots and cinnamoyl alcohol dehydrogenases in leaves. The
Lemont, especially under nutrition deficiency. Further contents of phenolic acids were higher in allelopathic rice
analysis indicated that phenolic acids in root exudates and PI312777 under lower nitrogen supply than under normal
tissues of allelopathic rice PI312777 were higher than that in nitrogen supply.
its counterpart under nutrition deficiency, which is attributed
to the higher activity in phenylpropanoid metabolism. 182. Exploiting Rice Allelopathy for Management of
Furthermore, the expression property of nine genes encoding Parthenium hysterophorus L.
the key enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid pathway in rice Arshad Javaid, Sobiya Shafique, Shazia Shafique and Tariq
was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. It was Riaz
found that all genes concerned in allelopathic rice PI312777 Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology, University of
were up-regulated, while the reverse was true in its the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore, Pakistan
counterpart except for PAL performing a slight up-regulation Email: arshadjpk@yahoo.com
pattern. The present result also showed that allelopathic rice
PI312777 performed stronger acclimation ability to the Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), an annual
nutrient stress than non-allelopathic rice Lemont, indicating invasive weed native to tropical America, is rapidly
its higher ability to absorb and utilize nitrogen, phosphorus, spreading in many parts of the world. The present study
and potassium in hydroponic solution, as well as its higher was designed to manage this weed by exploiting
activities to scavenge reactive oxygen species in rice plant. In allelopathic potential of rice (Oryza sativa L.). In a
addition, analysis of the related gene expression pattern for laboratory bioassay, effect of aqueous, methanol and n-
the key enzymes associated with absorption and utilization of hexane shoot extracts of 0, 2, 4…10% concentrations of
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients in the two rice three rice varieties viz. Basmati-385, Basmati-386 and
accessions showed that the related genes in allelopathic rice Basmati Super was tested against germination and seedling
PI312777were significantly upregulated compared with non- growth of parthenium. Aqueous and methanol extracts
allelopathic Lemont. It is therefore suggested that nutrient exhibited phytotoxicity against the test weed species.
deficiency enhanced rice allelopathic potential by inducing Generally extracts of higher concentrations of 6–10%
the related gene transcription and increasing the activities of significantly suppressed germination, shoot length and total
related enzymes, thus leading to increased phenolics in root plant biomass. Root length was significantly suppressed by
exudates to inhibit the accompanying weed barnyardgrass. all the employed concentrations of aqueous and methanol
Moreover, the higher nutrient efficiency of allelopathic rice extracts. Highest phytotoxicity was recorded in methanol
extracts of Basmati 386 where 10% extract suppressed
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2
germination, shoot length, root length and plant biomass by Department of Plant Biology, University of Dschang,
85, 87, 95 and 98%, respectively. In foliar spray bioassay, Cameroon
3
aqueous extracts of 5 and 10% concentrations of the three test Lerner Research Institute, Cleaveland, Ohio, USA.
rice varieties were sprayed on 7 days old pot grown Email: tina_fongod@yahoo.com
parthenium seedlings. Two subsequent sprays were carried
out at 5 days intervals each. All the extract treatments reduced Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng belonging to
root and shoot biomass. Effect of 5% extracts was more Acanthaceae family was found to grow luxuriantly along
pronounced than 10% extract. In residue incorporation the banks of a stream in Tiko, and was transplanted to a
bioassay, crushed shoot materials of the three rice varieties banana plantation to check the erosion there. This species
were incorporated in the soil at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% w/w established rapidly and its potentials as a non-leguminous
concentrations. Parthenium seeds were sown one week after cover crop became evident. Nelsonia canescens suppressed
residue incorporation and plants were harvested 4 weeks after the weed species diversity to just nine species as compared
sowing. All the residue treatments except 0.5% Basmati Super to 73 species in other adjacent parts of the plantation not
incorporation significantly declined shoot biomass of the planted with it. Even the nine surviving weed species
target weed species. Highest concentration of 1.5% residue showed marked reduction in growth and vigor, and were
incorporation of three rice varieties resulted in 61 to 81% and usually chlorotic. Leachates from vegetative plant parts
38 to 62% reduction of shoot and root biomass of parthenium soaked in water for 24 h reduced the germination of maize
weed, respectively. seeds by 70% while infusions from macerated vegetative
plant tissues soaked in water for 24 h reduced the
183. Effect of Different Allelopathic Crop Residues germination of maize seeds by 50%. Separation of
Applied as Surface Mulch for Weed Management in ultrasonification and microwave extracts of the plant by
Maize (Zea mays L.) silica gel thin layer chromatography revealed the presence
Azhar Mahmood, Zahid Ata Cheema, Abdul Khaliq and M. of three allelopathic compounds, affzelechin (a flavone
Naeem Mushtaq catechin), scopolin (a 6-methoxy-7-glucosidyl coumarin)
Weed Science & Allelopathy Laboratory, Department of and myrecetin (a glucone flavanol). These compounds are
Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, probably responsible for the allelopathic interaction of
Pakistan. Nelsonia canscens with other weeds in the banana agroeco-
Email: azhar1298@yahoo.com system. Allelopathic properties of a ground cover like
Nelsonia canescens could be a cheap and environmentally
Weeds pose a major threat to the yield of maize crop. friendly alternative to chemical weed control in weed
Allelopathy has emerged as a recent tool for manipulating the management systems in plantation agriculture. Preliminary
growth of different plant species. A field study was carried observations on other attributes of a good cover crop are
out at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, quite promising and need to be further investigated for the
Faisalabad, during 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the allelopathic possible adoption of this plant as a plantation cover crop.
influence of mulches of different plant residues as sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor), sunflower (Helianthus annus), rice (Oryza
185. Control of Weeds in Wheat Field by Applying
sativa) and maize (Zea mays) applied in a combination of
Allelopathic Concept in Bangladesh
three each at 6.0 Mg ha-1 as surface application at sowing. For P. K. Biswas1, M. M. Morshed1and P. C. Bhowmik2,
comparison, the recommended rate of S-metolachlor + 1
Dept. of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural Universit,
atrazine (Primextra Gold 720-SC) at 1.8 kg a.i. ha-1 as a Dhaka, Bangladesh
standard herbicide treatment was applied at pre emergence 2
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-7245
and a weedy check was also maintained. Surface mulching of USA.
different crop residues was fairly good in controlling the Email: parimalbiswas@hotmail.com
weeds. Combination of rice + sunflower + maize each at 6.0
Mg ha-1 was relatively better in reducing the total weed dry Wheat (Tritucum aestivum) is successfully grown
weight by 70 to 85% and was followed by treatment Bangladesh. The crop is frequently affected by weeds that
combination of sorghum + sunflower + maize each at 6.0 Mg cause about 20 to 30% yield reduction. A 2-yr research
ha-1 with 58 to 81% reduction during both years. The project was initiated at Agronomy department, Sher-e-
combination of rice + sunflower + maize each at 6.0 Mg ha-1 Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh to study the
increased maize yield by 54 to 69% as compared to the allelopathic effects of Brassica spp. to control weeds in
control and yield was similar to the yield obtained from S- wheat. An experiment was laid out in a split-plot design
metolachlor + atrazine treatment. It can be suggested that with three cultivated Brassica species viz. Brassica
surface mulching of the crop residues is economical practice campestris, Brassica juncea and Brassica napus as the
for controlling weeds in maize. main plot and five methods of biomass application as the
sub-plot. Brassica crops were uprooted at initiation of
184. Allelopathic Potentials of a Non-Leguminous Cover flowering and applied in the same field as per treatment.
Crop, Nelsonia canescens (Lam) Spreng, Family Wheat seeds were sown in 20 cm row spacing. Weed
Acanthaceae samples were collected two times on 30 and 50 days after
A. G. N. Fongod1, D. A. Focho2, A. M. Mih1, Nukuna B. N.3 sowing (DAS) for counting weeds and measuring dry
and V. P. K. Titanji1 weight. Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus viridis,
1
Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, University of Heliotropium indicum, Polygonum hydropiper, Celosis
Buea, PO Box 63, Buea. Cameroon argentina, Ageratum conyzoides, Brassica kaber and
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Digitaria ischaemum were not found to the wheat field. The In this study, the allelopathic potential of Jatropha curcus
highest weed dry matter yields was recorded in Brassica oil cakes after biodiesel recovery was determined on Zea
juncea plots (1.72 g/m2) at 30 DAS and in Brassica napus mays and Sorghum vulgare crops. Different concentrations
field (1.44 g/m2) at 50 DAS. The lowest weed dry matter (5, 10, 15 and 20%) of aqueous extracts and hexane
(0.89 g/m2) was recorded when total Brassica biomass was extracts of J. curcus oil cakes after biodiesel were prepared.
incorporated into the soil 30 DAS and 50% incorporation plus The bioassay studies viz., germination, plumule length,
50% spreading 50 DAS. Weed population densities were not radicle length were carried out in Z. mays and S. vulgare. In
affected by Brassica species 30 and 50 DAS and by the the bioassays studies, the aqueous and hexane extracts of
incorporation methods 50 DAS, although the lowest weed Jatropha curcus oil cake showed inhibitory effect in 10, 15
population (15.33/m2) was recorded in spreading between and 20% concentrations, on seed germination, plumule
lines that were similar to complete incorporation and 50% length, radicle length in both seedlings. The post and pre
spreading plus 50% incorporation 30 DAS. Interaction of emergence studies viz., shoot length, root length and
Brassica species and incorporation methods showed lowest biomass were determined in both Z. mays and S. vulgare
weed dry matter (0.74 g/m2) 30 DAS in Brassica napus crops using aqueous and hexane extracts. The inhibitory
biomass incorporated into the soil. effect was more than 50% over that of the controls only in
the 15 and 20% concentrations in both crops. The hexane
186. Phytotoxicity of Wheat Straw on Selected Weed extracts showed more inhibitory effect in all the parameters
Species in Respect to Germination and Growth studied than the aqueous extracts. The pot culture
G.P. Satsangi, Garima Bartariya, and Anjali Saxena experiments followed a similar trend of inhibition in both
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh crops. Considerable inhibition by both extracts (20%) was
Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh Agra- observed in shoot length, root length, leaf area and seed
282005, India. weight in both crops. Qualitative analysis of phenolic acids
Email: gpsatsangi@yahoo.com by HPLC analyses in the oil cake of J. curcus revealed the
presence of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-
Allelopathy has shown its potential for biological weed hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorogenic acid. Qualitative
control. Present study was conducted to determine the analysis of phenolic acids by IR spectrophotometry in oil
phytotoxic effect of wheat straw (burned and unburned) on cake of J. curcus showed the presence of the functional
Chenopodium album L., Boerhaavia diffusa L. and groups viz., medium-strong hydrocarbon chromophore C-H
Parthenium hysterophorus L. For the bioassay, leachates were stretching alkane (2923 cm-1) and (2852 cm-1), carbyl
prepared by soaking 50 gms wheat straw (burned and chromophore ketone stretching vibrations á-â unsaturated
unburned separately) in 900 ml of distilled water for 72 hrs. cyclic strong band (1708 cm-1) hydrocarbon chromophore
and filtered by muslin cloth followed by Whatman filter paper C-H bending alkane- CH2 -medium band (1458 cm-1). The
no. 1. It was considered as 100% treatment dose. Appropriate inhibitory effect may be due to the presence of these
amount of distilled water was added to obtain its 50% and phenolic acids and other allelochemics in the J. curcus oil
25% concentrations. Twenty seeds of each of the species were cakes after biodiesel recovery.
soaked in different treatment doses along with water control.
After 24 hrs, seeds were transferred in petri plates lined with 188. Weed Suppression in Organic Gardening and
Whatman filter paper no. 1. Observations were recorded after Farming: Is Allelopathy the Answer?
15 days of soaking. These straw treatments linearly decreased Gerald R. Leather
the germination and growth (root-shoot length) of the test West Virginia University Agriculture Extension Service,
seeds as compared to the control. Seed germination at higher P.O. Box 1880, Romney, WV 26757 USA
concentration was least affected in Parthenium hysterophorus Email: Gerald.Leather@mail.wvu.edu
than in Chenopodium album and maximum in Boerhaavia
diffusa with both burned and unburned straw treatments. At Weed control is the biggest cost to certified organic farmers
lower concentrations of burned straw treatment, no effects and gardeners. Crop rotation, mechanical cultivation,
were observed as compared to the control. Seedling growth plastic mulching, and hand weeding are the most effective
was less affected under lower concentrations as compared to methods for weed suppression now used in organic
germination. It is revealed that differential phytotoxicity of vegetable and fruit production. Crotalaria juncea (Sunn
straw was species dependent and the effects were variable hemp, var. Tropic Sun) contains a potent inhibitor of
depending on type and amount of the leachates. The unburned several weeds and may be useful as a cover crop, or with
straw demonstrated higher activity as compared to burned development of the identified allelochemical, as a natural
straw. Therefore, it is suggested that the straw management herbicide. The allelochemical is found throughout the sunn
practices may be used to develop an integrated weed hemp plant, but is highly concentrated in the seed. Re-
management programs. growth of Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) from crown and
root buds in a sand-nutrient culture containing 2 sunn hemp
187. Allelopathic Effect of Jatropha curcus Oil Cakes after seeds was 25% of plants growing in pots without sunn
Biodiesel Recovery on Zea mays and Sorghum vulgare. hemp. Growth of Brassica kaber, Echinochloa crus-galli,
M. Jayakumar and P. Meena Datura stramonium, leafy spurge, and Sorghum halepense
Research Department of Botany, VHNSN College, seedlings in nutrient culture was inhibited 50% by 25 ppm
Virudhunagar- 626 001, India of a crude extract of the sunn hemp seeds. Using a Lemna
Email: jayakuma_99@yahoo.com bioassay, Lemna minor was significantly inhibited with 5
uM, 50% with 10 uM, and 90% with 15 uM of the purified
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allelochemical. The allelochemical was confirmed as 5- Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of
hydroxynorleucene, a nonprotein amino acid, previously Sabzeva, Iran
identified by Pant and Fales in 1974. Other researchers Email: moh_armin@yahoo.com
(Adler and Chase, 2007) have compared sunn hemp as a
cover crop in vegetables to Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and Broadleaf weeds such as Amaranthus biltoides and
Mucuna deeringiana (velvetbean). They found that Amaranthus retroflexus and grass weeds like Setaria viridis
phytotoxicity of the cover crops was greater for weed species and Setaria glauca are important weeds in sugar beet (Beta
than crop plants, and sunn hemp was inconsistent in its effect. vulgaris) farms. This research was conducted to evaluate
There is evidence that the sunn hemp allelochemical is bound the allelopathic effects of root and shoot extract of common
to soil, since leafy spurge growing in soil required 15 times lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) on germination of
the amount of the crude extract to obtain the same inhibition sugar beet and its important weeds. The experiment was
as plants growing in sand/nutrient culture. When the conducted in a completely randomized design. The results
allelochemical was used as a spray or applied in agar to the of this experiment showed that broadleaf weeds were more
cut stems of leafy spurge, re-growth was inhibited and the sensitive to allelopathic effect of Chenopodium extract as
plants were devoid of chlorophyll. compared to grass weeds. While there were no significant
differences in seedling dry weight and fresh weights, the
189. Bio-control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. by Using Chenopodium extract had significant effect on germination
Extracts of Selected Plant Species percentage and germination rate of broadleaf weeds.
G.P. Satsangi, Anjali Saxena and Garima Bartariy Chenopodium extract decreased germination of grass weeds
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh in comparison to the control but this was not significant.
Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra These results also demonstrated that the Chenopodium
282005, India shoot extract had more effect on germination of sugar beet
Email: gpsatsangi @yahoo.com than the root extract, although there were no significant
differences in seed germination, germination rate and fresh
Parthenium hysterophorus is most prominent obnoxious weight and dry weight of seedlings. Overall, alleopathic
allelopathic weed, which reduces the growth and productivity effect of Chenopodium was more on broadleaf weeds than
of associated plants due to release and accumulation of grass weeds of sugar beet.
phytotoxins from its decomposing biomass and root exudates
in soil. The chemical content of the weed indicates that its all 191. Exploring the Possibility for Canarygrass
parts including trichomes and pollen contain toxic (Phalaris minor Ritz.) Control through Allelopathy
sesquiterpene, water soluble inhibitors. By considering its ill Khawar Jabran, Muhammad Farooq, Hafeez-ur-Rehman
effects present study was carried out to control the weed with and Mubashir Hussain
extracts and leachates of selected plants (three herbs and three Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
shrubs). For observing the effect of selected herbs and shrubs, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
the foliar treatment doses were prepared by following the Email: khawarjabran@gmail.com
methodology of Oudhia and Tripathi, 2000 (Researches on
Crops. 1:111-115), in which crushed (extracts) and uncrushed Allelopathy is the naturally occurring ecological
(leachates) leaves of selected plants were soaked in distilled phenomenon that can be exploited for safe food production,
water in ratio of 1:10,1:15,1;20 and 1;25 for 24 hrs. Twenty environmental protection, soil conservation and resource
seeds of weed were soaked in the prepared extract for 24 hrs regeneration. Allelochemicals extracted from various plant
and transferred in Petri plates lined with Whatman filter paper species can act as natural weed inhibitors. In the present
no 1. Seeds soaked in distilled water were served as water laboratory experiment, four allelopathic plant extracts
control. Observations of seeds as well as seedlings were (sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), mulberry (Morus alba L.),
recorded after 15 days of soaking. It has been observed that barnyard grass (Echionoachloa crusgalli L.) and winter
extracts were found more effective than leachates and the cherry (Withania somnifera L.) were tested for the
degree of inhibition was directly proportional to the inhibition of most problematic weed of wheat, canarygrass
increasing concentration of the treatments. Among herbs (Phalaris minor Ritz.). The plant parts were first grinded
Amaranthus virdis>Chenopoodium album>Acyranthus and then soaked in the distilled water with 1:15 (w/v) for
aspera and in shrubs Artemisia annua>Lantana overnight. Filtrate was then obtained by using Whatman
camara>Tagetes erecta were found effective in inhibiting the No. 42 filter paper. Petri dishes containing 10 seeds of
germination and vegetative growth of the test weed. canarygrass between the two layers of Whatman. No. 45
Therefore, these plants can be used to eradicate the noxious were provided with 10 ml of the respective extracts and
weed especially at initial phenophase of the weed. A bold placed in the incubator at 27◦C. Mulberry, barnyard grass
program may be launched to train the people to come forward and winter cherry extracts resulted in the complete
for eliminating Parthenium hysterophorus,to aquaint them inhibition of canary grass. No germination was recorded in
from its ill effects upon their lives. the canarygrass where the extracts from these plants were
applied. Sorghum, however, exhibited least suppressive or
190. The Effects of Common Lambsquarters in some cases the stimulatory effects on canarygrass. Plants
(Chenopodium album) Extracts on Sugar Beet (Beta revealing strong allelopathic potential can be utilized to
vulgaris) and its Important Weeds derive bio-herbicides for natural weed control.
Mohammad Armin and mosareza Hookmabadi
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192. DIBOA and BOA Production by Eight Rye Cultivars and this reduction was increased as the extract
and Allelopathic Effect of the Mulch on Four Warm concentration increased. All doses of extract had inhibitory
Season Weeds effect on root length of rapeseed but barley root length was
Vincenzo Tabaglio1, Carolina Gavazzi1, Margot Schulz2 and decreased only by 75% and 100% extracts significantly.
Adriano Marocco1 Root lengths of A. ludoviciana and P. minor were reduced
1
Istituto di Agronomia Generale e Coltivazioni Erbacee, by all doses but reduction of P. minor root length had no
Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via difference with control treatment. Among extracts, only
Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy 100% extract was decreased stem length of barley. Stem
2
IMBIO, University of Bonn, Karlrobert Kreiten Str. 13, length of rapeseed was inhibited by all extracts except the
53115 Bonn, Germany 25% extract that had a little stimulatory effect on rapeseed
Email: vincenzo.tabaglio@unicatt.it stem length.
In conventional agriculture weed control by herbicides is an 194. Use of Plant Extract in Control of Avena
expensive practice and can also have a negative effect on the ludoviciana Durieu
environment. Allelopathy permits sustainable weed Masoumeh Younesabadi, Habib Ollah Kashiri and Koorosh
management while reducing the impact of agriculture on the Ghaderi
environment. We studied the content of 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4 Dept. of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Center,
(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) and benzoxazolin-2(3H)- Beheshti Avenue, Gorgan, Golestan 49156-77555, Iran
one (BOA), indicated as benzoxazinoids and considered Email: myounesabadi@yahoo.com
effective for weed control, in 8 cultivars of rye grown in a
greenhouse, and also tested the ability of mulches to inhibit Canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) is one of the most
the germination of four warm-season weeds. Our results show important weeds in winter crops in Iran. Successive and
that all rye cultivars produced DIBOA, while BOA was found excessive using of herbicides against P. minor caused its
only in four of them. Total benzoxazinoid content ranged resistance to common herbicides. Searching natural
from 177 to 545 µg / g-1 and was statistically different among compounds that can be replaced with herbicides is a useful
cultivars. Rye mulches were not able to suppress velvetleaf method to solve this problem. In this experiment, herbicidal
and common lambsquarters seedlings, while redroot pigweed activity of water extracts of six plant species [Camel thorn
and common purslane were significantly affected. Weed (Alhgi camelorum fisch), Canada thistle Circium arvensis
suppression ranged from 40 to 52% for redroot pigweed and (L.) Scop., Horse mint (Mentha longifolia L.), Dwarf
from 40 to 74% for common purslane. No correlation was mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.), Elder berry (Sambucus
found between total benzoxazinoid content and the number of nigra L.), and Nettle leaf goose foot (Chenopodium murale
weed seedlings suppressed, with R2 = 0.076 for redroot L.)] was tested on the germination and growth of P. minor.
pigweed and R2 = 0.003 for common purslane, indicating that All extracts were prepared from above ground organs, at
benzoxazinoids are not the only source of phytotoxicity. vegetative phase except M. longifolia extract that prepared
in flowering stage. The results showed that P. minor
193. Allelopathic Effects of Circium arvensis (L.) Scop. on germination was inhibited by all extracts especially at 75
Germination and Growth of Some Crops and Weeds and 100% (1:10, w/v) concentration. Root length of P.
Masoumeh Younesabadi, Habib Ollah Kashiri, Leila Habibian minor was not affected by treatments, although a slight
and Ali Kian Poor reduction in root length was observed. All extracts at 75
Dept. of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Center, and 100% concentration significantly reduced stem length
Beheshti Avenue, Gorgan, Golestan 49156-77555, Iran of P. minor but lower doses had no effects on stem length.
Email: myounesabadi@yahoo.com A slight increase of P. minor stem length was observed
with 25% extracts of S. nigra and A. camelorum but this
Allelopathic effects of Canada thistle (Circium arvensis (L.) increase was not different from the control treatment.
Scop.) were determined on germination and growth of some
crops [rapeseed (Brassica napus), barley (Hordeum vulgare 195. Herbicidal Potential of Nettle Leaf Goosefoot
L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)] and weeds [oat (Avena (Chenopodium murale L.)
ludoviciana Durieu.) and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris Masoumeh Younesabadi
minor Retz.)]. This experiment was performed as randomized Dept. of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Center,
complete block design with five treatments and three Beheshti Avenue, Gorgan, Golestan 49156-77555, Iran
replications. The treatments consisted of different Email: myounesabadi@yahoo.com
concentrations of C. arvensis above ground water extract [25,
50, 75 and 100% (1:10, w/v)] and distilled water as control In this research the allelopatic effects of Nettle leaf goose
treatment. The results indicated that different concentrations foot (Chenopodium murale L.) was surveyed on
of C. arvensis water extract had no effect on germination, root germination and growth of three crops [rapeseed (Brassica
and stem length of wheat. C. arvensis 100% water extract napus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat
treatment inhibited germination of barley significantly, (Triticum aestivum L.)] and two weeds [oat (Avena
however lower doses had a little increase on barley ludoviciana Durieu.) and canarygrass (Phalaris minor
germination but this increase had no difference with control Retz.)]. This experiment was conducted as complete block
treatment. Rapeseed germination was significantly inhibited design with five treatments and three replications in 2008.
by all concentrations except 25% conc. Germination of P. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of C.
minor and A. ludoviciana was reduced by C. arvensis extract murale aerial part water extracts. The findings indicated
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that, stem length, root length and germination of rapeseed seeds of Amaranth and the test species were counted every
were inhibited by all treatments significantly. Root and stem second day and root and shoot lengths of the test plants
length of barley were decrease by all treatments but barley were measured 9 days after seeding. Amaranth had no
germination was affected only by treatments 3 and 4 (75 and influence on the germination of the test species but affected
100% extracts). The treatments had no significant effects on the early growth of some species adversely. The root and
root and stem length of wheat, but wheat germination was shoot length of the small-seeded species (V. agrestis and P.
decrease by treatments 3 and 4 only. Growth and germination annua) was reduced by up to 50% while the growth of L.
of A. ludoviciana was inhibited by all treatments significantly. perenne was unaffected. The time interval between the
P. minor root length was not affected by treatments. 2, 3 and sowing of Amaranth and the test species had only minor
4 treatments decreased stem length of P. minor significantly. influence on the reduction of shoot and root growth. No
P. minor germination was inhibited by all treatments significant differences in the allelopathic properties of the
significantly. C. murale extract had herbicidal activity and tested Amaranth varieties were observed. The results
lower doses of it can be used for weed control in some crops. clearly show that cultivated Amaranth species possess
However, more studies are necessary in this case. allopathic properties. Amaranth is sown late and at wide
row distances and consequently competes poorly with
196. Allelopathic Activity of Cauliflower (Brassica weeds in the early growth stages. Further investigations
oleracea var. botrytis) on Certain Common Weed Species using soil as growth medium are needed to reveal the
N. N. Issa and J. R Qasem potential to exploit allelopathy to suppress weed growth in
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Amaranth crops. Currently activity-guided fractionation
University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. techniques are performed for identification of the
E-mail: jrqasem@ju.edu.jo allelochemicals in Amaranth.
Laboratory and glasshouse experiments were carried out to 198. Effect of Walnut Phenolics on Germination of
investigate the allelopathic effects of cauliflower (Brassica Dandelion Seeds
oleracea var. botrytis) on Amaranthus retroflexus, Henryk Matok, Bogumil Leszczynski, Grzegorz
Chenopodium murale, Eruca sativa, Malva sylvestris, Chrzanowski
Portulaca oleracea and Solanum nigrum. Results showed that Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
extracts, leachates and volatile materials of cauliflower fresh University of Podlasie, 12 B. Prusa Str., PL-08110, Siedlce,
shoots significantly reduced germination and seedlings Poland
growth of different weed species under laboratory conditions. Email: leszczb@ap.siedlce.pl
Extract effects increased with concentration in the medium
and roots were affected more than shoots. Dried shoot Allelopathic action of walnut (Juglans regina L.) towards
residues of cauliflower in potted soil were highly toxic to the higher plants is well documented, however little is still
weed species tested with P. oleracea, A. retroflexus and C. known on its mechanism what cause a serious problems in
murale were most sensitive. Foliage applied extracts were its application to control a serious agricultural weed. In the
ineffective on weeds while soil applied extracts reduced present paper, we report on effect of phenolic extracts from
germination and growth of certain wed species. Root exudates the walnut leaves and roots on germination of dandelion
of cauliflower showed high allelopathic effects on growth of seeds (Taraxacum officinale Web). Extraction of the
most weed species studied with A. retroflexus, C. murale and phenolics from walnut leaves and roots was carried out
S. nigrum were most reduced. Water leachate from with 80% methanol and the extracts were separated using
cauliflower shoots was also toxic to different weed species HPLC Varian System equipped with UV detector. Effect of
grown in pots while M. sylvestris was the most tolerant weed. the walnut extracts and selected phenolics (caffeic and
chlorogenic acids and (+)-catechin) on germination of the
197. Allelopathy in Cultivated Amaranth Varieties dandelion seeds was examined in three independent
Solvejg K. Mathiassen, Per Kudsk and Inge S. Fomsgaard replicates.. One hundred seeds previously soaked in
Department of Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of distilled water for 12h was treated in Petri dishes with 15
Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej 1, ml of the walnut extracts (diluted to 4% methanol
DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark solutions), tested phenolics (at three different
Email: Inge.Fomsgaard@AGRSCI.DK concentrations) or distilled water (control seeds). Field
observations showed absence of the dandelion plants in the
Weedy Amaranth species have been reported to possess area surrounding walnut trees. The extracts from walnut
allelopathic properties. This study reports results from a leaves and roots contained eight identified phenolics such
preliminary screening of such properties in cultivated as: (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, p- and o-coumaric acids,
Amaranth varieties. The experiments were conducted in Petri ferulic acid, tannic acid, caffeic acid and syringic acid. The
dishes in a dark room and included two varieties of leaf extracts inhibited germination of the dandelion seeds
Amaranthus cruentus (Don Armando and Don Leon) and one since they started to germinate about two days later and
variety of A. hypochondriacus (San Antonio). Amaranth seeds after seven days only about 25% of the seeds were
were placed on wet filter paper in 2 or 3 rows with 10 seeds germinated in comparison to non-treated control. The tested
per row, and seeds of the test species (Veronica agrestis, Poa phenolics also reduced germination of dandelion seeds,
annua and Lolium perenne) were placed in rows between the especially at higher concentrations. The allelopathic
Amaranth. The test species were seeded on the same day or 2, potential of the walnut phenolics and possibility of their
4 or 7 days later than Amaranth. The number of germinated application for weed control is discussed.
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Main Topic 12: Allelopathy in aquatic environment
199. Impact of Allelopathy on the Periphyton of and lab experiments have shown that the red tide
Submersed Freshwater Macrophytes dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium
D. Erhard breve) is allelopathic to several co-occurring phytoplankton
Limnological Station, Technical University of Munich, species, but that K. brevis natural products other than well-
Hofmark 3, D-82393 Iffeldorf, Germany known brevetoxins are responsible for suppressing most of
E-mail: erhard@wzw.tum.de these species. Mechanisms of action of K. brevis
allelopathy include increased cell membrane permeability
Submersed macrophytes compete with other primary and reduced photosynthetic output. At least one
producers for light as the most important resource. Especially, phytoplankton competitor, Skeletonema costatum, retaliates
epiphytic algae or cyanobacteria attached to the leaves of against K. brevis, reducing its allelopathic effects and
aquatic plants may severely reduce light availability for their degrading waterborne brevetoxins. Our results indicate that
hosts. Allelopathy could thus be an advantageous trait to chemically-mediated interactions are reciprocal, and that
avoid the light limitation caused by periphyton. In fact, many ecosystem-level consequences of red tides (such as fish
freshwater macrophytes have been shown to exhibit a high kills caused by waterborne toxins) may depend upon which
allelopathic potential, indicating that allelopathy influences other phytoplankton species are present.
biocoenoses in natural systems. However, few studies have
been aimed at the ecological relevance of these chemical 201. Can Allelopathic Interactions Explain Plankton
interactions in aquatic ecosystems. We focus on two Blooms?
submersed macrophyte species, Elodea canadensis and E. P. Jonsson, G. Toth, and H. Pavia
nuttallii. Both are invasive in Europe, form dense Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, Department of
monospecific stands, and can displace native macrophytes. Marine Ecology, Göteborg University, Strömstad, SE
Elodea species are often reported to be less densely covered 45296, Sweden
by epiphytes, and we could show in laboratory studies that E-mail: gunilla.toth@marecol.gu.se
extracts and exudates of Elodea inhibit growth of epiphytic
cyanobacteria. Interestingly, epiphytic green algae exhibited a There is a growing awareness that harmful blooms of
considerable lower susceptibility towards Elodea microscopic cyanobacteria and planktonic protists (know as
allelochemicals. We thus assume that the release of active harmful algal blooms or HABs) have increased globally
compounds might reduce the abundance of some species, with serious implications for human health and economy.
especially cyanobacteria, in epiphytic biofilms. To address Harmful effects by HAB species are largely mediated
this question, we collected Elodea shoots and determined the through the production of highly toxic compounds.
composition of their periphyton communities. The Allelopathy has been suggested to convey a competitive
microscopic observations revealed a dominance of green advantage among planktonic cyanobacteria and protists,
algae (62% of the counted cells), whereas cyanobacteria and to explain the initiation and continuation of plankton
accounted for only 7%. Extracts from the same plant material blooms. Lewis (1986) pointed out some potential problems
inhibited the growth of epiphytic cyanobacteria, but with the evolution of allelopathic interactions among small
stimulated the growth of green algae. In contrast, green algae plankton. In the dynamic water-column a major problem is
contributed only 37% to the periphyton community on that the benefit from the production of a costly allelopathic
submersed leaves of Nuphar lutea growing next to Elodea. compound will be shared also by non-producers.
The abundance of cyanobacteria was comparable to that Accordingly, Lewis (1986) found it difficult to envisage the
found on Elodea. Nuphar extracts reduced growth of both evolution of allelopathic traits among small plankton that
groups of organisms, but the inhibition of cyanobacteria was are continuously being mixed through turbulent motion and
more pronounced. These results indicate that allelopathic random swimming. Since the publication by Lewis (1986)
interactions impact the composition of natural periphyton a number of research papers have reported allelopathic
communities. effects for bloom-forming species. Do these papers support
the significance of allelopathy as a key factor in bloom
200. Chemical Warfare in the Marine Plankton dynamics, and what is the current view on possible
J. Kubanek1, E. Prince1, T. Myers1, and J. Naar2 evolutionary mechanisms? In a meta-analysis of published
1
School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, studies we first consider the evidence for allelopathy
Georgia 30332, USA among plankton and under what conditions effects were
2
Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at found. We then use simple models to analyze if found
Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C. 28403-3297, USA allelopathic effects may play a significant role under field
E-mail: julia.kubanek@biology.gatech.edu conditions, and we also assess the likelihood for the
evolution of allelopathy in plankton communities. Finally,
How individual species come to be dominant members of we propose that reported allelopathic effects can be re-
marine planktonic communities is not deeply understood; interpreted as predatory or "parasitic" cell-cell interactions.
however, it is thought that chemistry plays a substantial role.
For example, some red tide-forming dinoflagellates produce 202. Allelopathic Effects of Plant Growth Regulators
toxic secondary metabolites that are hypothesized to enhance on Growth Promotion of Marine Photosynthetic
dinoflagellate fitness by acting as grazer deterrents, Bacteria
allelopathic agents, or antimicrobial defenses. Recent field L. Li, X. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Almeira, F. Li, and X. Hu
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Department of Environmental Studies and Environmental medium, and the co-occurrence of the two algae. The
Engineering, College of Environmental Science and analysis of chlorellin indicates that the content of fatty
Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, acids is influenced by the different culture conditions, its
P.R.China yield is greatest into mixed cultures, and almost exclusively
E-mail: dzylls@ouc.edu.cn constituted by C18 fatty acids. The toxicity of this mixture
has been separately assayed on the two algae and a
As is known to us, to prevent eutrophication in the seawater, stimulation of growth at low concentrations has been
it is vital that phosphorus and nitrogen must be reduced observed for both algae. However, P. subcapitata is much
effectively before urban sewage is discharged into the sea. more sensitive than C. vulgaris. The toxicity of fatty acids,
The initial purpose of our researches was to increase marine present in major amount, and the effect of their combined
Photosynthetic Bacteria (PSB) concentration for the effective action on P. subcapitata have been evaluated following the
reduction in nutrient concentrations in the sewage. Therefore, concentration addition model in short time bioassays,
we sought some exogenous growth factor that promotes PSB ensuring that their photo-oxidation does not occur during
growth. After five years of study, it was discovered that some the experiments. Fatty acids exhibit a different toxicity in
certain plants and plant growth regulators promote PSB relation to their unsaturation number. Linolenic, linoleic,
multiplication. Such plants as licorice, Baikal skullcap root, oleic, and stearic acids are the most active and display a
fructus trichosanthis, and pilose Asiabell root, but especially hormetic behaviour, being stimulated or inhibited
fructus trichosanthis, had allelopathic effects on growth according to their concentration. By using some of these
promotion of PSB. With thin layer-paper chromatography- new experimental results, a mathematical model has been
biological training selection identification method, it was suggested describing the interference between C. vulgaris
discovered that 1-octadecene from fructus trichosanthis and P. subcapitata. In particular, the toxicity of chlorellin
promoted growth of PSB most significantly. It was on both algae has been explicitly taken into account.
hypothesized that the mechanism might have been that 1-
octadecene acted as a role analogous to a plant hormone. 204. AllelopathicAactivities of Ceratophyllum demersum
Further study showed that plant growth regulators, including on Microcystis aeruginosa in Co-cultivation
triacontanol, gibberellin, indole-3-acetic acid, and α- Q. Xian1, X. Li1, J. Xu1, S. Gao1, D. Yin2, and H. Zou1
1
naphthylacetic acid, had allelopathic effects on growth State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource
promotion of PSB. Most importantly, gibberellin at the Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University,
concentration of 0.1 mg/L led to the most significant Nanjing 210093, China
2
allelopathic effect, followed by triacontanol, Indole-3-acetic Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment,
acid and α-naphthylacetic acid, in the concentration scope of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai,
0.5 mg/L - 1.0 mg/L. The growth promotion mechanism 200092, China.
complied with receptor and second messenger theory of plant E-mail: xianqm@nju.edu.cn
hormones and growth regulators. Therefrom, our researches
entered the ecological field of inter-species reciprocity in Submerged macrophytes are an important factor in
aquatic environments. maintaining clear water status in shallow aquatic
ecosystems. Ceratophyllum demersum could secrete
203. Chlorellin Production by Chlorella vulgaris: allelochemicals to inhibit the growth of blue-green algae,
Qualitative and Quantitative Changes Influenced by and C. demersum is considered as one of the preferential
Chemical and Biological Factors plants in restoration of eutrophication waters. This paper
M. DellaGreca1, P. Fergola2, M. Cerasuolo2, A. Pollio3, G. studied the allelopathic effects and mechanism of C.
Pinto3, and A. Zarrelli1 demersum on Microcystis aeruginosa in co-cultivation.
1
Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica; Results showed that the growth of M. aeruginosa was
2
Dipartimento di Matematica e Applicazioni “R. substantially inhibited and they died out at 96 h. The
Caccioppoli;” inhibition of M. aeruginosa was due to the allelopathy but
3
Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Sezione di Biologia not competition of light and nutrition between them.
Vegetale. Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Chlorophyll-a and phycobiliprotein (including PC, APC
Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy and PE) were damaged during the co-cultivation,
E-mail: dellagre@unina.it especially, damage of PC was the most. SOD activity and
MDA accumulation increased in the beginning, and then
Several experiments carried out in chemostats proved that in decreased. Although allelopathic inhibition of M.
mixed cultures of Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudokirkneriella aeruginosa on C. demersum existed in co-cultivation, M.
subcapitata, under phosphate-limiting conditions, the latter aeruginosa also hindered the growth of C. demersum
alga goes to extinction. A constant release, by C. vulgaris, of resulting in the decrease of the content of chlorophyll-a and
chlorellin-like materials, mainly composed by different fatty carotenoid. As a plant hormone, effects of exogenous
acids, was observed. A mathematical model, built on the basis abscisic acid (ABA) on the biomass and activities of some
of the experimental results, confirmed that a valuable physio-biochemical indices such as chlorophyll, carotenoid,
contribution to the final exclusion of P. subcapitata is due to soluble protein, SOD, POD, and MDA also were
the allelochemicals released by C. vulgaris. To solve some investigated and compared in leaves of C. demersum with
open questions, a new set of experiments has been performed or without M. aeruginosa stress. Results showed that M.
to evaluate if the chlorellin production depends on the age of aeruginosa decreased activities of SOD and POD,
the culture, the phosphate concentration in the culture increased MDA accumulation and leading to loss of
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chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoid and soluble protein. likely been facilitated by similarities in plant morphology
Exogenous ABA of low concentration (≤1.0 mg·L-1) and chemistry; both species have similar concentrations of
enhanced activities of SOD and POD, reduced MDA nutrients, carbohydrates and nonpolar extracts. However,
accumulation, and increased the content of chlorophyll-a, M. spicatum has a higher concentration of the herbivore
chlorophyll-b, carotenoid and soluble protein, thus enhancing deterrents lignin and polyphenols. Despite these defenses,
the ability of C. demersum to stand M. aeruginosa stress. the milfoil weevil prefers and performs better on the
Exogenous ABA of high concentration decreased the content invasive M. spicatum than on its native host plant. The
of chlorophyll and carotenoid, but the growth of C. demersum weevil’s preference is likely due to a higher concentration
was not influenced. The most suitable concentration of ABA of the attractants glycerol and uracil in M. spicatum
was defined to be in the range of 0.5-1.0 mg·L-1. exudates. The weevil’s faster growth and higher survival
on M. spicatum may be due to the lower concentration of
205. QTL Mapping and Identification of Candidate ash, which in high amounts can reduce plant nutritional
Compounds Associated with Allelopathic Effect of Rice content or act as a physical defense. When given a choice
Kazutoshi O.1, K. Ebana2, and M. M. Y. Hegab3 of M. spicatum vs. control, the milfoil weevil was attracted
1
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, to milfoil from several lakes, but not others; indicating
University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1,Tsukuba, 305-8572 discrimination by the weevil for specific populations of
Japan milfoil. Furthermore, one population of weevils preferred
2
National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2- M. spicatum to control or hybrid milfoil, whereas a second
1-2, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan population of weevils had no preference for any milfoil
3
Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt population. Therefore, different weevil populations have
Email: okusan@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp different levels of discrimination for the same watermilfoil
populations. Further work is needed to identify other
Allelopathy in rice can be used as a method for biological chemicals involved in weevil attraction, to determine how
control of weeds in rice cropping. We have focused on the milfoil plant and exudate chemistry change under
detecting QTL for allelopathic effect and identifying chemical different environmental conditions and to understand how
compounds associated with allelopathic effect in Asian those changes ultimately affect weevil preference and
cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). Firstly, we developed a performance. This understanding is crucial to determining
reproducible bioassay to assess the allelopathic effect of rice. how the milfoil weevil can be used to control the invasive
We analyzed QTL conferring allelopathic effect of rice using M. spicatum.
F2 plants of the cross between PI312777 (allelopathic) and
Rexmont (non-allelopathic) and RFLP markers mapped on 12 207. Utilization of Allelopathic Plant Water Extracts in
rice chromosomes. Seven QTL underlying allelopathic effect Combination with Reduced Rate of Atrazine for Weed
were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11 and 12. Management in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Major QTL were located on the chromosome 5, 6 and 7, Azhar Mahmood, Zahid Ata Cheema**, Abdul Khaliq and
explaining 13-16% of total phenotypic variation. A single M. Naeem Mushtaq
QTL on chromosome 7 showed a positive effect on Weed Science & Allelopathy Laboratory, Department of
allelopathic effect without QTL on chromosomes 5 and 6. The Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040,
QTL on chromosome 7 was responsible for inhibition of both Pakistan.
root growth and necrosis on root tips of lettuce. We also Email: azhar1298@yahoo.com
identified candidate compounds associated with allelopathic
effect of rice using HPLC. The allelopathic rice variety Indiscriminate use of herbicides is posing environmental
contained 20 detectable phenolic compounds while non- threats and development of resistance in weed biotypes. A
allelopathic variety contained only 10 compounds. Among 20 field study to explore possibilities of reducing herbicide
phenolic compounds detected in rice seedlings, at least 7 dose in combination with different allelopathic plant water
phenolic compounds might play a primary role in allelopathic extracts for weed management in maize was carried out at
effect of rice. Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad during 2006 and 2007. Atrazine (Atrazine 38-
206. Response of a Native Insect to Allelochemicals from SC) at 0.167 kg a.i. ha-1 was tank mixed with 18 L ha-1
a Native and Invasive Watermilfoil water extracts each of sorghum + brassica + mulberry,
M. D. Marko1,2,3, R. M. Newman1, and F. K. Gleason2 sorghum + brassica + sunflower, sorghum + sunflower +
1
Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, rice, sorghum+ sunflower + maize and sorghum + maize +
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6124, USA; rice and was applied as early post-emergence, i.e., 15 days
2
Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. after sowing (DAS). For comparison, atrazine alone at 0.5
Paul, MN 55108, USA kg ha-1 at 15 DAS and the recommended rate of S-
3
Department of Biology, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN metolachlor + atrazine (Primextra Gold 720-SC) at 1.08 kg
56562, USA ha-1 applied pre-emergence as standard treatments and a
Email: marko@cord.edu weedy check as a control treatment were included. Weed
species present in the experimental area were Trianthema
The milfoil weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei, has made a host portulacastrum, Cyprus rotundus, Dactyloctenium
range expansion from its native host northern watermilfoil, aegyptium, Cynodon dactylon and Cleome viscosa.
Myriophyllum sibiricum, to the nonindigenous Eurasian Combination of sorghum + sunflower + brassica each at 18
watermilfoil, M. spicatum. This host range expansion has L ha-1 and 1/3 dose of atrazine (0.167 kg ha-1) reduced total
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weed dry weight by 86 to 75% at 45 DAS in 2006 and 2007, and marginal analyses show that plant population 0.25
respectively. Maize yield increased by 48 to 51% by the million ha-1 gave higher net benefits (average of three
combination treatment of sorghum + sunflower + brassica years) followed by herbicide at 0.30 million ha-1 population
water extracts each at 18 L ha-1 and with 1/3 dose of atrazine and water extracts at 0.30 million plant population.
(0.167 kg ha-1) as early post emergence (15 DAS) over the
control in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and yields were equal 209. A Preliminary Study on Allelopathic Effect of
to the yields obtained from the recommended rate of S- Three Compositae Plants on Microcystis aeruginosa
metolachlor + atrazine and atrazine alone. It is concluded that Weihao Zhang
herbicide dose may be reduced up to 67%, if applied in School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan
combination with water extracts of sorghum + brassica + University, Wuhan 430079, China
sunflower for weed management in maize. Email: zhangwh@whu.edu.cn
208. Influence of Plant Population, Allelopathic Water Based on common phenomena of biochemical interaction
Leachates and a Post-Emergence Herbicide on Weeds in between plants and microorganisms, the inhibitive effects
Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.) of three common terrestrial ompositae plants, namely
Arif Rehman*, Zahid Ata Cheema**, Abdul Khaliq and M. Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC, Conyza canadensis L
Naeem Mushtaq Cronq, and Kalimeris indica L Sch.-Bip on the blue algae
Weed Science & Allelopathy Laboratory, Department of Microcystis aeruginosa were studied. Live Compositae
Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, plants were co-cultivated with algae of two different
Pakistan. inoculation cell concentration for 10 days in 5 pools
Email: arifrehman1304@yahoo.com, incubators, to exclude the influence of bacteria and
nutrient. Inhibitive effects of the three plants on the algae
A field study was carried out at agronomic research area, were observed by the decrease in optical density (OD680) of
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, during 2005-2007 to the culture. Data indicated that Artemisia lavandulaefolia
investigate the effect of plant population (0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 had the most inhibitive potential among the three plants,
million plants ha-1), sorghum, sunflower and rice water with an inhibition rate of 93.3% (inoculation cell
extracts each at 15 and 18 L ha- 1(20, 40 and 60 DAT) and a concentration 2.0×106 Cells/mL) and 89.3% (inoculation
post-emergence herbicide Nominee (bispyribac-sodium cell concentration 4.0×106 Cells/mL) respectively on the
100SC) at 21 g a.i. ha-1 20 days after transplanting (DAT), on 10th day. The average inhibition rate during the last half
weeds in rice. Results revealed that plant population period of the experiment was 0.76 (inoculation cell
significantly influenced weed dry weight. On an average, 45 concentration 2.0×106 Cells/mL) and (inoculation cell
and 52% reduction in total weed dry weight during three years concentration 4.0×106 Cells/mL), respectively. Logistic
of experimentation was recorded at 75 DAT with 0.25 and model analysis showed that Compositae plants such as A.
0.30 million plants ha-1 as compared to the recommended lavandulaefolia DC caused the reduction of the growth
plant population of 0.20 million ha-1. Foliar spray of limit of algae, resulting in shorter time taken to reach the
allelopathic extract mixtures at 15 and 18 L, each ha-1 limit value, and population decayed in some groups.
significantly suppressed (46 to 61%) total weed dry matter Average inhibition rate model was used to evaluate the
production. The suppressive effect of water extracts at the inhibitive effects and ANOVA analysis was used to
highest rate (18 L ha-1) and the highest plant population (0.30 determine the similarity and differences between every
million ha-1) was relatively high. The herbicide at the experimental group. Result showed that A. lavandulaefolia,
recommended plant population (0.20 million ha-1) inhibited which grew well in the aquatic environment, might have a
the weed dry weight by 56% while at higher population levels great potential to be applied to inhibit algae bloom and
(0.25 and 0.30 million ha-1) decreases in weed dry weight control the eutrophication of water.
were 61 and 68%, respectively. Rice yield was increased in all
the treatments (19 to 87%) as compared to control. Economic
Main Topic 13: Genetics and Biochemistry
210. Exploitation of Allelopathic Interactions in Cereal These secondary metabolites are members of a family of
Crops broadly acting defence compounds, believed to protect
Ruth Gordon-Weeks and John Pickett plants from above ground pathogens, including bacteria,
Biological and Ecological Chemistry Department, fungi and sucking and chewing insects. Benzoxazinones are
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden also stored and released from roots to defend plants from
Hertfordshire, AL5 5PJ, UK soil pathogens and weeds and their biosynthetic regulation
Email: Ruth.Gordon-Weeks@bbsrc.ac.uk in roots may differ from that in the foliar tissue. Ultimately,
we wish to establish if there is sufficient variation within
We are studying the role of allelopathic compounds in natural wheat populations to form the basis of a breeding program
resistance to biotic stress in cereal crops. During early to generate varieties that display general resistant to
development, wheat, and some other cereals accumulate pathogens and weeds due to increased amounts of these
hydroxamic acids or benzoxazinones throughout their tissues. compounds. We are using gene expression studies and
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chemical analysis to measure constitutive regulation and from the carotenoid pathway (Matusova et al, 2005). In our
inducibility of the pathway in response to pathogens, and by current research we are further unraveling this pathway and
natural plant defence inducers, to examine wider aspects of elucidating which genes encode the dedicated biosynthetic
variation within the wheat population. To investigate their steps that lead to the formation of the strigolactones.
role in allelopathy we are studying the root specific regulation Furthermore, we are interested in the signal transduction
of the pathway including its response to nematodes. In pathway initiated by phosphate starvation and ultimately
addition to standard hexaploids we are studying wheat leading to an increased strigolactone production.
varieties from international breeding collections and a range
of diploid and tetraploid wheats. We have access to some
natural mutants of the diploid, Triticum Boeoticum, that lack 212. Biosynthesis and Allelopathic Activity of
the benzoxazinone pathway. Comparison of resistance in Diterpenoid Phytoalexins in Rice
these mutants with wild type T. boeoticum will enable us to Hisakazu Yamane1, Atsush Okada1, Kazunori Okada1,
determine the extent to which resistance depends on the Tomonobu Toyomasu2
1
benzoxazinone pathway, and whether other defence Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo,
mechanisms are also involved. In addition to the work on Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
2
wheat we are investigating allelopathic interactions between Department of Bioresource Engineering, Yamagata
maize and legumes. Intercropped legumes release compounds University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
from their roots that can significantly reduce infestation of Email: Ayamane@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
maize by parasitic weeds. The identification of the
compounds involved in this interaction and its successful Rice (Oryza sativa L.) produces four structurally distinct
practical application in sub-Saharan Africa will be discussed. types of polycyclic diterpenoid phytoalexins, phytocassanes
A to E, oryzalexins A to F, momilactones A and B, and
oryzalexin S. Of these diterpenoid phytoalexins,
211. Strigolactones: A Cry for Help Results in Fatal
Attraction momilactones have also been shown to play an important
Carolien Ruyter-Spira1, Juan Antonio Lopez-Raez1, Catarina role as allelochemicals in rice and the moss Hypnum
Cardoso1, Tatsiana Charnikhova1, Radoslava Matusova1, plumaeforme. In this talk, biosynthesis and allelopathic
Wouter Kohlen1, Francel Verstappen1, 2, Harro activity of rice diterpenoid phytoalexins including
Bouwmeester1,2 momilactones will be focused. Biosynthesis: The rice
1
Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD diterpenoid phytoalexins have been identified in
Wageningen, the Netherlands suspension-cultured cells treated with biotic elicitors such
2
Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA as a chitin oligosaccharide and/or from rice leaves that
Wageningen, the Netherlands were either infected with a pathogen or exposed to UV
Email: Carolien.Ruyter@wur.nl irradiation. The major ones are phytocassanes and
momilactones. We have performed extensive studies on
biosynthesis of the rice diterpenoid phytoalexins, and
During evolution, plants have adapted an ecological balance obtained the following results: (1) We identified all the six
with their associates, competitors, predators and pests. diterpene cyclase genes involved in biosynthesis of the
Keeping this balance intact is an active process during which diterpenoid phytoalexins. (2) We succeeded in
the plant needs to respond to many different stimuli in order identification of a series of methylerythritol phosphate
to survive. For example, plants have developed an array of pahtway enzymes involved in upstream steps of the
physiological and biochemical responses to phosphate diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis. (3) We found that
deprivation. One of these responses is the formation of three enzyme genes involved in the downstream oxidation
symbiotic associations of plant roots with arbuscular of the diterpene hydrocarbon 9 H-pimara-7,15-diene
mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM fungi colonize the root cortex to leading to momilactones, together with the diterpene
obtain carbon from their host while assisting the plant in cyclase genes OsCPS4 and OsKSL4, form a momilactone
phosphate acquisition. Hyphal branching in mycorrhiza, a biosynthetic gene cluster on chromosome 4. (4) As part of
growth characteristic preceding penetration of the plant root, studies to elucidate regulatory mechanisms for the
is stimulated by compounds called strigolactones which are expression of diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthetic genes,
present in the plant root exudate (Akiyama et al, 2005). we succeeded in identification of a bZIP protein, OsTGA1,
Strigolactone production is specifically increased in plants as a transcriptional activator that regulates the elicitor-
suffering from low phosphate availability (Yoneyama et al, inducible expression of OsKSL4. Interestingly, OsTGA1
2007) thereby actively inviting mycorrhizal invasion. activated transcription not only of OsKSL4 but of the other
Strigolactones also stimulate the germination of parasitic four genes in the momilactone biosynthetic gene cluster.
plants seeds. Only upon perception of the presence of a host Allelopathic activity: Momilactone B was previously
through its strigolactone production, seeds of the parasites identified as an allelochemical exudated from the roots of
germinate and attach to the roots of many plant species such rice. We found that momilactone A and phytocassanes
as several legumes, maize, tomato, sunflower, hemp and were exudated from the roots of rice, the concentration of
tobacco. In contrast to a mutualistic symbiotic relationship, each compound being of the same order of magnitude as
where both partners benefit from the affiliation through an that of momilactone B. However, none of phytocassanes
exchange of resources, the host is heavily exploited by a exhibited allelopathic activity against dicots, although
parasitic plant and suffers strongly from the interaction momilactone A showed much weaker allelopathic activity
because it is robbed from its assimilates, water and nutrients. than momilactone B. Biological functions of diterpenoid
Previously, we have shown that the strigolactones are derived
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phytoalexins exudated from the roots of rice will also be
discussed. In order to understand the role of the syn-copalyl
diphosphate synthase gene (OsCYC1; momilactone
213. Glucosinolates in Brassica species: Weed biosynthetic pathway), and the phenylalanine ammonia–
Suppression, Biosynthesis and Engineering lyase gene (OsPAL; phenolic acid biosynthetic pathway) in
Hanwen Wu, Eric Koetz, Deirdre Lemerle rice allelopathy, a study using the RNA interference
EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles (RNAi) method was conducted. OsCYC1 RNAi rice
Sturt University & NSW Department of Primary Industries), (denoted: RNAi-C) and OsAOS RNAi rice (denoted:
Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, PMB, Wagga Wagga RNAi-A) lines were successfully generated via
NSW 2650, Australia agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The allelopathic
Email: Hanwen.Wu@dpi.nsw.gov.au effects on barnyard grass and rape seedlings were
compared between wild-type (denoted: no-RNAi) and
Cover cropping has long been recognized for its potential to RNAi-impaired plants. The expression levels of the
suppress weeds through competition, physical suppression, endogenous rice genes were also analyzed. These results
chemical suppression via allelopathy, and improved soil showed that: (1) Following treatment of rice seedlings with
biological activity. Evidence has accumulated that Brassica methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), or ultra-
cover crops and seed meals are phytotoxic to a range of violet radiation (UV), the expression of OsCYC1 in RNAi-
weeds. We are currently investigating the allelopathic effects C was greatly reduced, and the expression of OsCYC1 was
of a range of Brassica cover crops on annual ryegrass (Lolium inversely correlated with bioassay results for allelopathic
rigidum Gaud.), the most important agricultural weed in effects on barnyard grass and rape seedlings to a significant
Australia due to its widespread resistance to herbicides. extent; (2) Following exposure of rice seedlings to abiotic
Glucosinolates (GSLs) and their breakdown products have stressors which included nitrogen deficiency (N), drought
been identified as the responsible allelochemicals from (Dry), mechanical damage (Dm), and UV, the result
Brassica species. The intact GSLs possess limited biological showed that N, Dry, and Dm treatments did not increase the
activity, while the enzymatic hydrolysis of GSLs by the allelopathic effects of RNAi-A, although it was greatly
endogenous enzyme myrosinase produces a complex variety increased in no-RNAi. UV did however increase the
of biologically active secondary compounds such as allelopathic effects of RNAi-A. Correlation analysis
isothiocyanates (ITCs), ionic thiocyanates (SCN-), showed that there was a significant negative correlation
oxazolidine-2-thiones (OZT), nitriles, epithionitriles and between OsAOS expression levels and the length of the
organic cyanates. Several ITCs have been reported to stem and root of barnyard grass seedlings; and (3) The
suppress weed growth. The ionic thiocyanates (SCN-) have expression of OsCYC1 (the key gene for momilactones
also been demonstrated to possess herbicidal potential. The biosynthesis), OsOASA2 (the key gene for alkaloid and
triazole herbicide amitrole-T consists of a mixture of amino- tryptophan biosynthesis), OsFPS (a gene participating in
1,2,4-triazole and NH4SCN and is a carotenoid biosynthesis terpene biosynthesis), and OsPAL (a gene modulating
inhibitor. The commercial nitrile herbicides such as phenolic acid biosynthesis) were all induced by N, Dm, and
bromoxynil and ioxynil are PS II inhibitors. In addition, the UV in both RNAi-A and No-RNAi rice, but the relative
elevated activity of Pythium spp. by Brassica residues was expression of these four genes in RNAi-A were much
recently found to partly contribute to the observed weed lower than that of No-RNAi. OsCYC1 and OsOASA2
suppression. Biosynthesis and genetics of GSLs have been an expression also increased after RNAi-A and No-RNAi rice
intense area of study due to their anti-carcinogenic properties. were exposed to drought, although the expression levels of
Significant progress has been made in understanding the GSL OsFPS and OsPAL were not affected. The biochemical
biosynthetic pathway in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. and molecular mechanisms of rice allelopathy will also be
GSL biosynthesis consists of three stages: side-chain further discussed.
elongation of amino acids, development of the core structure,
and secondary side-chain modifications. Most of the structural 215. Evolution of Benzoxazinone Biosynthesis
genes in these biosynthetic steps have been identified and Monika Frey, Regina Dick, Katrin Schullehner, Alfons
functionally characterized by biochemical and reverse Gierl
genetics approaches. Progress has been made in genetic Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universität München,
engineering for enhanced biosynthesis of target GSL. Am Hochanger 8, 85 350 Freising, Germany
Enhanced levels of GSL in Brassica species might result in Email: Monika.Frey@wzw.tum.de
better weed suppression. The success of identifying genes
encoding GSL biosynthesis has provided a research platform Secondary plant products often are differentially distributed
for improved understanding of other classes of among limited taxonomic groups within the plant kingdom.
allelochemicals, such as benzoxazinones, phenolics, alkaloids Benzoxazinoids represent protective and allelophatic
and terpenoids. metabolites that are abundant in the Poaceae. Outside the
Poaceae these secondary metabolites are found sporadically
214. Investigating the Function of OsCYC1 and OsAOS in isolated dicotyledonous species. The committing enzyme
Genes in Rice Allelopathy by RNA Interference of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in the grasses, BX1, evolved
Shiming Luo, Haihong Bi, Rensen Zeng via gene duplication and modification from the alpha
Institute of Tropical and Sub tropical Ecology, South China subunit of the tryptophane synthase (TSA). Indole-3-
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China glycerol phosphate (IGP) is cleaved by TSA and BX1 into
Email: Smluo@scau.edu.cn indole and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (alpha-reaction).
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Hence both enzymes are indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyases it influences the development of microbial communities.
(IGLs). The introduction of four oxygen atoms into the indole Triterpene glycosides have long been proposed to act as
moiety that yields DIBOA (2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin- allelochemicals in legumes. We therefore tested the effects
3(4H)-one), is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 enzymes of avenacin A-1 on the growth of Arabidopsis and wheat
(P450s) BX2-BX5. The investigation of the benzoxazinoid and found that this compound is a potent phytotoxin.
biosynthetic pathway in three dicot plants, Aphelandra Previously we exploited the UV-fluorescence of avenacin
squarrosa (Acanthaceae), Consolida orientalis A-1 as a simple screen to identify mutants of a diploid oat
(Ranunculaceae) and Lamium galeobdolon (Lamiaceae) species (black oat; Avena strigosa) that are blocked in
indicate that indole is an intermediate in biosynthesis. Indole avenacin synthesis, following sodium azide mutagenesis.
is likely converted into indolin-2-one by a P450 enzyme in C. Our mutant screen allowed us to define nine loci required
orientalis and L. galeobdolon. A comprehensive survey of Igl for avenacin biosynthesis, five of which we have now
genes in C. orientalis and L. galeobdolon detected a wide cloned. One of these cloned loci encodes Sad1, the gene
spectrum of catalytic properties for IGLs in plants and encoding the enzyme for the first committed step in
identifies candidate genes for IGLs involved in benzoxazinoid avenacin synthesis (β-amyrin). Sad1 function has been
biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that these branch extensively characterized at the gene, protein and
point enzymes evolved by independent duplication events in metabolite level. Since sad1 mutants are blocked in the
dicot and monocot plants. first committed step in the pathway they represent ideal
tools for tests of the biological significance of avenacin
216. Molecular Characterization of Enzymes Involved in production. Null mutants for other early steps in the
the Biosynthesis of the Allelochemical Sorgoleone pathway (e.g. sad2) are also available. sad1 and other
Zhiqiang Pan, Scott R. Baerson, Franck E. Dayan, Agnes M. avenacin-deficient mutants of A. strigosa have enhanced
Rimando, Stephen O. Duke susceptibility to soil-borne diseases such as “take-all”,
USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, indicating that avenacins protect oat roots against attack by
P. O. Box 8048, University, MS 38677, USA pathogenic microbes. Importantly, preparations from wild
Email: Zhiqiang.Pan@ars.usda.gov type A. strigosa roots are toxic to the growth of
Arabidopsis and wheat while preparations from sad1
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) root systems exude an mutants show little/no inhibition. These data indicate that
allelochemical known as sorgoleone, which is produced in avenacins are the primary phytotoxic compounds produced
root hair cells and acts as a phytotoxin against many broadleaf by oat roots, so implicating avenacins as allelopathic
and grass weed species. The biosynthesis of this compound agents. The role of avenacins in competitive interactions
initiates with the synthesis of an unusual 16:3 fatty acyl-CoA, with wheat and Arabidopsis will be discussed.
which serves as the starter unit for polyketide synthase.
Iterative condensation reactions catalyzed by the polyketide 218. Identification and Analysis of meta-tyrosine
synthase enzyme using malonyl-CoA extender units results in Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana
the formation of a 5-pentadecatrienyl resorcinol intermediate. Georg Jander
This resorcinolic intermediate is then methylated by an O- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY
methyltransferase, and subsequently dihydroxylated to yield 14853, USA
the reduced form of sorgoleone. To isolate genes involved in Email: Gj32@cornell.edu
the biosynthesis of sorgoleone, an EST data set generated
from sorghum root hair cells was mined. Candidate sequences Recent research with Festuca rubra suggests that this grass
representing all of the required enzyme classes were species reduces competition by producing m-tyrosine, a
identified. Analysis of the Sorghum root hair transcriptome, phytotoxic non-protein amino acid, in its roots (Bertin et al,
strategies used for the identification and screening of 2007, PNAS 104:16964-16969). Whereas F. rubra itself is
candidate gene sequences, as well as functional resistant to m-tyrosine, root growth of most other plants is
characterization of these candidate genes will be presented. inhibited at micromolar concentrations. Accumulation of
m-tyrosine is highest in F. rubra root tips, and lower levels
217. Allelopathic Compounds Produced by Oat were observed in all other plant parts that were tested.
Anne Osbourn and Sam Mugford Endophyte-deficient isolates of F. rubra did not accumulate
Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, significantly less m-tyrosine. Experiments with isotopically
Norwich NR4 7UH, UK labeled precursors and metabolic inhibitors indicate that m-
Email: Anne.Osbourn@bbsrc.ac.uk tyrosine in F. rubra is synthesized by a phenylalanine
hydroxylase. This pathway is distinct from that in
Oats (Avena spp.) are an important weed of cereal crops. Oats Euphorbia myrsinitis, the only other plant species in which
are unique amongst the cereals in that they synthesise m-tyrosine biosynthesis has been observed. Root growth of
triterpenoid glycosides (avenacins) which accumulate in the Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings on agar was reduced 50%
root epidermis and provide protection against a broad range of by two micromolar m-tyrosine. Shoot grow was inhibited to
soil-borne pathogens. The major avenacin, A-1, fluoresces a lesser extent, and no significant transport of m-tyrosine
bright blue under UV-illumination due to the presence of an from roots to the aerial portion of the plants was observed.
N-methyl anthranilate acyl group. This compound is released Exogenous addition of other amino acids, in particular
from the roots into water when oat seedlings are grown under phenylalanine, rescued m-tyrosine-mediated inhibition of
hydroponic conditions. We have also shown that avenacin A- A. thaliana root growth. A. thaliana populations
1 is released into the soil around the roots of oat plants, where mutagenized with activation-tagging T-DNA insertions,
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fast neutron bombardment, and ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) Email: xxs123@163.com
were used to select m-tyrosine-resistant lines. Whereas three
activation-tagged lines showed small root growth increases in Weed-Suppressing No.1 is a rice variety derived from a
the presence of m-tyrosine, a gain-of-function EMS-induced cross between Wu-shan-you-zhan and PI312777. F2 of the
mutation provided ten-fold higher resistance. Further cross in the field showed an obvious weed-suppressing
phenotypic analysis of this mutant line, combined with map- effect. Most individuals of the F2 had good agronomic traits
based cloning of the mutation has determined a likely cause and higher yield potential than PI312777. Leaves of
for the increased m-tyrosine resistance. Together, the seedlings at the 2.5-leaf stage were sampled and evaluated
identification of an m-tyrosine biosynthetic enzyme in F. for allelopathic potential using the specific secondary
rubra and a resistance mutation in A. thaliana may permit metabolite marker method from F3 in the early season of
transfer of this allelopathic system to other plant species. 2004. In the early season of 2006, one plot showed
outstanding performance with above 65% weed-
219. Breeding Rye Cover Crops for Increased Allelopathic suppression, an AI value of 0.56, high seed-setting rate,
potential large panicles, high yield potential, and good resistance to
Chris Reberg-Horton, Ashley Brooks, David Danehower, bacterial blight (BB). In the late season of 2006, the yield
Michael Burton, James Burton, Guoying Ma, Paul Murph of the line was 555.67kg/667m2 which was 21.50% higher
Depts. of Crop Science and Horticultural Science, North than the control Jingxian 89, and ranked 3rd among 14 lines
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA tested. The resistance of seedlings to rice blast strains A, B,
Email: Chris_Reberg-Horton@ncsu.edu C, and G in China were all 100%; leaf blast and neck blast
were both ranked 1.0. The resistance to bacterial blight was
The Rye Allelopathy Breeding Project at NC State was begun ranked as medium. Agronomic traits of the line in
in 2000 to evaluate the potential for increasing the Guangzhou were as follows: 110 days in duration, 2.58
allelopathic potential in rye cover crops. Rye is of particular million effective tillers per hectare, 99.8 cm in plant height,
agronomic importance as a cover crop in many regions of the 21.6 cm in length of panicle, 140.5 spikelets per panicle,
U.S. The crop generally produces more biomass and suffers 88.3% in seed setting rate, and 25.8 g in 1000-grain weight.
fewer pests than other winter grasses. Rye has also received a The line was named Weed-suppressing No.1. Its yield in
lot of attention in the allelopathic literature and several of its Guangdong pre-trials in late season of 2007 was 7.27
allelochemicals have been well characterized. Like many ton.ha-1; 4.79% higher than the control Jing-Xian 89. It was
cover crop species, this crop has received little attention from advanced to take part in Guangdong trials in late season of
plant breeders. A sampling of 268 accessions was field 2008.
grown in 2000 to 2001 and screened with a simple petri dish
bioassay to identify 15 accessions with high allelopathic 221. Selection for allelopathy in rye (Secale cereale)
potential. These accessions were each crossed to the Ashley Brooks
commercial cultivar ‘Wrens Abruzzi’ and subsequently all Box 7620, Dept. of Crop Science, North Carolina State
were randomly intermated for two generations to form a University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
synthetic population. One Hundred fifty random half-sib Email: Ambrook3@ncsu.edu
families derived from the synthetic were field grown in 2006
to 2007 and in 2007 to 2008 at two locations. Multiple Variation in allelopathy has been observed in rye (Secale
methods of screening are being employed on these samples cereale), which suggested that improvement through
including petri dish bioassays with redroot pigweed conventional breeding methods may be successful. The
(Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and large crabgrass (Digitaria objectives of this research were: 1) to develop a reliable
sanguinalis L.), greenhouse pot bioassays with the same weed greenhouse protocol for screening allelopathy among large
species, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy numbers of segregating rye genotypes, and 2) to obtain
quantification of 2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)- estimates of genetic variance and heritability for the
one (DIBOA). The heritabilities of, and correlations between allelopathy trait in rye. One hundred and fifty random half-
these methods will help us determine how ongoing selection sib families were grown at two locations during the 2006-
in the breeding program will occur. We are attempting to 07 season in North Carolina. Half-sib families were cut at
balance the sometimes opposing demands of finding a method ground level at the boot stage and oven dried. Ground field
that is fast and cheap enough to be practical in a breeding tissue of each half-sib family was mixed with soil media.
program, yet reproducible enough to give us confidence in our A known number of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus
selections. Once the genetic variance and heritability of retroflexus) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)
allelopathic potential in rye is quantified, we will understand seeds were planted into the mixture. Redroot pigweed and
the potential for improving this trait and the approximate time large crabgrass counts and fresh weights were quantified as
required for improvement. allelopathy measures. All measures displayed normal
distributions indicating allelopathy is a quantitative trait.
220. Development of Weed-suppressing Rice Variety, There was significant genotype x location interaction.
Genetic variation among half-sib families was significant
Weed-suppressing No.1, via a Specific Secondary for all measures of weed control. Estimates of narrow
Metabolite Marker sense heritability ranged from 0.02 to 0.20 on per plot basis
Shao-chuan Zhou, De-cheng Lu, Hong Li, Dao-Qiang Huang and 0.16 to 0.33 on a family mean basis. Standard errors
Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural for heritability were 0.08 on a per plot basis and ranged
Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China from 0.11 to 0.13 on a family mean basis. The greenhouse
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protocol was successful in handling the large number of to the invaded region and native to the original region of
genotypes for screening allelopathy. The protocol eliminated the invader species. For example, knapweeds have been
physical interference so that weed suppression could be shown to be more allelopathic to species native to North
attributed to allelopathy. Work in progress includes a America than species native to Europe or Eurasia.
quantitative gas chromatograph analysis of allelochemicals However, invasive species may also simply be more
produced by rye and a seed germination assay using aqueous phytotoxic in general than native species, either through
rye extracts. chance or through the evolution of stronger allelopathic
effects in invaded ranges (the Allelopathic Advantage
222. Overcoming Plant Biotic Stresses through against Resident Species hypothesis; AARS). We exposed
Allelopathy and Induced Resistance the seeds of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, to field-
Rensen Zeng and Shiming Luo harvested roots of Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed)
Research Center for Chemical Ecology, Institute of Tropical and Acroptilon repens (Russian knapweed), two exotic
and Sub-tropical Ecology, South China Agricultural invaders in the Asteraceae suspected of root allelopathy,
University, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510642, China four native Asteraceae species, and Pseudoreogneria
Email: Rszeng@scau.edu.cn spicata, a native perennial bunchgrass. Excised roots and
seeds were placed in Petri dishes containing static MS basal
Plants use both constitutive and induced defense systems to media, and the germination of Arabidopsis seeds was
deal with biotic stress. Insect damage and pathogen infection measured over 15 days. We found that the roots of all
in many plant species leads to the initiation of a series of species inhibited the germination of Arabidopsis during the
signal transduction processes, which in turn induce an array of first few days, but the inhibitory effects of the natives were
defense genes to produce more compounds which can mount not significant after 15 days; whereas Centaurea and
resistance to subsequent infection. Insect feeding induces Acroptilon roots suppressed germination by 29±5% and
local or systemic production of plant volatiles that attract 37±4%; respectively. Our results indicate that the invasive
predators of the herbivore. Multiple sustainable approaches to Asteraceae are inherently more allelopathic to
overcome plant biotic stresses are being developed at South Arabidopisis, a species that was “novel” to all other species
China Agricultural University: (1) Allelopathy: More than 30 in our experiments, but do not exclude the possibility that
plant species have been investigated to be allelopathic. The the invaders have evolved greater phytotoxicity since
allelochemicals have been identified from 11 plant species. arriving in North America.
Molecular mechanisms are being characterized. (2)
Microorganisms: Biological control for crop disease were
conducted by inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic
bacteria and fungi, application of non-pathogenic and
antagonistic microbes. (3) Multi-trophic interactions: Plants,
insects, natural enemies and pathogens are linked through
chemical signals. (4) Natural compounds: Such as
azadirachtin, rotenone and some other new products have
been developed as natural plant protectants. These approaches
are promising to reduce human dependency on synthetic
chemicals to overcome plant biotic stresses.
223. In Vitro Comparisons of Root Allelopathy among

Native and Invasive Asteraceae
Guangyan Ni1, 2, Shaolin Peng2, Ragan Callaway1
1
Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana,
Missoula, MT, 59812 USA
2
State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science,
Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 5I10275
China
Email: guangyan.ni@gmail.com
The release of phytotoxins from roots has the potential to be

an important mechanism for successful exotic plant invasions.
However, as for any invasive mechanism, to explain invasions
allelopathic effects must be more important in the invaded
regions than in the native regions of a species. The “novel
weapons” hypothesis addresses this issue, positing that
chemicals that are new to a region may have stronger
allelopathic, anti-herbivore, or antimicrobial effects on
species that have not had the opportunity to evolve to the
chemical. This hypothesis has been supported in a number of
experiments with different species in which the effects of
invaders have been compared between sets of species native
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Author Name Paper No. Author Name Paper No.
Abbassi, F. 114 Biswas, Parimal K. 185
Abdus Salem 100 Biswas, Shekhar R. 71
Aguilar, Maria I. 47 Blum, U. 151
Aguiliar-Laurents, M. I. 121 Bogatek, R. 103, 116
Ahluwalia, A. S. 166 Bouwmeester, H. 211
Al-Asaadee, Z. M. 109 Boydston, Rick 87
Ali, A. 96 Braun, Rudolf 141, 162
Allen, D. 5 Brooks, A. 219, 221
Allen, David 99 Brooks, A. 221
Almeira, J. 202 Burton, J. 219
Alpert, Peter 174 Burton, James 177
Alsaadawi 165 Burton, M. 219
Amini, R. 134 Burton, Michael 177
23, 89, 93, 94, 128, Cabrera, Gema 61
An, M. 134 Callaway, R. M. 163, 167, 168, 223
Anaya, Ana Luisa 4, 63, 81,104, 127 Cantero, Domingo 61
Andolfi, Anna 46 Cao, M. 25
Andrade, Carlos K. Z. 52 Cao, Z. 27
Angeli, Sergio 161 Cardosa, C. 211
Armin, Mohammad 190 Carlsen, Sandra 28
Arroyo, Elena 44 Cedergreen, nina 38
Arslan, Mehmet 57 Cerasuola, M. 203
Arthurson, V. 3 Charnikhova, T. 211
Arumugam, K. 79 86, 159, 183, 207,
Asano, Maki 98 Cheema, A. Zahid 208
Averill, Kristine, M. 123 Chen, Hui 39, 92
Aziz, A. 96 Chen, W. 13, 22
Babar, B. H. 96 Chen, X. 179
Bacon, C. W. 18 Chen, Xin 131
Bacon, C. W. 19 Chick, Timothy A. 77
Baelum, J. 31 Chinchilla, Nuria 44
Baerson,S. R. 216 Chludil, Hugo D. 178
Bajwa, R. 14 Chobot, Vladimir 164
Baluska, F. 118 Chrzanowski, G. 21, 24, 198
Bano, Asghari 107 Ciarka, Dorota 158
Bartariya, Garima 186, 189 Cimmino, Alessio 46
Bastiaans, L. 85 Cipoletti, J. R. 8
Batish, Daizy R. 83, 108, 142 Colby, T. 101
Bauer, Michaela 141, 162 Conteras-Ramos, Silvia M. 127
Bauer, Michaela 162 Cruz-Ortega, R. 81, 104
Bazubandi, M. 114 Cui-ping, Y. 37
Belz, Regina 129, 153 Czerniewicz, P. 11
Berenbaum, M. R. 7 D'Abrosca, Brigida 48, 58, 64
Berestetskiy, Alexander 46 Danehower, D. 177, 219
Bertholdsson, Nils-Ove 90 Dato, a. 74
Bhowmik, Prasanta C. 33, 174, 185 Dayan, F. E. 31, 105, 216
Bi, Wu 59 Delabays, N. 9
Bialek-Kalinski, K 35 Della Greca, Marian 133, 203
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DeMarco, A. 173 Gavazzi, Carolina 192
Dendooven, Luc 127 Gawronska, Helena 158
Dick, R. 215 Gawronski, Stanislaw 158
DiTommaso, Antonio 123, 124 Gealy, David 82
Dmitriev, Andrey 46 Geng, R. 6
Dong, Fengshou 150 Gerivani, M. 120
Douglass, Cameron 124 Gerivani, Z. 120
Duan, G. 6 Ghaderi, Koorosh 194
Duke, S. O. 216 Ghorbani, R. 114
Ebana, K. 205 Gierl, A. 106, 215
Edwards, J. 5 Gimsing, A. L. 31, 42, 147
El-Darier, S. M. 97 Glawischig, E. 106
Elena, D'Errico 58 Gleason, F. K. 206
Erhard, D. 199 Glenn, Anthony E. 2, 4, 15, 18, 19, 63
Esposito, Assunta 48, 58, 64 Gniazdowska, A. 103, 116
Esposito, F. 173 Gniazdowska, A. 116
Evidente, Antonio 46 Golino, Annunziata 58
Farooq, Muhammad 191 Gomez, Jose M. 61
Fei, H. 179 Gonzalez, Louis 169
Fengzhi, Wu 149 Gonzalez, M. C. 4
Fergola, P. 203 Gonzalez, Maria C. 63
Fernandez, Catherine 76 Gordon-Weeks, R. 210
Ferreira, Alfredo G. 172 Gounder, Rajendra 99
Fiorentino, Antonio 48, 64 Granhall, U. 3
Flint, Steve, M. 122 Guarnaschelli, A. B. 74
Flores-Carmona, M. 81 Guo, Yiqing 156
Focho, D. A. 184 Gupta, Rajendra 50
Fomsgaard, Inge S. 28, 197 Habibian, Leila 193
Fongod, A. G. N. 184 Hadacek, F. 164
Frey, M. 215 Haddadchi, Gh. R. 120
Frey, M. 106, 215 Hafeez-ur-Rehman 191
Fritz, Ines 141, 162 Halder, S. 12
Fu, Y. L. 93 Han, C. 117
29, 51, 98, 130, 132, Han, L. 27
Fujii, Yoshiharu 135, 136, 137 Hanlin, R. 4
Funk, Dominic 141, 162 Hanlin, Richard 63
Furubayashi, A. 29 Hansen, H. C. B. 38, 41, 42, 147
Furubayashi, Akihoro 135 Hansi, Mari 154
Galindo, Juan C. G. 49, 66, 68 Hao, Jing 67
Gallandt, E. r. 85 Haramoto, E. R. 85
Gao, S. 204 Harzen, A. 101
Gao, Weiwei 59 Hasegawa, Koji 54
Garau, A. 74 Hashimoto, Hirofumi 98
Garcia-Ciudad, A. 17 He, Chunnian 59
Garcia-Criado. B. 17 He, HaiBin 91, 180, 181
Garcia-Diaz, Maria D. 49 Hegab, M. M. Y. 205
Gatti, Ana B. 172 Hernandez-Bautista, B. E. 4, 63
Gatti, Ana B. 62
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Hernandez-Ortega, Simon 63 Juhler, R. K. 42
Hinton, D. M. 19 Kadamban, D. 78
Hiradate, S. 29, 132 Kai, Pan 149
Hiradate, Syuntaro 51, 135 Kamal, J. 107
Hiraishi, Kanae 98 Kamo, Tsunashi 51
Hirose, Katsutoshi 54 Kant, S. 101
Hohli, R. K. 142 Kashiri, Habib O. 80, 193, 194
Holben, William E. 167 Kato-Noguchi, Hisashi 45, 60, 100, 102
Hong, R. 37 Kaur, Shalinder 108, 142
Hooker, J. 34 Kazutoshi, O. 205
Hookmabadi, Mosareza 190 Khaliq, Abdul 159, 183, 207, 208
Hu, Kaihui 145 Khanh, T. D. 36, 40
Hu, X. 202 Khanh, T. D. 40
Hu, X. H. 32 Kim, Kil-Ung 156
Hu, X. Y. 13, 22 King-Diaz, Beatriz 47, 65, 121
Huang, Dao-Qiang 220 Kirby, K. A. 23
Huang, J. H. 25 Kiyotake, Suenaga 60
Hume, D. E. 23 Knop, M. 101
Hurle, Kurl 129 Knop, Mona 148
Hussain, M. Iftikhar Kobayashi, K. 30, 43
Hussain, Mubashir 191 Koetz, E. 213
Inderjit 163, 167, 168 Kohlen, W. 211
Ino, T. 102 Kohli, R. K. 108
Iqbal, Javid 86 Kohn, L. M. 15, 83
Iqbal, Zahida 135, 136 Kong, Chuihua H. 32, 55, 139, 143, 179
Issa, N. N. 196 Kostrzewa, Z. 116
Iwasawa, Hiroko 98 Kriegs, B. 118, 119
Izzo, Angelina 48, 64 Kruidhof, H. M. 85
Jabran, Khawar 191 Krzyzanowski, R. 26
Jacobson, C. S. 31, 41, 42 Kubanek, J 200
Jaderlund, L. 3 Kudsk, Per 28, 197
Jander, G. 218 Kujime, H. 102
Javid, Arshad 14, 182 Kumar, Mrintunjay 113
Jaykumar, M. 160, 187 Kunert, Maritta 148
Jensen, John 38 Kurek, W. 103, 116
Jensen, P. H. 41, 42 Kurokawa, Syunji 132
Jessing, Karina K. 38 Lacret, Rodney, R. 52
Jha, P. K. 126 LaHovary, Christophe 177
Jiang, Hongyun 20 Lara-Nunez, A. 104
Jiang, Hui-Dong 13, 22 Leather, Gerald R. 188
Jimenez-Estrada, Manuel 63 Leicach, Silvia 74, 178
Jonczyk, R. 106 Lemerie, D. 213
Jones, Alicia 68 Leszczynski, Bogumil 11, 21, 24, 26, 198
Jonsson, P. 201 Letizia, Marianna 64
Jose, Shibu 72 Lewis, Norman 1
Joshi, S. 126 Li, C. J. 128
Jubrael, J. M. S. 109 Li, F. 202
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Li, H. 110 Matusova, R. 211
Li, Hong 220 Meena, P. 187
Li, L. 139, 202 Meixueiro-Galan, C. J. 121
Li, X. 204 Melendez-Gonzalez,
Li, Zhenfang 39, 92 Claudio 63
Lin, H. B. 180 Mezori, H. A. M. 109
Lin, R. Y. 181 Mih, A. M. 184
Lin, W. X. 181 Milbrath, Lindsey R. 123
Lin, Wenxiong 39, 91, 92, 145, 180 Milewska, K. 21
Liu, Bo 144 Mitina, Galina 46
Liu, Na 67 Mohler, Charles L. 123
Liu, X. J. 139 Moldenhauer 82
Liu, Xingang 150 Molinillo, Jose M. G. 44, 52, 61, 62
Liu, Y. 202 Monaco, Pietro 48
Liu, Y. H. 89, 93 Monnier, Yogan 76
Lopez-Raez, J. A. 211 Morimoto, Masanori 140
Lorenzo, Paula 169 Morshed, M. M. 185
Lotina-Hensen, Blas 47, 65, 121 Mugford, S. 217
Lu, Bo 67 Mullenborn, Carmen 148
Lu, De-cheng 220 Muria-Gonzalez, Jordi M. 63
Lu, Y. 6 Murph, P. 219
Lu, Yixiu 67 Murphy, Paul 177
Lu, Yong-liang 130 Mushtag, M. N. 159, 207, 208
Luo, S. 214 Mushtaq, M. Naeem 183
Luo, S. M. 25 Myers, T. 200
Luo, Shi Ming 222 Naar, J. 200
Ma, G. 219 Nadeem, M. A. 96
Macias, Francisco A. 19, 44, 49, 52, 61, 62 Nasir, Habib 135
Macias-Rubalcava, M. L. 4, 63 Natale, Angelina 64
Maharjan, S. 126 Nejad, Ali R. S. 80
Mahmood, Azhar 183, 207 Nejad, Rusta M. R. 114
Mahmood, Khalid 146 Newman, R. M. 206
Mallik, Azim 71 Ni, Guangyan 223
Mandal, S. S. 113 Nilsson, Marie-Charlotte 69
Mann, R. 5 Ninkovic, V. 10
Marin, D. 19 Nishiuchi, Takumi 53
Marko, M. D. 206 Niu, G. 7
Marocco, Adriano 192 Nogueira, Clara 52
Martinez Ascension Torres 66 Nukuna, B. N. 184
Martinez, Ascension T. 68 Ohse, K. 29
Martinez-Penalver, A. 111 Okada, A. 212
Mathiassen, Solvejg 28, 197 Okada, K. 212
Matok, H. 21 Okamoto, Yumi 43
Matok, Henryk 198 Oles, Hilary 122
Mattice, John 82 Omar, Florencia Urteaga 178
Mattner, S. 5 Osbourn, A. 217
Mattner, Scott 99 Owuor, Okindo P. 95
Pacifico, Severina 58
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Pan, K. 110, 117 Roger Reigosa, M. J. 73
Pan, Z. 216 Romagni, Joanne G. 66, 68
Panaccione, D. G. 8 Romagni, Joanne G. 68
Pascarella, Maria Teresa 58 Romo, M. 17
Pavia, Adrianna 66 Rudzinska-Langwald, A. 103, 116
Pavia, H. 201 Rui-yu, L. 37
Pazos, Eva 169 Ruszkowski 158
Pederson, R. B. 41 Ruyter-Spira, C. 211
Peisker, H. 119 Saeed, M. 89
Peng, Shaolin 223 Saeed, Muhammad 94
Perez, S. C. J. Gualtieri 62 Salih 165
Perez, Sonia C. J. G. A. 172 Samajova, O. 118
Periyakaruppiah, P. 160 Sanchez-Gomez, Pablo 49
Picket, J. 210 Sanchez-Moreiras, A. M. 111, 112
Pieterson, E. Corrie 72 Sathya, M. 78
Pinto, G. 203 Satsangi, G. P. 186, 189
Pollio, A. 203 Sattar, Aamer 94
Pollock, Jarrod 167 Saucedo-Garcia, A. 4, 63
Poor, Ai Kian 193 Saunders, M. 15
Porter, I. 5 Saxena, Anjali 186, 189
Porter, Ian 99 Schardl, C. L. 8
Potter, Da. A. 8 Schlicht, M. 118
23, 88, 89, 125, 128, Schmidt, J. 101
Pratley, J. E. 134, 175 Schneider, Denise 141, 162
Previtera, Lucio 133 Schuetz, Stefan 161
Prince, E. 200 Schuler, M. A. 7
Pruckner, Marcus 141, 162 Schullehner, K. 215
Purcaro, Raffaella 133 101, 118, 119, 148,
Puschenreiter, M. 138 Schulz, Margot 192
Qasem, J. R. 155, 196 Seal, A. N. 23, 88, 125
Qing-tie, X. 37 Selvakumar, V. 160
Qiu, Long 145, 180, 181 Shafique, Shazia 182
Rafieiolhossaini, M. 16 Shafique, Sobiya 182
Rafiq, Muhammad 94 Shaw, L. 34
Rajarathinam, K. 160 Shen, J. B. 139
Ramanujam, M. P. 78 Shigemori, Hideyuki 54
Rashid 170 Shin, Donghyun 156
Ray, M. B. 12 Shonouda, Mourad 161
Reberg-Horton, C. 177, 219 Shrestha, B. B. 126
Rehman, Arif 208 Sicker, D. 101, 106, 177
Reigosa, Manuel J. 111, 112, 169 Siegwart, Laura C. 71
Reinhardt, Carl 129 Singh, Devendra 113
Reshi, Z. 170 Singh, H. P. 83, 108, 142
Riaz, Tariq 182 Singh, Nawalesh K. 113
Rice, Clifford P. 35, 175 Sinkkonen, A. 154
Riley, R. T. 2 Smith, Owen 137
Rimando, A. M. 216 Sodaeizadeh, H. 16
Rodriguez, I. Gonzalez 73 Sodaeizadeh, Hamid 101
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Soltys, D. 103 Wang, HaiBin 91, 181
Sondhia, Shobha 157 Wang, J. G. 110, 117, 139
Spada, Daniel M. 122 Wang, P. 32
Steffensen, Stine Krogh 28 Wang, W. X. 13, 22
Strobel, B. W. 41 Wang, X. 202
Strommer, R. 154 Wang, Xuezheng 144
Suganthi, P. 78 Wang, Y. 110, 117
Sun, Q. X. 13 Weidenhamer, J. 152
Sun, Q. X. 22 Wen, Z. 7
Svensson, Robin 171 Wen-xiong, L. 37
Sztarker, N. 74 Wenzel, Walter 138
Tabaglio, Vincenzo 192 Weston, Leslie A. 124
Tammam, A. A. 97 Wu, Fengzhi 144
Tang, Jianjun 131 Wu, H. 23, 181, 213
Tang, W. P. 13, 22 Wu, J. 13, 22
Tanveer, A. 96 Xian, Q. 204
Tawata, S. 36 Xiong, Jun 39, 92, 145, 180, 181
Tawata, Sinshichi 40 Xu, J. 204
Teasdale, J. R. 35, 84, 176 Xu, X. H. 55
Tharayil, Nishanth 33, 174 Xuan, Song-nan 130
Thi, Ho Le 60 Xuan, Tran Dang 36, 40
Thiffault, Nelson 70 Yadav, Raj Nath 56
Timsina, B. 126 Yamada, Kosumi 54
Titanji, V. P. K. 184 Yamaji, Keiko 43
Tomita-Yokotani, Kaori 98 Yamane, H. 212
Torbati, leila 80 Yamashita, Masamichi 98
Toshiaki, Teruya 60 Yan, Wengui 82
Toth, G. 201 Yang, Jiaxue 59
Toyomasu, T. 212 Yang, Y. 13, 22
Ulbrich, A. 119 Yang, Yang 144
Uludag, Ahmet 57 Yasin, M. 96
Uremis, Ilhan 57 Yin, D. 204
Uzzo, Piera 64 Younesabadi, Masoumeh 80, 193, 194, 195
Valle, Antonio 61 Yu, Guodong 131
Van Damme, P. 16 Yu, Jianlei 150
Van Damme, Patrick 101 Yu, L. 6
Varela, Rosa M. 44, 52, 62 Yu, Liu-Qing 130
Varshney 157 Yun, W. L. 13, 22
Vazquez de Aldana, B. R. 17 Yuzikhin, Oleg 46
Verstappen, F. 211 Zarrelli, Armando 133, 173, 203
Vesterinen, M. 154 Zasada, Inga A. 35, 175
Vidal, Stefan 161 Zavaleta-Fernandez, de
Vila, Bruno 76 Cordova A. 65
Virzo, A. 173 Zeng, Ren Sen 7, 25, 146, 214, 222
Von Kiparski, guntram 75 Zhang, F. S. 139
Wachira, Farncis N. 95 Zhang, J. 6
Waller, George R. 136 Zhang, Jian-Ping 130
Zhang, Shanshan 131
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Author Name Paper No.

Zhang, Weihao 209
Zhang, Xu-Dong 13, 22
Zhang, Xuesong 59
Zhang, Zhongyi 39, 92
Zhao, Yangjing 59
Zheng, Yongquan 150
Zhou, Baoli 67
Zhou, Shao-chuan 220
Zhou, Y. 6
Zhou, Yong-jun 130
Zhuang, Yue 145
Zitomer, N. C. 2
Zou, H. 204

Allelochemicals World Congress

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Allelochemicals World Congress

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5th World Congress on Allelopathy

“Growing Awareness of the Role of Allelopathy in

September 21- 25, 2008

Monday Registration Opening Breaks MT 8 & 13 Dinner on your

Tuesday Registration MT 2 & 7 Break Conference 18:00 Dinner

Wednesday Registration MT 1, 3 & 5 Breaks MT 4 & 10 Congress

Thursday Registration MT 6 & 11 Break 12:15 – Closing

Prasanta C. Bhowmik, Editor

Welcome from the Conference Chairs

Welcome from the Conference Chairs 2

Author Index 105

Prasanta Bhowmik, Co-Chair Shibu Jose

Stephen Duke, Co-Chair Chuihua Kong

Leslie Weston, Co-Chair Y. Fujii

Ray Callaway Ann Osbourn

Frank Dayan Jim Pratley

Gary Ervin Agnes Rimando

Marina Della Greca Margo Schulz

Sunday, September 2:00 PM – 7:00 PM

IAS Closing Ceremony and Business Meeting

Accompanying Persons’ Program:

Sunday, Sept. 21, 2008

Monday, September 22, 2008

09:20 to 12:30 Concurrent sessions: MTs 9 and 12

Main Topic 9. Allelopathy methodologies

9:35 Measurement of Allelochemical Dynamics and Movement with Polydimethylsiloxane Sorbents

9:50 Hormesis in Allelopathy Research – Modelling and Characteristic Features

10:05 On Density-Dependence of Plant Growth Response to Toxic Compounds

10:20 Allelopathy: From Field Observation to Laboratory and Glasshouse Experiments

11:15 Can Marigold Root Exudates Suppress Weed Growth?

11:30 Allelopathy of Polish Winter Wheat Cultivars

11:45 Current Allelopathic Research in Pakistan-Some Implications

Main Topic 12. Allelopathy in aquatic environments

9:20 Impact of Allelopathy on the Periphyton of Submersed Freshwater Macrophytes

9:35 Chemical Warfare in the Marine Plankton

9:50 Can Allelopathic Interactions Explain Plankton Blooms?

11:00 Allelopathic Activities of Ceratophyllum demersum on Microcystis aeruginosa in Co-cultivation

12:15-13:45 Lunch provided and odd numbered posters

13:45-17:00 Concurrent sessions: MTs 8 and 13

Main Topic 8. Interactions in the rhizosphere

13:45 The Rhizosphere – The Hidden Half of The Hidden Half

14:00 Rhizosphere Processes and Interactions in Cropping Systems in China

14:45 Role of Root-mediated Allelopathy in the Rhizosphere of Ageratum conyzoides

15:00 Allelochemical Interactions in the Rhizoshpere

16:30 Rice Root Exudates Induced by UV-irradiation in Rhizosphere Soil

16:45 Fate of Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates in Soil

13:45 Exploitation of Allelopathic Interactions in Cereal Crops

14:00 Strigolactones: A cry for help results in fatal attraction

14:15 Biosynthesis and Allelopathic Activity of Diterpenoid Phytoalexins in Rice

14:30 Glucosinolates in Brassica Species: Weed Suppression, Biosynthesis and Engineering

15:00 Evolution of Benzoxazinone Biosynthesis

16:00 Allelopathic Compounds Produced by Oat

16:15 Identification and Analysis of meta-Tyrosine Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

16:30 Breeding Rye Cover Crops for Increased Allelopathic Potential

17:00 – 18:30 Odd numbered Posters

Dinner on your own

Tuesday, September 23, 2008

Main Topic 2. Allelochemicals: Fate in soil and water

08:00 Transformation of Benzoxazinoids in Soil - Kinetics and Pathways

08:15 Evaluation of The Effectiveness of Allelochemicals in Soils

08:30 Behavior and Phytotoxic Activity of Allelochemical in Soil

08:45 Mineralization of Sorgoleone, An Allelochemical Produced by Sorghum, in Soil

09:30 The Biodegradation and Sorption of Flavonoids in Soil