Electricity and Magnetism

 Magnet is a substance that can attract magnetic materials. Natural

Magnet is formed in the Earth and is made from Magnetite (Fe2O3).

M.S.
Magnetic Meridian Geographic Meridian
G.N.

G.S. M.N

N.S. – Geographical North Pole

G.S. – Geographical South Pole

M.N. – Magnetic North Pole

M.S. – Magnetic South Pole

 There is a difference of 20 degrees between the Geographic and

Magnetic Meridian and this is called Angle of Declination

 Properties of a Magnet

• A magnet always exists with tow poles

• A magnet contains domains.

• Like poles always repel

• Unlike poles always attract.

 Cause of Earth’s Magnetism: - Magnetic elements which are present

in core, during revolution Fe3+ ions revolve and form a magnetic

current

 As temperature increases the magnetic property of a substance looses.

 B represents Magnetism

 Right Hand Thumb Rule

If thumb gives the direction of magnetic field and the fingers give

direction of the current

_ _
B I (current) B I (current)

+ve (Protons) -ve (Electrons)

If the thumb gives the direction of magnetic field, then the current

gives the direction of current

I (current)

_
B

 A magnetic material can be converted into a magnet.

 In the middle of a magnet, there is no magnetism. Magnetism is

maximum at the poles.

 The magnetic length of a bar magnet is shorter than its physical

length

Magnetic Length

N S

Physical Length
 Each atom is a magnet as electrons (e- ) revolve in an orbit, thus

creating magnetic field.

_
B I (current)

-ve (Electrons)

 When all the magnetic field produced by electrons in an atom

concentrate together, they give rise to a pole.

 From front side atoms revolve anti – clockwise and from back

side they revolve clock wise

 Sources of Magnetic field

1. Bar Magnet

2. Current carrying wire

3. Solenoid

4. Toroid
• Bar Magnet

o Adding Magnetic Strength

 By keeping the North Poles and South Poles of two

magnets in contact.

S N M1

S N M2

Combined Magnetic Strength of the two magnets = M1+M2

• Subtracting Magnetic Strength

 By keeping North Pole of one magnet in contact with

South Pole of other magnet and the south Pole of first

magnet in contact of North Pole of the Second

magnet.

N S M1

S N M2

 Combined Magnetic strength of the two magnets = M1-M2

 • Current Carrying Wire

B1 B2

o The magnetic field at B is inversely proportional to

the distance from the wire and directly proportional to

the current flowing in the wire.

No Magnetic Field

R (Min)

Magnetic field P (Max.)

Q (Min.)

No Magnetic Field

• Magnetic field is maximum at perpendicular from the center

of the current carrying wire and is minimum at the ends.

• Earth’s magnetic field is of 0.3 x 10-4 Tisla or 0.3 gauss

• Earth’s magnetic field doubles from equator to the poles.

MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

• Magnetic field lines are the imaginary lines drawn to

know the filed of a magnet

Lines of Magnetic Field in a Bar Magnet

Points to remember

• Lines of force can not intersect.

• No, Point in any reason can have more than one magnetic

field.
 • Lines of magnetic field move from the North pole to the

South Pole

Neutral Points

Even in the presence of two magnetic files, at a point there is

0 net magnetic field effect and this point is called a neutral

point.

Location of neutral points in a Bar Magnet

• When the North Pole of the magnet is aligned with the

North pole of the earth (i.e. N-N), then the neutral

point is found on the Equatorial line (a perpendicular

line passing through the centre of the bar magnet.) on

either sides of the magnet. The two points are

equidistant from the centre of the magnet

G.N.

Neutral Point N Neutral Point

G.S.
 • When the North pole of the bar magnet is kept aligned

with the South Pole of the Earth, then the neutral

points are found on the axial line and are equidistant

from the centre of the magnet

Neutral Point
G.S.

G.N. Neutral Point

• SOLENOID is a coiled springed current carrying wire

• TORROID is a spring wire in a ring. It does not have any poles

Angle of Dip

The angle by which magnetic needle tilts with horizontal is called

angle of dip

• A magnetic field always tries to align magnetic dipoles in its direction

• The compass tells the resultant magnetic field.

• Magnetic materials are of three types :-

1. Diamagnetic

2. Paramagnetic

3. Ferro Magnetic

S.No. Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

1. They are repelled in a They are weakly They are strongly

magnetic field attracted in a attracted in a

magnetic field magnetic field.

2. E.g. Water, Antimony, E.g. Aluminum, E.g. Iron, Nickel,

Copper, Gold, Lead, Manganese, Cobalt

Alcohol, Common Salt, Chromium

Hydrogen