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LITERATURE REVIEW ON MREs Magnetorheological elastomers and their

applications(2013) Li, W. H., Zhang, X., Z. & Du, H. Magnetic elastomers (MREs) are
cognitive materials controlled by an external magnetic field throughout its modulus or
mechanical activities. This article investigates and explores recent research on
manufacturing, classification of MRE's materials, performance, simulation and
implementations. Whether in the presence of the magnetic field or otherwise,
anisotropic and isotropic MRE materials are manufactured under diverse conditions of
curing. The impact of anisotropic MREs is greater than that of isotropic MREs.

The experimental and analytical methods analyzed both stable and volatile
performances models developed for MRE's mechanical performance were based on
fundamental and intricate structures. The sensing capabilities of MREs were also
evaluated under various operating conditions. Recent MRE applications such as adaptive
tuning absorbers and enhanced sensors are also included in the study. / / (b) Fig.1. SEM
images of MREs: (a) anisotropic MRE; and (b) isotropic MRE Field-stiffening effect of
magnetorheological elastomers(2013) Yi Han a, Wei Hong a,?, LeAnn E.

Faidley b Its controllable stiffness knows a soft active material type known as
magnetorheological elastomers (MRE). When distributed with magnetic particles, the
above polymer-based composite material strives to become more rigid in the presence
of a magnetic field. Such a rigging effect is often due to magnetic interactions between
filled particles, but the well-recognized dipole-interaction model does not clarify the
tension-compression stiffening effect found in experiments.

Other mechanisms have been proposed, such as the influence of non-affine

deformations, but the field enhancement effect's dominating means isn't definitive. In
this article, multiple filler-chain structures are investigated, and the final cause of the
field stiffening behaviour in MREs is determined. Two separate approaches are used for
cross-checking: a dipole-interplay model and a simulation of boundary conditions based
on continuous field theories.

This study explores shear and axial material deformation by introducing a magnetic field
in the particle string direction. In reality, the principal cause of the stiffing impact was
the magnetic interaction of particles, and the wavy string configuration was the key to
the system's improvement. In contrast, the interaction between chain and deformation
without affinity is proven to be negligible. Also, the reliance on the filler concentration is
determined, and the effects of experimental observations are qualitatively accurate.

The models also predicted specific curious outcomes that future research might quickly
validate. / Fig 2. Schematics of three possible mechanisms of the field-stiffening effect in
an MRE: (a) dipolar interaction between particles in a straight chain, (b) dipolar
interaction in a wavy particle chain, and (c) non-affine deformation of the polymer
matrix. The geometric parameters are the particle diameter d, the horizontal distance b,
and the vertical distance h between two neighbouring particles.

Broadband vibration control of a structure using a magnetorheological elastomer-based

tuned dynamic absorber(2016) Toshihiko Komatsuzaki a, *, Toshio Inoue b, Osamu
Terashima b Passive vibration absorber (DVA) is a systematic source system that, at a
specific frequency, inhibits a system's vibration. DVA works exceptionally when its
frequency is near the frequency of its stimulation. Modification of the DVA's physical
traits limits the application to a vibration problem that is harmonic and exciting. A
frequency DVA that can attenuate its rigidity offers resilience against non-stationary
fluctuations to the vibration management system.

This work proposes a broadband frequency DVA that can be activated employing
magnetic elastomer and whose natural frequency can be strengthened to more than
300% of the reference level. In an initial study of the magnet field, a finite element
approach was applied to observe the structure within the centre of a large magnetic
field. We also tested the real-time vibrations management output for a multi-resonant
high-resonant plate using the proposed DVA frequency change.

The findings suggest that structural vibration can effectively be minimized by employing
a DVA instead of a passive absorber with better efficiency. / / Fig. 3.1 Photograph and
schematic of the broadband variable stiffness DVA Fig. 3.2 Experimental setup for the
frequency Shift property measurements. Magnetic induction measurements and
identification of permeability of Magneto-Rheological Elastomer using finite element
simulation (2016) Gerlind Schubert, Philip Harrison Magnetorheological elastomers
(MREs) are detectable in isotropic and anisotropic magnetic permeability from a basic
inverse simulation method. This involves calculating magnets and attractive forces
between magnets where specimens of MREs are mounted between the magnets.

The magnetic permeability was then measured via reverse engineering by simulating the
device using widely viable finite element software of multi-physics. The effective
permeability of MREs was reported to be scalar and enhanced with an increment
volume (from 1.6 at a concentration of 10% to 3.7 at a concentration of 30 per cent of
the particle volume). The transverse isotropic magnetic permeability of MREs was
transversally isotropic and permeable to the chain of the orientation of the particle(1.07
to 1.25 greater than the base value).

The findings of this study indicate strong conformity with the published studies. / (b)
Fig. 4. Setup was used for the magnetic field and attractive force measurements. A stand
held the Gaussmeter probe, and the examination was taped onto the position. (a)Test
setup with Gaussmeter. (b) Top position. Advances in structural vibration control
application of magnetorheological visco-elastomer(2017) Zuguang Ying a,*, Yiqing Ni b
As a new smart material developed in recent years, Magneto-rheological
visco-elastomer (MRVE) has several great benefits over liquid MRE. The vibration
management requires the versatility of system engineering to random environmental,
seismic excitation.

MRE provides considerably expandable damping and stiffness for systems by

introducing magnetic fields within a system design without any change along with
modified dynamic characteristics. The improved study was executed on dynamic
properties, models and applications for vibration management of MRVE. Recent
developments in the implementation of structural vibration controls, including structural
reduction of the composite vibration against standardized magnetic fields,
enhancement of the vibration performance parameters based on harmonic parameters
propagation, and the optimum restricted parametric control architecture based on
dynamic sequencing concept is evaluated. The key approaches and findings adopted are
helpful to MRVE application and innovative knowledge and research. / / Fig. 5.1.

MRVE section micrograph (500 optical magnification). Fig. 5.2. MRVE sandwich beam
with supported mass. Semi-active control of magnetorheological elastomer base
isolation system utilizing a learning-based inverse model(2017)
XiaoyuGu,YangYu,JianchunLi n, YanchengLi n Over the last 2 decades, the base
isolations based on magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) had attracted considerable
attention due to various self-adaptability and controllable properties in the semi-active
field.

Highly nonlinear and hysteresis of devices, accomplishing a reasonably complicated

MRE-based isolation method is tricky to comprehend the inverse dynamics and monitor
composition. Two objectives are addressed in this study: i) designing the reverse model
for MRE basis isolators based on the GRNN; ii) numerical, experimental validation of a
semi-active MRE base isolation device in real-time using an LQR controller and the
GRNN reverse model which is a multifunctional and alignment model.

The GRNN inverse model's superiority lies in fewer input variables requirements, faster
training processes, and prompt calculation responses, which makes it suitable for online
training and real-time control. The control system is integrated with a three-storey shear
building model, and control performance of the MRE base isolation system is compared
with bare building, passive-on isolation system and passive-off isolation system. Testing
results show that a GRNN inverse system's benefit relies upon less criteria for input
variables, quicker preparation, and rapid measurement responses, making it ideally
suited for digital training and monitoring in actual.

A three-story screen model incorporates the control system. Compared to a bare

building and passive-on insolation and passive-off isolation systems, the MRE base
insolation system controls the output. The test results reveal that the proposed reverse
GRNN model can replicate the desired control force precisely, and the MRE-based
isolation system can effectively prevent the structural reactions relative to passive
isolation systems. The proposed GRNN inverse model can accurately reproduce the
desired control force, and the MRE-based isolation system can effectively suppress the
structural responses compared to the passive isolation system. / / Fig. 6.1.

Experimental setup for MRE inverse model identification Fig:6.2 Experimental setup of
specimen (a) Top view (b) side view / Fig:6.3 Semi-active control strategy of MRE based
isolation system with a GRNN inverse model Active and semi-active vibration isolation
systems based on magnetorheological materials(2017) Alexey M. Bazinenkov*, Valery P.
Mikhailov The article explains active insolation structures focusing on "sensitive"
materials. MR elastomers are extremely impressive "sensitive" materials.

They are based on equipment that can be operated in all forms of vibration isolation
(passive, semi-active, and active). This work proposes the construction of a damper
based on the MR elastomer, and the outcomes of experimental experiments in the
semi-active isolation mode of the damper are achieved. / Fig. 7.1. The design of the
damper is based on MR elastomer: 1 - foundation, 2 – magnetic core, 3 –
electromagnetic core, 4 - magnetic conductor rings, 5 - a membrane of the MR
elastomer, 6 - air gap A new type of vibration isolator based on magnetorheological
elastomer(2018) Anil K. Bastola a,b, Lin Li a,? A new kind of MRE (Magnetorheological
Elastomer) adaptive vibration isolator is proposed in this work.

A new approach has been employed in designing such an isolator which simultaneously
imposes a magnetic field and preload. Using a single freedom (DOF) framework, the
magnetic attraction force was exploited to alter the preload. The device has a
mechanism to guarantee that the preload behaves dynamically to the MR elastomer
when a magnetic field is applied. Such loading method causes the regular frequency of
a single DOF system to an elevated frequency level and the rigidity of the MR Elastomer
greatly enhanced.

As a magnetic field of 520 mT is used, this increases considerably more than the figure
seen in the literature. The MR elastomer device's rigidity was found to have improved up
to 730 times its original stability. The loading and magnetic field association were
substantial since both the magnetic field and the loading effect enhanced the magnetic
interaction between magnetic particles. In most MRE-based isolators, it has always been
possible to match a higher magnetic field. The research has demonstrated that a highly
tunable insolation device can be developed even with a comparatively low magnetic
field strength.

In contrast, an appropriate preload and a sufficient magnetic field are being

implemented concurrently. / / Fig. 8.1. SEM images of (a) pure CIP and (b) MR elastomer.
Fig. 8.2. Ensemble configuration of the MRE-based isolator and Systematic
representation of DOF Experimental study of semi-active magnetorheological elastomer
base isolation system using optimal neuro-fuzzy logic control(2018) Xiaoyu Gu a, Yang
Yu a, Yancheng Li a,b,?, Jianchun Li a,?, Mohsen Askari c, Bijan Samali c This study
displays a 'smart' base isolation technique using a semi-active magnetic
theoretical elastomer (MRE) whose rigidity can be manipulated in real-time and
reversibly.

The MRE isolator's horizontal rigidity can be controlled by modulating the current flow,
and the supremacy action for the individual structure can indeed be developed. The
radial based function of the neural networks based fuzzy logic control (RBF-NFLC), due
to its necessary sturdiness and ability to handle conjectures was set to resolve its
nonlinearity and hysteresis of the MRE isolator. The NFLC has been configured for
better correlation fuzzy control rule and optimal parameters for member functions with
a non-dominated genetic sorting algorithm type II (NSGA-II).

Structure To determine the validity of the proposed intelligent base insolated device 4
scenarios are evaluated in different seismic excitations: i.e., exposed structure, passive
structure, isolated structure, Bang-bang isolated MRE structure incorporated with NFLC
configuration. A 3-story shear construction model was developed as a testing ground.
The test results demonstrated the limited efficiency of the passive isolation system.

In comparison, the proposed isolation approach's adaptability is being shown, and the
smart MRE base insulation system was seen to provide both structural and
non-structural system components with proper justification over a broad spectrum of
complex, high-risk loads. // Fig 9.1: Photo& c/s view of a highly adjustable laminated
MRE base isolator Fig 9.2 Experimental setup & schematics of control system An
Intelligent Artificial Neural Network Modeling of a Magnetorheological Elastomer
Isolator(2019) Shiping Zhao 1, Yong Ma 1,2 and Dingxin Leng 3,* MREs have recently
been providing rising priority to vibrations with low power costs, acceptable efficiency,
and rapid reactions to vibration mitigation. An extremely accurate model must be
designed to forecast its complex efficiency to exploit the remarkable advantages of MRE
completely.

An MRE isolator is developed and tested under lateral loads in mixed shear squeeze
configuration in the method. The nonlinear output in different amplitudes and currents
of displacement can be seen. The MRE isolator's nonlinear hysteresis is developed in an
attempt that can be used in vibration modulation applications in an entirely artificial
neural network model using a back-propagating algorithm. The system used the shift,
speed and current as inputs and output force as results.

The results demonstrate that the proposed model is instrumental in simulation and can
clearly explain the MRE isolator's complicated behaviour with differential excitation that
provides a base for structural vibration monitoring. / / Figure 10.1. Structure schematic
of MRE isolator. Figure 10.2. Experimental setup for characterizing MRE Isolator. 3D
numerical modelling and analysis of a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) 2020 Thaer
M. I. Syam1, Asan G. A. Muthalif2, Ayman M. H. Salem3, Ahmed A. A. Hejazi4 A smart
matter composed of a polymer matrix embedded nano/ micro magnetic particles is
term as Magnetorheological elastomer(MRE's). Its operational dynamics are controlled
with external magnetic fields.

The study uses COMSOL Multi-Physics Finite Element Analysis (FEA) applications for
particulate level analysis (Microscale). Linear and torsional MRE analyses are conducted
under the influence of the magnetic field. In this study, a magnetic-mechanical
integrated physics is carried out for MRE using a magnetic field. Simulation findings
show that the magnetic field enhanced both linear and torsional rigidity. The magnetic
field's original implications, the improvement of stiffness in linear and torsional modes
of 28.75% and 20.12% respectively, were seen.

The curve of transmissibility revealed improvements in the regular frequency as the

rigidity of the magnetic field was improved the isolation of vibration has achieved a
minimum transmissibility factor. / / Fig. 11.1 The preparation of MRE Fig. 11.2. MRE 3D
model Hysteresis behaviour of different magnetorheological elastomer models:
modelling and simulation(2020) Thaer M. I. Syam1, Asan G. A. Muthalif2 Intelligent
materials are material byways from which external factors such as temperature, vibration
and the magnetic field may alter their properties.

Magnetic elastomer (MRE) is an intelligent material composed of a polymer matrix

coated in ferromagnetic particles. If an external magnetic field is applied, the mechanical
properties, for example, rigidity, change as magnetic particles interact. Researchers have
been involved in vibration isolation throughout the decades. Simulated research was
conducted using multiple model MREs from the literature such as Bignham, Bouc-Wen,
Modified Bouc-Wen, Dahl and Hysteresis in understanding the attributes of the MRE.

Results revealed that the rigidity of MRE elevates as the magnetic field increases. The
system's regular frequency was seen to vary from the curve of transmissibility for both
versions progressing to isolating vibration. / Fig. 12.1. Schematic representation of base
isolation models utilizing MRE / Fig. 12.2 Stiffness values for each MRE model
concerning the applied current / Fig. 12.3. Damping coefficient values for each MRE
model concerning the applied current. Active vibration isolation of nanotechnology
equipment V P Mikhailov*, A M Bazinenkov and A V Kazakov The study outlines the
outcome of the experimental analysis of parameters of transients when the
magnetorheological elastomer (MR) with a fixed control System is used to run a
high-precision drive, which is also an active damper.

In this study, the authors develop a model of outgassing from the top-surface film of
MR elastomer, showing the damper and vibration isolation platform's amplitude and
frequency characteristics in the semi-active phase. Depending on the pumping time, the
outcomes of studies of the partial formulation of MR elastomers are reported at 150°C. /
/ Fig 13.1 Photograph of MR elastomer-based Fig 13.2 Active damper with the sensor
installed. Development and characterization of a novel hybrid magnetorheological
elastomer incorporating micro and nano-size iron fillers (2020) Sadia Umer Khayama,
Muhammad Usmana,?, Malik Adeel Umer b, Ahmed Rafique a Owing to their
advantages in changing rigidity, MREs can be used efficiently to withstand volatile
workloads, for example, seismicity, to provide available isolators in buildings and
bridges.
This research aims to examine the impact on MRE's dynamic properties of iron
nanoparticles in the silicone rubber matrix and make MRE more seismic-friendly,
particularly at high strains. Using a planetary ball milling machine, iron micro-size
particles were reduced to nanoparticles. Samples were prepared for varying percentage
proportions utilizing a mixture of nano & microparticles. For dynamic shear testing of
the known amplitude, intensity, and magnet flow density, up to a total of 180
experiments, the experimental test set was set up.

The empirical findings have shown that nanoparticles with higher strains and lower flux
value have dramatically improved the efficient rigidity by 13%. A higher frequency MR is
challenging to achieve, but the magnetorheological effect for higher frequencies were
higher using only large-size fillers for hybrid MREs. For samples with 40 per cent iron
content, the peak MR effect was observed. / / Fig.14.1 Experimental setup for dynamic
testing of MRE. Fig.14.2(a) Design assembly for MRE, (b) FEMM model of design
assembly, (c) Magnetic flux variation across line parallel to C–D, marked in a circle on
Fig.14.2(b).

Magnetorheological Elastomers: Fabrication, Characteristics, and Applications(2020)

Sung Soon Kang 1, Kisuk Choi 2, Jae-Do Nam 2 and Hyoung Jin Choi 1,* In terms of the
mechanical and viscoelastic properties, the magnetorheological elastomers (MR) have
become one of the most potent, intelligent, and precious materials that are also
reversibly, finely, and readily tuned via induced magnetic field. These are composite
materials that are dispersed in solid base elastomers by magnetizable particles. Its
typical behaviours, such as plasticizers, carbon-black, and crosslink additives, are based
on the nature and scale of concentrated magnetic particles and the type of elastomer
matrix and the non-magnetic fillers.

With these controllable attributes, the insulator's vibrating absorber, the magneto
resistor, and electromagnet wave absorption can be used in different applications. This
analysis summarizes MR elastomers' development made of different elastomeric
materials, their properties, and their applications. / Fig.15. Schematics of the
manufacturing step of both isotropic and anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers
(MREs) (stirring, mixing, and alignment with or without magnetic fields) Investigate the
Effect of the Magnetic Field on the Mechanical Properties of Silicone Rubber-Based
Anisotropic Magnetheological Elastomer during Curing Process(2020) Tao Li1,2, Ali Abd
El-Aty1,2,4, Cheng Cheng1,2, Yizhou Shen1,2, Cong Wu1,2, Qiucheng Yang1,2,
Shenghan Hu1,2, Yong Xu3, Jie Tao1,2,*, and Xunzhong Guo1,2,* During this research, a
new rubber MRE silicone material was developed to be used as a medium for creating
through bulging for thin-walled complex formed Ni-based tubes.
Hence, it is vital to identify the effect on the prepared MRE material's mechanical
properties during the treatment phase of magnétic field strength, magnetic field loading
time, and positions. The findings show that increased magnetic field strength during the
curing process will effectively enhance the elastomer matrix's chain structural
orientation. Its mechanical properties, however, are best achieved under the magnetic
field strength of 321 mT.

Moreover, the chain system's exposure was configured by extending the magnetic field
initialization duration while also enhancing the mechanical properties and getting the
most significant time for loading of 20-25 min. The mechanical behaviour of MRE was
improved by adjusting the magnetic field loading inclination during the curing process.
The elastomer demonstrated the highest mechanical compression and good reversibility
compression when the magnet field's loading inclination is 90°.

Also, the efficiency with magnetic reduction is often higher than that without magnetic
compression for anisotropic MRE material. / / Fig 16.1: The use instructions of AS40
addition cure silicone Fig 16.2: SEM morphology of carbonyl iron particles / / Fig 16.3:
Quasi-static unilateral compression test of MRE Fig 16.4: Curing environment of
magnetorheological elastomer Magnetorheological Elastomer Precision Platform
Control Using OFFO-PID Algorithm (2020) Ying-Qing Guo,1 Jie Zhang,1 Dong-Qing He,1
and Jin-Bao Li2 The MRE is a sophisticated material, often treated as vibration-isolating
and reducing systems for the monitored structure's vibration suppression.

The solution to efficient vibration and shock absorption isolation is how the magnetic
field implemented consistently and in real-time can be determined by the monitored
system's movement behaviour. This work aims to enforce the vibration isolation and
mitigation check of the precision platform using the MRE devices using an optimized
fuzzy fractional-order PID (OFFO/PID) algorithm. The particle swarm optimization
algorithm is used in the algorithm to optimize the fractional-order PID controller's initial
values.

The fuzzy algorithm is used to update the fractional-order PID controller's parameters in
real-time, and the fractional-order PID controller is used to produce the control currents
of the MRE devices. For maximizing the initial PID fractional-order values, the particle
swarm algorithm is employed. For a real-time modification of the fractional-order PID
controller's parameters, the FUZZY algorithm is employed to create control sources on
the MRE systems. The fractional-order PID controller is used. Numerical research has
been carried out on a network using the MRE device to verify its reliability. The study
demonstrates that OFFO-PID can efficiently reduce the precision platform system's
complex responses.
The OFFO-PID algorithm was much-improved in contrast to the fuzzy fractional-order
PID algorithm. / / Fig 17.1 Precision platform with MRE devices. Fig 17.2 Control
schematic diagram of the precision platform for MRE device. Recent Progress in
Isotropic Magnetorheological Customers and Their Properties: A Review(2020)
Muhammad Arslan Hafeez 1 , Muhammad Usman 1,* , Malik Adeel Umer 2 and Asad
Hanif 3,* Magneto-sensitive intelligent materials (MREs) commonly used in various
applications, such as building, aerospace, electronics, medical, minimally surgery and
robotics, are magnetorheological elastomers.

Due to its superior characteristics, including morphologic, mechanical properties,

magnetic, energy, abrasive wear and complicated torsional properties, many
applications are involved. This analysis aims to a thorough study of recent developments
in isotropic MREs and focuses primarily on their properties. The history and
implementation of isotropic MREs are discussed first. A separate section will then
address the filled particles' preparation, the processing processes for isotropic MREs
(isotropic MREs), main manufacturing process parameters, including types of polymer
matrices, filler particle size and volume fraction, additives, durables and magnetic field
strength. Also, different isotropic MRE properties are studied extensively under various
magnetic field strength and tensile, compression strength or shear load characteristics.

This review concludes by presenting an insight into the type of isotropic MREs and
illustrates unexplored research areas in isotropic MRE and discusses the prospects for
the future of this revolutionary field. / Fig 18.1 Fabricated isotropic magnetorheological
elastomer (MRE) sample and its dimension / Fig 18.2 Schematics of surface modification
mechanism of CIPs with PANI coating & fabrication of PANI modified CIP based
isotropic MREs. An Overview of Durability Evaluations of Elastomer-Based
Magnetorheological Materials(2020) MOHD AIDY FAIZAL JOHARI1, SAIFUL AMRI
MAZLAN1, UBAIDILLAH 2, (Member, IEEE), HARJANA2, SITI AISHAH ABDUL AZIZ1, NUR
AZMAH NORDIN1, NORHASNIDAWANI JOHARI1, AND NURHAZIMAH NAZMI1 The
outcomes of mechanical reliability became the source of defects of structural
components used. Durability is thus a critical factor in the creation of reliable mechanical
components that's been factored in.

For MRE materials, the process of durability involves several mechanisms of damage
which lead to material deterioration. Increasing use of excellent MRE efficiency under
different applications leads to material performance reliability relative to failure. An
outline of the durability based on consumer-oriented MRE is given in response to this
issue with local sources of published papers on MRE durability. The work focuses on
selecting and reviewing the works, including experimental and modelling methods on
the up-to-date MRE longevity.

The definitive collection of articles, to classify patterns in MRE longevity present and
future, is analyzed in two bibliographic search bases - Scopus and the Science Web. This
paper has encapsulated influential studies on MRE longevity, which gives a graphic
perspective./ Fig 19. Mapping of types and factors affect the durability of MRE, ERE,
elastomer, and rubber. Effect of pre-strain on compression mode properties of
magnetorheological elastomers(2021) Hossein Vatandoost *, Ramin Sedaghati, Subhash
Rakheja, Masoud Hemmatian Prestrain effects are studied experimentally with the large
spectrum of particle volume fractions (15%, 30% and 45%), frequency (1-30 Hz) and
magnetic flux (0-750 mT) under varying pre-strain ranges, both in isotropic and in
aligned magnetic flux elastomers (MRE) (6 per cent, 11 per cent, and 21 per cent
respectively).

Results revealed that MRE activity was strongly dependent on the pre-strained, further
coupled with particle size, magnetic field, fraction and frequency. As pre-strains
increased from 6 to 21 per cent, isotropic MREs continuously increased-linearly,
indicating pre-strain stiffness and damping effects, respectively. At the same time,
aligned MREs demonstrated variations in patterns based on the particle volumetry
fraction. Results demonstrated higher effects on pre-strain than the aligned MREs for
isotropic RMRs.

The relative MR effect for both forms has been steadily diminished with increasing
pre-strain in the context of the elastic modulus (MRE'). However, the same pattern has
only been seen for aligned MRE, given the loss factor (MR?). The magnitude of the mRe
of Isotropic MRE was around 11% pre-strain limit. The findings indicated that the MRE
peak was 286%, 973% and 2258% of the isotropic MRE's relative to the volume fraction
of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 320%, 293% and 386% for Aligned MRE's. The estimates showed
a further maximum of 325%.

Convenient qualitative models were then suggested to assess both the hysteresis of
compressive modulus and MREs' stress-strain properties. A reasonably decent
consensus was observed for pre-strain, volume fraction, vibrational frequency and
magnetic flux density between model findings and the experimental evidence. The
models built can be used significantly in the design and production of manoeuvrable,
compression-operating MRE-based adaptive systems./ Fig.20.1.

Microstructure images of fabricated isotropics (left column) and aligned (right column)
MREs samples taken by Confocal microscopy with 50X magnifications: (a) 15% volume
fraction, (b) 30% volume fraction, and (c) 45% volume fraction. / Fig. 20.2 Pictorial
illustration of the test setup for compression mode characterization of the MRE: The red
cylinders in the left picture illustrate two MRE samples' position.

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