The first CD was made by PHILIPS

CD-ROM compact disk read only memory :

• Initially it was designed for use as an audio storage device to
replace the case set (tape)

• The CD-ROM and its comparatively huge storage capacity [over

floppy disk] was very attractive to software and multimedia
products

• Books, data base available and accessible for the PC

• The majority of the software titles are available only on CD-ROM

• CD-ROM uses compact disc (CD) technology the same

technology used to record the music on your favorite audio CDs
• The physical media is used for recording
data, programs, music and multimedia on
a CD-ROM
 CD-ROM Formats :
• Most people are familiar with 2 formats
used for music CDs and data CD-ROMs
• The format of the CD is the pattern and
the method used to record its content
• The first standard CD format was the one
use to produce CD (audio CD) that could
play in all regular CD players
• The CD format was defined in what is
called the Red book.
It is developed by two organization it is roal
Phillips electronic company and Sony
The red book standard issued in 1986. It
defines technical specification for CD. sampling
and transferring read data format for the digital
audio, physical dimension for CD, media
dimension etc.

CD-Media :

Like hard disk and floppy disk, CDs also store the
data in digital form with values 1’s and 0’s
• Hard disk and floppy disk stores the data
in magnetic form, data on a CD is a
physical recording techniques
• CD’s are mass produced by sampling the
pattern of pits and lands on to a molded
pory carbonate disk (as a substrate of 4.75
inch dia and 1.2mm thick)
• The process is called mastering the CD
produced this way is said to have been
mastered
• The substrate surface and its pits are then
covered with a shiny, reflective silver (or)
aluminum coating so that it will reflect
laser light
• Finally, a label can be silk sceened on to
the finished disc before it is tested and
packaged
• A disk manufactured in this way is called
single section disc.
Label Silk Screen Protective Layer

Reflective
Coating
Plastic
Foundation

CROSS SECTION OF COMMON CD-

ROM
Lands
Pits
CD-ROM drive operation :
• The CD-ROM is a single sided media and
data is recorded on one side so that
requires one read head and read
assembly which contains the mirror and
read lens
• The recorded spiral pattern on CD has pits
and lands
• The data is placed on substrate are
directly beneath the CDs label
• During play back CDs use a highly
focused laser beam and laser direction to
sense the presence or absence of pits
 Reading Behavior of CD :
• The laser in a CD-ROM drive is a beam of light
that is emitted from infrared and laser diode
• The laser diode/detector pair is mounted on a
carriage that follows the spiral track across the
CD
• The light from the laser reflects off the mirror and
then passes through a focusing lens that
direction the light directly on a specific point on a
disc
• Laser is directed at the under side of the CD,
where it penetrates the substrate which is about
1 mm thick
• When a laser hits a land, its light reflects off the
metallic coating to a photo detector
• When it hits a pit, the light does not reflect back
to the detector
• So, the amount of light reflected depends on
whether the laser is hitting land or pit
• The photo detector converts the light in to an
electrical signal, the strength of which is
determined by the intensity of the reflected light
• A complex decoding process is required to
convert this sequence of pits and lands in
to meaningfully information the (EFM)
eight-to-fourteen modulation is used with
CD-ROM
 Disc

Lens
Optical
Lens
reading unit

Prism

Photo cell
Laser