PROTECTION

BY

NUMERICAL RELAYS
CONTENTS

POWER SYSTEM

SAFETY & PROTECTION

RELAYS – APPLICATION - CLASSIFICATION

EFFECT OF CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY

& IMPORTANCE OF RELAY

NUMERICAL RELAYS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
POWER SYSTEM

Courtesy KPTCL

MAIN
 SAFETY & PROTECTION

Safety means Free from danger or the risk of harm.

Protection in general can be defined as “activity” or a “device” ensure safety ,

i.e an act of keeping some thing safe from harm or injury or loss or secure from risk.

In power system which term makes us to think of safety and protection ?

? FAULT ?
Fault in general can be defined as “ unexpected behavior (intentional or unintentional)
of some thing which can cause some problem or harm some thing thing .

In power system fault is defined as “ undesired path taken by abnormal current (or
voltage) , which causes sever problem in power system”.

CAUSES FOR FAULTS & TYPES & CONSEQUENCES MAIN

 RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch.

Relays find applications where it is necessary to control a power circuit by a low-power signal.

Relay also isolates low power control from high power controlled circuit.

Protective relays act as sensors of abnormalities and actuate control gears when required.

Relays may be suitably set to operate with the required discrimination between sections in
order to isolate only the faulty section /sections or equipment / equipments.

Two mode of relay position are a) Normally open ( N o )

b)normally close ( N C )

Depending on change in input to relay through CTs & PTs ,

it activates i.e N O to N C Or N C to N O ( or both).

IDMT , SATURATION & CO ORDINATION

MAIN NEXT
 RELAY PROTECTION APPLICATIONS
Protection Type
Fuse
HRC Fuse
Overcurrent and Earth Fault relay
Impedance relay
Differential relay
Thermal Overload relay
Oil Surge relay
Under and Over Volts relay
Under and Over Frequency relay
Negative Sequence relay
Loss of Excitation relay
Reverse current / reverse power relay
 Distance relay
Power factor relay
Etc
LOCATION OF RELAYS IN POWER SYSTEM
Application Areas
Local LV distributor
Major LV feeder, local HV spur line, HV
side of distribution substation
Major HV distribution feeder, backup to
transformer differential protection and
feeder impedance protection on sub-
transmission lines
Primary protection on transmission and
sub-transmission lines
Primary protection on large distribution
and all sub-transmission and transmission
level transformers; large generators
Transmission and sub-transmission level
transformers, large motors, large
generators
Transmission and sub-transmission level
transformers
Large motors, large generators
Large generators
Large generators
Large generators
BACK NEXT
 Transmission & Distribution Protection Schemes

Transmission substation
protection
Generator Transmission line
protection protection Transmission line
protection

Transmission substation
Distribution protection
substation
protection Sub-transmission line
Distribution line protection
protection Zone substation
protection

Courtesy KPTCL

BACK NEXT
 RELAYS

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS

Electro magnetic relay

 Solid-state Relays

Numerical or Digital relays ( Microprocessor based relay)

BACK MAIN
EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY & IMPORTANCE OF RELAY

0 – 1 mA No effect

1 – 8 mA Feel , no pain
8 – 12 mA Feel with pain , Let it go , reflex action

12 – 20 mA Muscle contracts, freezing , cannot let go

20 – 50 mA Lungs effected & breathing stops

50 – 200 mA Heart contracts , beats stops, no supply of oxygen to brain

200 mA & above causes burns & death.

Just 2 min no oxygen to brain , results in death

Courtesy GOOGLE MAIN

NUMERICAL OR DIGITAL RELAY

Courtesy L & T

MAIN NEXT
 NUMERICAL RELAY OPERATIONS
• Numerical relay can perform Multi-functions like protection, control , monitoring and measuring ,
the communication capability ,remote control, monitoring and data transfer.

• The relay applies A/D (analog-to-digital) conversion processes to the incoming voltages and currents.

•The relay analyzes the A/D converter output to extract, as a minimum, magnitude of the incoming quantity.

•The relay is capable of applying advanced logic. i.e analyzing whether the relay should trip or restrain from
tripping based on current and/or voltage magnitude (and angle in some applications), and in some applications
the timing and order of event sequences.

•The relay has some form of advanced features like event recording. The event recording includes some means
for the user to see the timing & fault level, relay I/O (input/output) changes, and see in an oscillographic fashion .

•The relay has an extensive collection of settings , PC interface is used to collect event reports from the relay.

•The more modern versions of the digital relay will contain advanced metering and communication protocol ports,
allowing the relay to become a focal point in a SCADA system.
BACK NEXT
Comparison of Electromechanical and Digital Relays
Feature Electromechanical Digital

Reliability High High ??

Stability High High
Sensitivity / Accuracy Low High
Speed of operation Moderate High
Discrimination capability Moderate High
Multi-function No Yes
Versatile (can be used for different applications) No Yes
Flexible (multiple curves, selectable setting groups) No Yes
Maintenance intensive High Low
Self-diagnostics No Yes
Trip circuit supervision No Yes
Condition monitoring No Yes
Data communications No Yes
Control functions No Yes
Metering No Yes
Disturbance recordings No Yes
Remote operation No Yes
CT Burden High Very low
Cost Low Varies

BACK NEXT
 NUMERICAL RELAY : EXAMPLE

Courtesy L & T

MAIN
 CONCLUSION

Numerical relays in real time power system takes the digital form of input from A/D
converter , and it can process the data in multidirection to achieve

“accurate instrumentation” ,

”reliable protection “,

“better condition monitoring”.

The flexibility of numerical relay , dominates over other types of relay in real time power
system.

Only drawback ok numerical relay is , its cost , its cost of implementation.

MAIN
 REFERENCES

V.K. MEHTA “ PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM”

Badhrinath “ SWITH GEAR & PROTECTION”

 GOOGLE

MAIN END
ELECTRIC CURRENT FOLLOWS ONLY “ LAWS OF PHYSICS” & NOT OVER CONFIDENCE

WITH PROPER KNOWLEDGE OPERATE PROPERLY, IT “OBEYS”

MISHANDLE , IT “ KILLS”

DON’T FOLLOW “B.E “ RULE REGARDING SAFETY ;-) i.e BYPASS ENGINEERING

A B C ( ALWAYS – BE - CAREFULL ) REGARDING ELECTRICITY

 THANK U 

MAIN
 CAUSES FOR FAULTS & TYPES & CONSEQUENCES
CAUSES

 Insulation failure
 Lack of electrical knowledge & improper handling
 Environmental factors
 Device malfunctioning , Etc

TYPES

 open circuit
 Short circuit
 Line to line
 Line to ground
 Line to line & to ground

CONSEQUENCES

 Causes physical damage to equipments & economy loss

 Injuring or killing of person operating equipment
 Unscheduled interruptions & economy loss
 Also can damage public assets
 Etc BACK