Introduction 

to Electrical Systems

Course Code: EE 111

Course Code: EE 111

Department: Electrical Engineering

Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: B G Fernandes

Instructor Name: B.G. Fernandes

E‐mail id: bgf@ee iitb ac in

E‐mail id: bgf@ee.iitb.ac.in

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
1/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 Sub‐Topics:   

• Effect of variation of  load P.F. on synchronous machine 
• Expression for power

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
2/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 Review   
Synchronous generator → Alternator
Synchronous generator →
used for high power (MW) applications
⇒ Invariably stator has 3
Invariably stator has 3‐φ φ distributed winding 
distributed winding
& rotor → field winding → connected to dc
can be replaced by PM
⇒ Doubly fed machine → fed from stator as well as from  
rotor
Rotor → cylindrical/ non‐salient pole
→ suitable for high speed (3000 rpm)
⇒air gap is uniform          is constant 
∴ℜ
(ℜ →reluctance)
⇒ ‘L’ is independent of rotor position
‘L’ i i d d f ii
Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
3/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 ⇒Salient pole construction is suitable for low speed     
applications (no. of poles could be 24)
pp p
Salient pole → air gap is non‐uniform & ∴ℜ
⇒ ℜ is minimum along field axis (direct axis)
⇒ℜ is maximum along q‐axis (quadrature axis)
∴ ‘L’ depends on rotor position 
p p
ℜ
If      is min →‘L’ would be max
If ℜ is max → ‘L’
If      is max,→ L  would be min
would be min
∴ ‘L’ varies between Lmin(= Lq) & Lmax(= Ld)
⇒ so what? ⇒ later
⇒ apart from field winding there is cage winding as well

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
4/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 i) variation of E0 (open circuit voltage) with IF at constant   
Nr  is OCC
is OCC
φf
In phasor form

Ef

ii) when Is is flowing in the stator winding, it produces its 

own flux
⇒ air gap flux → vector sum of φF & φA
⇒ effect of stator flux on rotor flux is known as armature  
effect of stator flux on rotor flux is known as armature
reaction
⇒ this effect depends on load P.F.
this effect depends on load P.F.
Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
5/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 ⇒ In eq. ckt this effect could be represented by a  
reactance Xa
reactance, X
Xsl → leakage reactance
Rs→ stator resistance/ph
i / h

In high power m/c → Rs<< (X

In high power m/c  → << (Xsll + X
+ Xa)      
)
xs → synchronous reactance

⇒ ZS= (RS + jXS)→ synchronous impedance,

l i Rs, ZZs ≅ Xs
neglecting R

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
6/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 Lagging power factor:
Eo π Ea π
∠φF = ∠φ =
2 R 2
|φR |<|φF |
⇒ lagging ‘I’ tries to oppose the field flux
⇒ demagnetizing effect
Leading power factor:
|φR| could be greater than |φF|
⇒ leading current tries to aid
the field flux
⇒ magnetizing effect
Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
7/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 Unity power factor:

⇒ difference between|φR| & |φF| in UPF case <  
difference between |φR| & |φ
difference between |φ | & |φF| in lagging P.F. case
| in lagging P.F. case

⇒ though in phase component of current does not  
directly oppose the field flux, it tries to distort the field
⇒ cross magnetization

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
8/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 If Vt = V∠0

E0 = E0∠δ δ is +ve for generator action

Expression for power:
Expression for power:
E0∠δ − V∠0
IS =
Z S∠θ
E0∠(δ − θ) V∠ − θ
= −
ZS ZS
⎡ E0 V ⎤ ⎡ E0 V ⎤
= ⎢ cos(δ − θ) − cos θ ⎥ + j ⎢ sin(δ − θ) + sin θ ⎥
⎣ ZS ZS ⎦ ⎣ ZS ZS ⎦

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
9/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 power/phase = V Iscosφ
V
= [E0 cos(δ − θ) − V cos θ]
ZS
In synchronous machine |RS|<< |XS|
π
|ZS| ≅|XS| & θ ≅
2
3E0 V
Total power = sin δ
XS
⇒ synchronous generator (rating in MVA) is always
connected in parallel with other generators

⇒ connected to grid

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
10/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 δ → angle between Fs and FR
From Newton’s law, (rate of change of 
’ l ( f h f
angular momentum is the net torque)

dω
∝ (Tm − Te )
dt
Tm → mechanical torque Te → electrical torque
dδ
=ω
dt
at steady state, Tm = Te & ∴ ω = ωst = synchronous speed

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
11/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 Operation at δ1:
assume that for some reason, δ1 has ↑ slightly
⇒ no change in mechanical input
⇒ ((Tm ‐ Te) ((or ((Pm‐ Pe)) is negative
g
⇒ generator would decelerate and
come back to its original place
⇒ stable
Operation at δ2:
if for some reason δ2 has ↑
⇒ (Tm ‐ Te) is + ve
try to accelerate the rotor further
⇒ δ2 ↑ further
f h ∴ unstable
bl
Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
12/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32
 π
∴ stable operating range is 0 < δ <
2
⇒ generally δ is around 300

⇒ If δ is high and big disturbance is given, δ may ↑

above π/2 and the system may become unstable

Mon  Oct       EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
13/13
26,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  32