Internal Combustion Engines

“An Engine is a device that converts heat energy into

mechanical energy to do work”

The heat energy is supplied through combustion of fuel

Fuel (C8H15) + Air (O2 , N2) CO2 + H20 + N2 + Heat

Fuel (C8H15) + Air (O2 , N2) CO2 + H20 + N2 + Heat

+ CO + H20 + N0x

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 Air Fuel & Combustion

• Fuel
– Fuel and air must be mixed
• Fuel must be vaporized
– Combustion Rate
• Temperature
• Vaporization
– Controlled Rate of Combustion
• Compression Ratio
• Injection/Spark Timing
• Air/Fuel Ratio

• Pre-mix Flame / Diffusion Flame

• Ignition Delay

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 Four Stroke Engine

• Intake Stroke
• Piston TDC Piston BDC
» Intake Valve Open (10o before TDC)
» Intake Valve Closes (50o after BDC)

• Compression Stroke
• Piston BDC Piston TDC
» All Valves Closed

• Power Stroke (Ignition/Injection at TDC)

• Piston TDC Piston BDC
• Exhaust Stroke
• Piston BDC Piston TDC
» Exhaust Valve Open (50o before BDC)
» Exhaust Valve Closes (10o after TDC)

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 Two Stroke Engine (Crankcase Scavenging)

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 Air Fuel & Combustion

• Air
– Air will compress

pV=MRT
p = Pressure (kPa, psi), V= volume (m3, ft3), M=Mass (kg, lb), T= Absolute Temperature (K, R)
R=specific gas constant (8.314/molecular weight [metric], 10.72/molecular weight [English])

• Constant Mass of air

– Decrease in Volume Increase in Temperature
– Increase in Pressure

– Addition of Energy Increase in Temperature

– Increase in Pressure

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 Gas Laws
Ideal Gas Equation
pV=MRT
p = Pressure (kPa, psi), V= volume (m3, ft3), M=Mass (kg, lb), T= Absolute Temperature (K, R)
R=specific gas constant (8.314/molecular weight [metric], 10.72/molecular weight [English])

• Constant Volume
pb/pa = Tb/Ta
Q/M = Cv *(Tb - Ta)

Pressure
• Constant Pressure
Vb/Va = Tb/Ta
Q/M = Cp *(Tb - Ta)

• Adiabatic Expansion/Compression
Volume
pb/pa = [Va/Vb]k = [Tb/Ta]k/(k-1)
Tb/Ta = [Va/Vb](k-1) = [pb/pa](k-1)/k

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Assumptions

3 • The piston has zero friction in the cylinder

• Air is the working fluid
• No heat transfer through the cylinder walls
2 • The crank starts at the bottom of the stroke under
4 conditions of P1, V1, and T1
P
• Adiabatic compression from 1-2
• Adiabatic expansion from 3-4
1 • Constant-volume addition of heat from 2-3
• Constant-volume rejection of heat from 4-1
Clr P.D.
• The working fluid (air) is treated as a perfect gas
V with constant specific heats
• All thermodynamic processes are assumed ideal

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Efficiency

• Heat added at constant volume

3 during the cycle is:
Qin = M cv (T3 - T2)

2
4
• Heat rejected at constant volume
P during the cycle is:
Qin = M cv (T4 - T1)
1

Clr P.D.
V
k −1 ( k -1)/ k
Q − Qout T v  1 P 
e = in = 1− 1 = 1−  2  = 1 − k -1 = 1 −  1 
Qin T2  v1  r  P2 

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Work

W = Qin - Qout
3

2
4 P1V1 − P2 V2 P3V3 − P4 V4
P W= +
k −1 k −1

MEP = Net Work

Clr P.D.
V
Displacement

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p1)

Given
3
• P1 = 96.5 kPa
• t1 = 60° C
2
4 • r = 6:1
P
• k = 1.4
1
• Qs = 3021 kJ/kg
Clr P.D.
V
Find
• P’s, V’s & T’s
• Efficiency
1/29/2007 • Mean Effective Press (MEP)
AST342_2000 11
 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p2)

First, find the cylinder volume at BDC

3 From P1 V1 = MRT1
MRT1
2 V1 =
4
P1
P
8314kNm
(60 + 273° )
29kg° k
1 V1 =
kN
Clr P.D. 96.5 = 2
V m
V1 = 0.989m3 / kg
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& P1 = , T1 = from prob. statement
AST342_2000 12
 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p3)

For Adiabatic Compression:

3 P1 V1k = P2V2k
k 1.4
V  kN  6 kN
2 P1 = P1  1  = 96.5 2   = 1186
4  V2  m  1 m2
P
k −1
 V1 
T2 = T1   = 333(6) 0.4 = 682° K
1  V2 
3
V 0.989 m
V2 =  1  =
Clr P.D.
= 0.165
V  r 6 kg

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p4)

Heat addition 2 → 3 at Constant Volume

3

Qs2-3 = Mc v (T3 − T2 )
2
4 kJ
P 3021
Qs kg
T3 − T2 = 2−3 = = 4202° k
Mc v 1x0.719 kJ
1 kg° k
Clr P.D. Now T3 = T2 + (T3 − T2 )
V
T3 = 682 + 4202 = 4884°k

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p5)

Heat addition 2 → 3 at Constant Volume

3

P2 V2 P3 V3
2 Also = but V2 = V3
4 T2 T3
P
So:
 T3   4884
1 P3 = P2   = 1186 kPa   = 8494 kPa
 T2   682 
Clr P.D.
V Since V2 = V3:
V3 = 0.165m 3 / kg

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p6)

For Adaibatic Expansion 3 → 4:

3 Since V2 = V3 & V1 = V4
k −1
T3  V4  V1 V4
2
=  = =6
T4  V3  V2 V3
4
P
T3 4884
T4 = k −1
= 0.4 = 2385 deg K
 V4  (6)
1  
 V3 
Clr P.D.
T3 8494kPa
V P4 = k
= = 691 kPa
 V4  (6)
 
 V3 
1/29/2007
and V4 = V1 = 0.989 m 3 / kg
AST342_2000 16
 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p7)

Heat Rejected 4 → 1 = QR4−1

3

QR4 −1 = Mc v (T4 − T1 )
2
4 = 1 x 0.719 (2385 − 333)
P
Q4−1 = 1475 kJ / Kg

Clr P.D.
V

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p8)

Net Work = Qs − Qr
= 3021−1475 = 1546kJ / kg

OR:

1 1 − P2 V2
PV P3V3 − P4V4
Net Work = +
k −1 k −1
96.5(.989) −1186(.165) 8494(.165) − 691(.989)
= +
0.4 0.4
= −251+1796
= 1545 kJ / kg
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 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p9)

1
Efficiency = e = 1− r
k−1

1
= 1− 0.4 = 0.512
(6)
OR:

Wkout 1545
e= = = 0.512
Qsuppl 3021

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 Ideal Otto Cycle Example Problem (p10)

Mean Effective Pressure:

NetWk N⋅ m N
MEP = = 3 = 2
Displ m m
1545 kNm/ kg
=
0.989 m3kg − 0.165m3 / kg
= 1875 kN/m2 = 1875 kPa

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 Theoretical Otto Cycle (SI)
Pressure

Volume

Theoretical Efficiency = 1-1/r(n-1)

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 Diesel Cycle (CI)

Pressure

Volume

Theoretical Efficiency = 1-[1/r(n-1) ]*[(rco)n -1] / [n(rco -1)]

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 Dual Cycle
Pressure

Volume

Efficiency = 1-[1/r(n-1) ]*{[B(rco –1)]+n(rco-1)(1-B)} / [n(rco -1)]

n

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 Theoretical Cycle Efficiencies

0.75
Otto Cycle

1.5
2.0
Theoretical Efficiency

2.5

Diesel (V3/V2 = 3)

0.5

0.25

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Com pression Ratio

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 Engine Cycles

• Otto Cycle
• Theoretical Efficiency = 1-1/r(n-1)
r=8 Eff = 0.56

• Diesel Cycle
• Theoretical Efficiency = 1-[1/r(n-1) ]*[(rco)n -1] / [n(rco -1)]
r=8 rco = 2.5 Eff = 0.46
r = 16 rco = 2.5 Eff = 0.59

• Dual Cycle
(n-1) n
• Efficiency = 1- [1/r ]*{[B(rco) -1]+n(rco-1)(1-B)}/[n(rco -1)]
• Theoretical Efficiency
Lower than Otto Cycle for same compression ratio
Higher than Diesel Cycle for same compression ratio

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 Engine Cycles

• Otto Cycle
• Theoretical Efficiency = 1-1/r(n-1)
r=8 Eff = 0.56

• Diesel Cycle
• Theoretical Efficiency = 1-[1/r(n-1) ]*[(rco)n -1] / [n(rco -1)]
r=8 rco = 2.5 Eff = 0.46
r = 16 rco = 2.5 Eff = 0.59

• Dual Cycle
(n-1) n
• Efficiency = 1- [1/r ]*{[B(rco) -1]+n(rco-1)(1-B)}/[n(rco -1)]
• Theoretical Efficiency
Lower than Otto Cycle for same compression ratio
Higher than Diesel Cycle for same compression ratio

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 Characteristics of Four Stroke
Compression Ignition & Spark Ignition Engines
Characteristics Compression-Ignition Engine Spark- Ignition Engine

Compression Ratio 14-22 : 1 5-8 : 1

Ignition Compression Electric Spark
Thermal Efficiency 30-60% 25-30%
Fuel induction Injector Carburettor (Fuel Injection)
Fuel System Fuel Oil / Diesel Gasoline (LP gas)
Fire Hazard Less Greater
Power Variation Increase in Fuel Increase in Air/Fuel Mixture
Air Induction Constant Variable (Throttle Airflow)
Air-Fuel Ratio 15-100 : 1 10-20 : 1
Relative Fuel Consumption Lower Higher
Energy per litre of fuel Higher Lower
Manifold Throttle Absent Present
Exhaust Gas Temperature 482o C / 900 F 704o C / 1300 F
Starting Harder Easier
Lubricants Heavy duty oils Regular and Premium Oils
Speed Range Limited (600-3200 rpm) Wide range (400-6000 rpm)
Engine Mass per Horsepower 8 kg (17.5 lb) Average 4 kg (9 lb)
Initial Cost High Much Lower
Lugging ability (Torque) Excellent Less

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