Iron ore, steel and coal

By group 4
 IRON ORE
 It is the backbone of industrial development.
 Iron is used in all machines and machine tools, automobiles,
refrigerators, internal structure of large buildings tunnels,
bridges etc.
 It is widely used because of its high strength, low bulk, and
low cost.
 It is a versatile product which can tailored to diverse and
specific needs.
 It can be cast, hammered, rolled, drawn into wire, welded and
combined with many other metals.
 Types of iron ore

 Hematite

 Magnetite

 Limonite

 siderite
 Hematite

 Hematite and limonite form a complete solid solution at temperatures

above 950°C.
 Hematite is a mineral, colored black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish
brown, or red.
 While the forms of hematite vary, they all have a rust-red streak.
 Harder than pure iron, but much more brittle
 Huge deposits of hematite are found in banded iron formations. Grey
hematite is typically found in places where there has been standing water or
mineral hot springs, such as those in Yellowstone National Park in the United
States.
 Contains 70% of iron content
 Magnetite

 Magnetite is a ferromagnetic mineral.

 Magnetite is the most
. magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals.
 Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small
pieces of iron, and this was how ancient man first discovered the property of
magnetism.
 Magnetite has been very important in understanding the conditions under
which rocks form and evolve .
 Contains 72.4% of iron content
 Limonite
 Limonite is an ore consisting in a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-
hydroxide of varying composition.

 Limonite is heavy and yellowish-brown.

 Limonite forms mostly in or near oxidized iron and other metal ore
deposits and as sedimentary beds.

 Contains 60% of iron content

 Siderite

 Siderite is a mineral composed of iron carbonate FeCO3.

 It is a valuable iron mineral, since it is 48% iron and contains no sulfur or
phosphorus.
 Color ranges from yellow to dark brown or black, the latter being due to
the presence of manganese .
 In sedimentary rocks, siderite commonly forms at shallow burial depths
and its elemental composition is often related to the depositional
environment of the enclosing sediments.
 DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION OF IRON
ORE
 Iron ore occurs in widely distributed area in all continents. How ever
nearly 90% of the world’s known reserves of iron ore occur in ten
countries-USSR,INDIA, BRAZIL, USA, FRANCE, CANADA, CHINA, SWEDEN,
VENEZUELA, and AUSTRALIA.
 Asia produces nearly 30% of the world’s total iron ore, South Africa 24%,
Australia 16%, Europe 14%, North America11%, and Africa 5%.
COUNTRY PRODUCTION % OF TOTAL
(IN LAKH METRIC PRODUCTION
TONNES)
BRAZIL 1289 20.7
CHINA 1257 20.2
AUSTRALIA 1033 16.6
INDIA 452 7.3
RUSSIA 415 6.7
 Iron ore belts in India
 Orissa- Jharkhand belt: In Orissa high grade hematite ore is found in badampahar
mines in the mayurbhanj and kendujhar districts.
 Durg-Bastar- Chandrapur belt: It lies in chhattisghar and maharastra.Very grade of
hematite are found in the famous bailadila range of hills in Bastar district of
chhattisghar.
 Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt : It is in karnataka. It has large reserves
of iron ore. The kundermukh mines located in the western ghats of karnataka are
100% exprot unit. Kundermukh deposits are known to be largest in the world.
 Maharastra- goa belt: It includes the state of goa and Ratnagiri of maharastra.
Though the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are efficiently exploited. Iron
ore is exported through Marmagao port.
 India is has large deposits of high grade, low phosphorus ore, containing
60-62% iron.
 India exports large amount of ore to Japan, Italy, Germany, etc.
 STEEL
 It is an alloy of iron and carbon with a carbon content of 0.2% to 2.1% by
weight
 Bessemer process in the mid 19th century produced inexpensive steel
 Basic oxygen steel making further reduced the cost of production and
even increased the quality of steel
 The density of steel ranges between between 7.75 and 8.05 g/cm3 (0.280–
0.291 lb/in3).[6]
 Material properties
 Steel + nickel + manganese = additional tensile strength and chemically
more stable
 Steel + chromium = increases hardness and melting temperature
 Steel + vanadium = reduces the effects of metal fatigue, increases
hardness
 Steel + 11% steel = stainless steel ( prevents corrosion)
 Steel + sulphur + nitrogen + phosphorous = makes it more brittle
 Heat treatment to steels

 Annealing (heating to soften)

 Quenching (heating and then rapid cooling by quenching into water or oil)

 Tempering( further heating to obtain ductile and fracture resistant

material)
ANCIENT PERIOD MODERN AGE
 Uses of steel
 Construction of roads, buildings, other infrastructure, appliances, railways
 Used to make bolts, nails and screws
 Used in shipbuilding, pipeline transport, mining, offshore construction,
aerospace, white goods
 Heavy equipment making like bulldozers, office furniture, steel wool,
tools, vehicle armour
Historical steel Long steel Stainless steal
 Coal
 Coal is a fossil fuel and is the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that
originally accumulated in swamps and peat bogs.
 All living plants store solar energy through a process known as
photosynthesis. When plants die, this energy is usually released as the
plants decay. Under conditions favourable to coal formation, the decaying
process is interrupted, preventing the release of the stored solar energy.
The energy is locked into the coal.
 Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period - known as the first
coal age - which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago.
 Coalification
 The degree of change undergone by a coal as it matures from peat to
anthracite is known as coalification.
 Coalification has an important bearing on coal's physical and chemical
properties and is referred to as the 'rank' of the coal.
 Ranking is determined by the degree of transformation of the original
plant material to carbon.
 The ranks of coals, from those with the least carbon to those with the
most carbon, are lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite.
Quality of coal is determined by:
The quality of each coal deposit is determined by:
 varying types of vegetation from which the coal originated
 depths of burial
 temperatures and pressures at those depths
 length of time the coal has been forming in the deposit
 Types of coal
 Anthracite: the highest rank; a harder, glossy, black coal used primarily for
residential and commercial space heating.
 Peat: considered to be a precursor of coal, has industrial importance as a fuel in
some regions, for example, Ireland and Finland. In its dehydrated form, peat is a
highly effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on land and water .
 Lignite: also referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost
exclusively as fuel for electric power generation.
 Bituminous coal: dense mineral, black but sometimes dark brown, often with well-
defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric
power generation
 Uses of coal
1. As fuel.
2. Cooking and use of coke.
3. Ethanol production.
4. Gasification
5. Liquefaction
6. Refined coal
7. Industrial process
8. Cultural ussage.
 Environmental effects
 Generation of hundreds of millions of tons of waste products, including fly
ash, bottom ash, flue gas desulfurization sludge, that contain mercury,
uranium, thorium, arsenic, and other heavy metals .
 Interference with groundwater and water table levels.
 Acid rain from high sulfur coal.
 Contamination of land and waterways and destruction of homes from fly
ash spills such as Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill .
 Impact of water use on flows of rivers and consequential impact on other
land-uses .
 Dust nuisance .
 Coal deposits in India
 In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely
Gondwana, little over 200 million tears age and in tertiary deposits which
are only about 55 millions years old.
 The major resources of Gondwana coal wich are metalllurgical coal, are
located in Damodar valley.
 Jharia, Raniganj, Bakaro are important caolfields.
 The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal
deposites.
 Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam,
Arunachal pradesh and Nagaland.
 TOP FIVE PRODUCERS IN 2009
COUNTRY TOTAL COAL PRODUCED(IN METRIC TONNES)
1. CHINA 2971
2. USA 919
3. INDIA 526
4. AUSTRALIA 335
5. INDONESIA 263