Hivaids K

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HIV/AIDS
Galley and introduction.indd 1 19/6/2552 9:24:50

Questions and Answers about HIV/AIDS
w>oHuG>pH;qXb.C; HIV/AIDS
Drum Publication Group
P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi, 71000
Thailand
drum@drumpublications.org
www.drumpublications.org
vgcsH< 2748 unDeH.

March, 2009
ISBN 978-611-7225-04-8
ii

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1I w>qgth;(pf) (AIDS) tw>pH.pdR=======================ubsH;yR 1
2I w>qgtMqX.=================================== ubsH;yR 5
3I w>qgtw>b.ulb.*m=============================ubsH;yR 8
4I w>orHord;uG>rh>w>qgtC>td.wtd. ================= ubsH;yR 21
5I rh>td.'D; HIV w>qgC> ============================ubsH;yR 24
6I w>qgtuh>yeD.wz.==============================ubsH;yR 26
7I w>[h.ul.wJoud;w>============================= ubsH;yR 30
8I cGgw>zsD.’D;w>qgth;(pf)=============================ubsH;yR 32
9I w>qgb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkm (STIs) ’D;w>qgth;pf (AIDS) ========ubsH;yR 35
10I w>yod.qg'D;w>qgth;(pf)==========================ubsH;yR 38
11I w>ulpg,gbsg================================== ubsH;yR 40
12I ySRb.w>qgth;(pf)rh>td.vX[H.ylRM.===================ubsH;yR 42
13I ySRrh>oHvXw>qgth;(pf)tCd=========================ubsH;yR 44
14I w>rRvD>’D;w>qgth;(pf)============================ubsH;yR 46
15I w>vJRw>uhR’D;w>qgth;(pf)=========================ubsH;yR 49
16I yub.’Do’X’fvJ.===============================ubsH;yR 53
iii

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HIV ‘D; AIDS w>oHuG>pH;qXtvHmzdwbh.tHRtylRrh>yymzSd.’D;pH;qXw>oHuG>pH;qXvXySR

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w>oHuG>wz.b.w>[JuhRpdm’D;wJoud;’D;ql.cs›ySRrRw>zdwz.’D;ySRvXtpJ.eDRwz.0HR
pH;qXu’guhRw>oHuG>wz.tHRM.vDRI
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w>qg’D;,gbsgw>qgtHRwtd.’H;b.tCdw>’Do’XqdM.rh>rl’gvXt&h’d.r;wrHRM.vDRI
epl;ugvHmwbh.tHR’H;w>’Do’XtvHmeJ.usJtod;ohph>uD;M.vDRI
vXvHmwbh.tHRtylRtd.0JtqX’d. 16 qX’D;ymCkm’D;w>qgt*h>tusdR< usJvXw>qgb.

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z.M.vDRI w>ytJ.'d;rRvdmySRz;vHmwz.M.rh>0Jt0Joh.uhReDRoud;vdmo;w>vXtrRvd
wh>0Jwz.’D;}wDqXoud;w>qgtHRt*D>M.vDRI

tqX'd.A(1)
w>qgth;(pf) (AIDS) tw>pH.pdR
1I b.rEkRtCdw>qgth;(pf) (AIDS) b.td.xD.vJ.I

th;(pf) (AIDS) td.xD.cDzsd HIV w>qgC>M.vDRI HIV tcDynDM.rh>0Jw>qgb.
*mvXtrRpSRvDRySReD>cd*H>}wDqXM.vDRI HIV w>qgC>M.qH;’d.r;tCdeuG>tDRvX
rJmcsHwzsgb.I erh>uG>tDRvXrJmuvRegrJ;_cd.pud;vXt*H>*hRr;exH.tDRohM.vDRI
♀♂ w>oHuG>pH;qXb.C; A
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 1
HIV-AIDS Questions and Answers_Karen version.indd 1 19/6/2552 9:26:43

2I th;(pf)A-I-D-S tvHmrJmzsX.M.tcDynDrh>'fvJ.I
A=Acquired = rRM>w>qgvXySRw*R*Rttd. rhwrh> w>wrHRrHRttd.
I=Immune = *H>}wDqX (eD>cd*H>}wDqXw>qg)
D=Deficiency = wvXwySJR< pSRvDR
S=Syndrome = w>yeD.wz.
vXw>M.tCd< vXySRunDusdmyud;tDRvX?eD>cd*H>}wDqXpSRvDRw>qgb.*m/
oh0JM.vDRI w>ud;tDR‘D;w>ud;zk.ph>uD;tDRvX A-I-D-S th;(pf)w>qgM.vDRI
3I w>qgtd.[JuJxD.'fvJ.IAb.rEkR&RvDRo;cs›o'H;xJtHRvJ.I
vX[D.cd.csXM.w>qgtd.0JtuvkmuvkmM.vDRI w>qdurd.vX HIV w>qgC>
tHR[Jtd.xD.0JvXwRtk;z;’d.wz.vXttd.vXtR_zHRuRM.vDRI ySRpJth.zdwz.
uGJ;zsgxD.0JvXw>qgC>wz.tHRqDwvJtMqX.’D;[JwkRvDRqlySRulySRunD
wz.ttd.M.vDRI b.q.< zJw>vD>vXtrh>cdcd.yS>v>usg’D;ySRtd.0JpSRwz.
M.w>qg tHRub.ulb.*mt*D>tw>cGJ;w>,mpSR0JM.vDRI w>vJRxD.vJRxDtd.
xD.u,Du,DvXpJ;zDu[.wuyR< w>qJ;usd;qJ;usXwz.*hRxD.’D;cs›xD.CdySR
vJRxD.uhRvDRqlw>vD>wwDRb.wwDR< ’D;xHuD>wuD>’D;wuD>vJRxD.uhRvDRwkR
vXweHRCDtwD>ylRvDRI wuwD>CD< ySR[D.cd.zdtw>td.o;wz.ph>uD;qDwvJxD.
to;M.vDRI t0Joh.tw>ouJmy0;b.C;rk>cGgoGH.xH;w>rHCkmtd.Ckmwz.ph>
uD;qDwvJuGHmto;MvDRI zJyHR0gwz.td.xD.M.t0Joh.p;xD.pl;ugyHR0g’D;oGDEkm
vDR0JqltoGH.usdRM.vDRI
2 ♀♂ w>oHuG>pH;qXb.C; HIV/AIDS ♂♀

zJySRqJ;yHR0gwz.tcgoloud;0Jx;wz.tCdySRoGH.vXtpdmCkm’D; HIV w>qgC>
vXttd.wh>wpJ;wrSJ;b.tXb.oDwh>vXx;vdRwz.M.b.ulb.*mvXySRqJ;
CkmuoH.wz.toGH.usgM.vDRI ySRqJ;yHRzdvXttd.’D;w>qgC>wz.&RvDRM>w>
qgC>qlt0Joh.trg< ySRvXtrRrk.cGgw>rkmzH;rkmn.tw>&hvdmrkmvdm’D;t0Joh.
’D;ydmrk.qgvDRtD.to;wz.ttd.M.vDRI ySRvXttDtoluoH.usgtd.’D;ydmrk.
qgvDRtD.o;wz.tCdw>qgtHR&RvDRto;qlySR*D>rk>*D>yRM.vDRI vXusJ’ftHRt
Cdw>qgtHR&RvDRto;wqDb.wqD’D;cJtHR HIV &RvDR0J’.vXxHuD>ud;bh.’J;
vXttd.vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI
4I w>p;xD.xH.M>th;(pf)w>qgA(AIDS) vXxHuD>rwRwz.vJ.I
w>p;xD.xH.M> zJ 1981 eH.vXuD>trJ&uR< cJ.vH.zdeH,guD>pJ.M.vDRI w>vXy
-uX; rR eD.rRCgM.rh>0Jw>qgtHRtd.ym0JvXw>vD>tgwD>wcsK;vX 1981 eH.b.q.<
vXcH[JtgxD.’D;&RvDRto;’fw>qgoHo}wdmvXtR_zHRuR’D;trJ&uRtylRM.vDRI
5I w>p;xD.xH.M>w>qgvXrwRoh.wz.ttd.vJ.I
zJw>qgp;xD.uJxD.M.w>xH.M>tDRtgwuh>vXySRydmcGgvXtrHCkmtd.Ckmvdmo;
u’Ju’Jtod;tusgvDRI vXcHvJR&RvDRto;qlrk.cGgw>rHCkmtd.Ckm’D;w>pl;ugu
oH.rlRbSD;wz.tusgM.vDRI rhrh>vXth±SX.wuyRwcDw>p;xD.xH.M>tDRvXySRvX
tolqJ;uoH.rlRbSD;vXtoGH.usdRwz.tylRtusgM.vDRI w>qgC>tHRwrh>xJt
td.vXySRvXw>p;xD.xH.M>tDRwz.tusgb.I w>qgwz.tHR&RvDR’D;b.*m0Jql
ydmrk.vXtqgvDRtD.to;wz.tusg< ydmrk.qgvDRtD.o;wz.&RvDRM>0Jw>qg
qlydmcGgvXtvlRrk.cGgw>rkmzH;rkmn.’D;wu;’fb.ydmcGgwz.tHRuhR&RvDRM>0Jw>
qgqltrgwz.ttd.M.vDRI zJydmrk.wz.rRM>w>qgtHR’D;td.xD.’D;t[k;to;t
cgzdo.qH;wz.ph>uD;urRM>0Jw>qgtHRM.vDRI
6I w>wJvX HIV qgC>td.cHrHRpH;w>M.rh>upD'D{gI

rh>vDRI w>qgvXt&RvDRvX[D.cd.’Dwbh.vXrk>rqgweHRtHRrh>0J HIV-1 M.vDRI
HIV-1 trJmngtd.ph>uD;’D; HIV-2 M.vDRI HIV-2 M.&RvDRto;wcs›xJod;HIV=1
M.b.I w>qgtyeD.wz.ph>uD;wtXxJod; HIV-1 M.b.I rhrh> HIV-2 wcDw>wxH.
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 3

M>tDRvXuD>y,DRylR’H;b.I w>xH.tDRxJ’.zJrk>EkmtR_zHRuRxHuD>weDRtylRvDRI
7I th;(pf)w>qg (AIDS) uJxD.tgvXuD>y,DRw>vD>zJvJ.wz.t

ylRvJ.I
uJxD.zJvJ.M.ywJvDRwH>vDRqJ;wohb.I ySRweDRb.th;(pf)w>qg (AIDS) oem
uhw[J,gbsgto;vXw>qg[H.b.I ySRweDR[JxD.w>qg[H.ulpgto;b.q.
vXusJwrHRrHRtCdwymzsgxD.to;vXp&DylRb.I ySRweDRoHvXw>qgtHRb.q.
ySRulpg,gbsgtDRwz.qSXp&DwM>b.ph>uD;td.0J’.M.vDRI w>qgwcgtHR’d;oMR
xD.to;vXySRw*Rtw>td.w>qd;< tw>ouJmy0;tzDcd.M.vDRI vXw>M.t
Cd< w>qgtHRuJxD.tgvXw>vD>vXySRvXtouJmy0;td.vXurRM>w>qgtgt
vD>M.vDRI

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8I w>qgwcgtHRrh>uJxD.M.<AeD>up>*H>}wDqXwz.pSRvDR0J'fvJ.I
vXySR[D.cd.zdwz.tcd.tCXRM.td.’D;w>qgC>tuvkmuvkmvXurRb.’dtDR
M.vDRI w>qgwz.tHR[JEkmvDRqlyeD>cdrd>yS>ylRcDzsdweHRb.weHRw>[l;w>*JR< w>
vJRw>uhR’D;tD.w>tDw>tCdM.vDRI ySRvXtb.w>qgC>tHRb.q.teD>up>*H>
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 5

}wDqXrh>*hRM.wrRM>w>qgtHRb.I w>ud>xD.< w>b.wrkm'D;w>ul;uqJwz.
uuJxD.xJpSRoDwpd>wvD>’D;ubsguhR0JM.vDRI rh>vXoGH.0gzsX.vXttd.vXoGH.
usdRylRwz.rRoHrR[;*DRuGHmw>qgC>vXt[JEkmvDRvXw>csXwz.M.vDRI vXySR
teD>cdrd>yS>tylR< oGH.0gzsX.wz.ymzSd.xD.to;'D;uJxD.eD>cd*H>}wDqXtCdw>qg
wnDEk>uJxD.vXySRrd>yS>tylRb.M.vDRI HIV w>qgC>EkmvDRqloGH.0gtylR'D;rR
tgxD. HIVtC>vXt'fod;vdmo;0HRrR[;*DRoGH.0gzsX.wz.vDRI zJoGH.0gzsX.w
z.[;*DRtgxD.'D;t0Joh.rR[;*DRw>qgvXt[JEkmvDRwz.wohvXRb.I *H>}wD
qXtusdRtusJwz.[;*DRuGHmtCdeD>cd*H>}wDqXph>uD;pSRvDRuGHm0JM.vDRI ySRvXt
eD>cd*H>}wDqXpSR0Jwz.u'd;M>yod.w>qg< [XzXqg< [XzXwrkm< w>,k>th.w>qg
vXte;< cd.Elmnd;w>qgvXtrh>w>qgvXtvDRb.,d.wz.M.vDRI
9I HIV w>qgC>rR[;*DRoGH.0gzsX.tCdw>qgC>tHRtd.'.xJvX
oGH.tusg{gIAtd.vXw>vD>t*RwcDoh{gI
w>vXoGH.0gzsX.M.td.vXyeD>cdrd>yS>txHtedcJvXmtylRvDRI vXw>M.tCd< HIV

w>qgC>vJREkmqleD>up>txHtedweDRtusgM>0JvDRI b.q.vJREkm0JpSR'd.r;vX
eD>cdtxHted'ftrh>rJmxH< uyXR< qH.wz.tusgvDRI vXw>M.tCd< w>qgb.
*mvXeD>cdtxHted'fod;tHRwz.tusgwoheDwpJ;b.I vXw>Ckoh.ngrRuG>tylR
M. HIV w>qgC>tHRb.ulb.*mohtgwuh>xJvXoGH.< ydmcGgtqSd;xH'D;w>txH
vXt[JxD.vXydmrk.uh>*DRtylRwz.{dRM.vDRI

10I HIV w>qgC>rl0JohvXySReD>cduh>*DRtcsXM>qH;,HmvJ.I
HIV w>qgC>M.td.vXySRteD>cdrd>yS>tcsX,Hm,HmwM>b.I rh>b.xH;'D;rk>tw>u
yDRM.uoH0J'.M.vDRI zJoGH.'D;eD>cdtxHvXt[JxD.vXw>csXwz.ChxDuGHmtcgw>
qgC>ph>uD;uoHuGHm0J'.M.vDRI to;orluxDvXw>csXxJvJ.M.'d;oMRxD.t
o;vXw>pk.pD.zJw>xHw>edvDRtvD>xJvJ.< b.'D;rk>tw>uyDR< w>xHttgtpSR
(t'd< w>oGH.yvD< w>oGH.,GRvDRtvD>< oGH.vDRpDR) tzDcd.'D;t,Hmtd.0JvXpJ;uD;
tzDcd.< rH;eH;'D;e.&H.'D;eHRoDtzDcd.M.vDRI vXw>M.tCdw>xHw>ed< oGH.xHvXt
[JxD.vXw>csXwz.rh>,HmxJvJ.*hRwb.vJRzD.bl;tDRw*hRI erh>zD.tDReub.'D
o'Xeo;*hR*hRvDRI w>vXeub.ymol.ymo;rh>0J HIV w>qgtC>M.wb.ulb.
*mw>nDnDb.I HIV w>qgC>M.ub.ulb.*m'.xJzJw>rRrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdm
rkmvdm< w>oGDoGH.< w>qJ;uoH.'D;x;qJ;yDR'D;x;qJ;vXw>wrRoHtC>wz.{dR
M.vDRI
11IAySRvXw>qgtd.'D;tDRtuh>t*DRrRto;'fvJ.I
euG>ySRw*Rtuh>t*DR'D;euwJvDRwH>vXttd.'D; HIV w>qgtC>{gwtd.{gM.
ewJwohb.I erh>uG>ySRqgwz.xJtzH;bh.tzDcd.{dRM.euqdurd.vXttd.ql.
td.cVM.vDRI HIV w>qgC>td.vXySRtrd>yS>tylRwbsK;eH.b.q.wymzsgxD.0J
tuh>t*DRyeD.ohtCdM.vDRI tgeH.tgvgylRuGHm< oGH.0gzsX.wz.rh>[;*DRtgtgu
vJmr;ySRt0JM.up;xD.td.wql.wcV0HRw>qgtuh>yeD.wz.uzsgxD.0JvDRI w>
vXyub.ymol.ymo;M.rh>0JeuG>ySRvXtzH;bh.cd.'D;ewJvXttd.'D; HIVw>qg
tC>wohb.M.vDRI ySRvXtzsgtd.ql.td.cV< 'd.w>*hR< b.'k.b.'hwz.td.
'D;w>qgC>oh0J'D;'k;b.*mw>qgtC>qlySR*Rttd.ohph>uD;M.vDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 7

tqX'd.A(3)
w>qgtw>b.ulb.*m
12I w>qgb.ulb.*mohvXusJ'fvJ.I
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C>wz.rh>EkmvDRvXySRunDrd>yS>tylRM.w>qgb.ulb.*moh0JM.vDRI

(1) vXw>M.tCdw>rh>td.'D;rk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmrkmvdmM.'d;M>w>qgC>ohvDRI
ydmcGgu'Ju'Jrh>rHCkmtd.Ckmvdmo;ph>uD;'d;M>w>qgC>ohvDRI ySRvXtrHCkmqd;
Ckm'D;ySRt*R'ftgw>td.o;vXurRM> HIV w>qgtC>td.'ftgM.vDRI
(2) erh>oGDb.oGH.vXttd.'D;w>qgtC>M.b.ulb.*mohph>uD;vDRI erh>b.'d

b.xH;'d.'d.rk>rk>vXw>wymo;tylR< rh>b.o*X>'D;w>qgvXub.oGDoGH.
M.rh>w>vDRb.,d.vXw>qgC>ub.ulb.*mw>M.vDRI
(3) qJ;M>ySRw*R*RuoH.rh>0HRrh>wrRuqSDuhRx;qJ;yDR*hR*hRvXxHcsDrHuvm'D;rh>
qJ;M>u'D;ySRvXcHw*Rph>uD;M.w>qgC>b.ulb.*mohph>uD;vDRI ySRvXtqJ;
uoH.rlRbSD;vXtoGH.usdRylR'D;'d;M>w>qgoh.wz.M.b.ulb.*m0JvXusJ'f
tHRM.vDRI
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vXw>M.tCdw>qgtC>[JydmxGJzdo.vXttd.zsJ.xD.oDtcHM.vDRI
usJvXtb.ulb.*mw>tguwX>wcDrh>0Jw>rHCkmvdmo;'D;w>qJ;uoH.rlRbSD;ql
oGH.usdRtylRM.vDRI
13I w>qgtHRuJxD.tgvXySR'fvJ.wz.vJ.I
w>qgtHRuJxD.to;tgvXySRvXtvlRrRrkmto;'D;w>rHCkmvXtwtd.'D;w>'Do
'X< ySRvXtoGDuoH.rlRbSD;vXtoGH.usdRtylR< ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgvXtrRM>0JcD
zsdrHCkmvdmo; (CJoJw>qg) M.vDRI ySRvXtvlRw>rkmzH;rkmn.pH;w>M.rh>ySRvX
tvJRrRrkmto;'D;ydmrk.vXtqgvDRtD.to;< ySRvXtrHCkm'D;ySRtg*Rwz.vDR
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ylR< ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgvXt rh>w>rHCkmvdmo;w>qgoh.wz.< ySRtvDRb.,d.
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M.vDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 9

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tXwh>0J'.M.vDRI ySRw*RtHRrh>td.'D; HIV tC>< AIDS tCdvXtoGH.tusg
ph>uD;utd.'D; HIV tC>M.vDRI ySRt*Rw*R*Rrh>vJR[H;M>nDtx;qJ;bdvXu
qJ;uoH.rlRbSD;t*D>M. HIV w>qgtC>ub.ultDRM.vDRI erh>ohw>qJ;uoH.
rlRbSD;tx;'D;tyDRvXxH,d,dM. HIVw>qgtC>oHwohb.I vXw>M.tCd< rh>
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ydmcGgu'Ju'JrHCkmvdmo;tqXuwD>pl;ug0Jtth.qgtusdR (tcHylR) M.vDRI 'fM
qX.w>b.whtod;< cHylRM.wrh>vXw>urHCkmvdmo;t*D>b.I zJw>pl;ugcHylRvX
w>rHCkmvdmo;t*D>tcgcHylRt'l.uyRtn.t,JRzdwz.wJRxD.'D;,muGHm0J'.
M.vDRI w>qgC>vXttd.vXydmcGgtqSd;xHwz.EkmvDR0J'.qlw>ylRvD>vXt,m
tvD>nDu'.tgtg*D>*D>0HR'D;w>qgb.ulb.*m0J'.M.vDRI ydmcGgu'Ju'JvXtrH
Ckmvdmto;wz.rHCkmvdmo;vXwtd.'D;w>'Do'XtCdrh>*hR< rHCkmvdmto;tg
tCdrh>*hRb.ulb.*mnD0J'.M.vDRI
16I rh>rHCkm'D;udmylRM.b.ulb.*mohvXusJ'fvJ.I
HIV w>qgtC>M.td.tguwX>vXuh>*DRtqSd;xHtusgM.vDRI zJw>pl;ugudmylR

vXrHCkmvdmo;tqXuwD>uh>*DRtqSd;xHwz.uEkmvDRqludm,l>tylRM.vDRI zJ
udm,l>'D;c.tylRrh>td.'D;tylRvD>M.w>qgtC>uvJREkmcDzsd0Jw>ylRvD>nDu'.
'D;w>qgub.ulb.*m0JM.vDRI tylRvD>wtd.tCdw>qgb.*mwohb.M.e
emM>tDRwohb.I yudmylRw>t'l.zdwz.M.b.w>u;bXtDRvXw>tovD blbl
zdwz.M.vDRI w>tovDblblzdwz.tHRzJtD.w>tD.tudR< th.w>CH'D;zJxl;rJt
cgxl;b.tDR'D;w>xl;rJbdtCdw>b.'db.xH;tylRvD>vXyxH.vXyrJmcsHwohw
z.utd.0J'.M.vDRI w>qgC>oh.wz.tHRb.*m0JohcDzsdvJREkm0JcDzsdw>tovD
vXtb.'dwz.'D;vJREkmvDR0JqleD>cdrd>yS>tylRM.vDRI vXw>M.tCd< ySRrh>rRrk.
cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdm'fvJ.wuvkm*hRM.ub.pl;ug0Jw>zsD. (F.L) 'fod;w>qgokw
b.*mw*hRt*D>M.vDRI
17I HIV w>qgtC>M.rHCkmvdmo;xJwbsDM.b.ulb.*moh{gI

rh>rHCkm'D;ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgtC>xJwbsD{dRb.q.b.ulb.*moh0JM.vDRIe
uG>ySRw*Rt%l>toJ;M.ewoh.ngySRt0JM.td.'D;w>qgtC>{gwtd.{gb.t
CdxJwbsDwcD.*hR'k;td.xD.w>vXtvDRb.,d.oh0J'.M.vDRI
18I rh>rHCkm'D;ySRvXtw>qgtd.vXrk.cGguh>*DRtvdRM.rRM> AIDS

oh{gI
w>ylRvD>td.vXrk.cGguh>*DRtvdRM.rh>0Jw>td.'D;CJoJw>qg (w>qgb.ulb.*m
vXw>rHCkmtCd) tyeD.wcgvDRI 'f HIVw>qgC>tod;w>qgC>tHRb.ulb. *m
cDzsdw>rHCkmtd.CkmM.vDRI ySRvXtrk.cGguh>*DRtd.'D;tylRvD>M.tusJtd.0JtgvX
urRM> HIV w>qgC>M.vDRI w>rh>rHCkmtd.Ckmvdmo;'D;ySRvXttd.'D; HIV
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 11

w>qgtC>'D;w>ylRvD>vXttd.vXrk.cGguh>*DRtvdRtCdw>b.,d.vX HIV w>
qgC>ub.ulb.*mtd.tgM>w>td.o;ywD>rk> 9 p;M.vDRI vXw>M.tCderh>rH
Ckmtd.Ckm'D;ySRvXw>ylRvD>td.vXtrk.cGguh>*DRvdRM.w>b.,d.td.tgvXeu
rRM> HIV w>qgC>'D; AIDS M.vDRI erh>td.'D;w>qgvXtb.ulb.*mcDzsdw>rH
CkmM.w>vDRysHRvDRb.,d.td.tgvXeurRM> HIV w>qgzJerRrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>
&hvdm (w>rHCkm) tcgM.vDRI
19I erh>wrRb.C;eo;'D;rk.cGgoGH.xH;w>*h><Aw>olyHR0gtCdM.e
rRM> HIV rhwrh> AIDS w>qgoh{gI
oh0JvDRI erh>oGDySRoGH.vXttd.'D;w>qgtC>M.erRM>w>qgohvDRI erh>qJ;u
oH.vXn.vm< uoH.vXxl.ys>ylR'D;x;vXtwuqSDvXttd.'D;w>qgtC>M.
erRM>w>qgohvDRI
20I etd.rh>wql.'D;vJRqJ;uoH.vXuoH.'X;M.w>qgb.*meR
oh{gI
erh>qJ;'D;x;qJ;bd'D;x;qJ;yDRvXw>oltDRwbsD0HRpl;uGHmtDRM.erRM>w>qgwoh
b.I erh>wpl;ugx;qJ;yDRwbsD*D>b.wcDerh>pk.vDRx;qJ;yDRvXxHcsDvXtuvm
xD.tylRtrH;eH;20 M.w>qgb.ulb.*meRwohb.M.vDRI erh>pk.vDRx;qJ;yDR

vXxHcsDud>'X ("gwfbl;) tylR'D;qJ;w*R0HRw*R'kw>qgb.ulb.*meRoh0JvDRI
21I erRM>w>qgcDzsd'DvlRcd.oh{gI
erh>pl;ug'DwbdCD'D;vlRM>ySRcd.w*R0HRw*R'D;rh>b.ul;'D;b.tXySRoGH.vXw>w
yvD>o;tylRM.oGH.vXtb.tXvX'DtvdRM.vJRb.ulb.*mySRt*Rw *Roh0J
M.vDRI vXySRw*Rpkmpkmt*D>w>rh>ol'DvDRqDM.w>qgb.ulb.*mwohb.I

22I ySRwJvXw>qgb.*mcDzsdoGH.tCdydmrk.tvk>v>toGH.M.b.ul
b.*mw>oh{gI
b.ulb.*mohupD'DvDRI vXw>M.tCdw>rh>rRrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmrkmvdmzJvk>
v>[Jtcgw>b.,d.tgM>'H;w>qXuwD>ywD>rk>tcgM.vDRI ySRvXttd.'D;w>qg
tHRub.ymvDRqDtultuRvXtb.tX'D;w>oGH.wz.0HR< csDtDR'D;xHcsD'D;q+.
tDR0HRr;-uX;olu'guhR0JvDRI ydmrk.tw>yD;w>vDvXw>-uX;wXRuGHmtDRwz.u
b.cl.M>w>ylR'D;cl.vDRbXtDR rhwrh> 'GJ.CdxD.uGHmtDRM.vDRI
23I zJySRvXttd.'D; HIV w>qgb.ul;b.ug'D;toGH.[JxD.0HRySR

rh>vJRzD.b.M.ySR'd;M>b.w>qgC>oh{gI
ySRunDtzH;bh.M.rh>MqX.w>'Do'XwcgvXt}wDqXw>qgC>vXw>csXM.vDRI
HIV w>qgC>M.rRxl.zsd0JzH;bh.'D;EkmvDRqlySRtrd>yS>tylRwohb.I vXw>M.
tCdw>vD>zJtb.w>oGH.M.w>ylRvD> rhwrh> zH;bh.wvhRwz.rh>wtd.M.yrRM>
w>qgwohb.I ezH;bh.wz.rh>wvhRtCderh>ohpDuGHmezH;bh.tvD>vXtb.xH;
'D;w>oGH.cVo'H;M.w>b.,d.pSRvDR0J'.'d.r;vXeu'd;M>w>qgtC>M.vDRI
24I ySRvXt[h.oGH.wz.'d;M>w>qgtC>oh{gI
ySRweDRysHRvXw>qgub.ulb.*mtCdw[h.ySR*RvXtoGH.b.I w>ymo;'ftHR
M.wb.eDwpJ;b.I zJevJR[h.eoGH.tcgw>u[H;M>eoGH.t*D>w>pl;ugx;qJ;bd
'D;x;qJ;yDRwbsDt*D>vXw>rRuqSDrRoHuGHmw>C>0HRoh.wz.'D;xk;xD.M>eoGH.
vDRI w>qgub.ulb.*mt*D>w>b.,d.wtd.b.I
25I yrh>xD.uFd'D;ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgtC>M.w>qgb.ulb.*mySR
oh{gI
wohb.I HIV w>qgtC>M.wb.ulb.*meRzJerRweHRb.weHRw>&hvdmrkm
vdmtw>[l;w>*JR'ftrh>=w>[H;pkuG>rJm< w>eXrl< w>qh.eDRtd.oud;wylRCD<w>
tD.oud;wylRCD'D;w>*JRvdmuGJoud;b.I w>ql;w>qgtC>wb.ulb.*mcDzsd
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 13

w>tD.w>tD< xH< w>zdvHRzdC>< w>[;vD>< yJ}wDtpkzD.< eD.wXR< obH.vDcD<
vDwJpdvXySRtg*Rpl;ug0J< ySRtg*Rtw>yD>xHvD>< w>xHvXt[JxD.vXySRunDeD>
cdrd>yS>ylR'ftrh>xl;ysJmxH< uyXR< rJmxH< qH.< th.wz.ph>uD;b.I cDzsdw>xD.uFdw
ylRCDtCdw>qgb.*mwohb.I
26I w>rh>eXrlql;vdmo;x;cd.'fw>*DRrlvXuD>rk>Ekmwz.tod;M.w>
qgb.ulb.*moh{gI
zJrJulRwz.oGH.tcgrh>*hR< w>rh>eXrlql.ql.'D;rh>ydmChydmC;'D;toGH.rh>[JxD.t
Cdrh>*hRw>qgb.*mcDzsdw>oGH.t0JM.oh0JvDRI vXudmylRtylRvD>rh>td.ph>uD;w>
qgb.ulb.*moh0JvDRI b.q.w>qgwb.*mw>zJw>eXrlvdmo;ywD>rk>,d,dt
cgb.M.vDRI
27I erh>td.[H.wzsX.CD'D;ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgwz.M.w>qgb.*m
eRoh{gI
b.*mwohb.I ub.*m'.xJySRvXttd.w[H.CD'D;td.'D;rk.cGgw>&hvdmrHCkm
vdmo;wz.t*D>{dRvDRI w>qgb.*mySRt*RvXttd.wylRCDwz.wohb.I
28I ySRvXtuG>xGJySRqgvXttd.'D;w>qgwz.'d;M>b.w>qgoh{gI
w>qgC>y.0JwqH;wuh>zJw>txHvXt[JxD.vXySRqgteD>cduh>*DRtylR (t'd<
w>tzH< w>teX< u[;) wz.tylRvDRI b.q.zJeuG>xGJySRqgM.w>b.,d.w
td.tgvXw>qgub.ulb.*meRb.I ezH;bh.tvdRrh>wb.uG;tylRvD>ylRusJrh>
wtd.b.M.w>qgC>wz.rRzsdzH;bh.'D;EkmvDR0JqleD>cdrd>yS>tylRwohb.I vXepk
vdRrh>td.'D;w>ylRvD>ylRusJ< w>b.ul;b.uG;wcD< pl;ugyv;pwH;pkzsD.wz.zJezD.
ySRqgtvD>rH< tw>ulw>uRvXtb.tX'D;w>txHvXt[JxG;xD.vXteD>cduh>
*DR'D;w>ylRvD>txHtedwz.tcgwuh>I zJezD.w>wz.M.rh>0HRohuqSDepk'D;xH'D;
q;yF.pDpDwuh>I erh>rR'fM.'D;b.ulb.*meRwohb.I

29I erh>tD.b.w>tD.w>tDvXySRvXtb. AIDS w>qgzD0JM.erR
M>w>qgC>oh{gI
b.ulb.*mwoheDwpJ;b.I w>qgC>wcgtHRurl0J'.vXySRunDtrd>yS>tcsXM.
uD'd.r;vDRI erh>uG>w>tD.us;vXw>csXwrh>euoh.ngus;zJvJ.wzsX.td.'D;ySR
td.'D;w>qgC>< ySRb.w>qgC>M.b.vDRI erh>wJvXw>qgb.ulb.*mcDzsdw>
tD.w>tDtCdM.w>qgub.*mySRw>csXvXtyORtD.rhR< uol'D;ud.zdeDzdcJvXm
vDRoX.I tgwuh>yysHRySRvXttd.'D;w>qgoh.wz.M.vDRI b.q.ySRvXwoh.
ngvDRto;vXttd.'D;w>qgC>'D;td.zsgtd.ql.td.cVoh.wz.M.w>b.,d.
td.vXySRurRM>w>qgC>vXttd.'d.wuh>'gcDM.vDRI rh>vXt0Joh.td.rl'D;zH;
rRw>uJ'fySRywD>rk>w*RtCdM.vDRI
30I rd>vXttd.'D;w>qgwz.b.ulb.*mqltzdttd.oh'fvJ.I
zJ[k;o;td.tcgzdo.qH;urRM>w>qgC>cDzsdt[H.vD>M.vDRI zJzdo.td.zsJ.t
cgb.xH;vdmto;'D;rd>toGH.'D;w>xHvXt[JxD.vXtd.zsJ.usdRwz.tCdw>qg
b.*mohvDRI w>qgb.ulb.*mvXrd>qlzdt,lmM.rh>0Jzdo. 3 *Rtusgb.ul
b.*mw*RM.vDRI
31I w>qgb.*mcDzsdrd>Ek>xHoh{gI
HIV w>qgtC>td.wqH;wuh>vXrd>Ek>xHtylRvDRI vXw>M.tCdzdo.vXttD
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 15

trd>vXttd.'D;w>qgC>w*RtEk>xHEGH*Rtusgw*RM.'d;M>b.w>qgC>ohvDRI
vDRqD'.w>zJrd>vXw>qgb.*mtDRoDoDtqXuwD>'D;zJw>p;xD.xH. AIDS w>
qgC>tyeD.tcgb.*mzdo.ohtg'd.wuh>vDRI
32I rhrh>'fM.-uX;y'k;tDzdo.vXrd>Ek>xHupD'D{gI
erh>w'k;tDezdvXw>Ek>xHurl.< w>Ek>xHyvDvXvXvD.vD.'D;'k;tDtDRuqSJuqSD
b.M.zdo.qH;urRM>w>[XzXvl< w>tD.vDRo-xK;tCdu'd;M>b.w>qg'D;oH
tgM>'H;zdo.vXttDtrd>Ek>xHtCdb. HIV 'D;oHuGHmM.vDRI vXw>M.tCd< rd>
rh>td.'D; HIV w>qgC>'D;rR0Jrh>wM>vXu'k;tDzdo.w>Ek>xHurl.< w>Ek>xHudw
uqSJuqSDb.tCd[h.'k;tDqdrd>Ek>xHxJwrHR{dRvXvGH>vg'D;CkvgtwD>ylRwuh>I
tgM>tM.< w>b.,d.td.ph>uD;vXrd>vXtqdurd.vDRto;vXtb. HIV w
z.w'k;tDtzdtEk>ph>uD;vDRI tCd< xHuD>vXtvJRxD.vJRxDtzXrk>wz.[h.*H>
[h.bg0JvXw>u'k;tDzdo.vXrd>Ek>xHwrHR{dRM.vDRI
33I rd>'D;y>cH*RvXmrh>td.'D; HIV w>qgM.tzdrRM> HIV w>qg

oh{gI
oh0JvDRI b.q.ywJvXzdo.vXttd.zsJ.xD.ud;*RvXurRM> HIVvXtrd>ttd.
M.wohb.I rh>vXrd>vXttd.'D;w>qgtC>M.b.ulb.*mqltzdttd.ohxJzd
o. 3 *Rr; 1 *RM.vDRI

34I w>qgrh>wtd.b.q.rh>td.'D;w>rRrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdm
(rHCkm)AtbsDtgtCdrRM>th;(pf)w>qgoh{gI
ySRvXtrRrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdm(rHCkm) 'ftgw>b.,d.td.vXub.th;pfw>qg
'ftgM.vDRI AIDS th;pfw>qgM.b.*m0JtgzJw>rHCkmvXwtd.'D;w>zsD.wz.t
CdvDRI ySRvXtrRoGH.xH;w>&hvdm'D;eRw*RtHRtd.'D;w>qgC>vDRwH>{gwvDRwH>
{gM.eoh.ngwohb.I zJw>qgtyeD.wzsgxD.'H;b.tcgySRqdurd.xJ'.vXw>
qgwtd.b.vDRI w>uoh.eD.xD.vXySRvXttd.'D; HIV w>qgC>M.td.rlvJR
uhRzH;rR0Joh'fySRywD>rk>tod;vDRI
35I w>qgC>wz.b.ulb.*mohcDzsdw>xJ;rJtw>yD;w>vDwz.ph>
uD;{gI
w>xJ;rJtyD;tvDvXw>pl;ugtDRwz.M.w>rh>ohtDR'D;w>txHvXtrRoHw>Cl;
w>C>< *muoH.xH rhwrh> csDtDRvXxHcsDuvmtylRtrH;eH; 20 0HRrh>rRoHtC>M.
w>qgb.*mwohb.I
36I erh>woh.ngvXtd.'D;w>qgtC>{gwtd.{gb.'D;rh>oloud;w>
xl;rJtCderRM>w>qgb.*moh{gI
ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgC>w*Rxl;trJ0HR< vXw>xl;rJtvdRrh>td.wD>'D;oGH.xHb.
tXb.oD'D;w>rh>vJRxl;b.tvD>M.w>qgb.*mohvDRIvXw>M.tCd'fod; HIV

♀♂ w>oHuG>pH;qXb.C; HIV/AIDSA♀♂ 17

tokwb.ulb.*m'D;ub.vdmzd;'h'D;w>td.ql.td.cVt*D>w>rh>woloud;w>
xl;rJurh>w>t*hRuwX>vDRI
37I erh>qh.eDRArhwrh>ArHeDRb.vXySRb.w>qgC>qh.eDRrHeDRtvD>
M.w>qgC>b.eRoh{gI
wohb.I w>qgwz.tHRwb.ulb.*mcDzsdw>[l;w>*JRvXtuJxD.'D;rRto;
nDEk>vXud;eHR'J;tw>td.rltylRM.b.I w>*h>rd>yS>cHrHRvXw>qgb.ulb.*mw>
ohM.rh>0Jrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdm'D;w>qJ;uoH.rlRbSD;wz.tCdvDRI
38I ywuRoud;qhuRb.IAb.q.yrh>xXEkmoud;w>ulw>uRvX
pdRA(bH>'d>)AwzsX.CDtylRw>qgb.ulb.*moh{gI
erh>uRoud;w>ulw>uRoemuhw>qgb.ulb.*mwohb.I vXw>M.tCd<
w>qgb.*meRwohcDzsdexXEkmoud;qhuRvXpdR(bH>'d>)wzsX.CDtylRb.M.vDRI
39I w>qgwcgtHRb.rEkRb.ulb.*mxJySRunDvJ.IAb.rEkRw
b.*mvXq.zduD>zdtvdRvJ.I
HIV w>qgC>M.qHxD.&RvDRto;xJ'.vXyeD>cdrd>yS>tylRvDRI
t0Joh.td.rlvX
q.zduD>zdt*Rwz.tylRwohb.I vXw>M.tCdw>qgb.ulb.*mohxJySRu
nDu'Ju'JtusgM.vDRI w>qgwb.ulb.*mcDzsdypdR< o.bkvg'D;CDRwz.M.
b.I
40I ypdRvXtth.b.ySRvXtb.th;(pf)w>qg0HRrh>th.ySRvXwtd.
'D;w>qgb.M.w>qgb.ulb.*moh{gI
woheDwpJ;b.< rh>vX=
(1) HIV w>qgC>M.td.rltd.*JRvXypdRtrd>yS>tylR< ypdRtoGH.ylRwohb.I
(2) erh>rRM>b.zk; HIV w>qgC>vXypdRttd.M.ySRvXttd.'D;eRw[H.CD'D;

ySRvXe[H.cd.[H.CXRwz.urRM>w>qgtHRvDRI ySRvX'd;M>b.w>qgC>ohw
z.M.rh>ySRvXttd.'D;rk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdm'D;ySRt*Rtg< ySRvXtqJ;uoH.rlR
bSD;qltoGH.usdRylRwz.< ySRoh.wz.tHRtrgt0R rhwrh> ySRvXttd.'D;rk.cGg
oGH.xH;w>&hvdm'D;tDRwz.M.vDRI ySRvXypdRwbh.CDth.b.CkmtDRwz.w'd;M>
b.w>qgC>b.I vXw>M.tCd< w>qgwb.ulb.*mcDzsdypdRth.tDRtCdb.
M.vDRI
41I ydmcGgb.*mqlydmrk.'D;ydmrk.b.*mqlydmcGgcHcgtHRzJvJ.wcgb.
*mnD'd.vJ.I
w>b.*mvXydmcGgqlydmrk.ttd.M.nD'd.r;vDRI ydmrk.w>td.csHtd.pXRtuh>t*DR
tw>vD>td.tgvXub.xH;vdmto;'D;w>qgtC>M.vDRI tgM>tM.< HIV w>
qgC>vXt[JxD.vXydmcGgvXttd.'D;w>qgw*RtqSd;xHM.tgM>'H;ydmrk.uh>*DR
txHvXt[JxG;xD.vXydmrk.vXttd.'D; HIV w>qgC>w*RtusgM.vDRI t*R
wrHRydmrk.tg*Rwoh.ngb.C;w>qgtHRt*h>'D;wtd.'D;w>oh.nge>yX>b.C;
rk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmo;wz.tHRtgtgb.I t0Joh.rJmqS;vXub.wJoud;0J'D;
}wDqX0JydmcGgoh.wz.tw>vd.b.wz.wbl.b.tgtgM.vDRI t0Joh.'Do'Xt
o;wohph>uD;tCdw>qgb.*mvXydmcGgqlydmrk.ttd.tg0J'.M.vDRI
42I ySRxlpHmrk.vXttd.wDtd.vdRw*Rb.rEkRrRM>th;(pf)w>qg
(AIDS) vJ.IAt0JwqD[H.qDCD'fb.IAw>vDRb.,d.xJwrHR
M.t0JoGDtoGH.wbsDzJtuGJ;t'XvD>vXw>qg[H.tcgvDRIAb.
rEkRtCduJxD.'ftHRvJ.I
w>rh>oGDoGH.vXw>qg[H.M.w>rRuG>qdrh> HIV w>qgC>td.wtd.0HRr;w>oGDM>
oGH.vXwtd.'D; HIV b.M.vDRI b.q.zJw>rRuG>oGH.0HRvHb.q.oGH.weDRM.
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 19

w>emtDRwohvDRwH>vDRqJ;b.I rh>vXw>rRuG>oGH.M.wrh>w>orHord;uG>w>qg
tC>b.I rh>w>rRuG>z&d.xH(ef)vDRqDwuvkm (Anti-body) vXttd.xD.to;
vXu}wDqXw>qgC>t*D>M.vDRI w>ub.td.cd;oXvgwkRz&d.xH(ef)vDRqDwu
vkmtHR[JzsgxD.0JM.vDRI erh>rRM>w>qgC>zJw,Hm'H;b.'D;erh>rRuG>eoGH.M.e
urRM>w>tpXvXw>qgC>wtd.'fb.vDRI vXw>M.tCdo;yS>rk.vXtoGDb.
oGH.'ftHRrRM>w>qg'D;uJxD.th;pf AIDS ohM.vDRI tCdySRvXt[h.rRbl.vDRt
oGH.wz.-uX;rh>ySRvXtw>qgtC>wtd.'D;w>emM>tDRohwz.vDRI
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oh.nge>yX>qlySR[h.rRbl.oGH.wz.ttd.< rXt[;qSJ;w>[l;w>*JRvXt'k;td.
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vDRI

tqX'd.A(4)
w>orHord;uG>rh>
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uG>ySRw*RteD>cduh>*DR< w>orHord;uG>ydmcGg rhwrh> ydmrk.tuh>t*DR< w>rRuG>
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 21

qH.< w>uG>w>qgtuh>yeD.wz.tCdb.I wcsK;orHord;uG>oGH.tcgeub.wJ
oud;w>*h>w>usdR'D;ySRvXtwJrkm[h.ul.[h.z;eRwz.rh>*hR< uoH.o&.rh>*hR
M.vDRI
45I w>rh>rRuG>ySRw*Rtd.'D; HIV {gwtd.{gcDzsdw>rRuG>oGH.wcg{dR

M>eemtDRohvH{gI
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q.rk>utd.0JweHRt0Joh.rh>vlRw>rkmzH;rkmn.M.w>qgb.*mtDRohtCdvDRI
'd;oMRxD.to;vXySRw*Rt0JM.tw>td.o;tzDcd.M.vDRI w*RwbD< zJw>qg
C>EkmvDRqlyrd>yS>tylRtcgw>rh>rRuG>oGH.M.wzsgxD.wbsDCDb.I ub.td.cd;
tDRoXvgvDRI w>rRuG>oGH.tpXM.uymzsgxD.0JxJ'.w>td.o;vXwcsK;oXvg
twD>ylRvDRI t'd< zJw>rRuG>oGH.vXvg,lRvH 1 oDteHRtpXrh>zsgxD.vXw>qg
C>wtd.b.M.tcDynDrh>0JySRw*RtHRtw>qgtC>wtd.b.wkRvXvgr>%S; 31
oDteHRM.vDRI t0Joh.rh>rRb.rk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmrkmvdm'D;ySRvXttd.'D;w>
qgC>zJvgthjzh.< vgrhR< vg,lRwvgvgtylRrh>*hR< rh>qJ;b.x;qJ;bdvXw>wrR
oHw>qgtC>rh>*hR< rh>oGDb.oGH.vXttd.'D;w>qgtC>tCdzJw>rRuG>oGH>zJvg
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46I HIV w>qgC>rh>td.oemuhb.rEkRtCdw>woh.ngb.tDRzJ

w>rRuG>oGH.0HRwbsDCDvJ.I
ySRvXtb. HIVw>qgtC>wz.toGH.tusgM.td.'D;w>zdw>vHRwrHRvXttd.
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vDRqDwuvkm(Antibody)/ M.vDRI w>rh>xH.z&d.xH(ef)vDRqDwuvkmtHRvXoGH.
tylRM.rh>'.w>yeD.vXttd.'D; HIV M.vDRI tCdzJw>wJvXw>orHord;uG>w>
qgC>M.eD>eD>M.rh>'.w>orHord;uG>z&d.xH(ef)vDRqDwuvkmtHRtd.{gwtd.{g
M.vDRI z&d.xH(ef)vDRqDtHRutd.zsgxD.0J'.zJw>qgC>tHRvJRwkRqlyrd>yS>tylR
0HRoXvgtvD>cHM.vDRI vXw>M.tCdw>rh>rRuG>oGH.zJw>qgC>EkmvDR0HRoDoDM.
w>oh.ngwohvXrh>w>qgC>td.{gwtd.{gM.vDRI

47I wcsK;ydmrk.ydmcGgcH*RzsDto;<AxD.yS>tcgvd.vXub.orHord;
uG>toGH.{gI
w>-uX;orHord;uG>oGH.vDRI rh>vXzJySRw*Rtd.'D;w>qgC>tcg'fod;'Do'X0Jt*R
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'fod;w>uDw>cJwz.okwtd.xD.t*D>< ub.wJoud;w>'D;uoH.o&.< ySRvX
trRrkm[h.*H>[h.bgwJoud;w>wz.vDRwH>vDRqJ;0HRr;ub.rRuG>oGH.M.vDRI
w>tHRrh>w>vXt&h'd.0JvDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 23

tqX'd.A(5)
rh>td.'D;A HIVAw>qgtC>
48I zJrRuG>oGH.0HRtvD>cH HIV w>qgC>rh>td.eurR'fvJ.I

zJw>rRuG>oGH.0HRtvD>cH< HIV w>qgC>rh>td.M.wb.zk;b.eo;w*hRI wb.
qdurd.vXw,Hmb.euoH'D;o;o[D.p>vDRw*hRI e'd;M>b. HIV 0HRwbsDCDw
rh>eu'd;M> AIDS b.I wvd.e[;wJySRt*RvXetd.'D;w>qgtC>ph>uD;b.I wJ

oud;w>'D;ySRvXeemM>tDRohw*R*RvXe[H.zdCDzdtylRrh>*hR< wHRoud;tusgrh>
*hRw*R*Rwuh>I wJoud;b.C;w>vXewl>b.M.wuh>I wl>vdmt0Joh.tw>wJ
rkmeo;'D;[h.*H>[h.bgeRM.wuh>I wJoud;'D;[H;M>w>[h.ul.[h.z;vXuoH.
o&.o&.rk.wz.ttd.wuh>I usJ;pX;rRe>yX>tgxD.eo;b.C; HIV 'D;w>qg
th;(pf) (AIDS) wz.t*h>M.wuh>I
49I ySRvXttd.'D; HIV w>qgC>M.ewJvXtd.'D;th;(pf) (AIDS)

w>qgohvH{gI
ySRvXttd.'D; HIV w>qgtC>M.ewJvXttd.'D;th;(pf)w>qg (AIDS) woh'f
b.I ySRw*RteD>up>tylR HIV w>qgC>rh>td.b.q.tw>qgyeD.rh>wtd.
xD.'fb.M.vDR*m'.ySRt*hRw*R< wzsgvXtrh>ySRqd;uhqgbDb.'D;vJRuhRzH;rR
w>oh'fySRrk>qh.rk>*DRw*Rtod;vDRI b.q.ySRvXttd.'D; HIV w*RtHR&RvDR0J
HIV w>qgtC>ohvDRI ySRt0JM.yud;tDRvX ?ySRvXttd.'D; HIV w>qgC>
rhwrh> ySRvXtpdm HIV w>qgC>/ M.vDRI ySRw*Rtd.'D; HIV w>qgC>b.q.
wrRM> AIDS w>qgtyeD.'H;b.I zJw>qgC>EkmvDR0HR,HmvXtgeH.tgvg0HRr;
toGH.0gzsX.wz.u[;*DR< teD>up>*H>}wDqXupSRvDRtCdw>qgC>t*Rwz.
u[JrRwHmwm0HR< w>qgtyeD.u[JzsgxD.0JvDRI rh>wkRvXtywD>'fM.r;yud;vX
AIDS M.vDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 25

tqX'd.A(6)
w>qgtuh>yeD.wz.
50I ySRvXtb. AIDS w*Rtuh>yeD.td.'fvJ.I

ySRvXtb.*m HIV w>qgC> 60 rs;u,RwkRvX 80 rs;u,RM.urRM> AIDS
tyeD.vX 5 eH.wkRteH. 10 twD>ylRvDRI AIDS tyeD.rd>yS>wz.rh>0JeD>up>t
w,X>upSRvDR 10 rs;u,RM.vDRI t'd< tcD.xH;ySRvXtw,X>td.tyD. 100

M.cJtHRutd.wD>uhRxJ 90 yD.M.vDRI
Õ[XzX[; (vJR) tgM>wvg
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Õul;tgM>wvg
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wcD.euxH.b.tDRvXttd.zsJ.xD.vHRvHRph>uD;vDRI
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52I ySRrh>oh.ngvDRo;vXtd.'D; HIV w>qgC>M.ub.y'h.[;qSJ;

w>rEkRwz.vJ.I
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w>qgC>ohtCd'D;rh>b.,d.vDRto;vXttd.'D; HIV w>qgC>tCdow;'D;e
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HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 27

53I ySRvXttd.'D; HIV w>qgC>wz.ub.vlRydmrRxGJ0Jw>rEkR
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eoud;cJtHRcJtHRwuh>I [h.tDRw>qXuwD>zJt0JtJ.'d;wJw>'D;eR< ymzsgxD.t
o;w>wl>b.cD.b.< vJR[;vXw>csX< vJR'd;yF;to;vXw>qg[H.'X;'D;rh>vd.
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wh>p>vDRto;o[D.w*hR< 'D;rRw>vXt-uX;rR0Joh.wz.M.wuh>I wJrkmrRrkm
to;wuh>I [h.tDRw>rRpXRzJerRohwuh>I ySRqg'ftHRwz.zJtrRtd.ql.td.cV
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z.tgwvXtCdb.wbsDbsDySRywD>rk>wz.Ch.vDRM>pXRw>*h>uDwz.wohb.
vDRI rhrh>'fM.vJRud;tDRqlySRvXt[h.ul.wJoud;w>wz.ttd.wuh>I
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 29

tqX'd.A(7)
w>[h.ul.wJoud;w>
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vXuD>y,DRtylRw>[h.ul.wJoud;w>u&X(vD>cX.o;)M.td.zJ0h>wul.w>qg
[H.z;'d.u&X>vXbd.cFd;tD.qgusJM.vDRI w>qg[H.z;'d.vXttd.vXuD>pJ.<
uD>cDwz.tylR'D;w>vD>vXtrRbsgw>qgvXtb.ulb.*mcDzsdrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&h

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w>tw>[h.w>rRvdwz.ph>uD;M.vDRI tgM>tM.< uD>y,DRuoH.o&.tw>u
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uD;'D;tySRu&Xzdtg*RvXtxD.w>[h.ul.wJoud;w>tw>rRvd0HRvHM.vDRIvX
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w>'D;ySRvXtwJrkm[h.ul.w>M.vDRI
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57I erRM>w>rRpXRvXySRvXt[h.ul.wJoud;w>'D;eRwz.oh'fvJ.I
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w>o;wrkmvXeD>cdeD>o;cHuyRvXmM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>w>rh>xH.vdmtd.o
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w>M.tCdt&h'd.vXub.rh>ySRvXySRqg'D;tySR[H.zdCDzdwz.emtD.tDRM.vDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 31

tqX'd.A(8)
cGgw>zsD.'D;w>qgth;(pf)
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HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 33

62I ySRw*RzJtrRrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmtcgrh>olydmcGgw>zsD.wbsDbsD<
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w>zsD.M.'Do'Xw>qgC>wohb.I rh>olcGgw>zsD.xDbdr;w>emtDRohvXw>qgw
b.*mb.M.vDRI w>*h>rd>yS>rh>0Jw>woh.ngrh>rwRvXttd.'D;w>qgC>'D;rwR
vXw>qgC>wtd.b.vJ.M.b.I tCd< qdurd.ymvXySRud;*R'J;td.'D;w>qg
tC>oh0J'D;zJrHCkmwbsDv>v>pl;ugcGgw>zsD.wuh>I
63I ySR'Drg0RcH*RvXmrh>td.'D; HIV w>qgC>M.t0Joh.uvd.pl;

ugcGgw>zsD.'H;upD'D{gI
HIVw>qgC>rR[;*DRoGH.0gzsX.'ftg0HRtvD>cHvXw>qXuwD>zk.udmtylRAIDS
tuh>yeD.u[JzsgxD.0JvDRI vXw>M.tCdySRvXtb. HIV 0HRvHM.t&h'd.vXu
b.'Do'Xto;'fod; HIV tC>okw[JEkmtgxD.w*hRt*D>M.vDRI ySReD.'Drg0RcH
*RvXmrh>td.'D;th;pfw>qgtyeD.b.q.'fod;tokwrRM>tgxD. HIV w>qgC>
wz.vXteD>cdtylRt*D>ub.olcGgw>zsD.xDbdvDRI

tqX'd.A(9)
w>qgb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkm (STIs)
'D;w>qgth;(pf) (AIDS)
64I w>vXw>qgb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkm (STIs) M.rh>w>rEkRvJ.I

rh>w>qgvXtb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkmvXrk.cGgrh>*hR< rk.u'Ju'J< cGgu'Ju'Jtusgrh>*hR
M.vDRI ySRweDReDRud;0JvXCJoJw>qgvDRI w>qgoh.wz.rh>0Jqh;zvh;w>qg< u
ed.w>qg< %S.u%GJ;< w>,k>th.vXrk.cGguh>*DRtvdR< w>ujyKuzdxD.vXrk.cGguh>
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 35

*DRtvdR< w>o;ChxD.vXrk.cGguh>*DRtvdR< t0gvDwz.'D; AIDS w>qgtyeD.
cJvXmutd.0JtuvkmcHqHbsJ.vDRI zJrk.cGguh>*DRtuydmuyRrh>td.'D;w>ylRvD>
w>tD.vDRuvdR< w>b.-wLmvDRobsL;< w>uzd< w>tcsHxD.wz.'D;zJqH.qg
tcgud>tl< qH.usdRqg< w>txHtedvDRvXydmrk.uh>*DR'D;w>vXrk.cGguh>*DRweDR
eDRtuyRtd.'D;w>ylRvD>tnd;'D;tqgwz.M.vDRI
65I w>qgb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkm'D;th;(pf)b.C;vdmto;'fvJ.I
Õ w>qgcHrHRvXmtHRb.ulb.*mcDzsdrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmM.vDRI w>qgtHRb.
*mcDzsdw>oGDySRoGH.ph>uD;vDRI rd>vXttd.'D;w>qgtC>M.b.ulb.*mtzdph>
uD;vDRI
Õ zJrk.cGguh>*DRtylRw>ylRvD>rh>td.< qH.qgtcgud>tlud>oG;'D;wuH< w>qguJ
xD.tcgrh>td.'D;w>rHCkmM.rRM> HIV w>qgC>nD'd.r;vDRI

Õ ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgvXtb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkmM.rRM>th;pfw>qgt*D>tusJtd.
tg0JvDRI
66I w>ulpg,gbsgw>qgb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkm (STIs) wkRtbsgoh{gI

w>qgb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkm (CJoJw>qg) weDReDRM.w>ulpgtDRwkRtbsgohvDRI w
b.[;CkyORtD.uoH.vXeup>'.eJw*hR< tDoh.*H>0.pJ'D;ulpgvDR'.eup>eo;
w*hRI ph{D>vXm< w>b.,d.{D>tg0JvDRI vJR'd;yF;eo;'D;uoH.o&.wuh>I tDu
oH.cJvXmcJqh'fuoH.o&.eJ.vDReRtod;wuh>I
67I w>qgtuh>yeD.rh>[JzsgxD.M.yub.rR'fvJ.I
Õ w>qgtuh>yeD.rh>zsgxD.rh>*hR< w>rh>qdurd.b.,d.vXw>qguuJxD.rh>*hR
qJ;usX'D;w>td.ql.td.cVtySRrRw>zdwuh>I
Õ w>qgrh>wbsgwb.rRrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmo; (w>rHCkm) w*hRI eub.ul
pg,gbsgySRvXtrh>erg< e0R rhwrh> ySRvXtrHCkm'D;eRph>uD;vDRI xJM.r;erR
M>w>qgvXttd.wohb.M.vDRI

68I w>rh>wulpg,gbsgw>qgvXtb.ulb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkmvXt
usdRtusJvDRwH>b.M.w>rEkRuuJxD.to;vJ.I
ySRydmrk.ydmcGgvXttd.'D;w>qgb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkmwz.w>b.,d.vXt0Joh.t
*D>td.vXurRM> HIV w>qgC>tCdnD'd.r;vXt0Joh.u'd;M> AIDS w>qgyeD.
wz.M.vDRI rd>vXtd.'D;t[k;to;wz.tzdvDRvl;< zd[;*DRoh0JtrJmngtd.zsJ.
xD.zdo.vXtoHohph>uD;vDRI rh>td.zsJ.zdo.trlM.w>qgC>oh.wz.uvJREkm
qlzdo.trJmcsHylR'D;zdo.trJmbsD.oh0JvDRI w>qgC>wz.EkmvDRql'XvD>ylR'D;w
rRM>zdb.trJmngrRM>'XvD>cJpX.w>qgoh0JvDRI cDzsdw>qgC>tCdtqSd;xHwxD.
b.'D;rRM>tzdwohph>uD;td.0JM.vDRI weDRurRM>0JydmcGguh>*DRcJpX.'.vJmM.
vDRI w>qgC>rh>vJRwkRqlcd.ElmylRwcDysK>xD.ohph>uD;vDRI
69I yub.'Do'Xyo;'fod;yokwrRM>w>qgb.*mcDzsdw>rHCkmvX
usJ'fvJ.I
[;qSJ;w>rkmzH;rkmn.< rkmvRo;ckvXrk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmM.wuh>I cDzsdvXrHCkm'D;
ySRt*Rtg< rHCkm'D;ySRw*R0HRw*R< rHCkm'D;ySR*RvXurRM>usd.pht*D>oh.wz.w>
qgb.*mohnDu'.vDRI e[;qSJ;w>wz.tHRrh>wohwcD< 'Do'Xeo;cDzsdpl;ugw>
zsD.ud;bsD'J;zJetd.'D;rk.cGgoGH.xH;w>&hvdmtcgM.wuh>I
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 37

tqX'd.A(10)
w>yod.qg'D;w>qgth;(pf)
70I w>yod.qg'D;w>qgth;pfb.xGJvdmto;vXusJ'fvJ.I
ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgth;(pf)tyeD.wz.t*D>w>yod.qg (TB w>qg)M.rh>w>td.
ql.td.cVtw>*h>uDwrHRM.vDRI ySRvXtb. HIV w>qgwz.teD>up>*H>}wDqX
vDRpSRtCdurRM>w>yod.qgt*D>w>cGJ;w>,mtd.tg0JvDRI t0Joh.tw>yod.

qgM.t*H>ql.'d.M>'H;w>yod.qgt*Roh0JvDRI tCd'D;t0Joh.wz.-uX;'d;M>w>
uG>xGJvDRwH>vDRqJ;< tDuoH.b.qXb.uwD>'D;t&h'd.vXub.tD0J'fw>ymyeD.
M>tDRtod;ySJRySJRM.vDRI
71I yrh>ulpg,gbsgb.ySRb.w>yod.qgvXttd.'D;w>qgth;pft
w>yeD.w*RM.yrRM>w>yod.qgtw>b.*mvXySR0JM.ttd.
oh{gI
yrh>wulpg,gbsgM>ySRqgtHRtw>yod.qgb.'D;zJt0Jul;tqXuwD>uvHRupdm
w>qgtC>'D;ySRt*Rwz.b.*mvXw>yod.qgohvDRI rhrh> HIV w>qgC>wcD
b.*mvXuvHRusgwohtCdySRqgrh>ul;b.q.yrRM>w>qgth;pfwohb.I
72I 'fod;yokwb.*mvXw>yod.qgt*D>yub.rRrEkRvJ.I
'fod;eokwrRM>w>yod.qgt*D>< erh>qdurd.vXySRqgtHRb.w>yod.qgM.vJR
ud;tDRqluoH.o&.ttd.'D;ulpgtDRrlmrlmeD>eD>wuh>I zJySRqgul;wbsDv>v>rX
tymbXtudmylR< teg'h'D;w>0gzdwuh>I ymbXySRqgxl;ysJmvDRw>tvD>'D;p;cdwD.
rhwrh> w>cd.usX>wcgcgwuh>I zJevJR*>uGHmw>xl;ysJmt'XM.vJR*>vDRtDRqlw>
[;vD>tylRwuh>I w>vD> rhwrh> 'X;vXw>ymySRqgM.ub.rh>w>vD>vXuvHRu
vDEkmvDR[;xD.*hRtCdt&h'd.vXw>utd;xD.yJ}wDzdwz.M.vDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 39

tqX'd.A(11)
w>ulpg,gbsg
73I vXuD>y,DRtylRtd.'D;w>qg[H.vXtulpg,gbsgySRb. AIDS

wz.upD'D{gI
td.0JvDRI w>qg[H.vXxHuD>'Dwbh.tylRulpg,gbsgM>0Jw>qgwz.vXtydmxGJ
xD.tcHcDzsdvXeD>cd*H>}wDqXpSRvDRtCdM.vDRI t'd< w>yod.qg< ySHmnd;w>qg<

cd.Elmnd;w>qgwz.w>ulpg,gbsgM>tDRwkRtbsgM.vDRI w>qg[H.vXttd.vX
0h>wul.ud;zsX.'J;wl>vdmulpg,gbsgySRb. AIDS w>qgtyeD.wz.upD'DvDRI0h>
b.uH.w>qg[H.vDRqDvXttd.vXtl;uv.y;uvHRxH;ph>uD;ulpgM>0J AIDS'D;
w>qgb.*mtuvkmuvkmwz.ph>uD;M.vDRI
74I b.rEkRtCduoH.wtd.vXuulpg,gbsgw>t*D>b.vJ.I
w>CkM>uoH.vXurRoH HIV w>qgC>wtd.'ftCdywJvXw>ulpg HIV t*D>u
oH.,gbsgwtd.'H;b.M.vDRI b.q.uoH.td.0JtuvkmuvkmvXu,gbsgw>
qgvXt[JydmxGJxD.vXeD>cd*H>}wDqXw>qgpSRvDR0HRwz.tcHM.vDRI t'd< uoH.
vXt,gbsgw>yod.qg< w>[XzXvl< cd.Elmnd;w>qg'D;w>xD.xgwz.M.vDRI
uoH.t0JM.wu;b.trJmngtd.ph>uD;'D;uoH.vXt}wDqX HIV w>qgC>'fod;
tokwqHxD.&RvDRto;vXeD>cdrd>yS>ylRt*hRt*D>M.vDRI rh>vXw>qgtC>oh.w
z.w&RvDRtgxD.to;b.tCdw>qgwz.uudn>xD.uhR0JM.vDRI w>qgt
uh>yeD.u[JzsgxD.pJRcH0JvDRI }wDqXph>uD;w>qgC>t*Rwz.'fod;tokw[JEkm
vDRw*hRt*D>M.vDRI vXw>M.tCdzJw>qgth;pfuJxD.M.ewJvXew>td.rluwX>
vHwohb.I ql.cVySRrRw>zdwz.rRpXReRohvXusJwbdbdtylRvDRI
75I zJe'd;M>b.w>qgth;pf0HRtvD>cH<Aeo;orlxDohxJvJ.I
yrh>uG>vX HIV w>qgC>tMqX.M.< zJ HIV tC>EkmvDRqleD>cdrd>yS>tHRtd.,J>
eH.wkRvXteH.wqHr;w>qgtC>w[JzsgxD.'fb.I zJM.tqXuwD>uvDR*m'fySR
td.ql.w*Rtod;vDRI zJ AIDS tw>yeD.zsgxD.0HRtvD>cHySRqgpl;uGHmto;ohzJ
6 vgwkR 2 eH.twD>ylRvDRI zJeoh.ngvXeb.w>qgvH'D;erh>vJR'd;,gbsgo;b.
qXb.uwD>rlmrlmeD>eD>< td.qd;*hR*hRb.b.'D;eo;rh>zSH'D;td.ql.td.cVvXeD>cdeD>
o;cHuyRvXmM.'D;eo;orluxDvDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 41

tqX'd.A(12)
ySRb.w>qgth;(pf)rh>td.
vX[H.ylRM.
76I ySRvXtb.w>qgud;*R'J;M.ySRub.vJRqSXtDRqlw>qg[H.{gI
wvd.vXub.qSXySRb. AIDS qlw>qg[H.0HR'k;xD.tDRw>qg[H.vXuulpg
,gbsgtDRt*D>b.I tw>qgrh>e;xD.r;euqSX'k;xD.tDRvXw>qg[H.vDRI vX
w>qXuwD>t*RwcDeymtDRvX[H.Ckm'D;eySR[H.zdCDzd'D;uG>xGJtDRohph>uD;vDRI

77I yub.q+.ySRqgvXtb.w>qgth;pftyeD.wz.tultuR'f
vJ.I
yub.q+.pDySRqgtultuR< tw>olw>pGJvXtb.tX'D;w>oGH.'D;b.tXb.
oDwz.pDpDM.vDRI p;xD.zD.w>vD>vXwb.tX0HRp;xD.ohuqSDoGH.'D;w>b.tX
b.oDvXxHwz.wuh>I 0HRq+.tDR'D;q;yF.xH< vdChxDvXrk>'D;xl;tDR'D;x;ud>w
uh>I vXq;yF.xHtvD>< epl;uguoH.xHq+.pDw>b.tXrh>oh*hR0Jph>uD;vDRI
78I rh>q+.w>'D;uoH.rRpDw>b.tXturl.M.yub.usJtDR'D;xH
xJvJ.I
xXEkmvDRxHwvHxX.vXxHtDyvDtylRwuh>I erh>xXEkmvDRuoH.url.eD.wXRw
wXRvXxHusg'D;cGJ;cG;tDRM.eurRM>w>txHvXuoH.url.y.Ckm 5 rs;u,RvH
M.vDRI w>url.rRpDw>b.tXtHRw>usJtDRrh>0HRM.tuH>tpDto[D.pSRvDR0Joh
tCdrh>uoltDRtcgr;usJvDRtDRM>u*hR'd.wuh>vDRI
79I w>vD>vXySRqgtoGH.'D;txHtedb.tXtvD>M.w>ub.ohu
qSDtDR'fvJ.I
eub.'Do'Xeo;vXeokwxd;bl;b.w>txHvXt[JxD.vXySRqgtrd>yS>tylR
w*hRM.vDRI zJezD.ySRqgtoGH.< tw>b.tXb.oDtcgepkrh>b.ul;b.ug< rh>
td.'D;tylRvD>'D;cl.w>qgwz.wcDzsD.pkzsD. rhwrh> zv;pwh;xX.wz.'fod;epkok
wb.pD.t*D>M.wuh>I ohuqSDw>vD>vXtb.tX'D;oGH.xH< w>b.tXb.oDw
z.'D;q;yF.xH rhwrh> w>url.vXtrRpDw>wz.upD'Dwuh>I
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 43

tqX'd.A(13)
ySRrh>oHvX
w>qgth;(pf)tCd
80I ySRrh>oHvX AIDS M.y'k;vk.tDRxHoh{gIAyub.cl.vDRbgbX

tDRwbsDCD{gIAub.ymvX[H.ySJRoDvJ.I
zJySRoHvX AIDS tcgerRM>tDRoh'fySRoHvXw>qgt*Rwz.tod;vDRI e'k;vk.

tDRxHoh< cl.vDRuGHmtDRwbsDCDohph>uD;vDRI eymtDRtoD,Hm,Hmph>uD;ohvDRI w>
vXeub.yvD>o;wcgM.zJeokwzD.b.w>txHvXt[JxD.vXySRqgteD>cdt
csXtcgw>qgtC>b.*meRohvXw>wymol.ymo;b.tylRM.vDRI qGHwHmySRoH
teD>cdtylRzdwz.< t'd=egphRtylRwz.< 'D;bJwuh>I zJezD.tDRtcgpl;ugpkzsD.w
bsD*D>wuh>I zJezD.0HRohepk'D;q;yF.pDpDwuh>I
81I tJ.'d;oh.ngvXySRvXtrgArhwrh>At0RoHvXw>qgth;pfw*R
-uX;xD.yS>vXcHwqDupD'D{gI
ySRteD>up>'.0JqXwJmvDRto;ohvDRI w>vXt&h'd.wrHRM.erh>xD.yS>vXcHwqD
'D;eeD>up>rh>td.'D; HIV w>qgC>M.eub.wJqdySRvXeuxD.yS>'D;tDRM.%SJ%SJysD
ysDM.vDRI ub.'Do'Xph>uD;o;vXw>qgtokwb.*mvXySRw*RqlySRt*Rw*R
td.w*hRM.vDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 45

tqX'd.A(14)
w>rRvD>'D;w>qgth;(pf)
82I erh>rRoud;w>'D;ySRvXtb.AHIV w>qgM>w>b.,d.td.{gI

ewrRM>w>qgC>cDzsderRoud;w>wylRCD'D;ySRvXttd.'D; HIV w>qgC>wz.
b.I erh>rRoud;w>vXpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>wwDRCD< 0JR'X;wzsX.CD< w>rRvd'X;
w'X;CDb.q.ewrRM>w>qgb.I

83I vXyrRw>'fwylRCDtCdb.rEkRw>qgwb.*mySRM.vJ.I
zJyrRw>tcguD'd.r;vXyuxd;b.oGH.vXty.Ckm'D;w>qgC>'D;w>txHvXt
[JxD.vXrk.cGguh>*DRwz.t*D>M.vDRI
84I w>rh>b.rRoud;w>bl;bl;wH>wH>vXpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>wcDw
vd.yud>w>*DRw>b.{gI
cDzsdvXerRoud;w>bl;bl;wH>wH>tCdw>b.,d.wtd.vXeub.ulb.*mw>qg
tC>b.I xJeb.xH;vdmo;vXezH;en.tCdM.ewb.w>qgb.I w>qgb.
ulb.*mwohcDzsduyXRwz.b.I w>[l;w>*JRvXtrh>w>tDoud;xHvXxHcG;w
zsX.CD< w>qh.eDRtD.oud;rhR< w>olw>[;vD>'fod;od;wz.ph>uD;wrh>w>[l;w>
*JRvXurRb.ulb.*meR'D;w>qgwz.b.I
85I ySRvXtrRoud;w>wylRCD'D;w>b.,d.vXw>qgb.*mtDRoh
M.rh>rwRoh.wz.vJ.I
w>b.,d.td.vXql.cVySRrRw>zdwz.vXtb.zD.ySRtoGH.txHvXttd.'D;w>
qgC>wz.M.vDRI ql.cVySRrRw>zdpH;w>M.y.Ckm'D;uoH.o&.< o&.rk.uG>ySR
qg< rJuoH.o&.< ySRvXtrRw>vXw>rRuG>w>qgt'X;< 'D;o&.rk.'k;td.zsJ.zd
oh.wz.M.vDRI ql.cVySRrRw>zdwz.tHRrh>ydmxGJ*H>cD.xH;usJvXw>'Do'Xt*D>t
CdM.uylRzsJ;'D;w>b.,d.vXw>qgub.tDRM.vDRI
86I ySRrRw>zdw*Rrh>td.'D;AHIVM.w>-uX;[h.tDRtcGJ;vXurRw>
'H;{gI
w>-uX;[h.tcGJ;vXurRw>vDRI ySRrRw>zdw*Rrh>td.'D; HIV b.q.rh>td.ql.
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 47

td.cV< rRw>rh>uJM.w>-uX;[h.tDRtcGJ;vXurRw>M.vDRI t0Jrh>rRM>w>qgvX
tb.xGJvdmo;'D;w>qgth;pftyeD.b.q.w>-uX;[h.tDRtcGJ;xJod;wkRod;'fod;
'D;ySRvXtb.w>qgt*kRt*Roh.wz.M.vDRI w>wb.xk;xD.tDRvXw>rRt
ylRcDzsdtd.'D; HIV w>qgC>tCdb.M.vDRI
87I uoH.o&.wz.'d;M>w>qgth;pfohupD'D{gI
ySRtwDRywD>rwR*hR'd;M>w>qgoh0JvDRI uoH.o&.wz.ph>uD;rRM>w>qgth;pf
oh0JvDRI ySRcd;w>qg[H.wz.rRM>w>qgth;pfohvDRI ySR*JRvdmuGJwz.ph>uD;rRM>
w>qgth;pfohvDRI w'd;oMRxD.to;vXySRtvD>tvR< twDRywD>tzDcd.b.I
wb.C;'D;w>zSD.< w>uJ'd.tzDcd.b.I w>rRM>w>qgth;pfM.'d;oMRxD.to;
vXySRw*Rtw>td.rl< tw>ouJmy0;tzDcd.vDRI ySRrh>rHCkm'D;ySRvXttd.'D;w>
qgtC>< rh>oloud;x;qJ;yDRx;qJ;bd'D;ySRt*R< rhwrh> rh>oGDb.ySRoGH.vXt
td.'D;w>qgtC>M.rwRw*R*hRw*R*hRrRM>w>qgth;pf (AIDS) oh0JM.vDRI
88I ql.cVtySRrRw>zdA(vDRqD'.w>o&.uG>ySRqgwz.)ArRw>wcD
cD'D;rRM> HIV w>qgtC>ohvDRwH>{gI
eD>eD>M.w>b.,d.vXw>qgub.ulb.*mt*D>td.pSR0JvDRI zJql.cVySRrRw>zdw
z.uG>xGJySRql;ySRqgtcgwbsDbsDuxd;b.ySRoGH.vXttd.'D; HIV tC> rhwrh>
ySRtxHtedvXty.Ckm'D;w>oGH.wz.oh0JM.vDRI yeD>cdtvdRw>vD>zJw>b.ul;
b.ugtvD>rh>wtd.b.M.rh>b.wdb.xH;'D;w>oGH.b.q.w>wuJxD.to;eD
wrHRb.I w>ylRvD>b.ul;b.ugtvD>rh>td.wcDb.ulb.*m0Johph>uD;vDRI zJ
w>[H;M>ySRqgvXttd.'D; HIV w>qgtoGH.0HRb.wbsDbsDw>td.ql.td.cVt
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vXw>M.tCdySRvJRw>uhRw>ub.oh.ngqd0Jw>qgth;pft*h>M.vDRI HIV w>
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 49

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od;od;M.vDRI ySRvXty'h.[;qSJ;w>qgb.*mtusJwM>b.wz.u'd;M>b.0J
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b.*mtgtvD>M.w>qgtC>b.ulb.*mtDRoh{gI
b.ulb.*mwohb.I HIV w>qgtC>M.erh>rRrk>qh.rk>*DRw>rRM.b.ulb.

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zdw>vHR'D;w>olw>pGJvXttd.vXycd.yCXRwz.b.M.vDRI
91I ySRvJRw>zdw*R'd;M> HIV w>qgC>ohvXusJ'fvJ.I
ySRvJRw>zdw*RM.rh>vJRwkRqlw>vD>toDwwDR'D;rh>rRb.w>ouJmy0;vXt
b.ulw>qgohM.w>qgtC>ub.ulb.*mtDRM.vDRI w>vXt&h'd.rh>0JzJt
vJRrHCkm'D;ySRvXttd.'D;w>qgtC>w*RvXwtd.'D;w>'Do'Xb.M.w>qgb.
ulb.*mvdmto;oh0JM.vDRI zJyvJRw>'D;ywkRqlw>vD>toDwwDRM.ySRw0Xt
w>yXw>qSXwtd.vXRb.I vXcd.CXRph>uD;yuxH.b.xJrJmoDegoDM.vDRI t
Cdyuol.zSHo;nD'D;tD.oud;w>vXw>ol.zSHo;nDvXw>obVtylRM.vDRI w>

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rRuGHmtDRnDu'. vDRI yrRtDRtCdw>qgC>[Jb.ulb.*mySRM.vDRI vXw>M.
tCd< ySRvJRw>zdweDR< rh>[JuhRM.w>qgtC>[JuhRydmtcH'fw>[h.wrHRtod;
M.vDRI wrh>vXyvJRw>uhRw>tCdw>qgub.ySRb.< 'd;oMRxD.to;vXyw>
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rh>b.qX.b.wDR'D;w>rkmw>yFD.'D;t0Joh.wz.wymyeD.0JvXtvlRw>rkmw>yFD.
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 51

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ulb.*mtDR< rHCkmxJySRw*R{dRM.w>qgb.ulb.*mtDRwM>b.I teD>eD>wcDM.
w>rHCkm'D;ySRt*RvXweH.twD>ylRxJwbsD{dR'.vJmrh>w>vDRb.,d.tvD>M.
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oh.ngqd0JvXrh>vJRrHCkm'D;ySRvXtwoh.ng0Jw*R'D;rh>wol0Jw>zsD.'.vJm[J
uhRb. ulb.*m0JohM.vDRI eub.oh.eD.qdvXySRw*RM.euG>xJteD>cduh>*DR
'D; HIV w>qgtd.{g< wtd.{gM.eoh.ngtDRwohb.I vXw>M.tCd< 'ferh>ySR
vJRw>uhRw>zdtod;< evJRzJvJ.*hR< qXuwD>zJvJ.*hRwb.rRrkmeo;'D;w>rHCkm
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HIV w>qgC>td.wtd.M>b.xGJ'.'D;ySRw*Rtw>td.w>qd;tzDcd.M.vDRI td.
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'fod;vdmto;M.vDRI vXuD>y,DRtylRzJ 1988 eH.M.ySRp;xD.xH.vXySR'd;ubD
vXt[JuhRvXxH*kRuD>*Rw*Rtd.'D; HIV w>qgC>tCdySRweDRxH.0JvXySRvX
t[JuhRvXxHuD>t*R< ySRrRn.csH'D;ySR[JuhRvX0h>wz.td.'D; HIV w>qgtC>
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uD>t*Rwz.u[JuhRpdmw>qgqltrgttd.wqDM.vDRI ySRydmcGgt*Rub.ulcD
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o;vHM.vDRI

tqX'd.A(16)
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ySRvXttd.ql.td.cVwz.tod;M.vDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 53

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wkRteH. 10 M.b.ulb.*mySRtg*Roh0JM.vDRI rk>rqgweHRtHRud;eHR'J;ySRb.
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rh>w>'fvJ.tCde'Do'XvDRuhReo;wohb.I eub.wl>vdm'D;emvXw>qgwrHR
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ud;*R'J;ub.oh.ng0JzsdzsdzsgzsgvXt0Joh.-uX;rRw>rEkR< w-uX;rRw>rEkR'D;
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uh>ySRvXtpdmcDw>qgoh.wz.tusgydmcGgvXttd.Ckm'D;ydmrk.qgvDRtD.to;
wz.y.Ckm0J'.M.vDRI yuCkxH.M>t0Joh.wz.vXusJ'fvJ.I xJvXydmrk.qg
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rkmzH;rkmn.oh.wz.M.y.Ckmph>uD;vDRI vXw>M.tCdyymvDRqDxJydmrk.qgvDR
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oh.nge>yX>qd0JrlmrlmeD>eD>b.C;w>'Do'Xw>qgtusdRtusJoh.wz.M.vDRI
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 55

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wH>tHRteD>up>'.0JwymvDRto;vXtrh>ySRvlRw>rkmzH;rkmn.zdb.I rh>vXt0J
rR'ftHRwbsDwcD.zJtobh[;xD.tcgrh>*hR< tphtgtcgrh>*hRtCdvDRI wkRt0J
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uG>w>vDRI emtoud;tgM>'H;trd>ty>ol.uho;yS>vDRI tJ.toud;'D;vlRtoud;
HIV/AIDS ♀♂ 57

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th;(pf) (AIDS) M.vDRI

Hivaids K

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w>oHuG>pH;qXb.

Galley and introduction.indd 1 19/6/2552 9:24:50

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Galley and introduction.indd 2 19/6/2552 9:24:50

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Galley and introduction.indd 3 19/6/2552 9:24:50

HIV ‘D; AIDS w>oHuG>pH;qXtvHmzdwbh.tHRtylRrh>yymzSd.’D;pH;qXw>oHuG>pH;qXvXySR

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Galley and introduction.indd 5 19/6/2552 9:24:51

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HIV-AIDS Questions and Answers_Karen version.indd 1 19/6/2552 9:26:43

HIV-AIDS Questions and Answers_Karen version.indd 2 19/6/2552 9:26:44

6I w>wJvX HIV qgC>td.cHrHRpH;w>M.rh>upD'D{gI

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HIV-AIDS Questions and Answers_Karen version.indd 4 19/6/2552 9:26:44

HIV-AIDS Questions and Answers_Karen version.indd 5 19/6/2552 9:26:46

w>vXoGH.0gzsX.M.td.vXyeD>cdrd>yS>txHtedcJvXmtylRvDRI vXw>M.tCd< HIV

HIV-AIDS Questions and Answers_Karen version.indd 6 19/6/2552 9:26:47

HIV-AIDS Questions and Answers_Karen version.indd 7 19/6/2552 9:26:47

HIV-AIDS Questions and Answers_Karen version.indd 8 19/6/2552 9:26:50

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