Skima Biologi F4.

Final Year Exam Form 4, 2010

Date 4 Nov 2010

Paper 2 Essay

Question 6.

a) i) Name the process

A : Aerobic Respiration
B : Anaerobic Respiration

Differences between A and B

A // Aerobic respiration Items B // Anaerobic respiration

Certain plant cell, yeast,
Almost every living cell Work by bacteria and muscle.

Required Oxygen requirement Not required

Complete oxidation Oxidation of glucose Incomplete oxidation

Carbon dioxide, water and Lactic acid and energy ( in

energy Product muscle) or ethanol, carbon
dioxide and energy (in yeast)

Large amount ( 2898 kJ) Energy released Small amount (150 kJ)

b i) Addaption of the alveolus for gas exchange (answer in the form of essay)

There are large number of alveoli to Increased surface area for exchange of gases.
The alveolus’ wall are made of a single layer of cells so gases can diffuse easily .
Alveolus are surrounded by a network of blood capillaries so it can transport oxygen to
and carbon dioxide away from the cells. Walls secrete a thin lining of moisture for the
gases dissolve in moisture and diffuse easily across walls.

bii) From alveolus to to the body cells:

Partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus is higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in
blood capillary. So oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood capillaries. Oxygen
combine with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin, and carry to all parts of the body

Partial pressure of oxygen in blood capillary is higher than the partial pressure of
oxygen in tissue. Oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases oxygen which then
diffuses through the capillaries walls into the body cells.
(4 marks).

biii) Farid should stop smoking because: ( change the point into an essay)

1) Tar can cause lung cancer

2) Nicotine stimulates heart beat faster and constrict of blood vessel
3) Carbon monoxide combines with oxygen to form carboxylhaemoglobin, and
so it will reduce supply oxygen to cells/tissue.
4) Dryness can cause less efficient of gas exchange
5) Heat from smoke irate the lungs. (5 marks)

Question 7.

a) Good effect and bad effect of deforestation of mangrove.

Good effects are:

1) Improvement of infrastructure eg transport, road
2) Can improve other facilities eg hospital, schools, shop etc.
3) Increase fish catching by more systematic rearing of fish, crab etc.
4) Tourism attraction eg agroresort.

Bad effects are:

1) Destroy the habitat of floral and fauna
2) Can cause the extinction of floral and fauna
3) Expose the habitat to the hitting of waves and wind.
4) So shore erosion occurs
5) Increase the carbon dioxide in atmosphere // reduce of oxygen
6) Can cause global warming // green house effect. (10 marks)
b i) Succession is a process whereby one spesies of organisms changes the
environment / pond which result in the spesies involved being replaced /
succeeded by other species.

ii) How succession bring about the formation of climax community

( from PYQ).

1. Activity of submerged plant eg Hydrilla (pioneer spesies), cause the

change in the pond
2. the remains of plants sunked and deposited in the pond bed/ bottom
3. pond become shallow // water level in the pond decreases
4. and add nutrient to te pond.
5. encourage the growth of floating plant /eg uckweed to succeed the
pioneer spesies.
6. floating plants cover water surface, preventing light from penetrating
Into the pond, so less rate of plant photosynthesis in the pond.
7. death of plants increase and sink to the bottom of pond.
8. making pond shallower // raising the pond bed.
9. floating plants gradually replaced by amphibious plants .
10. The condition of the pond becomes more favourable fot the growth of
terrestrial plants & lastly climax community was formed.
(10 marks)

Question 8.
a) - Plasma membrane is composed of protein and phospholipid
- Phospholipids arrange themselves in two layers (bilayer).
- Each phospholipid molecule consists of two parts, the head is hydrophilic
property and the tails is hydrophobic property.
-There are two various types of proteins that are pore protein and carrier protein
(4 marks )
b) i)Substance: Oxygen
1) From higher concentration of oxygen to lower concentration
2) From alveolus to blood capillary
3) simple diffusion
4) Across the membrane plasma through phospholipid bilayer.
 ii) substance : Glucose
1) Large molecule
2) Across the plasma membrane through carrier protein
3) by facilitated diffusion
4) Because carrier protein that has active transport.

iii) substance : Water

1) Water across membrane plasma through phospolipid bilayer
2) From hypotonic soil in hypertonic solution in root hair
3) By osmosis.
(10 marks )
C i) RBC in hyportonic solution:
1) Water from hypotonic solution diffuse into RBC
2) RBC expand & burst
3) Called haemolysis

ii) RBC in hypertonic solution.

1) Water from RBC diffuse out to hypertonic solution
2) RBC shrinks
3) Called crenation. (6 marks )

Question 9

Digestion of lipid in organ S/ duodenum: (From PYQ)

1. Bile is produced by liver but stored in gall balder

2. bile breakdown lipid into tiny droplets // emulsified
3. Pancreas secretes lipase
4. lipid is digested to fatty acid and glycerol by lipase
(4 marks )
If R (pancreas) and P (gall bladder) are removed,
1) No P means bile salt cannot be produced
2) So no emulsification of fat into tiny droplets.
3) No R means lipase cannot be produced
4) So, no digest lipid to fatty acid and glycerol.
5) No R,means no pancreatic amylase is prodeced
6) So starch is not digested into maltose.
7) No R, means no trypsin
8) So polypeptides are not digested to peptide.
( 6 marks)
c) Differences between process of cellulose in ruminat and rodents.

Ruminants Rodents

1. Eg: cow Eg: rabbit

2. has 4 stomach Has 1 stomach

3. Cellulose digestion takes place in Cellulose digestion does not take
stomach place in the stomach
4. has a small size of caecum, has a long size of caecum

5 Caecum has no function Caecum is used for cellulose digestion

6. the food passes through rumen/ Partially digested food in the form of soft
reticulum at first, and then faeces from the first batch is eaten again
regurgitated into the mouth to be for further digestion.
thoroughly and once again passes
through omasum and abomasums.

7At the stomach chamber of At the stomach chamber of rodent,

ruminant, most bacteria/ protozoa are most bacteria/ protozoa are in the
in the rumen and reticulum, caecum