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AQA Biology
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site of chemical gel like substance containing cell site of chemical gel like substance containing
cytoplasm membrane reactions in the cell enzymes to catalyse the reactions
reactions in the cell enzymes to catalyse the reactions
contains genetic controls the activities of the cell and bacterial not in nucleus floats
nucleus controls the function of the cell
material codes fro proteins DNA in the cytoplasm
site of protein mRNA is translated to an amino acid plasmid small rings of DNA contain additional genes
ribosome
synthesis chain
controls the movement of
site of respiration where energy is released for the cell cytoplasm semi permeable
mitochondrion substances in and out of the cell
to function
animal cell Bacterial cells are much smaller than plant and animal cells
Eukaryotes complex AQA
organisms Prokaryotes simpler
plant cell Cell Structure organisms
Specialised cells
site of contains chlorophyll, absorbs muscle
chloroplast allow mitochondria
photosynthesis light energy movement long
how a cell changes and becomes specialised Cell differentiation absorb water hair like projections to increase the
Undifferentiated call are called STEM cells root hair and minerals surface area
Transport in cells
THE CELL CYCLE
divided into two identical cells. E.g. Plants absorb water from the
STEM CELLS Osmosis Movement of water soil by osmosis through their root
No energy from a dilute solution hair cells. Plants use water for
Increase the number of sub-cellular
Stage required to a more several vital processes including
Growth structures e.g. ribosomes and Undifferentiated cell of
1 concentrated solution photosynthesis and transporting
mitochondria. an organism
minerals.
Stage DNA DNA replicates to form two copies of each
2 Synthesis chromosome. Active Movement of particles E.g. movement of mineral ions
Divides to form more cells of the
same type, and can differentiate transport from a dilute solution into roots of plants and the
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each
to form many other cell types. ENERGY to a more movement of glucose into the
end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
Stage required concentrated solution small intestines.
Mitosis Then the cytoplasm and cell membranes
3
divide to form two cells that are identical
to the parent cell.
Human Embryonic Can be cloned and made to differentiate into Therapeutic cloning uses same genes so the body
stem cells most cell types does not reject the tissue. Can be a risk of infection
Adult bone marrow Can form many types of human cells e.g. blood Tissue is matched to avoid rejection, risk of
stem cells cells infection. Only a few types of cells can be formed.
Non-communicable
than used
diseases
obesity
The human Linked to liver stomach
Enzymes catalyse
digestive increased rates
specific reactions in system of gall bladder pancreas
cardiovascular
living organisms due to large
the shape of their active
disease and small
development intestines
site intestines
of diabetes
type 2.
Digestive enzymes AQA GCSE
Food tests
Large changes in temperature or pH can stop anus
speed up the
the enzyme from working (denature) ORGANISATION
conversion of large
insoluble pH too high or too
Part 1 Sugars (glucose) Benedicts’ test Orange to brick red precipitate.
Temperature too high
molecules (food) low
Starch Iodine test Turns black.
into small soluble
molecules that can Enzyme changes shape (denatures) the
substrate no longer fits the active site. Biuret Biuret reagent Mauve or purple solution.
be absorbed into
the bloodstream
and systems
e.g. muscle
Tissues similar structure and
used for respiration.
Aggregations (working
Made in pancreas together) of tissues
Break down lipids (fats) to Organs e.g. the heart
Lipases (works in small performing a specific
glycerol and fatty acids).
intestine) function.
Heart
stop flow in the wrong allow diffusion, Carry
high pressure, carry Coronary Carry oxygenated blood to
direction, carry blood under very low
oxygenated blood arteries the cardiac muscle.
deoxygenated blood pressure.
(except for the
(except for the
pulmonary artery).
pulmonary vein). coronary
arteries
Prevent blood in the heart
Heart valves from flowing in the wrong
Blood AQA GCSE direction.
Disease Cause Effect Treatment Waxy cuticle (top layer of the leaf) Reduces water loss from the leaf
A build up for fatty substances Epidermal
Guard cells open and close the stomata to
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
with holes
or close properly
mechanical valve
Faulty heart
flow
transplant or a
xylem
xylem phloem Cell sap moves from one phloem Transports dissolved sugars from the
phloem cell to the next through pores in the leaves to the rest of the plant for
Non-communicable diseases
Cancer
The result of changes in DNA that lead Meristem New cells (roots and shoot tips) are
Root hair cells have an increased surface
to uncontrolled growth and division area for the uptake of water by osmosis,
tissue made here including root hair cells
and mineral ions by active transport.
Contained in one area of the phloem
Benign
body (usually by a
tumour A potometer is used to
membrane) – not cancer.
one way flow
glucose
solution
measure the amount of water
one way flow
Invade tissues and spread to lost over time (rate of
Malignant water and
different parts of the body to minerals
cells have end plates transpiration)
tumour with holes
form secondary tumours.
oneway
one wayflow
flow
Immune system
production is infected again by the same pathogen, the entering through the nostrils.
Lymphocytes lymphocytes make antibodies much faster.
system
Trachea and Lined with mucus to trap dust
Antitoxin Antitoxin is a type of antibody produced to bronchus and pathogens. Cilia move
production counteract the toxins produced by bacteria. (respiratory the mucus upwards to be
system) swallowed.
population is prevented
suffer the symptoms of
1st infection White blood cells detect pathogens in the
A person is unlikely to
Toxicity
poisonous Small amount by vaccine. Antibodies are released into the
Vaccination
it’s spread in a
The most suitable amount to of dead or pathogen blood.
Dose inactive form
take
of the Re-infection White blood cells detect pathogens.
Preclinical trials - using cells, tissues and live animals - must Double blind trial: pathogen by the same Antibodies are made much faster and in
be carried out before the drug can be tested on humans. patients and scientists do pathogen larger amounts.
not know who receives
Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients the new drug or placebo Created more side effects than expected (fatal in some cases) and are not as
until the end of the trial. widely used as everybody hoped when first developed.
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 This avoids bias.
A placebo can look identical to the new
Monoclonal antibodies
drug but contain no active ingredients Monoclonal antibodies can be used in a variety of ways
Healthy A double
A small A larger
(Biology only HT)
Control conditions in
growth. costs of controlling the
permanent vacuole
to form amino acids for protein synthesis
conditions to maximise
Plants use the glucose produced in Enhances the natural sunlight photosynthesis with making
nucleus chloroplasts Artificial
photosynthesis in a variety of ways especially overnight and on a profit.
cytoplasm lighting
cloudy days.
cell membrane
cell wall
Extra
Gas can be pumped into the air
The plant manufactures glucose from carbon dioxide and water using energy carbon
inside the greenhouse.
transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light dioxide
Light intensity obeys the inverse square law. This means that if you double the
distance between the plant and the light source you quarter the light intensity
(glucose) Graph lines C and D:
If temperature is
Explain graphs of
The rate of photosynthesis is affected by temperature, light intensity, increased by 10oC
two or three
carbon dioxide concentration, and the amount of chlorophyll then a slight increase
factors and decide
in rate of
which is the
Limiting factors (why the rate stops photosynthesis
Factor How the rate is affected limiting factor
going up) occurs.
As the temperature of the Photosynthesis is an enzyme
increases significantly up to a
environment the plant is in controlled reaction. If the Graph Lines A and B:
rate of photosynthesis
increases rate of photosynthesis temperature increases too much,
Temperature concentration is
increases (up to a point) as there is then the enzymes become
Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
more energy for the chemical denatured and the rate of reaction increased from 0.01%
point.
reaction. will decrease and stop to 0.1% then a large
increase in rate occurs
Light intensity increases as the up to a point.
distance between the plant and the At point X another factor is limiting
light sources increases. As light the rate of photosynthesis. This
Light intensity intensity increases so does the rate could be carbon dioxide
of photosynthesis (up to a point) as concentration, temperature or the
more energy is available for the amount of chlorophyll
chemical reaction.
exceed 0.1%
dioxide photosynthesis will increase when a could be light intensity,
concentration plant is given higher concentrations temperature or the amount of
of carbon dioxide (up to a point). chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a photosynthetic Another factor could limit the rate
pigment that absorbs light and of photosynthesis. This could be
Amount of
allows the reaction between water light intensity, temperature or the
chlorophyll
and carbon dioxide to occur carbon dioxide concentration
(photosynthesis)
6CO2 + 6H2O
reactions in a cell or the body Glucose is partially
oxidised to produce
lactic acid which builds
Conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and
up in muscle tissue
The energy cellulose.
Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells causing them to
transferred by
The formation of lipid molecules from a molecule become painful and
respiration in cells The end products are ethanol and carbon
Metabolism
6O2 + C6H12O6
Respiration
processes of
glucose + oxygen
metabolism. Breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for
excretion. This process is economically Anaerobic respiration
important in the manufacture releases a much smaller
of alcoholic drinks and bread. amount of energy per
Nutrient Enzyme Product(s) glucose molecule than
aerobic respiration.
Carbohydrate Carbohydrases Simple sugars
The incomplete Aerobic respiration
Protein Proteases Amino acids releases a large
oxidation of glucose
causes a build up of amount of energy
Fats Lipases Fatty acid & glycerol from each glucose
lactic acid and creates
an oxygen debt. molecule
systems include
(aperture) to let in more
Human control
receptors surroundings and to co-ordinate
light in dim conditions containing
receptors Coordination e.g. brain, spinal cord and pancreas that their behaviour
Retina Light sensitive cell layer. sensitive to centres receive information from receptors.
light intensity Effectors
Muscles or glands, which bring about Information from receptors passes
Optic nerve Carries impulse to brain. responses to restore optimum levels.
and colour along cells (neurones) as electrical
impulses to the central nervous
Structures of the eye
Cornea
Transparent layer that HOMEOSTASIS AND nervous The CNS is the brain and the spinal
sclera
covers the pupil and iris. cord.
suspensory ligament retina RESPONSE part 1 system
Pigmented layer, controls cornea
Iris Coordinates the response of
size of pupil. optic nerve cerebral cortex
The Brain effectors; muscles contracting or
Ciliary Controls thickness of glands secreting hormones
muscles lens. iris
(Bio only) dendrites
Synapse muscle
Risks: bleeding in message using neurotransmitter. pain (effector)
receptors
the brain, seizures,
Allows impulses to travel between sensory
loss of brain Relay neurone
and motor neurones in the spinal cord.
function.
New technologies now include hard/soft Procedure was Long axon carries impulse from receptor to Reflex actions are automatic and
contact lens, laser surgery to change the Motor neurone rapid; they do not involve the
abandoned in the effector.
shape of the cornea and a replacement 1950s due to risk. conscious part of the brain and can
lens in the eye. Effector Muscle or gland that carries out response. protect humans from harm.
‘Aim For Excellence’
better hope – brighter future
Thermoregulatory Contains receptors sensitive to the temperature
Monitoring centre of the blood.
Blood glucose These automatic body
concentration control systems temperature Contains temperature receptors, sends nervous
Controls Skin
may involve impulses to the thermoregulatory centre.
Response to internal and external change
in the Body
nervous
human temperature
responses or
Body temperature
body Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation),
chemical Too
Water levels sweat produced from sweat (HT) Thermal energy is lost from blood
responses. Thermoregulatory high
glands. near the surface of the skin, sweat
centre (hypothalamus)
evaporates transferring thermal energy.
Blood vessels constrict
The regulation of internal conditions of a Too
(vasoconstriction), sweating stops, (HT) Thermal energy loss at the surface
cell or organism to maintain optimum Control of body low
muscles contract (shivering). of the skin is reduced, respiring muscles
conditions for function. temperature cells transfer chemical to thermal energy.
(Biology only) Human endocrine system
Homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for The blood carries the
Endocrine system
Composed of
enzyme action and all cell functions. hormone to a target
glands which
AQA GCSE Pituitary
gland
Pineal
gland secrete chemicals
organ where is produces
an effect. Compared to
Homeostasis HOMEOSTASIS Thyroid
called hormones
the nervous system
directly into the
AND RESPONSE bloodstream.
effects are slower but act
Thymus for longer.
Water and nitrogen balance PART 2
(Biology only) Adrenal
‘Master gland’;
Pituitary
gland Stimulates other glands
gland
Pancreas secretes several
to produce hormones
they are de-aminated to form toxic ammonia which is converted to urea
(HT only) digestion of proteins results in excess amino acids. In the liver
If body cells
Uncontrolled
Water exhaled Control of hormones into the
to bring about effects.
lose or gain in lungs, water, blood glucose Ovaries blood
water/ion urea
too much ions and urea in
water by
loss
sweat. concentration Testes
Blood glucose concentration
efficiently. loss
increases breathing/heart rate,
Pancreas produces
blood flow to muscles, Pancreas produces
Adrenaline the hormone insulin,
Kidney failure is treated by organ conversion glycogen to glucose. the hormone
transplant or dialysis. glucose moves from
Prepares body for ‘fight or glucagon that
the blood into the
flight’. causes glycogen to
cells. In liver and
Produce urine by A dialysis machine be converted into
Produced in the thyroid gland, muscle cells excess
Maintain filtration of the removes urea from glucose and
stimulates the basal metabolic glucose is converted
Kidney water blood and selective the blood by Thyroxine released into the
rate. Important in growth and to glycogen for
function balance of reabsorption of diffusion while blood.
development. storage.
the body. glucose, ions and maintaining ion
water. and glucose levels.
Diabetes
Increasing thyroxine
levels prevent the Type 1 Type 2
Acts on Released by pituitary gland when release of thyroid
kidney blood is too concentrated. Water stimulating Pancreas fails to produce sufficient Obesity is a risk factor. Body cells no
(HT only)
tubules to is reabsorbed back into the blood hormone which insulin leading to uncontrolled longer respond to insulin. Common
ADH
control from the kidney tubules stops the release of blood glucose levels. Normally treatments include changing by diet
water levels. (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK). thyroxine. treated by insulin injection. and increasing exercise.
hormones to coordinate
Hormones are used in modern
reproductive technologies to
drugs’ to help someone become
Light distributed in the shoot. The side with the highest
Plants produce
(phototropism) concentration of auxins has the highest growth rate and
Plant the shoot grows toward the light.
treat infertility
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatment. responses
using Gravity causes an unequal distribution of auxins. In roots
Involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate
hormones the side with the lowest concentration has the highest Light
the maturation of several eggs Gravity
(auxins) growth rate and the root grows in the direction of gravity.
(geotropism or
The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised gravitropism) In new shoots from a seedling the unequal distribution of
by sperm from the father in a laboratory. auxins causes the shoot to grow away from gravity.
gravity
(HT only) Gibberellins are important (HT only) Ethene controls cell
in initiating seed germination. division and ripening of fruits.
The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.
The use of
hormones
Plant growth
horticulture
Use of plant
At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or treat infertility
two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus Control ripening of fruit during
(womb).
(HT only) Ethene
storage and transport.
End seed dormancy, promote
Gibberellins
flowering, increase fruit size.
AQA GCSE
Emotional and physical stress.
HOMEOSTASIS AND Hormones in human
Potential
disadvantages Success rates are not high. RESPONSE PART 3 reproduction Pineal
Pituitary
gland
of IVF gland
Multiple births risk to mother and
babies. Contraception During puberty reproductive hormones cause secondary sexual Thyroid
characteristics to develop
Thymus
Oestrogen (main female Testosterone (main male
Contain hormones to inhibit FSH
reproductive hormone) reproductive hormone)
Oral contraceptives production so that no eggs
mature. Produced in the ovaries. At Adrenal
puberty eggs being to mature Produced in the testes gland Pancreas
For slow release of progesterone
releasing one every 28 days – stimulation sperm production.
Injection, implant, to inhibit the maturation and
ovulation.
skin patch release of eggs for months or Ovaries
Fertility can be years.
(HT only) a graph of Testes
controlled by
Condoms or diaphragms which hormone levels over time
hormonal and Barrier methods
prevent sperm reaching the egg. oestrogen progesterone
non hormonal Follicle Causes maturation (HT) FSH stimulates
methods Prevent implantation of an embryo LH stimulating of an egg in the ovaries to produce
Intrauterine devices
Menstrual cycle
FSH
or release a hormone. hormone (FSH) ovary. oestrogen.
Spermicidal agents Kill or disable sperm. Luteinising Stimulates release (HT) Oestrogen stops
Avoiding intercourse when an egg hormone (LH) of an egg. FSH production and
Abstaining stimulates LH
may be in the oviduct.
Oestrogen and Maintain uterus production in
Surgery Male or female sterilisation. progesterone lining. pituitary gland.
pairs of chromosomes
Embryo Economic Costly and not 100% reliable.
Caused by
Variation: difference in the
Sex determination
genes and environment e.g. BB bb
environment nutrition, sunlight. Inherited disorders the cell genotype
Causes a
membrane.
person/anim
Patients In each egg In each sperm
All genetic variation arises in mutation, most AQA GCSE al to have
cannot What
have no effect on phenotype, some influence Variation extra toes or gametes are B
but very few determine phenotype.
INHERITANCE, fingers.
control the
viscosity of present B
VARIATION AND their mucus.
The genome and its interaction with the environment
influence the development of phenotypes EVOLUTION PART 2
Genetic inheritance
Some characteristics
Gamete Sex cells produced in meiosis. are controlled by a The concept of
single gene e.g. fur probability in predicting
Chromosome A long chain of DNA found in the nucleus.
colour, colour
results of a single gene The probability of black fur offspring phenotype
Define terms linked to genetics
Gene Small section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. blindness.
cross. is 100%. All offspring genotypes are
Allele Alternate forms of the same gene. heterozygous (Bb).
The alleles present, Dominant and recessive allele
A type of allele – always expressed if only one copy present or genotype operate combinations
Dominant
and when paired with a recessive allele. at a molecular level Crossing two heterozygous mice (Bb)
Dominant Recessive
A type of allele – only expressed when paired with another to develop
Recessive characteristics that Represented
recessive allele. Represented
can be expressed as by a lower
Homozygous Pair of the same alleles, dominant or recessive. by a capital
a phenotype. case letter
letter e.g. B.
Heterozygous Two different alleles are present 1 dominant and 1 recessive. e.g. b.
Most characteristics 3 possible combinations:
Genotype Alleles that are present for a particular feature e.g. Bb or bb
are as a result of Homozygous dominant BB
Physical expression of an allele combination e.g. black fur, multiple genes Heterozygous dominant Bb The probability of black fur is 75% and white fur
Phenotype 25%. The ratio of black to white mice is 3:1
blonde hair, blue eyes. interacting. Homozygous recessive bb
The
the formation of new
evolved
breathing difficulties.
Humans have been doing this for thousands of years since food crops.
A change in the inherited they first bred food from crops and domesticated animals.
Evolution Animals
characteristics of a population over The process by which
time through the process of natural which humans breed Selective breeding produce
selection. plants/animals for more meat
AQA GCSE particular genetic Choosing parents with the desired or milk.
characteristics from a mixed
INHERITANCE characteristics
population
Domestic
dogs with a
Cloning
VARIATION Selective gentle
Chosen parents are bred together.
(Biology AND breeding nature.
(GMO)
4. Embryo cells are genetically cells. genes from attack or
identical to adult cells. 4. Genes are transferred to other herbicides.
Concern: some people have ethical plants/animals/microbes at an early organisms
5. When embryo has developed To increase
objections to adult cell cloning e.g. stage of development so they develop
into ball of cells it is inserted into the yield of
welfare of the animals. the required characteristics.
host womb. the crop.
Alfred Wallace
evolution proposed the gathering across far apart islands.
with other scientists (Alfred Wallace) lead to:
theory of evidence.
(Biology evolution by
Charles Published the Slowly accepted; challenged Speciation Best know for Environmental conditions differ for
only) natural populations e.g. types of food
Darwin ‘On theory of creation theory (God), (Biology only) selection
work on warning
available, habitat.
the Origin of evolution by insufficient evidence at time, colouration in
the Species’ natural mechanism of inheritance not animals and his
(1859) selection yet known. AQA GCSE theory of
speciation. Individuals in each population most
Other theories e.g. Lamarckism are based on the idea that changes INHERITANCE suited to their environments are
occur in an organism during its lifetime which can be inherited. We VARIATION AND more likely to breed successfully.
now know that in the vast majority of cases this cannot occur.
EVOLUTION PART 4
The full
human
Classification of living organisms
Over long periods of time each
classification population will have greater
3 domain based on
Phylum Chordata understanding of chemical analysis. If two populations of one species
biochemical processes,
living things
Mendel
Gregor
Order Primates century carried out that they can no longer interbreed
classification were bacteria), true determined by units that
breeding experiments to produce fertile offspring they
Family Hominidae proposed. bacteria, eukaryota. are passed on to
on plants have formed two new species.
descendants unchanged.
Genus Homo Organisms are named by the binomial system of
Species sapiens genus and species. Humans are Homo sapiens Further understanding of genetics
Fossils
Ecosystem
Surviving and
reproducing
Habitat Place where organisms live e.g. woodland, lake. Competition
Animals compete with each other for food, mates
conditions for making
compost for use as a
EXAMPLE: Introduction of
Farmers optimise
grey squirrels to UK
that kills reds.
Community Populations of different species living in a habitat. Species depend on each other for food, shelter,
Interdependence pollination, seed dispersal etc. Removing a species
Organisms require a supply of materials from their can affect the whole community
surroundings and from the other living organisms.
Bacteria respire when breaking down dead EXAMPLE: climate change is leading to
organisms releasing CO2. Decomposition and more dissolved CO2 in oceans lowering
the pH of the water affecting
Anaerobic decay in biogas material cycling organisms living there.
generators produces
CO2 taken in
methane gas, used as a fuel. Abiotic Biotic
during
photosynthesis.
Interdependence
and competition Non-living factors
Living factors that
that affect a
affect a community
community
factors.
releasing
Moisture levels.
CO2. New predators
Adaptations Soil pH, mineral
arriving.
content.
organisation
Organisms
Wind intensity and
Levels of
Dead organisms decayed by bacteria
adaptations enable direction. New pathogens.
and fungi releasing carbon. them to survive in
conditions where Carbon dioxide
Materials are recycled to provide the levels for a plant. One species
they normally live.
building blocks for future organisms outcompeting so
Adaptations may Oxygen levels for numbers are no
Photosynthetic organisms are the producers of biomass for life on Earth be structural, aquatic organisms. longer sufficient to
behavioural or breed
Food chains functional.
Increase the rate of decay. In All food chains begin Populations form in
Consumers that kill and In a stable
enzyme controlled reactions with a producer e.g. No leaves to reduce Hollow hairs to trap
eat other animals are community the thick layers to
raising the temperature too grass that is usually a water loss, wide layer of heat. Thick
predators and those numbers of protect outer layers
high will denature the green plant or deep roots for layer of fat for
eaten are prey. predators and prey from extreme heat
enzymes. photosynthetic algae. absorbing water. insulation.
rise and fall in cycles. of vent.
with no predators.
population Producers transfer about
Plants and
1% of the incident energy Level 1 Producers
Fungus Fusarium to produce mycoprotein. Large amounts of algae.
from light for
Requires glucose syrup, aerobic conditions. glucose is used in
photosynthesis. Primary
Biomass is harvested and purified. Decomposers break down respiration, some Level 2 Herbivores
consumers.
dead plants and animal matter material egested as
GM bacterium produces insulin to treat by secreting enzymes. Small Approximately 10% of the faeces or lost as waste Secondary
diabetes. biomass from each trophic Level 3 Carnivores
soluble food molecules than e.g. CO2, water and consumers.
diffuse into the level is transferred to the urea in urine.
GM crops to provide more/nutritional food level above. Tertiary
(golden rice). microorganism. Level 4 Carnivores
consumers.
Waste management
Rapid
growth in
Biodiversity is the variety of Biodiversity and the human
Pollution in water; sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals.
all different species of population
effect of human
organisms on Earth, or within and higher Pollution in air; smoke or acidic gases.
Biodiversity interaction on the
an ecosystem standard of
ecosystem living
Pollution on land; landfill and toxic chemicals.
Experimental methods are used to determine
the distribution and abundance of a species.
AQA GCSE Land use
Organisms are counted ECOLOGY PART 3
Quadrats within a randomly Humans reduce the amount of land and
techniques
Sampling
Temperature
Environmental
distribution of
be seasonal,
Availability of water Provide land for cattle and rice
geographic or caused This conflicts with conserving
fields, grow crops for biofuels.
by human interaction. peat bogs and peatlands as
Composition of atmospheric
gases habitats for biodiversity and
reduce CO2 emissions.
Example: Several species of bird migrate from cold Deforestation reduces biodiversity
winter conditions to warmer conditions closer to the and removes a sink for increasing
equator. the amount CO2 in the atmosphere.