Presenter: Sanket Kumar Rout

MPO 1st year student

INSTITUTE OF REHABILITATION SCIENCES
ISIC, VASANTKUNJ ,NEWDELHI
 Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more
metals or metals with nonmetals in a particular
ratio.
 Example : Brass :- alloy of copper & zinc

Bronze :- alloy of copper & tin

Steel :- alloy of iron & carbon
 Alloying elements are added in order to achieve
certain properties in the material.
 Alloying elements are added in lower
percentages to increase strength or
hardenability, or in larger percentages to
achieve special properties, such as corossion
resistance or extreme temperature stability.
 Alloys are used because they have specific
properties or production characteristics that are
more attractive than those of the pure,
elemental metals.
 Metal Alloys

Ferrous Non ferrous

Steel Cast iron

Gray

Low alloy High alloy white

malleable
Low Medium High Ductile
carbon carbon carbon stainless

Plain High Heat

Plain Plain Tool
strength treatable
low alloy
 Steel is an alloy of iron having carbon contents of
0.15 to 1.5 %
 The steel of low carbon content(0.15%) is known
as mild steel and high carbon content (1.5%) is
known as hard steel.
 Steel is prepared either from cast iron or from
wrought iron.
 According to carbon content

Dead mild steel- carbon content below 0.15%

Uses: thin sheets, welded & solid drawn tubes
Mild steel- carbon content from 0.15-0.3%
Uses : bars & rods, wires, tubes, castings.
Medium carbon steel- carbon content 0.3-0.8%
Uses : laminated springs,clutch plates,steel spokes
High carbon steel- 0.8-1.5%
Uses : files, taps, hammers, punches, springs
1.Killed steel:- denoted by symbol K.
 Very severely deoxidised
 No evolution of gases during solidification
 Solidified metal is free of usual casting defects
like blow holes, pinholes, porosity, segregation.
 It carries a very sound composition
 Exhibits uniformity in its properties
 Most of the steel having more than 0.25% carbon
comes under this category
2.Semi killed steel:- known as balanced steel
 90% of the total steel produced comes under this
category
 Degree of oxidation falls between killed &
rimmed steel
 Less level of uniformity than killed steel
 Most of the structural steel carrying carbon
content between 0.15-0.25% fall in this category
 This class meet the requirements i.e. having
good outer surface & no blow holes
3.Rimmed steel :- Denoted by symbol R.
 Partially deoxidized
 Basic objective is to produce a clean surface
carrying low carbon content
 Dead mild steel having carbon content below
0.15% is usually rimmed
 Widely preferred for manufacturing process
 Have good surface finish
 Based on the number of alloying element other
than iron & carbon
 If there is only one additional alloying element
the steel is known as a three component steel.
Eg: stainless steel – iron + carbon + chromium
 If there is two additional alloying element the
steel is known as a four component steel and so
on. Eg : Chrome steel – iron + carbon + chromium
+ vanadium
Tungsten steel – iron + carbon + chromium
+ tungsten
Alloy steels are classified as :
1. Pearlitic steel
2. Austenitic steel
3. Martensitic steel
4. Ferritic steel
5. Carbidic steel
1.Structural steels
In accordance with indian standard (IS:7598-1974)
these steels are classified as:
 Low alloy steels: posseses alloying elements upto
a maximum of 5%
 Medium alloy steels: : alloying elements content
varies from 5 to 10%
 High alloy steels: alloying elements content is
more than 10%
2. Tool steel : Used in manufacturing of cutting
tools.
Two common variety of alloy tool steels:-
Low alloy steels: Contain silicon, chromium,
manganese, & tungsten as alloying elements
 Capable of retaining a high degree of hardness
upto a temp. of 2500c
High alloy steels: Contain higher proportions of
tungsten, chromium, vanadium
 Capable of retaining a high degree of hardness
upto a temp. of 6200c
 Most commonly known as High Speed Steel (HSS).
The principal alloying element, which is largely
responsible for the specific properties present in
that type of steel.
 Nickel steel
 Chromium steel
 Manganese steel
 Tungsten steel
 Cobalt steel
 Molybdenum steel
 Less than 0.25wt% carbon
 Relatively soft and weak but have outstanding
ductility and toughness
 Unresponsive to heat treatment
 Machinable
 Weldable
 Least expensive to produce

Uses :automobile body component, sheets used in

pipelines
 Carbon concentration 0.25-0.60wt%
 Heat treated & tempered to increase its
mechanical properties
 Stronger than low carbon steel but at a sacrifice
of ductility & toughness
 High strength
 Wear resistance

Uses : Railway wheels, tracks, gears, crank shafts.

 Carbon concentration 0.60-1.4 wt%
 Used in a hardened & tempered condition
 Hardest & strongest
 Least ductile

Uses: tools ,die steel, springs, high strength wires

 Predominant alloying element – chromium
 11wt% chromium
 Corrosion resistance
 Corrosion resistance may also be enhanced by
nickel & molybdenum
Uses: Gas turbines, aircraft, heat treating furnaces
Ultra high strength stainless steel:
 Unusually strong & corrosion resistant

Uses: spring knives, pressure vessels

 Meant for the manufacture of cutting tools
 These tool can safely operate at 2-3 times higher
speed than high carbon steel
 Retain their hardness upto 6200C
 Most commonly used form 18-4-1HSS.
This steel contains:18% tungsten(W),
4% chromium(Cr), 1% Vanadium(V),
.7% carbon (C) and rest iron.
 Other high speed steels are : cobalt HSS or super
HSS, Molybdenum HSS
DENSITY(1000 kg/m3)
 The density of a material is defined as its mass
per unit volume.
 The symbol of density is ρ (the Greek letter rho)
Density = mass/volume
Carbon steel - 7.85
Alloy steel- 7.85
Stainless steel – 7.75- 8.1
Tool steel- 7.72 – 8.0
 The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the
slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic
deformation region:
 λ = stress/strain where lambda (λ) is the elastic
modulus; stress is the force causing the deformation
divided by the area to which the force is applied; and
strain is the ratio of the change caused by the stress
to the original state of the object.
 Unit of elastic modulus is pascel.
Carbon steel – 190-210
Alloy steel- 190-210
Stainless steel – 190-210
Tool steel- 190-210
 Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to
change in volume in response to a change in
temperature.
 The degree of expansion divided by the change in
temperature is called the material's coefficient of
thermal expansion and generally varies with
temperature.
 Unit of thermal expansion is Kelvin.
Carbon steel –11-16.6
Alloy steel- 9.0-15.0
Stainless steel – 9.0-20.7
Tool steel- 9.4-15.1
 The melting point of a solid is the temperature
at which the vapor pressure of the solid and the
liquid are equal.
 Unit of melting point is degree celsius.
Stainless steel – 1371-1454
Carbon steel - 1425 - 1540
Alloy steel – 1415 – 1432
Tool steel - 1400 - 1425
 Thermal conductivity, k, is the property of a
material that indicates its ability to conduct
heat.
 Thermal conductivity is measured in watts per
kelvin per metre (W·K−1·m−1)
Carbon steel – 24.3-65.2
Alloy steel-26-48.6
Stainless steel –11.2-36.7
Tool steel- 19.9-48.3
 The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit
mass required to raise the temperature by one
degree Celsius.
 Q =cm∆T where Q= heat added, c= specific heat,
m= mass, ∆T = change in temp
 Unit of specific heat is joule/kg-kelvin
Carbon steel – 450-2081
Alloy steel- 452-1499
Stainless steel – 420-500
Tool steel – 461 (for T15)
 Electrical resistivity (also known as specific
electrical resistance or volume resistivity) is a
measure of how strongly a material opposes the
flow of electric current.
 A low resistivity indicates a material that readily
allows the movement of electrical charge.
 The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm
meter [Ω m].
Carbon steel – 130-1250
Alloy steel- 210-1251
Stainless steel – 75.7-1020
 The tensile strength of a material is the
maximum amount of tensile stress that it can be
subjected to before failure.
 Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is
measured as force per unit area.
 In the SI system, the unit is pascal(Pa)
or,equivalently, newtons per square metre(N/m²)
Carbon steel – 276-1882
Alloy steel- 758-1882
Stainless steel – 515-827
Tool steel- 640-2000
 The yield strength of a material is defined as the
stress at which a material begins to deform
plastically.
 Units are pounds per square inch (psi)

Carbon steel – 186-758

Alloy steel- 366-1793
Stainless steel – 207-552
Tool steel- 380-440
 Ductility is a mechanical property that describes
the extent in which solid materials can be
plastically deformed without fracture.
 This is the property of the metal by virtue of
which they can be drawn into thin wires.
 Malleability is characterized by the material's
ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or
rolling.
Nickel : improves toughness, tensile strength,
ductility and corrosion resistance
Chromium : imparts high corrosion resistance,
improves hardenability and toughness
Cobalt : improves hardness, toughness, tensile
strength, thermal resistance and magnetic
properties
Manganese : increases strength and toughness
Silicon : acts as a ferrite strengthener and improves
elastic limit
Molybdenum : increases wear resistance, thermal
resistance, hardness.
Tungsten : increases hardness, toughness, wear
resistance, magnetic reluctance, and ability to
retain mechanical properties at high temp
Vanadium : improves tensile strength, elastic limit,
ductility, shock resistance
Boron : increases hardenability
Aluminium : used as deoxidiser, provides growth of
fine grains, high degree of hardness
Copper : increase strength and corrosion resistivity
Niobium or Columbium : improves ductility,
decreases hardenability, promotes fine growth of
grains so increase impact strength.
SL NAME ALLOY PROPERTIES APPLICATI
NO METAL ON / USES
1. Nickel 3.25% Ni High elasticity and Structural
Steel ductility use
2. Invar 35% Ni Low coefficiency of Pendulum
expansion and meter
scale
3. Chrome Cr 0.8 to High tensile strength Gears and
steel 1.0% and resistant to axle springs
vanadium strain
15%
4. Cr Steel Cr (10-15%) Resistant to Cutlery and
(Stainles corrosion and rusting utensils
s Steel)

5. Mo steel Mo (0.8-3.0%) High tensile Axle, gears

strength, resistant to etc
shock
SL NAME ALLOY PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS /
NO. METAL USES

6. Platinite Ni (46%) Resemble Electric bulbs

platinum and cheap
appearance jewellery
7. Manganese Mn (12 to Very hard and Jaws of rock
Steel 13%) resistant to wear crushers

8. Tungsten Cr (5%) Retains temper High speed tools

Steel and W and hardness at
(10-18%) red heat
9. Vanadium V(5-10%) Hard and favours Permanent
Steel retention of magnets.
permanent
magnetism
 The public sector steel mill under the name of
Hindustan Steel Limited was started at Rourkela
in Orissa folloed by one at Bhilai in M.P. and
another at durgapur in West Bengal.
 All these public sector mills or steel factories are
now under the control of Steel Authority of India
Limited (SAIL).
 Fundamental Of Material Science & Engineering
by William Decallester.
 Strength of Materials by R.S.Khurmi.
 A Course In Workshop Technology, Vol.1 by
B.S.Raghuwanshi.
 Basic Principle Of Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton
And Wilkinson.
 Web based search from www. Wiekipedia .com ,
www.metalscienceinfo.com.