According to WHO definition, it is “a quantitative and qualitative description of the

health of citizens and the factors which influence their health. It identifies problems,
proposes areas for improvement and stimulates action”. 1

There are two types of Community Diagnosis.  The first one is called Comprehensive
Community Diagnosis while the second one is called Problem-oriented Community Diagnosis.

The Comprehensive Community Diagnosis is more focused on obtaining general information

about the community.  Meaning, it takes the community as a whole and gives emphasis on all of
its aspects, its strengths and weaknesses — everything.  The prioritizing of the health problems
will just come later on in the process.  Here, you’ll have to research about the community’s
demographical data, the socio-economic and cultural variables affecting health, the economic
status of the community, the status of the community’s environment, the health and illness
patterns, the health resources including health manpower and material resources, and the political
and leadership patterns.  You’ll have to look at a whole bunch of factors and see how they figure
into the health status of the people.  You’ll have relate everything — from how politics affect the
people’s health to how their culture affects their health.  Indeed, a comprehensive community
diagnosis is exactly what its name says — it’s comprehensive.  It encompasses all the aspects of
the community’s health and looks at it from all possible perspectives.  Of course, this cannot be
done in a short time, meaning that nurses who plan to make a comprehensive nursing diagnosis
have to expect that they will have to dedicate much of their time on this.

The Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis, on the other hand, deals with problems that are
readily seen and should be acted upon immediately.  For example, if there’s an epidemic in the
community, what you should make is a problem-oriented diagnosis.  After all, it would be quite
unwise to use a comprehensive community diagnosis when people are already dying and
suffering.

STEPS IN CD

PREPARATORY PHASE

1.SITE SELECTION

2.PREPARATION OF THE COMMUNITY

3. STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES

4. DETERMINE THE DATA TO BE COLLECTED

5. IDENTIFY METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION

6. FINALIZE SAMPLING DESIGN AND METHODS

7. MAKE A TIMETABLE
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

1. DATA COLLECTION
2. DATA ORGANIZATION/COLLABORATION
3. DATA PRESENTATION
4. DATA ANALYSIS
5. IDENTIFICATION OF HEALTH PROBLEMS
6. PRIORITIZATION OF HEALTH PROGRAMS
7. DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTH PLAN
8. VALIDATION AND FEEDBACK

EVALUATION PHASE

http://www.scribd.com/doc/3823526/Community-Health-Nursing

HEAT AND ACETIC ACID TEST . It is a test for Mucoproteins, Albumin and Globulin in the urine. It is a
Heat and Acetic Acid test. It is exremely accurate.
The sample (10 cc urine)is boiled and if these are present the urine turns cloudy. Acetic acid is
introduced, a drop or two of 5-10% acetic acid (not just white vinegar, which might do the trick too,
hmmm.) which will dissolve any phosphates or carbonates which could be causing the cloudiness.
Hope this helps.

The heat and acetic acid test is another semiquantitative test used to confirm the presence of protein in
urine. It is more sensitive than the SSA test because the pH of the sample is brought close to the
isoelectric point of proteins. However, this test is sometimes considered too sensitive because it can
detect trace amounts of protein that are considered normal. The heat and acetic acid test gives false
positive results with inorganic iodides, benzoin, tolutamide, and proteoses, similar to the SSA test.

http://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=hghs1uI2rg8C&pg=PA320&lpg=PA320&dq=HEAT+AND+ACETIC+ACID+TEST&source=bl&ots=sVveFlFa
xp&sig=3bu4kQqAmdcTHEjXLxCR_OzSF2w&hl=tl&ei=hkbaTKiBDs-
5cay1mMMG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=HEAT
%20AND%20ACETIC%20ACID%20TEST&f=false

BENEDICT’S TEST

A test for detecting glucose in urine in which urine is heated with a blue solution containing sodium
carbonate, sodium citrate, and copper sulfate, producing a red, yellow, or orange precipitate in the
presence of glucose. The Benedict's test allows us to detect the presence of reducing sugars (sugars with
a free aldehyde or ketone group). This is a very simple and effective method of ascertaining the
presence or the amount of glucose in the urine and can be done by the diabetic himself.

Procedure:
Take 5 ml (one teaspoon) of Benedict's solution in the test-tube.
Holding the test-tube with the holder, heat it over a spirit lamp till the Benedict's Solution boils
without overflowing.
Drop 8 to 10 drops of urine into the boiling Benedict's solution.
After again boiling the mixture, let it cool down.
While cooling, the mixture changes colour.
The colour of the mixture serves as a guide to the amount of sugar in the urine : blue-sugar
absent; green-0.5% sugar; yellow-1% sugar; orange-1.5% sugar; brick red-2 % or more sugar.

It is essential that the above test be performed two hours after a meal. In the initial stages of the
disease, a diabetic does not lose sugar in his urine, when on empty stomach. Hence if the
Benedict's test is performed in the fasting state, it is possible to miss the diagnosis of the disease.
Even if sugar is detected in the urine by Benedict's test, the diagnosis of diabetes should be
confirmed by blood-analysis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent