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3/ jrefrmjynfudka&avmif;yg? 'DEdkifiH[mi,fygao;w,ff ----------14
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 10
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11
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+++++++++
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 12 13
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2 19
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9 25
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 14
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aemufq;kH vky&f wmuawmh oabmwl&mausmufpmawGaygif;jyD;ausmufpm wwdik v f yk &f w,f/
bk&m;wqlwnf;udk a'otrsdK;rsdK;u ajrvSLwJh ausmufpmawGudkaygif;jyD; ausmufpmwck
vkyf&jyefw,f/ tJh'Dvdkaygif;jyD;ay:vmwJhausmufpmudk ]]pyfxdk;}} vdkYac:ygw,f/
(trSm pmrsuEf mS 2)/
aemuf ausmuf p m0ef a wmf p d e f c d k u pkpkaygif; pmrsufESm 2802 &Guf&SdwJh
]]{&mr}}pmtkyfMuD;? ajcmuftkyfyHkESdyfcJhygw,f/
1/ yk*H-yif;,-tif;0 ausmufpm (1892)
2 eJY 3/ bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxuf ausmufpmqifhxdk;ESpfwGJ (1897? 1897)
4 eJY 5/ txufjrefrmEdkifiHrSm pkaqmif;jyD;ausmufpmESpfwGJ (1900? 1903)
6/ bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxuf tr&yl& ykxdk;awmfMuD;a&muf ausmufpm rlvxdk;
(1913)
vef'efwuúodkvfrSm 1952-1956 umv u yg&*lbGJU twGuf
]] yk * H a cwf j ref r mAk ' ¨ o moem0if }} usrf ; ud k u Ref a wmf a &;om;wif o G i f ; wJ h t cg
ausmufpmwrsdK;wnf; udktajccHtaxmuftxm;taeeJY oHk;w,f/ tJh'DtcgqifMuD;vdkY
wifpm;ac:wJh tay:rSma&;jywJh ausmufpm pmtkyfMuD; ajcmuftkyfudk txifao;vdkU
vH k ; 0roH k ; yg/tJ ' D v d k cyf w if ; wif ; oabmxm;&mu rl v xd k ; awG ppf t wG i f ; u
aysmufysufwmawG? tpuyJaysmufwmawGtpm;? qifhxdk;pyfxdk;vnf;oHk;Edkifoavmuf
oHk;Munfhoifhw,fvdkY oabmaygufwmodyfrMumao;yg/ ‘'D v d k e J Y t ck ‘ 'D p mtk y f r S m ygwJ h
15
taMumif ; tcsuf a wG [ m wcgu uRef a wmf y ,f c J h w J h jref r my@d w f a wG u d k * k P f j yK
awmif ; yef w J h t aeeJ Y a&;om;wmjzpf y gw,f /
oef;xGef;
(trSm- pmrsufESm 3)?
(t*Fvdyfvdk Preface wGif 18 Feb 2002 [k aeYpGJwyfxm;onf/)
++++++++++++++++++
q&mMuD;\ txufygtrSmpma&;om;csufrsm;onf ausmufpmtrsdK;rsdK;tay:
q&mMuD;\ oabmxm;udkod&,Hkrutajctaet& tajctaet& oabmxm;jyif o if h o nf u d k j yif ?
*k P f j yKxd k u f o l w d k Y ud k * k P f j yK? awmif ; yef o if h o l w d k Y ud k a wmif ; yef x m;onf h
q&mMuD;\opömw&m;udk wdkwdkESifhxdxdrdrdawGYEdkifygonf/ q&mMuD;OD;atmifoif;\
]]ol Y ud k , f o l opö m &S d a omyk * ¾ d K vf } } [líokH;oyfjycsufud k¤if;? q&mr arjid r f ; \
]] t&nf t csif ; rrS D w J h cif A sm;wd Y k u d k y g&*l b G J U ay;wm usKyf r S m vJ tjypf & S d w ,f } }[l í
q&mMuD;\0efcHwwfyHk udk¤if;? xdkpmtkyfygq&mMuD;\trSmpm0gusrsm;uvnf; oufaojy
aeonf[k pma&;ol ,lqrdygonf/
+++++++++++++++++
xdkYaemuf '‘Dojyrkufausmufpm(1285) ordkif;wGifta&;ygyHk (pmrsufESm 9
acgif;pOf) atmuf&adS tmufygaumufEw I cf sufpmyd'k rf sm;udk qufvufzwf½MI unfah pvdyk gonf/
++++++++++++++++
yk*HjywdkufausmufpmpkrSm&SdaewJh '‘Dojyrkufausmufpm[m rlvu yk*Hr*FvmapwD
eJYqdkifw,f/wq,foHk;&mpkESpftukefydkif;rSm jrefrmudka&mufvmwJh armif*dkusL;ausmfppfeJY
ywf o uf j yD ; ord k i f ; aMumif ; ud k t oif o d w mxuf xl ; uJ j yD ; od & wm[m'‘D a usmuf p m
aMumif h j zpf y gw,f / jref r m&mZ0if r S m ygwJ h j zpf p Of u d k w csd K Y a e&mawG r S m jyif E d k i f w ,f /
w½kwfrSwfwrf;rSmygwJh wcsdKYtaMumif;t&mudk jznfhpGufay;Edkifw,f/
(pmrsufESm 9)/
Edk0ifbm-'DZifbm 1277ckrSm ,leefe,fMuD;udk eqmtuf'if (Nasired-Din)
udkvl3840ausmfeJY,leefjynfyqufoG,fa&;vrf;rMuD;awG udk xdef;odrf;apgifha&SmufzdkY
aoemywdcefYxm;apvTwfvdkufygw,f/
olYwyfom;awGxrJ mS armif*?kd wäK,ef (Ts’uari) ? azmh (P’o) eJY rdq k (kd Moso)
k kd rdq
awGygw,f/ wm0efuawmhrd,ef (Mien jref r m) udk wdkufcdkufzdkYjzpfygw,f/ (olu)
cHwkyf 300ausmfeJY tdrfajc 36200 udkodrf;,ljyD;ygjyD/
(pmrsufESm12)/
yk*Hu jrefrmawGu ]] usL;ausmfoltm;vHk;udk w½kwf (Taruk) }}}}vdkYac:w,f/
(&yf&Gma'otvdkuf)t&yfom;udkppfrIxrf;bdkYac:wJhtcg armif*dkwyfrMuD;rSm trsm;pku
wmhpfrsdK;wlpk (tribes) awGjzpfvdkY'Dvdkac:vdkufMuwmjzpfEdkifygw,f/ yk*HjrefrmawGu
tvG,fwultnHhrcHyg/
(pmrsufESm 14)/
iaqmifcsrf;udk armif*dkawGu 3 ‘'DZifbm 1283 rSmodrf;vdkufw,f/ aumif;pifu
16
9 ‘'DZifbm 1283 rSmusw,f/ armif*dkawG[m awmifzufudk waumif;xdatmifqif;jyD;
waumif;udk Zefe0g&D 1284 rSmodrf;ygw,f/ tJh'Daemufajrmufydkif;jrefrmudk w½kyfjynfe,f
usJef*frd,ef vdkYaMunmvdkufygw,f/
(pmrsufESm 15)/
++++++++++
q&mMuD;\ þa&;om;csurf sm;url ‘'Dojyrkuaf usmufpm (‘'Domygarmu© aysmufpm)
tb,f a Mumif h ta&;ygyH k ? w½k y f w d k Y u jref r mud k rd , ef (Mien) [k a c:yH k ?
jrefrmwdkUu]]usL;ausmfoltm;vHk;}} udk w½kyf (Taruk) [kac:yHk?wmhpfrsdK;wlpk (tribes)
uae w½kyf (Taruk) [kac:vdkufMuwmjzpfEdkifyHk? c&pfESpf 1284 Zefe0g&DvrSmjrefrmjynf
ajrmufydkif;udk w½kyf&JY usJef*frd,ef (Cheng-mien) jynfe,ftjzpfaMujimvdkufyHk
rsm;jzpfygonf/
+++++++++++++
tJ'D 1285 ckESpfrSm bk&ifem&oD[yawh u aemuf x yf p pf M uD ; rvmatmi rvmatmif
tnHhcHawmhr,fvdkY qHk;jzwfygw,f/jrefrmujidrf;csrf;a&;awmif;zdkY oQif'Domjyrkuf(‘'Domyg
armu©) acgif;aqmifapjyD; oHtzGJYwckudkapvTwfw,f/
(pmrsufESm 14-15)/
w½k u f r if ; qD u d k a &T p ma&;jyD ; Mud K wif a y;quf & w,f / w½k u f r if ; u
‘'Dpm[m&Sifbk&ifudk,fwdkifa&;wJhpmr[kwf? t&SifoljrwfvJ rif;&JUoHwrefr[kwf? 'gayrJh
vTwfvdkufygqdkwmeJY c&D;quf&w,f/ (pmrsufESm 16)/
+++++++++++
þpmydk'faumufEIwfcsufrsm;onf aemif w½kyfajy;rif;[kac:Muonfh bk&if
e&oD[yawh ppfrjzpfvdkítnHhcH&efqHk;jzwfonfhckESpf ESifh? q&mawmfMuD; t&Sif'Domygarmu©
acgif;aqmifonfo h t H zGYJ w½kyjf ynfoYkdjidr;f csr;f a&;awmif;qd&k ef oGm;cJo h nfrsm;udo k ad pygonf/
pd w f 0 if p m;p&maumif ; onf r S m w½k y f r if ; xH M ud K wif t aMumif ; Mum;pmyd k Y &mü
pmujrefrmbk&ifudk,fwdkifa&;onfhpmr[kwf? &Sif'Domygarmu¨ t&Sifoljrwfonfvnf;
oHCmawmfjzpfí rif;\oHwrefwu,fr[kwf? 'gayrJh vTwfvdkufygqdkonfh xdktcsdefu
w½k y f r if ; \oabmxm;jzpf y gonf / ,ck 2 006 ck E S p f w½k y f t mPmyd k i f r sm;\
oabmxm;uaum b,fvdkygvJ¿ [kpma&;olar;vdkygonf/
++++++++++++
w½kurf if;a&SUawmf0if&w,f/ olar;csiw f mar;wmudyk J ajz&w,f/ wdik ;f a&;jynfa&;
raqG;aEG;&yg/ aemufrSwdkif;a&;jynfa&; ajym&w,f/ y@dwf tckvTwfwJh vlESpfaomif;eJY
oHCmawGu omoemjyKzdkYjzpfw,f vdkY ajymawmh(bkef;MuD;u) t&Sifrif;MuD; ppfonfeJY
&[ef;awG apcdik ;f wJth wdik ;f aqmif&u G zf Ykd (pm;p&m) pyg;&Srd S jzpfr,f? Edik if rH mS r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfwmu
pyg;jzpfygw,f/ pm;p&m(qef)r&Sd xef;udkpif;jyD;om pm;Mur,fqdk&if 0rf;oGm;jyD;aozdkYom
&Sdygw,f/ awmudkajy;wJh &[ef;? &Sif? vl vJ jrdKUawmfudk jyef0ifygap/ awmrSmMum&if
aouk e f r ,f / tck t wd k i f ; t&S i f r if ; MuD ; tvd k q E´ rjynf E d k i f y g/ O,smOf p d k u f o l [ m
opfyifawG&Sifoefatmif a&avmif;&ygw,f/toD;tyGifh&SdjyDqdkrS cl;pm;Edkifygw,f/ (tckvJ
17
wefjymwdwf (wrÜ'Dy) udka&avmif;yg/ ‘'DEdkifiH[mi,fygao;w,f/‘'gayrJh(Ak'¨omoem)
xGef;um;&mjzpfvdkY ESpfoufzG,f&Sdygw,f/ tz a*gwrbk&m;omoem
wnf&mudkrysufap&? t&Sifrif;jrwfydkifeufMuD;rm;wmeJYpm&if 'Dwdkif;jynfuav;u
tif r wef a o;i,f y gw,f / rif ; MuD ; uES p f o uf M unf j zLpG m ul n D y grS omoem
qufvuf xGef;um;rSmjzpfvdkY ppfom;awGvTwfr,fhtpm; ppfom;awGudk½kyfodrf;jyD;
vl a wG u d k aumuf ? yJ p d k u f c G i f h a y;yg/ aumuf y J j zpf x G e f ; jyD q d k & if rif ; MuD ; MuG v m
ygawmhvdkYajymwJhtcg w½kwfrif;MuD;u...../)
(pmrsufESm 16-17)/
++++++++++++++
q&mMuD ; a'guf w moef ; xG e f ; \ þpmyd k ' f a &;om;csuf r sm;t& yk * H a cwf
w½k w f w d k Y \ usL;ausmf p pf o nf ] ] omoemjyKzd k Y t "d u }} jzpf a Mumif ; od & onf h t jyif ?
q&mawmf M uD ; t&S i f ' D o mygarmu© \ rd e f Y Mum;csuf r sm;ud k t wk , l í pma&;ol t m;
vuf&w dS ½kwtf mPmydik rf sm;ESijhf ynforl sm;tay:atmufygwdu k w f eG ;f csu0f gusrsm;udv
k nf;jzpfap
cJhygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm...?
tckvJ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfwm pyg;tjyif(pm;0wfaea&;tjyif)
w&m;Oya'pd k ; rd k ; a&;? oH k ; yG i f h q d k i f a qG ; aEG ; a&;? uk v or*¾ & J U MuD ; Muyf r I a tmuf r S m
jrefrmhta&; tjrefqHk;ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;? (2006ckESpfjynfaxmifpkaeY
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf\ urf;vSrf;csufrsm;udk jrefrmppftmPmydkifrsm;zufu
tcsdefrSDoabmayguf vufcHtaumifxnfaz:Edkifa&;) wdkYjzpfygw,f/
e,fpyftoD;oD;udkajy;Mu&wJh &[ef;&Sifvl'ku©onfawG jrdKUawmfudk
(rdrdae&yftoD;oD;udk)jidrf;jidrf;csrf;csrf; jyef0ifvmEdkifatmif w½kwftpdk;&eJYjynfol
awG u vnf ; ul n D M uyg/ w½k w f e ,f p yf t ygt0if ? e,f p yf a wG r S m jyóemaygif ; pH k
txG#ftxdyfa&mufaeygjyD/ jynfwGif;rSmvnf; jyóemaygif;pHkeJYrdkY
rMumcifwjcm;EdkifiHawGqD jyóemawG ul;pufygawmhr,f/jrefrmjynfudka&avmif;yg/
'D E d k i f i H [ mi,f y gao;w,f / jynf w G i f ; jid r f ; csrf ; a&;? w&m;Oya'pd k ; rd k ; Ed k i f a &;a&pif
oG e f ; avmif ; yg/ w½k w f j ynf o l U orwEd k i f i H a wmf M uD ; urÇ m h t v,f r S m tppt&m&m
w[k e f x d k ; zG H U jzd K ;wd k ; wuf a tmif j rif MuD ; us,f a ewmeJ Y p m&if jref r mEd k i f i H [ mtvG e f
ao;i,f ygao;w,f / yk * H a cwf x J u jref r mEd k i f i H omoemxG e f ; um;a&;
w½k w f r if ; eJ Y j ynf o l a wG t m;ay;cJ h v d k Y ES p f o uf z G , f & S d c J h w J h jref r mjynf [ m tck a wmh
tza*gwrbk & m;omoem wnf w H h z d k Y awmif tcuf t cJ a wG U ae&ygjyD / (qG r f ; rQ
rwifEdkifjzpfaeygjyD/ omoemtodkufajymif;rSm pdk;&drfae&ygjyD/) tza*gwrbk&m;
omoemwnf & mud k rysuf a p&yg/ vuf & S d w ½k w f t mPmyd k i f a wG e J Y jynf o l a wG u
ESpfoufMunfjzLpGm ulnDygrS jrefrmEdkifiHrSm omoem qufvuf
xG e f ; um;rS m jzpf y gw,f / jref r mjynf o l a wG u d k trsd K ;rsd K ;ES d y f p uf n § i f ; yrf ; aewJ h
jref r mppf t mPm&S i f a wG u d k wenf ; wvrf ; tm;ay;aerJ h t pm; ppf r I x rf ; awG
rd r d w yf p cef ; toD ; oD ; rd r d w d k Y &J U rl v wm0ef t oD ; oD ; jyef v nf x rf ; aqmif E d k i f a &;
w½k w f t mPmyd k i f r sm;eJ U jynf o l r sm; u jref r mjynf o l a wG u d k tm;ay;ul n D M uyg/
 18 19
jrefrmjynfjidrf;csrf;rS w½kwftmPmydkifrsm;eJU jynfolrsm; jrefrmjynfudk MuGa&mufMujyD;? q&mawmf M uD ; rsm;? wwf o d y nm&S i f y k * ¾ d K vf M uD ; rsm; tjref q H k ; ay:ayguf y gap?
w&m;ojzifh vnfywf ukefoG,fMuyg/ jrefrmjynfudkjidrf;csrf;a&; a&pifavmif;yg/ w½kwftpdk;&eJYjynfolrsm;u vnf; jrefrmhta&;udk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk od&Sdajz&Sif;ulnDEdkifbdkY
tck'DEdkifiH[m urÇmhtv,frSm odrfi,fae&ygao;w,f/ ponfjzifhjzpfygonf/ tjrefqHk;zdwfMum;Muygap? [k qkawmif;rdygonf/
++++++++++
þpumwGif igzd0k af vyg\? y@dwf vm½k,f yd, ’ yf ,’d o
f oQif wd0k u
f 0kd f c0fv0d f aumufi,fav
pdkufvd,f/ jyDyDaom igudk0f vTwfvwfwHk (yHk 271 33-34 ) (pmrsufESm 17-18)/
w½kwrf if;MuD;\txufygajympum;udk q&mMuD;u pmtky\ f aemufyikd ;f ( English
Section, page 14 )wGifatmufygtwdkif;a&;xm;ygonf/
The Taruk king said: “ In these words my profit is also included. Pundit,
call the monks who were running hither and thither at the time of your
coming and plant rice and beans. When they are full grown, then send
them onto me”.
‘ 'Dpum;&awmh &Sif'Domjymrkuf yk*HudkjyefcGifh&w,f (jidrf;csrf;a&;&jyDaygh)/
yk*Hrif;MuD;u aus;Zl;wifvdkY bkef;MuD;udk ajry,f 400 (1100 {u? 445.5 [uf) udk
MuHw(k rH&k mG tjrift
h edrehf ,f) u tpGwf tajcmuf pdu
k cf if;awGeYJ wuG uRef? uRJ? EGm;vJay;w,f/ q&mMuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;
'‘gawGtm;vHk;udk bkef;MuD;u &wemoHk;yg;eJY yef;yGwf&efapwDudk vSLygw,f/ ‘
xdkYtjyif w½kwftpdk;&eJYjynfolrsm;u urÇmtv,fwGift&m&mü
'd o mjyrk u f a usmuf p mud k t m;ud k ; jyD ; ?jref r m&mZ0if y gpum;tcsd K Uud k j yif q if edrfhusodrfi,fae&aom jrefrmjynfwGifbk&m;omoemwnf&mrysufatmif jidrf;csrf;a&;
Edkifw,f/ wcsdKUae&mawGrSmxyfjznfhajymp&m&w,f/ yxrtcsufajym&rSmu 1273 u a&pifoGefavmif;MubdkYESifh q&mMuD;a'gufwmoef;xGef;uJhodkY odu©m&Sd ynm&SifMuD;
w½kwfoHtzGJU udk jrefrm&Sifbk&ifu owfapcdkif;wm rjzpfEdkifbl;/ oltjyefvrf;rSm rsm;\ aemifwaeY ]] jrefrmjynf\ tpp vHk;0 ysufokOf;rI wGJzufordkif;w&m;cH}}
e,fjcm;olykefawGeJYawGUvdkY ysufpD;MuwmvJjzpfEdkifw,f/'kkwd,tcsufu yk*Hrif;[m tjzpf rS w f w rf ; wif rcH & a&; a&S ; u w½k w f { u&mZf r if ; MuD ; ES i f h j ynf o l r sm;
ykodefudk ajy;wmr[kwf/ jynf(yk*H? ajy) &JY taemufzuf vSnf;us rSm&Sdaewmjzpfw,f/ oabmaygufcJhovdk tjrefqHk;oabmaygufEdkifygap? [kvnf;qkawmif;rdygonf/
wwd,tcsufu armif*dk{u&mZfqDudk &Sif'Domjyrkuf udk vTwfvdkufvdkY jidrf;csrf;a&;
&cJ h w ,f / '‘gawG [ m ausmuf p mu&wJ h tod o pf ? tcsuf o pf a wG j zpf j yD ;
a&;jyD;om;&mZ0ifawGudk jyif&rSmjzpfygw,f/ (pmrsufESm 18)/
++++++++++++++
q&mMuD;\ txufyg ausmufpmjyefqdkcsufESifh a&;om;csufrsm;rSm
q&mawmfMuD; t&Sif'Domygarmu© \ &J&J0Hh0Hh tcsufusus &Sif;jycsufrsm;aMumifh
w½kwfrif;MuD; rdrdwdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;vnf; yg0ifaMumif;? ao;i,faomjrefrmjynf\
bk & m;omoem wnf & mrysuf quf v uf x G e f ; um;apoif h a Mumif ; ? ponf w d k Y ud k
oabmaygufcJhyHkrsm;jzpfygonf/ [dk[dk'D'Dajy;ae&aom &[ef;&SifvlwdkYudkjyefac:um
pyg; yJ ajymif;pdkufMubdkY? t&Sif'Domygarmu©udk yk*HjyefcGifhjyKjyD;
jref r mjynf j id r f ; csrf ; a&;&cJ h y H k ausmuf p mu &aomtod o pf ? tcsuf t vuf o pf r sm;
vnf;jzpfygonf/ pma&;oltwGurf l q&mMuD;'*kew f m&m a&;om;cJo h nfh ]]ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f q&ma'guf w moef ; xG e f ;
od k Y r[k w f jid r f ; csrf ; a&;yd o k u m}}aqmif ; yg;ud k y g trS w f & apcJ h y gonf / q&mMuD ;
'*kefwm&m\aqmifyg;wGif q&mMuD ; ocif u d k , f a wmf r I d i f ; w½k w f t pd k ; &eJ Y j ynf o l r sm; þaqmif ; yg;jzif h jref r mjynf o l j ynf o m;rsm;\ud k , f p m;?
Mum;odkY rMumcP tzdwfMum;cH oGm;a&mufcJhjyD; ]] yk*Hacwf ‘'Domygarmu© q&mawmf ordkif;jzpf&yftrSefudk vdkvm;oltm;vHk;\udk,fpm;? aus;Zl;&Sif q&mMuD;a'gufwm
MuD;\oHwrefudpö a&S;uAsmvuFm *E¦0ifrsm;}} udkyg aumufEIwfudk;um; &Sif;vif; oef;xGef;\ tusifh odu©m OmPf ynmESifhaumif;rItpkpkwdkYudk &Sdcdk; ylaZmfuefawmh&if;
oabmaygufapum urÇmhjidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufcJhyHkrsm; yg0ifygonf/ trQay;a0um? q&mMuD;aumif;&mok*wdrS om"k ac:Edkifygap? q&mMuD;\tvdkvm;qHk;
q&mawmf M uD ; t&S i f ' D o mygarmu© v d k ? q&mMuD ; ocif u d k , f a wmf qE´jzpfonfh jrefrmjynfMuD; jyóemaygif;pHkrS tjrefqHk;ajyvnfEdkifygap? [k pma&;olrS
rIdif;vdk jynfolUta&;&Sif;jyjyD; jidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufEdkifrnfh (jynfolMum;rS 2006 av;av;eufeuf qkawmif;ygownf;/ /
ck E S p f ? jref r mh j id r f ; csrf ; a&;oH w ref ) tjzpf ? od u © m jynf h p H k ouf M uD ; 0gMuD ; udk,fEIwf,Ofaus;? pdwfjzLazG;? at;jidrf;csrf;om &ygap/
 20
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ZGJvHkYv ESifhocifjr\jzwfxdk;OmPf
Burma Digest 19-7-2006
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awGjzpfwhJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJYocifjrrwdYk[m
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf twlwuGMudK;yrf;Mu&if; twlwuG toufay;vªcJhMu&wm
tm;vHk;odMujyD;jzpfygw,f/ tmZmenfaeYudka&mufvmwdkif;tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awGeJY
olwdkYeJYywfoufcJh orQawGudk zwfbl;Mum;bl;wmawGtygt0if udk,fpDowd&bl;MurSmyg/
uRefawmfpyfpak v;taeeJYawmh zwfb;l xm;wJh atmufygaumufEw I cf suf
2-yk'fudkjyefvnfowd&wifjycsifygw,f/
yxraumufEw I cf sufuawmh ]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\jrefrmhpdefac:oH}}
pmtkyfyg 1945-ckESpf Mo*kwfv 29-&uf? &efukefjrdKUawmfcef;rrSm usif;ywJh &efukefjrdKY&Sd
r[mrdwfwyfom;rsm; ta&SUtaemuftoif;tpnf;ta0;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU rdefUcGef;rS
jzpfygw,f/ *syefppfykvdyfawG&JU zrf;qD;n§if;yrf;ESdyfpufwmcH&jyD; AdkvfcsKyfwdkY&JUZGJ&Sd&Sd
MudK;yrf;rIaMumifh aotHhqJqJrS jyefvGwfvmwJh AdkvfAwif taMumif;jzpfygw,f/
aemuf a umuf E I w f c suf u vJ Ad k v f A wif t aMumif ; bJ j zpf y gw,f /
uReaf wmfpyfpak v;&JUtaz vefaxmifOD;pyfpk a&;om;xkwaf 0cJw h hJ ]]OD;pyfpk\ 75-ESpftMum;
49-ESpftjrif Armjynf}} pmtkyfyg ]]ocifjr\jzwfxdk;OmPf}} aqmif;yg;rSjzpfygw,f/
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD; 2-OD;&JU rdrdwdkY&JU toufcE¨m pnf;pdrf &mxl; udk riJhuGufbJ
ZGçJ vHUk vç0d&, d çOmPfynm zufpo kH ;kH jyD; rdr&d YJ vufatmufi,fom;wOD;&JU toufukd vpfvsLr½I
r&ç&atmif u,fwifcJhMuyHkrsm;jzpfygw,f/ zwf½IavhvmMunfMuyg/
++++++++++++++
ausmufqnfjidrf;csrf;a&;xdef;odrf;rI aumfrwD0if wOD;jzpfcJhbl;wJh
jAd w d o Qacwf w &m;ol M uD ; udk *syefppfykvdyfawGu zrf;w,f/ 'Dw&m;olMuD;tay:
rvdkrkef;xm;wJh vlwa,mufa,muf&JU owif;ay;csuft& *syefppfykvdyfvuf tyf&rJh
w,fvDzHk;aMu;eef;MudK;awGudk w&m;olMuD;tdrfrSmawGU&wJhtwGufaMumifhbJ/ w&m;olMuD;
tzrf;cH&jyD; t"r®ajzmifhcsufay;cdkif;vdkY(tckvdk tpGyfpGJcH&wJhtwdkif; 'DvdktvkyfrsdK;
vk y f r J h v l v H k ; vH k ; r[k w f b l ; qd k w m 'D v l u d k , f w d k i f x H r S rMum;rod & cif u bJ
usKyf w d k Y od x m;cJ h M uw,f ) ajzmif h c suf ay;vd k u f & wJ h t wd k i f ; usKyf w d k Y wyf a wG u d k
aexdkifpm;aomufa&;p&dwf axmufyHhaewJh ]ppfjyifqifrIAsL½dk} vdkUac:wJh umuG,fa&;AsL½dk
wm0ef c H 'k - Ad k v f r ª ; MuD ; zl u D rS w qif h *syef p pf y k v d y f u Ad k v f r ª ; MuD ; vuf s m eJ U
olUvufaxmufAdkvfMuD; (xdkpOfu Adkvf) Awif wdkY[m *syefqefYusifa&;vkyfief;vkyfbdkY
tJh'Dw&m;olMuD;eJY yl;aygif;MuHpnfMuygw,fvdkY usKyfudktaMumif;Mum;ygw,f/ 'g[m
tawmf&,fp&maumif;wJh vkyfMuHpGyfpGJcsufbJ/ usKyfwdkYtaeeJY *syefqefUusifwJhpdwfodkxm;jyD;
*syefudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufMuw,fqdkwm rSefygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'DvdkrSefonfhwdkifatmif
'DtrIuawmh tMuGi;f rJv h rd w
f t
hJ rI? qifwt hJ rIbJ jzpfw,f/ 'DawmhusKyfuvJ ½d;k ½d;k om;om;eJUbJ
'g[mrrSefbl;? r,HkMunf&if Adkvfrª;MuD;vufsm eJU olUvufaxmufudk ar;Edkifw,fvdkY
Adkvfrª;MuD;zluD udkjyefajymw,f/ 'gayr,fh *syefawGu tvdrfrmoHk;jyD; Adkvfrª;MuD;vufsm
21
udkcsefjyD; Awifudkac:oGm;w,f/ usKyfod&wJhtwdkif;uawmh ppfaq;ar;jref;bdkYbJ/ 'gayr,fh
&uftawmf vGefoGm;wJhtxd ol jyefrvmbl;/ Adkvfrª;MuD;zluD udk oleJUywfoufjyD;
xyf w vJ v J pH k p rf ; w,f / 'D a emuf *syef p pf X mecsKyf u d k uef Y uG u f p m yd k Y w,f /
usKyfwdkY&JabmfwcsdKYuvJ *syefppfykvdyf wyfrª;qDoGm;jyD; twif;tMuyf ajymw,f/
aemuf q H k ; awmh ES p f v avmuf t MumrS m Awif u d k vT w f v d k u f w ,f / &uf t wef M um
*syefn§if;yef;ESdyfpufwmudk cHcJh&w,f/ tjyifa&mufvmawmh wkefwkef&D&D jzpfaeao;w,f/
bD'Dat&Jabmf jzpfwJhtwGufaMumifhwaMumif;? oleJYywfoufjyD; usKyfwdkY&JU xyfwvJvJ
pH k p rf ; csuf a Mumif h w aMumif ; ? aemuf y d k i f ; rS m tn§ i f ; qJ r cH & awmh b J touf e J U ud k , f
wnfjrJae&wmbJ jzpfw,f/
++++++++++++
rEÅav;NrdKUwGif aMu;eef;MudK;acGrsm; aysmufqHk;rIwpfckjzpfavonf/
xdkaMu;eef; acGrsm;udk *syefuifaywkdiftzGJUu r&raepHkprf;csufaMumifh? aemufqHk;wGif
aMu;eef;BudK; acGrsm;cdk;aom w&m;cHudkrdavonf/ þwGif w&m;cHu ]]Armh Armh w yf r awmf
ppfvufeufXme ppf0wfppfpm; XmerSL;AdkvfAwif (,ckvuf&SdAdkvfvufsmESifhwGJzufí
yifv,fig;zrf;ukrÜPDwGif vkyfaeol)u cdk;cdkif;w,f}}[lí *syeftm;xGufqdkavonf/
xdkYaMumifhvnf; ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf½Hk;(&efukefNrdKU)odkY *syefuifaywdkif tzGJUu
AdkvfAwiftm;omzrf;qD;NyD; rEÅav;odkY ac:aqmifoGm;avonf/
rEÅav;NrdKUodYka&mufaomtcg *syefu Adv k Af wiftm; zufqpfenf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh
&uf&ufpufpuf n§if;yef;EdSyfpufjcif;trIudk jyKavonf/ ESpf&ufwpfcgxkwfNyD; ½dkufESuf
ppfaq;av\/ NyD;aemuf ppfaq;aom*syefu ]]ckaMu;eef;BudK;acGawGudk b,folucdk;
cdkif;ovJ.. Adkvfatmifqef;uvm;? Adkvfae0if;uvm;? Adkvfvufsmuvm;}} muvm;}}[lí trsdK;rsdK;
½dkufESufNyD;ar;ygonf/*syefrsm; &vdkaomtajzu ArmhwyfrawmfxJwGif OD;aqmifaeaom
Adv
k af tmifqef;? Akv d af e0if;? Adv k vf usfm þtxJrS wpfa,mufa,mufu cd;k cdik ;f ygonf[al om
tajz yifjzpf\/ odkYrSomvQif þacgif;aqmifaeolrsm;udk qufvufí *syefu'ku©ay;Edkif
awmhrnf/
trsdK;rsdK;aom n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;udk cHae&aom AdkvfAwifuvnf;
tHBudwfí cHNyD; ]]'Dudprö Sm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? Akdvfae0if;? AkdvfvusfmwdkYeJY bmrSrqdkifygbl;/
usKyfudk,fwdkifurcdk;cdkif;ygbl;/ 'DaMu;eef;BudK;acGaysmufqHk;rIeJYywfouffNyD; bmrSrodbl;?
usKyfudkowf&ifvJ cHyghr,f}}[lí &J&J0hH0Hhyifqdkav\/
þodkYAdkvfAwifudk *syefrsm;urw&m;ESdyfpufaeonfhowif;rsm;udk
trsdK;om; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfaom ocif j rruod&SdoGm;avonf/ xdkaemufydkif;wGif
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;'Pfudk r½IrvS cHae&aom AdkvfAwifudk *syefu owfawmhrnf[laom
owif;qdk;BuD;u xGufay:vm awmhonf/
jzwf x d k ; ÓPf v G e f p G m aumif ; aom ocif j ronf Ad k v f A wif u d k
*syef z rf ; qD ; xm;onf h jyóemES i f h y wf o uf í tBuH w pf c k & &S d a vonf / xd k p Of u
&efukefNrdKU0,ftvGefMoZmwduúr &Sdaom uifaywdkif tBuD;qHk;AdkvfcsKyfBuD;rSm rmZltdkum
qdkoljzpf\/ olonfa&Tjym;ESifh Mu,fwpfyGifhjzpf\/ olpD;avaomum;rSm 7-a,mufpD;
a'gh u m;jzpf N yD ; tvH a &mif r S m t0gjzpf \ / ol \ 0goemrS m naewd k i f ; vd k v d k
A[ef;(,cktdk&d,ifhuvyf)uefawmfBuD; em;wGif ig;rQm;csdwfESifh vdyfrsm;udkrQm;avh&Sdonf/
 22
þ*syefAv
kd cf sKyfBuD; rmZltu
kd monf*syefjynfüZeD;wpfa,muf&adS vonf/
ZeD;ti,frSm tvGefacsmí oltvGefcspfjrwfEdk;jcif;udk cH&oljzpfonf/ xdkZeD;i,fxHrS
*syefjynfwGif om;a,musfm;av;wpfa,mufzGm;jrifaMumif; olYxHodkY pmwpfapmifvm\/
onfowif;aumif;udk odNyD;jzpfaeaom *syefuifaywdkifAdkvfcsKyfBuD;onf tvGef0rf;omNyD;
yDwdaomreójzpfaecsdefjzpfavonf/ þtaMumif;udk ocifjruaumif;pGmodESifhxm;NyD;
jzpfavonf/
("gwf y H k r sm;\ vuf 0 J t pG e f r S m ocif j rES i f h A d k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; jzpf o nf )
xdkYaMumifh wpfaeYaomtcg ocifjronf ocifEk(0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek)?
ocif oef;xGef;(Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif)wdYk EiS t hf wl uifaywdik f Adv
rmZl t d k u m\td r f o d k Y oG m ;a&muf M uavonf / a&muf v Qif a &muf c sif ; ocif j ru
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'gaMumifh usKyfwdkYudk xrif;auR;&r,faemf}}
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tHhMooGm;\/ NyD;aemufrS owd&í
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om;a,musfm;av; wpfa,mufzGm;jrifw,fr[kwfvm;}}
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.. [k w f w ,f [k w f w ,f } }[l í jyef a jymvd k u f a vonf / þpum;wpf c G e f ; aMumif h y if
rmZl t d k u m\rsuf E S m onf od o d o momBuD ; Munf v if oG m ;avonf /
vlwpfa,mufpdwf&Tifvef;aecsdefwGif udk,f\ajympum;onf atmifjrifonf [laom
oabmw&m;udk ocifjru aumif;aumif;BuD;odxm;ESifh\/ xdkYaMumifhyif pdwf&Tifvef;
jrL;xl;aeaom rmZltdkumtm; ocifjruqufíajymavonf/
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wwfEdkiforQ olwpfyg;&JUtoufudk ab;rJhvTwf&w,f...}}
]]b,fvdkrsm;vJ}}
23
]]qd k v d k w muawmh ud k , f h r S m om;a,musf m ;av;zG m ;wJ h t cgrS m
aorJhvl&JUtoufvTwf ay;&if udk,fhom;a,musfm;av; [mvJ tbdk;wefwJha,musfm;aumif;
wpfa,muf jzpfvmEdkif wJhoabmaygh..? ckajymvdkwmu wpfjcm;awmhr[kwfbl;..?
rEÅav;uifaywdkiftzGJUu zrf;xm;wJh uRefawmhfrdwfaqG AdkvfAwifudpöbJ? AdkvfAwif[m
vl½dk;vlat;wpfa,muf jzpfaMumif;udk uRefawmfaumif;aumif;BuD;odygw,f/ olYrSm
bmtjypfrSr&Sdygbl;/ wu,fvdkY olYrSmomtjypf&Sd½dk;rSef&if uRefawmf[mb,fvdkvkyfNyD;
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;udkvmajym0HhyghrvJ}}
]]cifAsm;ajymwmtrSefyJaemf}}
]][kwfygw,f...r,Hk&ifAdkvfAwiftaMumif;udkAdkvfcsKyfBuD; udk,fwdkifpHkprf;Munfhyg}}
uifaywdkifAdkvfcsKyfBuD;rmZltdkumonf xdkif&mrSxí rEÅ a v;Nrd K U
uif a ywd k i f &S d r m'g xHodkY 0g,mvufjzifh AdkvfAwifudktjrefqHk;vTwf&eftaMumif;Mum;
vdkufyg\/ aemufwpfaeY wGif AdkvfAwifonf &efukefNrdKUodkYa&mufvmawmhonf/
uHaumif;axmufrçaomAdkvfAwifonf ocifjr\aus;Zl;aMumifh
toufESifhcE©m tdk;pm;ruGJyJ 44-&ufom tcsKyfcH tn§if;cH&NyD; vGwfajrmufvmcJhygonf/
onfhaemufwGif AdkvfAwifonf Armwyfrawmfü olY&Sd&if;pGJtvkyfwm0efudk qufvuf
xrf ; aqmif a e\/ Ad k v f A wif v G w f v maMumif ; ud k Ad k v f a tmif q ef ; tp&S d a om
Armhwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;u odí rsm;pGmyif0rf;omaeMuonf/
k cf sKyfBuD;
tvnfwGif&yfaeolrSm AdkvfAwif jzpfonf
+++++++++++
þaumufEIwfcsuf 2-ckt& tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD; 2-OD;jzpfwJh
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJYocifjrwdkY[m vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;jzpfMuwJh ocifEk? ocifoef;xGef;
wkYt
d ygt0if bD'aD t &Jabmfrsm;eJYtwl rdrw d Ykd tzGYJ 0if Adv
k Af wifukd *syefvufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;
enf;aygif;pHkeJYMudK;yrf;cJhMuyHkrsm;udk odEdkifMuygjyD/
24
'ghtjyif OD;pyfpka&;om;xkwfa0cJhwJh ]]OD;pyfpk&JUxl;wJhpyfpk 'kwd,wGJ}}
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a'guf w mAarmf ? Ad k v f & ef E d k i f ? xd k p Of u Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;0ef M uD ; ocif E k ? w½k y f t rsd K ;om;
jAef [ wf a bG t oif ; MuD ; &J U Ouú | yD a uacsmif ; ? vef a xmif a [mf w ,f y d k i f & S i f O D ; pyf p k ?
trnf r az:xk w f w J h A rm0ef M uD ; wOD ; wkYdeJUtwl xdkpOfu 'k w d , 0ef M uD ; csKyf j zpf w J h
tmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ; ocif j r uyg xd k p Of u aubd k w d k i f c sKyf O D ; AaqG
awmfveS af &;aeYtrSD *syefvufrv S w G af jrmufEikd af &; enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifMh udK;yrf;cJyh rkH sm;yg&Syd gw,f/
uRefawmfzwfrSwfavhvmrdorQxJrSm tmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ;
wOD ; jzpf w J h rd k i f ; yG e f a pmf b G m ;MuD ; p0f p H x G e f ; tygt0if apmf b G m ;MuD ; 6-a,muf udk
*syefvufrS u,fwifcJh&mrSmvnf; tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awGjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJY
ocifjrwdkYtjyif tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;aemufwOD;jzpfwJh OD;b0if; vJyg0ifcJh
ygw,f/ rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;MuD;wdkYudk u,fwifEdkifa&; vefaxmifOD;pyfpk pDpOfwJh tdk&D&ifhuvyf
rdwfpHkpm;azsmfajzyGJMuD;eJU vefaxmifa[mfw,fnpmpm;yGJMuD;awGudk *syefuifaywdkif
csKyf *sife&,frwfpltdkumeJYtzGJYwufa&mufvma&;t"duqufo, G zf w d Mf um;ay;cJo h al wG[m
tJh'Dtcsdefu jynf x J a &;0ef M uD ; jzpf a ewJ h OD ; b0if ; eJ Y 'k 0 ef M uD ; csKyf o cif j rrwdkYygbJ/
tmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ; wOD ; jzpf w J h OD ; b0if ; [m txuf u Ad k v f A wif e J Y
OD;AaqGwdkUvGwfajrmufa&;awGrSmvJ jynfxJa&;0efMuD;taeeJY wdkuf½dkufywfoufulnDcJholyg/
*syeftzrf;cHapmfbGm;MuD; 6-OD; aqmif;yg;wGiftus,fa&;xm;ygonf/)
(*syef
tJ'h v
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u,fwifcJhMuwJhtmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD; awGjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ocifjr eJY
OD ; b0if ; wd k U [m w½k y f t rsd K ;om;vef a xmif O D ; pyf p k e J Y t wl wuú o d k v f & d y f o mvrf ;
t*FvdyfolvQdKvkyfrIrSm tzrf;cH&wJh tdE´d,vlrsdK; 30-40 udkvnf *syefvufaowGif;u
u,fwifEdkifvdkufMuw,fqdkwm ]]*syefacwf0,f}}}aqmif;yg;rSmawGY&ygao;w,f/
'gayrJh rdrt
d oufxuf wyg;olwYkd&UJ toufcE¨m tjzmjzmawGukd ydrk w kd efb;kd
xm;av;pm; u,fwifavh&SdMuwJhtmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awGudk,fwdkifrSmawmh------/
þaqmif ; yg;jzifh 1947-ck E S p f Zl v d k i f v 19-&uf aeUwG i f
touf a y;vª o G m ;cJ h M uaom tmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ; rsm;ES i f h a cwf t quf q uf
vGwfvyfa&;? jidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDESifh vlYtcGifhta&;? vIyf&Sm;MudK;yrf;cJhMuol?
vI y f & S m ;Mud K ;yrf ; aeMuol ? tmZmenf t aygif ; tm; uRef a wmf v ef a xmif p yf p k a v;rS
av;pm;pGm OD;nTwf *kPfjyKtyfygownf;/ /
udk,fEIwf,Ofaus;? pdwfjzLazG;? at;jidrf;csrf;om &ygap/
25
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuDrsm;ESifhapmfbGm;pyfpk
Burma Digest (17-7-2006)
ESppf Ofrsm;aomtm;jzifh tmZmenfaeYywf0ef;usi&f ufawGrmS jrefrmEdik if o H m;awG
udk,fpDudk,fiS udk,fenf;udk,f[efeJY tmZmenfaeYtxdrf;trSwfyGJawG jynfwGif;jynfy
a&muf & mt&yf a wG r S m usif ; yMu? tmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ; awG t Mumif ;
a[majymrSwfom;em;axmifaqG;aEG;MujyD; tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awG&JY*kPfaus;Zl;udk
owdw&az:xkwfavh&SdMuygw,f/ tdE´d,EdkifiH tifzg;jrdKUa&mufaewm wESpf&SdjyDjzpfwJh
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif; uRefawmfpyfpkav;uawmh awGYorQpmtkyfpmwrf;awGrSm
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awGeJYywfouforQ pmawG&SmazGzwf&Iaeygw,f/ wwfEdkiforQ
tifwmeuf 0bfqu kd pf af wGrmS pmawG"gwfyakH wG&mS azGjyD;zwf&YI avhvmodr;f qnf; rSww f rf;wif
aerdygw,f/
tJh'DrSmtmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ; Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; eJYywfouforQ
awGrsm;pGmawGY&jyD; usef tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awG&JYrSwfwrf;awGrsm;rsm;rawGYrdyg/
'‘gaMumifh uRefawmfpyfpak v; od&rdS w S o f m;xm;wmawGxu J tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;wOD;
jzpfwJhocifjrrtaMumif;]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ZGJvHkYvESifhocifjr\jzwfxdk;OmPf}}}aqmif;yg;rSm
a&;om;jyD;jzpfygw,f/ tmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ; OD ; b0if ; \ *syefacwf'ku©a&muf
aeolrsm;udjk ynfxaJ &;0efMuD;taejzifu h n kH csKd Yvnf;yg&Syd gw,ftmZmenf
l cD yhJ t tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;
aemufwOD;jzpfwJh rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;MuD;p0fpHxGef;(Sao SanHtun) taMumif; tckwifjy
yg&ap/
uRef a wmf p yf p k a v;&J Y t az vef a xmif O D ; pyf p k a&;om;xk w f a 0cJ h w J h
OD ; pyf p k \ xl ; wJ h p yf p k yxrwG J ? '‘k w d , wG J eJY 75ES p f t Mum; 49ES p f t jrif A rmjynf
pmtkyfrsm;udk t"duudk;um;jyD;a&;om;wmyg/ zwf½IavhvmMunfMuyg/
+++++++++++++
vG e f a vNyD ; aom 1943-ck E S p f ? puf w if b mv 26-&uf a eY?
*syefuifaywdkifcsKyf rwfqltdkum wynfhwpfOD;? az:rdkqmpum;jyefwpfOD; olwdkYESpfOD;[m
uREf k f y f \ a[mf w ,f r S m aeY w d k i f ; 0if x G u f o G m ;vmNyD ; awmh pm;aomuf a eMuygw,f /
uREf k y f [ mvnf ; ol w d k Y E S p f O D ; ud k txl ; *½k p d k u f í {nf h c H a uR;arG ; ygonf / uREf k y f [ m
ar;ygrsm;pum;&qdkonfh armifaygufusdKif; xHk;vdkoHk;onfhtwGufaMumifh uREfkyfudk
olwYkdEpS Of ;D uajymjyygonf/ &Srf;jynfawmifBuD;u ppfAdkvfcsKyf tD;pDblvm [m reufjzefum
apmf b G m ;BuD ; 6-OD ; &ef u k e f o d k Y a c:vmrnf / 'D a pmf b G m ; 6-OD ; ud k *syef u if a ywd k i f
rouF m p&mtcsuf w pf c k c k a wmh & S d v d r h f r ,f v d k Y xif w ,f q d k w mud k ajymoG m ;w,f /
ol w d k Y a jymoG m ;NyD ; awmh ? uREf k y f [ m pd w f x J r S m yl r d w ,f / 'D * syef u if a ywd k i f awG [ m
vlBuD;vlaumif;rSef;rod t&rf;uma&mvkyfwwfw,f/ 'DapmfbGm; 6-OD;udk *syefuifaywdkifu
t&rf;uma&mapmfum;rSm pdk;&drfrdonfhtwGuf uREfkyf[m trsdK;rsdK;vdkufvH pHkprf;w,f/
 26
olwdkYwpfawG[m pufwifbmv 27-&ufaeYusawmh urf;em;vrf; px&if;a[mfw,frSm
vmNyD;wnf;cdkaeMuygonf/
*syeftzrf;cH&onfhapmfbGm;6-OD;rSm
1/ &S r f ; trsd K ;om;acgif ; aqmif B uD ; rd k i f ; yG e f a pmf b G m ;p0f p rf x G e f ; / ¤if;[m
1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12-&ufaeYjyKvkyfonfh yifvHknDvmcHudk tm;BudK;rmefwuf
aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf/ 1947-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 19-&ufrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl
usqHk;aomapmfbGm;BuD;jzpfygonf/
2/ oxHkapmfbGm; p0fcGefMunf? olvnf; yifvHknDvmcHwGif tm;BudK;rmefwuf
tpDtpOfay;oljzpfygonf/ olvnf; 96-yg;a&m*ga0'emESifh uG,fvGeftedpaö &mufoGm;ygNyD/
3/ ,ckvuf&Sd vlrsdK;pkvTwfawmf em,uBuD; anmifa&TapmfbGm; p0fa&Todkuf/
4/ ,ckvuf&Sd &Srf;jynfe,fOuú|? jynfxJa&;0efBuD; odEéDapmfbGm; p0f[Hkz/
5/ rdk;eJapmfbGm; p0fyd? &Srf;jynfe,f jynfxJa&;0efBuD;a[mif;/
6/ orcef ; apmf b G m ; p0f x G e f ; at;? vl 0 if r I B uD ; Muyf a &;0ef B uD ; a[mif ;wdkY
jzpfygonf/
rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;p0fprfxGef; anmifa&TapmfbGm; p0fa&Todkuf
[dkpOftcsdefu px&if;a[mfw,frSm txufygapmfbGm; 6-OD;udk uREfkyf[m
oGm;awGU ygw,f/ 'DapmfbGm; 6-OD;[m tukefvHk;rsufESmraumif;Muyg/ uREfkyf[m
xrif;ac:auR;rnf [k ajymaomtcg olwdkY[mvufumjyí ]]aeygap udpör&Sdygbl;}}qdkNyD;
olwdkY[m rsufESm ysufaeMuygonf/ uREfkyf[m 'DtcsdeftcgrSm apmfbGm;rsm;eJYtwl
awmif B uD ; uygvmonf h *syef p pf A d k v f B uD ; tD p D b l v mxH u d k uREf k y f [ m
cspfcif&if;ESD;wJholESifhtwlwloGm;NyD;awmh pHkprf; ar;jref;ygonf/
]]'D a pmf b G m ; 6-OD ; [m uREf k y f \ rd w f a qG a [mif ; awG j zpf y gonf ?
pdwfoabmxm;vnf; tifrwef½dk;om;ygw,f? t*FvdyfESifheD;pyfwmuawmh [dkwkef;u
t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;wmudk? 'DapmfbGm; 6-OD;tay:txifrvGJygESifh? ,ck&Srf;jynfe,frSm AdkvfBuD;[m
27
at;at;csrf;csrf;ESifhtkyfcsKyfzdkY&m &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;í aygif;oif;qufqHyg/
'Dvdk&Srf;trsdK;om;awG &Srf;apmfbGm; awGudkMunfndKwm[m bmESifhwlovJqdkawmh
*syeftrsdK;om;[m *syefbk&ifudkMunfndKwmeJY twlwljzpfygw,f}}vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/
aemufNyD;*syeftrsdK;om;rsm;[m tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf vufnd§K;xdk;tjypfajym&if rauseyf
rcH E d k i f í 0d k i f ; 0ef ; NyD ; wd k u f M uovd k &S r f ; vl r sd K ;rsm;[mvnf ; tvm;wl 0 d k i f ; 0ef ; NyD ;
tm;vH k ; utjyKwf w d k u f M urS m ygyJ v d k Y ajymqd k N yD ; ? uREk f y f u uif a ywd k i f A d k v f c sKyf
*sife&,frwfpltdkummxHus&if aumif;aumif;rGefrGef ajyajyjypfjypfjzpfzdkYudk ajymqdkay;ygvdkY
awmif;yefygw,f? oluvnf;aumif;ygNyDvdkY uwday;ygonf/
1943-ckESpf?pufwifbmv 29-&ufaeY n 7-em&Dtcsderf mS uefawmfrdwf
tdk&D,ifhuvyfü uREkfyf[m xrif;pm;yGJBuD;wpfckusif;yygonf/ awmifBuD;rSppfAdkvfBuD;
tDpDblvm? uifaywdkifcsKyf *sife&,f rwfqltdkum? Adkvfatmifqef;? ocifjr? OD;b0if;?
aysmf b G , f O D ; jr? O D ; v S a z ? j A e f [ y f a b G t o i f ; B u D ; O u | y D a u a c s m i f ; ?
aumf r wD v l B uD ; rsm;?pum;jyef vl v lB uD ; rsm;ES i f h w uG v l B uD ; vl a umif ; rsm;
rsm;pHknDpGmwuf
a&mufMuonfESifhwNydKifeuf jrefrmhZmwfobif0efbk&m;'umBuD; 0PÖausmfxifOD;bdk;pdef
\ Zmwf o bif t zG J U BuD ; \wcJ e uf w l & d , mtoH o nf N id r f h a nmif ; om,mpG m ay:xG u f
vmavawmhonf/ emrnfausmfemrnfBuD;vl x k t oJ p G J aumvd y f p d e f xGufvmonf/
aumvd y f p d e f \ tuES i f h t vS o nf *syef u if a ywd k i f t&m&S d B uD ; i,f w d k Y tm;
yxrOD;pGmpdwf0ifpm;aponf/ xdkYaemuf *syeft&m&Sdrsm; rarQmfvifhaom OD;bdk;pdef\orD;
touf 14-ESpf&Sd jrifhjrifhpdef onf *syeftuudk pepfwusujy&HkrQru *syefwpfjynfvHk;
*syeftrsKd;om;tm;vH;k tBudKufq;kH jzpfonfh em*gqm*D-armaem*wm&DESifh Asmuk&aemtlw
oDcsif;ESpfyk'fudk oDqdkujy&m*syeft&m&Sdrsm;ESifhy&dwfowfBuD;\wcJeufMobmoH[m[def;
oGm;avawmhonf/ em*gqm*DNrdKUawmftaMumif;ESijhf rif;vSn;f uav;jzift h rsK;d orD;ucspo f u
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28
apmf b G m ;MuD ; rsm;\axmuf c H p mES i f h apmf b G m ;pyf p k ? aumf v d y f p d e f ? jrif h j rif h p d e f
'Dtcsed w f iG f uREyfk Of ;D pyfp[
k m tcsuaf umif;,lum *syefuifaywdik Bf uD;tm;
pum;pygawmhonf/
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*syef u if a ywd k i f B uD ; [mtvG e f o abmusaMumif ; tm;&yg;&ajymjyaepOf uREf k y f u
]'g[mjref r mtrsKd ; orD ; uav; wpf a ,muf j zpf y gonf / *syef v d k 0 wf v d k u f a wmh
*syefESifhwpfyHkpHwnf; jzpfaeygNyD? odkYjzifh *syefESifh jrefrm? &Srf;? w½kwfrsm;onfvnf;
tm&Swdkif;om;csif; taoG;wlta&mifwlawG jzpfMuygw,f/}
'D w G i f uif a ywd k i f B uD ; [m oabmayguf o G m ; ygawmh o nf /
MobmoHrsm;csD;usL;oHwdkYjzifh xrif;pm;yGJBuD;onf 1943-ckESpf pufwifbmv 29
&ufaeYnwGif xajrmufatmifjrifpGm NyD;pD;oGm;NyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf tcGifhaumif;,lum
]rmpwm tm&Swdkif;om;csif; wlojzifh trsKd;wlvlcsif;udkrcGJjcm;ygESifh? ,ck rmpwmwdkY
ac:,lxm;aom &Srf;apmfbGm;BuD; 6-OD;wdkYrSm &efukefudk a&muf&Sdaeygonf/ olwdkYonf
*syefudkawmfvSef&Jolr[kwfyg/ t*FvdyfESifhaygif;oif;w,fqkdwmuawmh [dktcsdefawGwkef;u
toifhtwifhqufqHwmyg/ ,ckcifAsm;wdkYa&mufvmjyD; tkyfpdk;jyefawmhvJav;pm;&rSmbJ}
[kajymjy&m *syefuifaywdkifBuD;onf auseyfrI&&SdoGm;avawmhonf/
1943-ckESpf pufwifbm 30-&ufaeU nydkif;wGifapmfbGm;BuD;rsm;
tygt0if npmxrif;pm;yGJBuD;wpfckudk qif,ifusif;ycGifh&cJhjyefonf/twdwfedrdwft& 6-
*Pef ; onf t wd w f r aumif ; 9-*Pef ; jzpf a tmif ,ck v uf & S d apmf b G m ;BuD ;
ajcmuf a ,muf t jyif aemuf x yf o H k ; a,muf x yf j znf h & ef o abmwl y gaomf v nf ;
apmfbGm;t0wftpm;ESifh *syefa&SUrSm jy0Hholr&Sdojzifh uREkfyfOD;pyfpk wa,mufwnf;yif
apmfbGm;t0wftpm;0wf&efoabmwljyD;? rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;u uREfkyfOD;pyfpktm;
apmfbGm;acgif;aygif;ESifh t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqifay;onf/
od k Y jzif h n pmxrif ;pm;yG J BuD ;tcsd e f u d k a&muf & S d N yD q d k r S j zif h
*syeft&m&SBd uD;rsm;? jrefrmacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;? tpkt H nDa&SUwGif apmfbmG ;BuD; 6-OD; tpDpOfvu kd f
0ifvmMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYaemufrS uREfkyfOD;pyfpk[mvnf; apmfbGm;t0wftpm;ESifhygvmonf/
y&d w f o wf B uD ; uvnf ; apmf b G m ; 6-a,muf q d k N yD ; b,f u wpf a ,muf y d k v movJ ?
29
xdkapmfbGm;onf rnfolrnf0g jzpfygovJ? ponfjzifh taotcsmMunfhaeMupOf twefMumrS
apmfbmG ;pyfprk eS ;f odMuojzifh *syefa&mjrefrmyg 0dik ;f 0ef;Mobmay;EIwq
f ufMuNyD;? 'Dtcsderf pS í
uREfkyfOD;pyfpkonf apmfbGm;pyfpk tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdvmygawmhonf/ apmfbGm;pyfpk\
ajymjyazsmif;zsrdwfqufay;rIawGaMumifh w½kyftrsdK;om;rsm;ESifh &Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;wdkYonf
*syefwYkd\NidKjiifjcif;&efab;rS uif;vGw&f ukeo f nf/ þwGiaf pmfbmG ;pyfpk jzpf&yfjzpfyakH ywnf;/
OD;cifarmifjzL? p0fa&Todkuf? OD;pyfpk p0fa&TodkuforD;p0fpE´m? rusifjrdKif? p0fa&Todkuf?
(t"dywdtdrfawmfwGif) aysmfbG,fOD;jr? r[ma'0Dp0f[ifcrf;? OD;pyfpk? OD;xGef;wif
+++++++++++++
txufygtwdkif; tmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ; rd k i f ; yG e f a pmf b G m ;MuD ;
p0f p H x G e f ;tygt0if apmfbGm;MuD; 6-a,muftm; u,fwifEdkifa&; OD;pyfpkudkaemufuG,frS
tultnDESifhtm;ay;wdkufwGef; tMuHOmPfay;olrsm;xJrSm t"duyk*¾dKvfrsm;uawmh
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awGjzpfMuwJh ppf0efMuD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;?
'‘kwd,0efMuD;csKyfocifjr eJY jynfxJa&;0efMuD;OD;b0if; wdkYbJjzpfygw,f/ ‘'Dtcsufudk
1957ckESpf Mo*kwfv 5-&ufaeYxkwf t*Fvdyf ae;&Sif;owif;pm pmrSmygwJh SAWBWA
SATSU'S DIPLOMACY 14 YEARS AGO RECALLED; CHOICE FOOD, WINE &
DANCING GIRLS SOOTHED MATSUOKA'S SAVAGE BREAST
(apmf
apmfbGm;pyfpk\vGefcJhaom 14-ESpf oHwrefa&;aqmif&GufrIjyefvnfaz:xkwfcsuf/
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*sife&,f rwfpltdkumeJYtzGJYwufa&muf vma&; t"duqufoG,fzdwfMum;ay;cJholawG[m
tJh'Dtcsdefu jynfxJa&;0efMuD;jzpfaewJh OD;b0if;eJY'k0efMuD;csKyfocifjrrwdkYygbJ/
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30 31
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z G J Y v k H ; e J Y a c g i f ; a q m i f t m ; v H k ;;ud k a rwå m &yf c H v d k u f w myg/ ]]OD;pyfpkac:
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apmfbGm;pyfpk&JY pyfpyfpkpk vkyfyHkawGudk wdkif;jynfu vufcHauseyfcJhwm[m tmZmenf
acgif ; aqmif M uD ; awG u d k ul n D b l ; vd k Y y gbJ / tck e0w? etz vl M uD ; rif ; awG u awmh
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;awGudk trsdK;rsdK; aus;Zl;uef;aeMuwmtm;vHk;todygbJ/
'gaMumifh 2006ckESpf 59-ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfaeYtxdrf;trSwftjzpf
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;rsm;\*kPfaus;Zl;tjzmjzmudk trsm;odatmifaz:xkwf&if;
rsufarSmufacwf 'Drdkua&pDeJYvlYtcGifhta&; tmZmenfacgif;aqmif
a':atmif q ef ; pk M unf ? tmZmenf a cgif ; aqmif M uD ; rsm;\rsd K ;quf tmZmenf
acgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h wwd k i f ; wjynf v H k ; &S d tmZmenf t a[mif ; topf t aygif ; tm;
wwfpGrf;orQ ulnDMubdkY? udk,fpDudk,fiS tmZmenfjzpfa&; tm;us MudK;yrf;EdkifMubdkY
a&;om;wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ygownf;/ /
udk,fEIwf,Ofaus;? pdwfjzLazG;? at;jidrf;csrf;om &ygap/
 32
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\pnf;½Hk;a&;pGrf;&n
&nff
Burma Today (11-9-2006)
tmZmenf t rsd K ;om;acgif ; aqmif M uD ; Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; onf
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tygt0if jrefrmjynfolvlxkMuD;w&yfvHk;? rdrdESifhwef;wlvkyfaz:
udkifzufrsm;? rdrd\wynfhvufatmufi,fom;rsm; ESifh t*Fvdyf *syef w½kyf tdE´d, paom
EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;uyg ,HkMunftm;udk; wefbdk;xm;av;pm; todtrSwfûyjcif;cH&olwOD;
jzpfaMumif; tm;vH;k oabmwl od&MdS ujyD;jzpfonf/ þodYk acgif;aqmifaumif;tjzpf trsm;pk\
todtrSwfûyjcif;udkcH&onfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfrI? &JpGrf;owåd?
tcsd e f u d k u f v k y f a qmif E d k i f r I ? tvk y f u d k v uf a wG Y ususvk y f a qmif E d k i f r I r sm; tjyif
pnf;½Hk;a&;pGrf;&nfaumif;rsm;aMumifhvnf;jzpfygonf/
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\pnf;½H;k a&;pGr;f &nfaumif;rsm;twGuf ‘'dkUArmtpnf;
Adv
t½H k ; ? &J a bmf o H k ; usd y f ? bD t d k i f a t? bD ' D a t rS t p aeol & d e f v l x k t pnf ; ta0;MuD ; ?
uE´DpmcsKyf? a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,Hvlxktpnf;ta0;MuD; tv,f? zqyvjynfvHk;uRwf
nDvmcHMuD;rsm;? atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf ESifh yifvHknDvmcHwdkYtqHk; wdkif;odjynfod
urÇmod oufaoxlcJhjyD;jzpfygonf/
*syefacwfAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&Hk;xdkifcJhonfhppf0efMuD;&Hk;
rdrdwdkY\w½kyftrsdK;om;rsm; *syefwdkY\ zrf;qD;owfjzwfESdyfpufjcif;rS
umuG,fuif;vGwfEdkifa&; w½kyftrsdK;om;jAef[yfabGtoif;MuD;udk pwifwnfaxmifcJhol
wOD ; jzpf a om w ½ k y f t r s d K ; o m ; M u D ; O D ; p y f p k t m; Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; \
pwifawGUqHkpnf;½Hk;cJhyHkrsm;rSmrl ,cktcg od&SdzwfrSwfrdol tvGefenf;yg;oGm;jyDjzpfojzifh
33
jyefvnfaz:xkwfwifjytyfygonf/
++++++++++
1944-ck E S p f t wG i f ; rS m Armh w yf r awmf r S w½k y f t rsd K ;om;
jAef[wfabGtoif;BuD;udk pmwpfapmiftaMumif;Mum;ay;ydkYvdkufw,f/ Armhwyfrawmfu
ay;yd k Y taMumif ; Mum;vd k u f o nf h pmuawmh tjcm;r[k w f y g/ þtoif ; BuD ; xJ r S
udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;[m OD ; 0d p m&vrf ; ppf 0 ef B uD ; ½H k ;rSmvma&mufNyD; Armh w yf r awmf
a x m u f y H h a & ; & e f y H k a i G t wG u f wd k i f y if a qG ; aEG ; &ef j zpf w ,f vd k Y yg&S d y gw,f /
uREfkyfwdkYjAef[wfabGtoif;BuD;[mvnf; 'Dpma&mufonfhtcsdefrSm tpnf;ta0;udk
csuf c sif ; ac:vd k u f w ,f / tpnf ; ta0;wuf a &muf v monf h aumf r D w D v l B uD ; awG [ m
Armhwyfrawmfudk udk,fpm;vS,fvTwfzdkYtaMumif;Mum;onfhtcg wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf
rsufESmudkMunfhMuNyD;? ppf0efBuD;½Hk;udkoGm;zdkYowådr&Sdygbl;/ tukefvHk; tonf;aMumif
Muygonf/
[dw k ek ;f u apmfbmG ; 6-OD;[m 6-*Pef;raumif;í aemufxyf 3-OD;jznfí h
apmfbGm; 9-OD;vkyf&efudk oabmwlygaomfvnf; vkyfrnfholr&Sdovdk jzpfaejyefygw,f/
( þtaMumif;tao;pdyfudk Burma Digest wGif tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;rsm;ESifh
apmfbGm;pyfpk aqmif;yg;ü pma&;ola&;om;jyD;jzpfygonf)/ [dkpOftcgu av,mOfysH[m
cPcPvmNyD ; AH k ; tm;BuD ; csygonf / AH k ; xd M uonf h v l ? puf a oewf r S e f w J h v l a wG u d k
jrLeDpyg,ftrIdufusHkK;um;[m vlaoaumifawGudk iydaumifawGvdkxyfwifNyD;,loGm;wmudk
vltrsm;awGUjrif&w,f/ trsm;tm;jzifh eHeufydkif; 9-em&D? 10-em&DavmufusvQif vlawG[m
udk,fhom;orD;? r,m;? aqGrsdK;? rdbwpfpktm;vHk;udkac:NyD; NrdKUtjyifawmaumif;onfhae&mrSm
oGm;NyD;awmh ykef;atmif;aeMuw,f/ 'Dvdk ppf0efBuD;½Hk;udkoGm;NyD;? aeYwdkif;tvkyfoGm;zdkY&m
b,f o l r S rvk y f & J ? roG m ;&J M uygbl ; / uREf k y f O D ; pyf p k [ m rd c if z cif v nf ; &S d w ,f ?
om;orD;r,m;vnf; &Sdw,f/ aqGrsdK;? nDtpfudkarmifESr oHa,mZOfawGvnf; &Sdygao;onf/
uREf k y f u ajymvd k u f w ,f ] w ½ k y f j r e f r m c s p f M u n f a & ; t w G u f
'D t pnf ; ta0;rS m oG m ;rnf h o l r&S d y gvQif ? uREf k y f u d k c ef Y y g/ uREf k y f o G m ;ygrnf } vdkY
uwd c H v d k u f o nf / 'D a wmh jAef [ wf a bG t oif ; BuD ; &J U pmtk y f x J r S m OD ; pyf p k u d k
ArmhwyfrawmfaxmufyHha&; aumfrDwDvlBuD;cefYvdkufNyDqdkwm udk a&;rSwfxm;vdkufw,f/
aemuf N yD ; uREf k y f u k d v nf ; pmwpf a pmif a &;ay;vd k u f w ,f / uREf k y f t m;
a&;ay;vdkufonfhpmudk,lNyD;awmh uREfkyf[m ppf0efBuD;½Hk;udkoGm;ygonf/
[dkwkef;u ppf0efBuD;uwpfcef;? AdkvfaZ,suwpfcef; ½Hk;xdkifygonf/
uREfkyf[m 'Dpmudk,lNyD; AdkvfaZ,stcef;udk yxroGm;ygonf/ [dkwkef;u AdkvfaZ,s&JU (P.A)
u jzLjzL acsmacsm vSvS touf 20-avmufyJ&SdOD;rnf/ ,ck jrLeDpyg,frif;BuD;
Ad k v f r S L ;BuD ; xG e f ; pd e f E S i f h wl y gonf / 'D (P.A) [m uREf k y f \ pmud k , l N yD ; awmh
 34
AdkvfaZ,sxHudkoGm;jyw,f/ AkdvfaZ,s[mvnf; pmudkMunfhNyD;olYtcef;xJudkac:w,f/
'DpmudkMunfhNyD; olYpmtkyfxJrSm a&;rSwfxm;vdkufao;w,f/ aemufNyD; AdkvfaZ,su uREfkyfudk
ppf0efBuD;Adkvfatmifqef;xHudkac:oGm;w,f/
k ek ;f u ppf0efBu;D (P.A) uvnf; oem;urm;ESihf touf(20)avmufyJ
[dw
&Sdygao;onf/ ,ckk A d k v f r if ; acgifESifhwlvSygonf/ uREf k y f E S i f h A k d v f a tmif q ef ; awG U a&m
oluvnf;uREfkyfudk enf;enf;rSwfrdw,f/
1940-ck E S p f r S m Ad k v f a tmif q ef ; ES i f h A d k v f & ef a tmif[m [oF m wwrSm
w&m;oG m ;a[mw,f / ol w d k Y E S p f O D ; w&m;oG m ;a[mwmud k Ed k i f i H a &;eJ Y N id p G e f ; w,f q d k N yD ; ?
[oFmwta&;ydkif[m zrf;zdkY qkaiG 5d-usyf xkwfxm;ygonf/ ¤if;aemuf &ef u k e f j rd K Y
w½kyfwef; 19-vrf;rS OD;uRdpifESifh ,ckvrf;rawmf wdkifpD*spfum; 'kwd,Ouú|OD;ausmfcif
olwdkYESpfOD;[m [d k u f v D o abF m om;rsm;
om;rsm;udk ajymqdkNyD;? [dkufvDoabFmom;rsm; n 6-
em&D b d k i f p uk w f M unf h N yD ; ol w d k Y oabF m ud k j yef o G m ;aomtcg Ad k v f a tmif q ef ; ES i f h
Adkvf&efatmifwdkYESpfOD;[m olwdkYESpfOD;ESifha&mNyD; [dkufvDoabFmay:udk orÁefESifhoGm;í
wufa&mufoGm;Muw,f/ aemufNyD;[dkufvDoabFm[m yD e H ? pif u myl ? a[mif a umif
od k Y a&muf o nf h t cg ol w d k Y ES p f O D ; ud k t*F v d y f t pd k ; &awG U rS m pd k ; onf h t wG u f aMumif h
ukefxm;onfhae&mwpfckrSm oabFmom;rsm;[m 0Sufxm;ygonf/ w½kyfjynf atrGdKifNrdKUUudk
a&mufawmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiAhf v kd &f efatmif olwYkdEpS Of ;D [m atrGKd ifNrdKUudk wufomG ;ygonf/
atrGdKifNrdKUwpfzufurf; udk;vHpkrSm acwåaexdkifNyD;rS *syefjynfudkoGm;Muw,f/
ocifvSjrdKif(Adkvf&efatmif)ESifhocifatmifqef;
(OD;pyfpk\Zmwd&GmrSm atrGdKifjrdKUwzufurf; tjynfjynfqdkif&ma'o
udk;vHpkem;rS uGdKifhacguf&Gmjzpfygonf/ocifatmifqef;ESifhocifvSjrdKif(Adkvf&efatmif)
wdkYtm; w½kyfjynfodkY ydkYaqmifay;cJhyHk tao;pdyfudpma&;q&mMuD kpma&;q&mMuD;OD;&efatmifESifh OD;pyfpk
wd k Y \ wynf h OD ; jrif h x G e f ; (ok a woD j rif h x G e f ; ))rS oD;jcm;pmtkyfwtkyf a&;om;xkwfa0
cJhjyD;jzpfygonf/ q&mokawoDjrifhxGef;onf OD;pyfpk\ 75ESpftMum; 49ESpftjrif Armjynf
ESifh OD;pyfpk\xl;wJhpyfpk 'kwd,wGJpmtkyfrsm;xkwfa0Edkifa&; OD;pyfpk\ taMumif;t&m
ajymjycsufrsm;udk pmjzpfatmifa&;om;ay;cJholvnf;jzpfygonf/)
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m uREykf w f Ykdw½kyvf rl sKd ; w&m;bufrmS emrnfausmMf um;
wJh q&mBuD; uGefjzL&Syf? aemufNyD;ppfbufrSm emrnftvGefausmfMum;onfh ppfolBuD;
35
pG e f b l p k w d k Y taMumif ; vnf ; ajymjyw,f / ol u vnf ; acwf a [mif ; &mZ0if a wG u d k
avhvmzl;w,f/ uREfkyfuvnf; w½kyfacwfa[mif;&mZ0ifpmayoifcJholwpfOD; jzpfcJhw,f/
'gaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m taMumif;rSeforQudk aumif;aumif;ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifwmyJ/
(þa&;om;csuf t & Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ES i f h O D ; pyf p k w d k Y onf
w½kyaf cwfa[mif;&mZ0ifavhvmolrsm;tjzpf wOD;ESiw hf OD;pwifav;pm;oGm;MuyH&k ygonf/)
uREfkyf[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhpawGUonfhtcg ]]ppf 0 ef B uD ; xH u d k
uREf k y f v mygw,f / uREf k y f [ m w½k y f t rsd K ;om; jAef [ wf a bG t oif ; BuD ; rS
ArmhwyfrawmfaxmufyHha&;aumfrDwD tjzpfvmygw,f}} /
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;uajymygonf/ ]]OD;pyfpkudk ArmhwyfrawmfaxmufyHh
Adv
a&;aumfrDwD vlBuD;tjzpfcefYwm tifrwefrS0rf;omygw,f? aus;Zl;vnf;wifygw,f}} /
Akdvfatmifqef;u xyfNyD;qufajymjyefw,f/ ]]Armh w yf r awmf u
tpnf;ta0;zdwfpmvm&if b,fvdkyJ av,mOfysH vmAHk;vmcscs wufa&muf&r,f?
aMumufpdwf[mvnf;enf;enf;av;rSrxm;&bl;}} vdkY uREfkyfudk ajymw,f/
uREfkyfuvnf;jyefajymvdkufw,f/ ]]a,mufsm;yDyD wm0ef,lNyD;onfh
aemufrSm b,fvdkyJ cJ&mcufqpfjzpfjzpf &J&J0H0HESifh&ifqdkifNyD; (rsufpda&SUrSmawmifBuD;
NydKusNyD; aemufuvnf; usm;BuD;vdu k vf mygap raMumufr&TUH ESihf rsuEf mS xm;wpfprd ysuyf gbl;)
vd k Y ajymqd k v d k u f a wmh Ad k v f a tmif q ef ; u xyf N yD ; jyef a jymw,f / ]]a,musf m ;yD y D
wdkif;jynfwpfckvHk;\acgif;aqmif vkyfrnfqdkvQif wdkif;jynfrSmtqdk;qHk;wpfckawGU
vm&if udk,fua&SUuoGm;&r,f? taumif;qHk; wpfckawGUvmvQifvnf;
udk,fuaemufrSmae&w,f}}
Adkvfatmifqef;ajymxm;onfhpum;[m rSefaeNyD/tqdk;qHk;udk awGU
awmh a&S U uoG m ;onf h Ad k v f a tmif q ef ; [m taumif ; qH k ; ud k a wG U awmh v nf ;
Adkvfatmifqef;[m aemufcsef ae&pfcJhNyD/
uREf k y f [ m Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ajymonf h pum;ES p f c G e f ; ud k
uwd c H x m;rd o nf h t wG u f tqd k ; qH k ; ud k a wG U &if a&S U uaeNyD ; awmh acgif ; aqmif r ,f /
taumif;qHk;udkawGU&if uREfkyfu aemufuvdkufr,f/ 'grSvnf;acgif;aqmifaumif;yDor,f/
'gaMumif h uREf k y f r S m td r f y d k i f w pf v H k ; um;yd k i f w pf c k r &S d a o;ygbl ; / uREf k y f t ck
vrf;oGm;vrf;vm&wmvnf; bwf(pf)um; odkYr[kwf vrf;rawmfwdkifpD*spfum;ESifh
oGm;vmae&ygonf/ aiGvnf;tajrmuftjrm;r&Sdygbl;/ tvkyfvkyfzdkY enf;enf;yg;yg;ESifh
pm;avmuf½HkyJ&Sdygonf/ uREfkyf[m uREfkyfESifhBudKwifaygif;xm;onfh tpdk;&xdyfwef;vl?
'kwd,wef;vlrsm;ESifhaygif;oif;NyD; tcGifhta&;,lr,fqdk&if uREfkyfrSm ,cktcsdeftcg odef;
100-xufrenf; tomav;&Sdygw,f/ uREfkyfajymwmudk r,HkMunfcJhygvQif poHk;vHk;½Hk;rSm
uREf k y f \ emrnf w d k i f ; &if ; om;xJ r S oef ; acgif p m&if ; ES i f h om;r,m;emrnf r sm;ud k
tcsdefra&G;'Dpmudk,lNyD; &Dppö&D½Hk;rSm oGm;a&mufpHkprf;ppfaq;Edkifygonf/ uREfkyf[m
bmawG0,fxm;w,f? r0,fb;l qdw k m&,f? &Sw d ,fr&Sbd ;l qdw
k mawGukd aocsmpGmodEikd yf gw,f/
bPfwu kd rf vS nf; uREfyk \f 0ifaiGxu G af iGpm&if;udk ppfaq;Edik yf gao;w,f/ 'gwGirf uao;bl;
bPfwdkufrSmxnfhxm;onfh tmrcHypönf;aowåmawGudk vdkufNyD;pHkprf;ppfaq;onfhtcgrSm
 36 37
OD;pyfpkemrnfESifh om;r,m;emrnfudkawGU&Sdygovm;/ tu,fípHkprf;íawGUNyD? uREfkyfrSm &SmrS&Sm;Muaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh qmOD;oGif
,ckxufxd wdkufydkif? jcHydkif? um;ydkifawG&SdcJhvQif uREfkyfudkzrf;NyD;awmh tmZmenfukef;
uREf k y f \ q&ma[mif ; ppf 0 ef B uD ; Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; *l a &S U rS m owif ; pmq&mawG ?
a&'D , d k t oH v T i f h XmerS Bud K wif í wd k i f ; od j ynf o d a MunmNyD ; uREf k y f u d k , f u d k &if c G J ( Burma Digest 9-9-2006)
owfjyygrnf/
+++++++++ jrefrmjynfa&muf w½ky'f u k o© nfMuD; tazOD;pyfp\ k Edik if aH &;ESithf w¬KyÜwdå
þrQqdkvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSOD;pyfpktm;rnfodkYajymqdkpnf;½Hk; pmtkyf 3-tkyfudk t"du tajccHxm;í aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;ae&mwGif pma&;ol\
cJhyHkESifh OD;pyfpkrS rnfrQtxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: opöm&SdcJhyHkrsm; sm;udk odomavmufygjyD/ &nf&, G cf surf mS wdrjf rKyfaeaom ordik ;f aMumif;rsm; jyefvnfaz:xkwaf &; oufoufom ruyg/
w½kyftrsdK;om;MuD;OD;pyfpkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl Armhwyfrawmf &efyHkaiG &&Sda&; vuf&Sdjrefrmhta&; ajz&Sif;Mu&mwGif ywfoufoltm;vHk; wenf;wvrf; taxmuftul
udpörsm;? *syefawmfvSefa&;trSD ppfzdeyfrsm;&&Sda&;? *syeftzrf;cHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh &Muap&efvnf; &nf&G,fygonf/ txl;ojzifh urÇmt&yf&yfwGif ‘'ku©onfjyóemrsm;
jref r m w½k y f td E ´ d , jynf o l r sm; vG w f a jrmuf a &;? w½k y f jref r m td E ´ d , wnf&MdS uD;xGm;ajz&Si;f ae&qJ? ajz&Si;f Mu&OD;rnfjzpf&m ]] '‘kuo © nfrsm;ud, k w f ikd f xm;&Sod ifo
h nfh
cspf M unf r I c d k i f j rJ a &;? &ef u k e f j rd K Utm;ysuf p D ; rI r sm;rS umuG , f u ,f q ,f a &;? pdwfxm;aumif;rsm;}} ESifh ]] '‘ku©onfrsm;tay: xm;&Sdtyfonfh pdwfxm;aumif;rsm;}} udk
aeol & d e f t pnf ; ta0;? uE´ D p mcsKyf ? zqyvta&;? ponf r sm;wG i f tEÅ & m,f u d k r rI vufvSrf;rSDorQ ½dk;om;pGm wifjyaejcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/
wufwufMuGMuGulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJhygonf/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; r&Sdawmhonfhaemufydkif; 1963 ckepf vefaxmifpmayrS xkwfa0cJhonfh ]] OD;pyfpk\xl;wJhpyfpk
wGifvnf; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek? ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rª;csKyfOD;oefY? OD;ausmfjidrf;? OD;AaqG '‘kwd,wGJ}} pmtkyf? ]]&SmrS&Sm;aom qmOD;oGif}} aqmif;yg;rS atmufygaumufEIwfcsufrsm;onf
paom jref r mh ' D r d k u a&pD e nf ; usacgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h wd k i f ; jynf a umif ; usd K ;rsm;
urÇmhae&mtoD;oD;odkY a&muf&SdaeqJ? a&muf&SdaeMujyD;jzpfaom jrefrm'ku©onfrsm;
yl;aygif;ulnDaqmif&GufcJhygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\Mo0g'udk tpOfOD;xdyfxm;vsuf
jrefrmjynfoYkd ppfa&;? vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&; '‘kut © rsKd ;rsKd ;aMumifh acwftqufquf vma&mufcv kd HI
1966uG , f v G e f c sd e f t xd j r e f r m h E d k i f i H a & ; u d k t p O f a p g i f h M u n f h u m & J & J 0 H h 0 H h
aecJhMu&aom w½kyf tdE´d, paom '‘ku©onfrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\rsdK;qufrsm;? w½kyf tdE´d,
a0zeftMuHay;wwfolvnf;jzpfygonf/
txuf y g 1959ck E S p f w G i f x k w f a 0cJ h o nf h OD ; pyf p k \ xl ; wJ h p yf p k paom tpdk;&rsm;ESifhjynfolrsm;tm;vHk;wpHkw&m awG;q qifjcif aqmif&Gufay;Edkifp&mrsm;
yxrwG J p mtk y f ]]Armh w yf r awmf axmuf y H h a &;aumf r wD O D ; pyf p k } } aqmif ; yg; yg;yg &&SdMurnf[k pma&;ol ,HkMunf,lqrdygonf/ avhvmMunfhMuyg/
aumufEIwfcsufrsm;tjyif ¤if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 126 wGif? ++++++++++++
]] AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JUpdwfoabmxm;[mtjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vdk 1945-ckESpf? arv 1-&ufaeY wGif &efukefNrdKUudk Armhwyfrawmf rS
r[k w f y gbl ; ? tvk y f w ck u d k x d x d a &muf a &muf vk y f a y;ul n D E d k i f r S ol U pd w f x J r S m odrf;NyD;aMumif; toHvTifh½HkrSaMunmonf/ þarvüyif zqyvtzGJUBuD; udk vlodewfMum;
oabmusw,f / aemuf j yD ; Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; [m ol u d k , f w d k i f v J rnmbl ; / xif&Sm;pGmzGJUpnf;vdkufavonf/ NyD;aemufwzefAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;acgif;aqmifaom
wu,fvkyfw,f/ (olwyg;nmwmudkvJ rMudKufbl;)}} aumfrDwDwpf&yfudkzGJUpnf;vdkufavonf/ yxrtBudrfaeol&defvlxkpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;
[lí OD;pyfprk aS &;om;xm;&m--- AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\taumif;qHk; ac:vdkufonf/ þpnf;a0;yGJBuD;rSm trsdK;om;tpdk;&zGJUpnf;a&;? vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;
pnf;½Hk;a&;pGrf;&nfrSm ]] udk,fwdkiftvkyfudk rnmwrf; wu,fvkyfjyjyD; tcGifhta&;rruf ponfhtqdkrsm;wifoGif;qHk;jzwfMuonf/ uefawmfBuD;apmif; aeol&defZmwf½HkBuD;wGif
owå d & S d & S d xd x d a &muf a &muf ½d k ; ½d k ; om;om; ul n D v k y f u d k i f a y;rnf h o l r sm;ud k v nf ; qHk;jzwfMuonf/ ,if;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onfjrefrmEdkifiHa&;&mZ0ifü aeol&defqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
vufawGYvkyfudkifcGifhay;jcif;}} yif jzpfonf[k pma&;ol,lqygownf;/ / tjzpfESifh xif&Sm;aeav\/
udk,fEIwf,Ofaus;? pdwfjzLazG;? at;jidrf;csrf;om &ygap/ 1945-ckESpf pufwifbmv 7-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;?
ocifoef;xGef;? Adkvfvufsm wdkUyg0ifonfh jrefrmudk,fpvS,f 10-OD;wdkYonf tdE´d,jynf&Sd
t*Fvyd Af v h ufwef (Mount Batten) aexdik o
kd cf sKyfarmifb f nfh uE´ND rdKU(,ck oD&v d uFmEdik if )H
wGif pmcsKyf csKyfq&kd efjzpfavonf/ taMumif;t&mum; Armhwyfrawmfut kd wnfwuszUJG pnf;í
t*Fvdyfu todtrSwfjyKa&; yifjzpfonf/ xdkpmcsKyfudk vltrsm;u uE´DpmcsKyf tjzpfESifh
od&Sdem;vnfxm;Muonf/
t*Fvyd pf pfAv
kd cf sKyf armifb
h ufwef xHoYkd roGm;rD Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf
 38
pD;yGm;a&;Muyfwnf; aecsdefjzpfonf/uREkfyfonfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf&if;ESD;pGm
odxm;aomrdwfaqGjzpfaeí ulnD&efvdktyfvmjyefonf/
t*FvdyfAdkvfcsKyfarmifhbufwef (Mount Batten of Burma)
xdkpOfu uREfkyfESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rMumcPqdkouJhodkY
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf awGUae&csdefjzpfonf/ taMumif;BuD;i,frsm;&Sdavwdkif;
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;today;um jyóemrsm;udk ajyvnfatmifajz&Sif;aecsdefjzpfonf/
wpfaeYoü uREykf o f nf wm0gvdeaf etdrf wm0gvdeaf etdro f Ykda&muf&odS mG ;
csdejf zpfonf/ uED́NrdKUodYk omG ;vm&ef c&D;p&dwu f pd uö tkd BuHay;&onf/ uREfyk \ f tBuHay;csufrmS
þodkYjzpfonf ...../
]]c&D;p&dwfudpu ö dk qmOD;oGifqDrSmtultnDawmif;&ifaumif;ygvdrhfr,f/
qmOD;oGif[m jrefrmhtvif;OD;wifeJYodyf&if;wmaMumifh oluwqifhajym&if tqifajyyg
vdrhfr,f/ NyD;awmh qmOD;oGif taeeJYvnf; *syefacwfwpfacwfvHk; OD;0dpm&vrf;
ppf0efBuD;½Hk;rSmvnf; Armhwyfrawmf&efyHkaiGudk aiGtm;vltm;? tMuHtm;eJYtultnDay;cJh
wmaMumifh tqifajyvdrhfr,fvdkYuRefawmfxifygw,f}} [kajymvdkufavonf/
xd k Y aemuf r sm;rMumrD qmOD ; oG i f o nf A d k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ;
uE´DNrdKUoGm;vma&;twGuf c&D;p&dwfaiGudk jrefrmhtvif;\axmufcHay;csufaMumifh
aiGwpfaomif;wdwd c&D;p&dwftultnD ay;vdkufavonf/ þodkYjrefrmhtvif;OD;wifu
qmOD;oGifxHodkYoGm;NyD;tultnDawmif;&efrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; uREkfyfutBuHay;csuf
yifjzpfonf/
uREf k y f E S i f h w uG Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ud k cspf M unf n d K av;pm;aom
w½kyfolaX;rsm;uvnf; pkí aiGig;axmifcefYc&D;p&dwfxnfh0ifNyD;tultnDay;cJhavonf/
uREf k y f o nf wd k i f ; od j ynf o d jref r mtrsd K ;om;vl B uD ; vl a umif ;
awmf a wmf r sm;rsm;ud k aygif ; oif ; quf q H c J h z l ; onf / þtxJ r S uREf k y f o d a om
qmOD;oGif\taMumif; udk tenf;i,fa&;om;wifjy vdkayonf/
uREkfyfodaomqmOD;oGifonf eaMu;aiGcsrf;om\/ pdwfapwem
jynfh0onf/ udk,fcsif;pmem wwfonf/ aiGaMu;bufüvnf; vufrcuf vG,fulygay\/
wpf B ud r f w pf c gu ,ck w ½k y f w ef ; 0,f touf & S i f a eol w ½k y f o l a X;wpf a ,muf u
39
olodaomqmOD;oGiftaMumif;udk uREkfyftm;ajymjyzl;onf/ olajymonfrSm ....
]]ppfBuD;NyD;qHk;vdkY uRefawmfArmjynfudkjyefa&mufvmcsdefrSm &SdwJhqefpuf?
qDpufawG[m rD;avmifvdkYjymjzpfukefNyD/ ppfrjzpfcifu uRefawmfh&JUwdkufudk qmOD;oGifqDrSm
aygif x m;zl ; ygw,f / '‘D w d k u f u d k j yef a &G ; zd k Y aeaeomom uRef a wmf h u d k , f y d k i f q d k v d k Y
t0wf w pf x nf u d k , f w pf c k y J & S d w ,f / tJ ' D v d k uRef a wmf h r S m tajctae,d k i f a ecsd e f
qmOD;oGifuac:ajymw,f ...
ol u uRef a wmf h w d k u f * &ef u d k v nf ; jyef a y;w,f / NyD ; awmh
oleJYuRefawmfcsKyfqdkxm;wJh pmcsKyfudkvnf; rD;½IdUvdkufw,f/ NyD;awmholuajymw,f/
igvnf;toufBuD;NyD? rawmfwqrsm; uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhvdkY&Sd&if ighom;orD;awGu
rif;wdkufudkodrf;vdrhfr,f/ ‘DawmhrifhrSm trIywfNyD; ‘ku©a&mufvdrhfr,f/ ‘gaMumifh ck'DpmcsKyfudk
rD;½IUd vdu
k &f wm[m rif;rSmvnf; pufawGr;D ½IUd cH&/ &Sw d phJ ;D yGm;a&;uvnf;ysufaewmigodw,f/
bmrSpdwfryleJY? a&SUqufNyD;awmhom pD;yGm;a&;vkyf/ rif;rSm aiGtMuyftwnf;awGUae&if
igaiGaMu;tultnDay;r,f/ '‘gaMumifh uRefawmfvnf; pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifzdkY
tajctaejyefNyD;awmhaumif;vmwm}}[líajymjy\/
þtwdkif;omqdk&ygrl jrefrmolaX;BuD;qmOD;oGifonf udk,fcsif;pmemrI
tjynfht0&Sdol wpfa,mufjzpfonfudkawGUjrif&ayonf/ qmOD;oGifuJhodkY ay;urf;pGefYMuJjcif;
bufü&ufa&mol? ukd,fcsif;pmemrItjynfht0&Sdol? EdkifiHay:cspfcifav;pm;onfhpdwf gwf&Sdol?
bmomw&m;udk MunfndKav;pm;olonf &SmrS&Sm; avonf/ þonfwdkYum; qmOD;oGiftm;
uREkfyftjrif? uREfkyftod? wdkYyifjzpfonf/
jref r mjynf ü qmOD ; oG i f u J h o d k Y aiG a Mu;ypö n f ; Opö m csrf ; om<u,f 0
olrsm;&SMd uonf/ odYk aomf qmOD;oGiu f o
hJ Ykd pw
d af pwemrsdK;xm;&So d o
l nf tawmfenf;yg;rnf[k
uREfkyfqdkcsifygonf/ ,if;aMumifhvnf; qmOD;oGifuJhodkYaomyk*d¾KvfrsdK;udk uREkfyfonf
av;pm;aomtm;jzihf {nfhcHyGJjyKvkyfavwdkif; ol\trnfudka&SUqHk;rSxm;&SdNyD;zdwfMum;
avh&SdcJhonf/
++++++++++++
tazOD;pyfpk\ txufyga&;om;csufrsm;t& trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifMuD;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ ]]&SmrS&mS ;}}aompdwf "mwfaumif;rsm; udv k nf; cefYreS ;f qef;ppfEikd yf gonf/
1945-ckESpf arv? *syefawmfvSefa&;tjyD;wGif? ]] ig;ydeJUiefjym&nfom wG,faeMu&w,f}}
[kajymqdkaom ocifoef;xGef;udk ]] uRefawmfh "g;MuD;a&mif;pm;MuwmayghAsm}} [k *syef
awmfveS af &;tjyD; olEiS t
hf wlusef&pfcahJ om *syef"g;&SnMf uD;ay: vufwifvsuf ½d;k ½d;k om;om;
jyefajymcJhbl;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 1945-pufwifbmv txd aiGa&;aMu;a&;
usyfwnf;aeqJ jzpfaMumif;odomygonf/ uG,fvGefcsdeftxdvnf; qif;qif;&J&JESifh
[efyefr&Sd aexdkifcJhaMumif; trsm;todyifjzpfygonf/
*syefawmfvSefa&;tjyD; wwdkif;jynfvHk; qif;&Jusyfwnf;aecsdefwGif
ArmhrsdK;cspfwyfrawmf wyfrsm;udk auR;arG;a&;?vufeufwyfqifay;a&;? ppftwGif;usqHk;
'Pf&m& wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm; avsmfaMu;ay;a&;? paom wm0efMuD;rm;aiGukefaMu;us
tvGefrsm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;u wzuf? jAdwdoQ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umv zqyvtm;
rw&m;toif; tjzpfausnm? rdrdtm;EdkifiHawmfopömazgufrIjzifh zrf;qD;ta&;,lrnfhta&;u
 40
wzufEiS hf ab;usyef u H syaf wGUae&aom tcsed v f nf;jzpfygonf/tqd;k 0g;qH;k tMuyftwnf;rSm
rdrdtay: jrefrmjynfolvlxk\ ,HkMunfrIESifh arwåmw&m;udk,kwfavsmhysufjym;atmif
MuHpnfvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;\ tuGufaumif;acsmif; taumufMuHaerIrsm;yifjzpfygonf/
xd k t csd e f w G i f apmf b G m ;rsm; *syef v uf r S v G w f a jrmuf a &;?
*syefawmfvSefa&;trSD ppfzdeyfrsm;&&Sda&;? w½kyftrsdK;om; jAef[yfabGtoif;ESifhtwl
Armhwyfrawmf&efyHkaiG &&Sda&; tjyif? aeol&deftpnf;ta0;MuD;tx txd rdrdwdkYtm;
½dk;½dk;om;om; wufwufMuGMuG ulnDaeol jrefrmvlxkvufcHESpfjcdKufonfh w½kyftrsdK;om;
OD;pyfpt k m; uE´o D mG ;bdYkta&;c&D;pm&dwt f ultnD Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;rS wdu
k q
f ikd Mf uHKMudKufrt
I &
ajymqd k c J h j cif ; jzpf y gonf / jref r mtcsif ; csif ; ES i f h jAd w d o Qwd k Y rS em;vnf r I v G J ?
trSm;rcHEdkifaomtajctaewGif toifhawmfqHk;rdwfaqG w½kyftrsdK;om;OD;pyfpkxHrS
tul t nD a wmif ; cJ h j cif ; vnf ; jzpf y gonf / ]]jref r mjynf v G w f v yf a &;}} [l a om
waMumif;wnf;aompdwfom xm;&Sdonfh y&d,m,fuif;onfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
&SmrS&Sm;aom pdwf "mwfaumif;rsm; aMumifhvnf;jzpfygonf/
qmOD ; oG i f
þae&mü tcGifhomcdkuf w½kyfrsm; tpOftqufrsufESmom&rnfh
w½kyftrsdK;om;a&;udk a&SUwef;rwifbJ? t*Fvdyfvufxuf qm bGJU&aom qmOD;oGif uJhodkU?
jrefrmhtvif;OD;wif wifuJhodkY EdkifiHhaumifusdK;oufoufom MunfhaomjrefrmMuD;rsm;vnf;
rsm;pGm&Sdao;aMumif; AdkvfcsKyfudkodapvdkaom? '‘ku©onfpdwf"gwfaumif;rsm; &Sdaom?
rdwfaqGaumif;yDoonfh OD;pyfpk\ ½dk;om;rIESifhyg;eyfrIwdkYudkvnf; awGYEdkifygonf/ wenf;
tm;jzifh jrefrmjynfwGifcdkvIHae&aom? rdrdwdkY w½kyf'ku©onfrsm;tm; {nfh0wfausyGefpGm
vufcHxm;&Sdum cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; vHk;0r&Sdaom tdrf&SiftppftrSef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
jrefrmjynfolvlxktay: '‘ku©onfpdwf "gwfaumif;rsm; jyefvnfxm;&SdcJhonfh om"u w&yf
yifjzpfygonf/þaqmif;yg;jzifh urÇmhukvor*¾MuD;ESifhwuG urÇmhtpdk;&rsm;ESifhjynfolrsm;
tm;vHk; ]]jzpfbl; jzpfqJ jzpfvwåHaom'ku©onfb0rsm;udk owd&? pmem? ulnDwwfMu
ygapaMumif;}} tdE´d,a&muf jrefrm'ku©onf pma&;olrS today;qkawmif;&if;ed*Hk;csKyf
ygownf;/ /
udk,fEIwf,Ofaus;? pdwfjzLazG;? at;jidrf;csrf;om &ygap/
41
rdwfaqG0wå&m;awGausyGefcJhMuwJh qef;ESifhEk
(0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek touf 100-jynfhtxdrf;trSwf)
acwfjydKif*sme,f ESifh ESif;EkEkaEGeH&Huyfpmapmif 2007-ar 25/
urÇmod jrefrmh*kPfaqmif acgif;aqmifrsm;udk az:jyygqdkavu
a':atmif q ef ; pk M unf tjyif Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ? 0ef M uD ; csKyf O D ; Ek E S i f h OD ; oef YwdkYudk
t&ifqHk;az:jyMurnf[k pma&;ol ,lqygonf/ ,ck 2007-ckESpf arv 25-&ufaeYonf
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ toufESpf 100-jynfharG;aeYjzpf&m ]]qef;ESifhEk}} ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ESifh OD;EkwdkY\ wOD;ESifhwOD; rdwfaqG0wå&m; ig;yg;ESifhtnDusifhMuHulnDcJhMuyHkrsm;udk
tusOf;csKyfaz:jy&if;? þaqmif;yg;jzifh bbMuD;OD;Ek tm;*kPfûycGifh ûyapMuvdkygonf/
qef;ESifhEk / / udkatmifqef;ESifh udkEkwdkYonf 1934-ckESpfwGif
oxHkausmif;aqmif usLwm udktHk;\ rdwfaqGzGJYay;rIaMumifh pwifoduRrf;cJhMuonf/
wuúodkvfor*¾wGif twlwuGOD;aqmifcJhMujyD; 1936 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;udk
a0zefykwfcwfonfqdkum 2-OD;pvHk; ausmif;rS txkwfcHcJhMu&onf/ xdkYtwGuf 1936-
ckESpf wuúodkvftygt0if ausmif;om;oydwfMuD;ay:aygufcJh&onf/ 1937-38 wGif
ud k a tmif q ef ; wuú o d k v f o r*¾ Ouú X jzpf v monf / ud k E k o nf paumh a ps; (,ck
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aps;) taemufzufwef;wGif e*g;eDpmtkyfwdkufudk zGifhEdkifcJhonf/
OuúXoufwrf;ukefqHk;aomtcg udkatmifqef;wuúodkvfrS xGufvdkufonf/
waeY? udkatmifqef;onf nae 4-em&DavmufwGif paumhudwfvrf;?
udkEkESifhrjr&DwdkY tdrfcef;uav;odkY jAKef;ueJa&mufvmonf/
]] udkEk? uRefawmfwdkY 'dkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;xJ 0if&atmif/
ig r0ifcsifbl;/
bmjzpfvdkYvJ/
igEdkifiHa&;rvkyfcsifbl;/
cifAsm; 'Dvdk acgif;a&SmifvdkYb,fjzpfrvJ/
[--'gacgif;a&Smifwm r[kwfbl;/
EdkifiHa&;vkyfoifhwJholawG EdkifiHa&;udkrvkyf&if acgif;a&SmifwmyJ/
vG w f v yf a &;&jyD ; &if cif A sm; vk y f c sif w mvk y f ? r&ao;cif a wmh
EdkifiHa&;vkyf&rSmyJ/ vmygAsm/ 'dkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;xJudk tckyJ oGm;0if&atmif/
(ud k E k e J Y ud k a tmif q ef ; wd k Y [m tck 0 if r ,f ? r0if b l ; qd k j yD ;
wa,mufeJYwa,muf tcsDtcsajymaeMuwm ESpfem&D avmuf&SdoGm;w,f/)
uJ--zdk;atmifqef;&,f igvnf; ajym&wm armjyDuGm? tJh'Dawmh
 42
'Dvdkvkyfyg/ 'Dudpöudk igaoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;bdkY wvavmuftcsdefay;yg/
vkyfraeygeJYAsm? tckyJ oGm;0if&atmif/
udkEkvnf;pdwfaygufaygufeJY uJ--'Davmuf0ifcsifvSwm 0ifuGmqdkjyD;
udkatmifqef; aemufudk xvdkufvmw,f/ bwfpfum;ay:wufcgeD;Muawmh zdk;atmifqef;a&?
igheHr,fa&SYrSm ocifvdkY wyf&rSm aMumifw,fuGm vdkY udkEkuajymw,f/ uRefvdkYwyf&wmxuf
ocifvdkYwyf&wmu ydkraumif;bl;vm;vdkY udkatmifqef; ujyefar;w,f/ udkEkvnf;
bmrSjyefrajymbl;/ bwfpfum;ay:wufoGm;w,f/
-------
Ek ESifh qef;
---Ouú X ocif x d y f w if u d k , f a wmf M uD ; u ud k a tmif q ef ; ud k
toif;om;vufrSwf (2)apmifxkwfay;vdkufw,f/ wa,muf0ifaMu; wrwfuspDeJY
udkatmifqef;u ig;rl;ay;vdkufw,f/ tJh'D tcsdefupjyD; udkEkeJYudkatmifqef;wdkY[m
i,feHr,fawGaysmufjyD; ocifEkeJYocifatmifqef;jzpfoGm;Muw,f/
(OD;Ek\ wmawpaeom;? pmrsufESm 81-82)
txufyg]]qef ]]qef ; ES i f h E k } }}wdkY\ EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fodkY twl0ifvmMuyHkrSm
]]ay;urf;csD;jr§ifh? udk,fESifh,SOfxm;? pD;yGm;aqmif&Guf? EIwfjrGufcsdKom? opömrSefap? 0wfig;axG?
usif h a vrd w f o [m}} [l a om rd w f a qG 0 wf 5-yg; tjyef t vS e f ausyG e f M uvsuf
yGifhvif;½dk;om;MujyD; txl;ojzifh]]udk,fESifh,SOfxm;}} MuyHkudk odjrifEdkifygonf/
ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifEkwdkY\ yGJOD;xGufEdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rSm 1938-
ckEpS f 1300-jynft h a&;awmfyMkH uD;jzpfjyD; twlwuG axmiftusccH MhJ u&um xdYk aemuf q&mMuD;
ocif u d k , f a wmf r I d i f ; OD ; pD ; onf h 'd k Y Armtpnf ; t½H k ; wG i f ocif a tmif q ef ; onf
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmcJhygonf/ 1939-ckESpf pufwifbmv 'kwd,urÇmMuD;
pwifjzpfyGm;csdefwGif ocifatmifqef;onf ocifEkESifh pwifwdkifyifum ocifoef;xGef;?
a'gufwmAarmfwdkYESifhtwl ]]Armh ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;}}udk wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/
]]'kwd, urÇmppfjyD;&if ArmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;rS jAdwdoQudk
ppftwGif;rSm wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; uulnDr,f}} qdkwJhtqdkudk ocifatmifqef;ESifh
ocifoef;xGef;wdkYwdkifyifa&;om;MujyD; ocifEkuwifoGif;vsuf om,m0wDjynfvHk;uRwf
43
nDvmcHMuD;u vufcHtwnfûycJhMuonf/ þudpötwGuf ocifatmifqef;a&mocifEk yg
tzrf;cH&awmhrnfhtcsdefwGif ocifEkonf q&mcspf(ocifcspf) ESifh q&mudkxGef;a&T qdkol
ol\rdwfaqG&if;rsm;\ tultnDjzifh ocifatmifqef;udk ykvdyfrzrf;Edkifatmif0Sufxm;
ay;Ed k i f c J h o nf / ocif E k rS opö m &S d & S d u l n D E d k i f c J h r I a Mumif h \ ocif E k \ rd w f a qG r sm;u
ocifatmifqef;udk w½kyfjynfodkY xGufoGm;Edkifatmif pDpOfay;EdkifcJhMuaomfvnf;
ocifEkudk,fwdkifrSmrl jAdwdoQwdkY\ tzrf;cH&um rEÅav;axmifodkY a&mufcJh&onf/
jrefrmjynfodkY *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl jyef0ifvmaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
onf ocifEk ESifh rdwfaqGrsm; jAdwdoQwdkY rowfoGm;a&;? tdE´d,odkY rac:aqmifoGm;a&;
tvsiftjref aqmif&GufvGwfajrmufapcJhonf/ *syefacwfwavQmufvHk; EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD;
ocifEk \ toufukd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;rS tMudrMf udru f ,fq,fumuG,af y;Edik cf u hJ m ocifEk
rSvnf; *syefawmfveS af &; OD;aqmifMudK;yrf;aeaom Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wdYk tEÅ&m,fuif;uif;
vkyfaqmifEdkifa&; *syefr&dyfrdatmif [efaqmifrItrsdK;rsdK;jzifh umuG,fulnDcJhonf/
aemufqHk;t"dujzpfaom *syefawmfvSefa&;atmifjrifa&;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
ta&;MuD;acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;rcH&&ef ocifEk ESifh ocifjrwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\toufudk
y"merxm;bJ *syef w yf r sm;ES i f h t wl rk ' H k t a&muf [ef r ysuf v d k u f y goG m ;onf t xd
rdwfaqGaumif; 0wå&m;rsm;ausyGefcJhMuygonf/
xdkYtjyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xuftoufydkMuD;aom ocifEk (udkMuD;Ek)
onf nDt&G,frdwfaqG zdk;atmifqef;? ocifatmifqef;tjzpfrSAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
jzpfvmcsdefwGifvnf; ½dkaotav;tjrwfûy&rnfhae&mrsm;wGif zifhEGJYav;uefjcif;r&SdouJhodkY
rd w f a qG t csif ; csif ; }}EI w f j rG u f c sd K om}}apa&; nT e f j yqH k ; r owd a y;p&m&S d y guvnf ;
ausmif;tkyq f &mMuD;a[mif;yDyD &J&0J 0hH hH nTejf yqH;k rcJah Mumif; atmufygom"ut& odEikd yf gonf/
]] ocifoef;xGef;udkraigufygeJY/ pum;aumif;aumif;ajymyg/ tJh'g[m
AdkvfcsKyfeJYig pum;rrsm;&onfhenf;yJvdkY ocifEk uajzwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&,fw,f
(&Dw,f)/ tJh'D tpnf;ta0;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ocifoef;xGef;udk aigufwmvnf;
rMum;&awmhbl;/ ocifEkpum;0ifajymwmvnf; rMum;&awmhbl;/ ocifoef;xGef;[m
pdwfrcsrf;romwJhrsufESmMuD;eJY ikwfwkyfxdkifaewmudkvnf; rawGY&awmhbl;/}}
(OD;Ek\ wmawpaeom;? pmrsufESm -103)
1946-pufwifbm 26-&ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyv
udk,fpvS,frsm;onf bk&ifcHopf\ tpdk;&tzGJUxJ 0ifvdkufMu&ojzifh zqyv tzGJUcsKyf
OuúXtjzpf e,fa&mufaeaom ocifEu k w
kd ifajr§mufvu kd Mf uonf/ ocifEk ,ckuo hJ Ykd zqyv
XmecsKyfwGif tvkyfvkyfonfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rS vGefpGm0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaomfvnf;
avmuGyfpum; rajymwwfolyDyD ocifEkem;wGif wrdepfcefY pum;rajymbJ xdkifaejyD; ]]tif;}}
[komajymvsuf zqyv &efyHkaiG vTJtyfaMumif; pmom a&;om;ay;tyfygonf/ xdkaemuf
nwnwG i f Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; onf Ad k v f c sKyf u awmf a':cif M unf E S i f h t wl
 44
ocif E k r d o m;pk x H v ma&muf u m ol Y tm;Munf n d K ol r sm;u vS L 'gef ; xm;onf h
oHp;D u&ufA;l ESit hf jynfh a&T'*Fg;rsm;udk ocifEw k Ykd v&kd moH;k Edik &f ef rdwaf qG0wå&m;ig;yg;ESit
hf nD
ay;tyf y gonf / 1951-ck E S p f w G i f a':cif M unf E S i f h w d k i f y if í 0ef M uD ; csKyf O D ; Ek o nf
¤if ; a&T ' *F g ;rsm;ud k Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; uk o d k v f & &ef omoemh & d y f o m &ef y H k a iG o d k Y
vSL'gef;cJhMuygonf/
1947-{jyDv wdkif;jynfûyvTwfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJMuD;&Sd&m
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rS ocifEkudk a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifapvdkjyefygonf/ ol\tcspfqHk;rdwfaqG
ocifEktm; wdkif;jynfûyvTwfawmf\ em,utjzpf csD;jr§ifhvdkíjzpfygonf/ ocifEkrSvnf;
EdkifiHa&;oHo&m r&Snfvdkojzifh ZGwftwif; jiif;qefonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ0ifa&; r0ifa&;
tcspf q H k ; ol i ,f c sif ; 2-a,muf \ u½k P m a'gooH r sm; a&mjyG r f ; aom
tcsDtcsqlqlnHnHpum;rsmonf zqyv XmecsKyfwGif tvkyform;rsm;ESifh {nfhonfrsm;
ajy;vT m ;vmMunf h & onf t xd em&D 0 uf c ef Y MumcJ h y gonf / xd k Y aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfxdkif&mrS AsHK;ueJ xjyD;xGufoGm;cJhonf/
vG , f v G , f E S i f h a emuf r qk w f w wf a om Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; onf
tcsdeftwefMumwGif ocifEkxHq,fvDzkef;qufjyefonf/
]][,fvdk ? AdkvfcsKyfvm;/
cifAsm;a&G;aumufyGJ0ifygAsm/
r0ifbl;/
The Country is doomed vdkY a'goESifh tus,fMuD;atmfjyD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m w,fvDzHk;udk aqmifhcsypfvdkufw,f/ The Country is doomed
qd k w m wd k i f ; jynf M uD ; ysuf p D ; awmh r S m yJ v d k Y wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü g ,f & w,f /
wd k i f ; jynf t wG u f a qmif & G u f o if h w J h v l a wG u tck v d k a cgif ; a&S m if aeMur,f q d k & if
wdik ;f jynfMuD;ysupf ;D awmhrmS yJvYkd olqckd siw f mygbJ/ a'goodyjf zpfaewJt h wGuf olajymcsiw
f mudk
tukefrajymEdkifyJ tckvdk wdkwdkawmif;awmif; ajymvdkufyHkay:w,f/}}
(OD;Ek\ wmawpaeom;? pmrsufESm -113)
a&G ; aumuf y G J r0if v d k u f & ojzif h 'D w csD w G i f ]]Ek } } u ]]qef ; }}
udkjiif;vdkufEdkifjyD[k ocifEk xifaeqJ---/
]]bd w f u trwf w a,muf a&epf j yD ; qH k ; oG m ;jyD / ol Y ae&mrS m
Mum;a&G;aumufyGJ vkyf&r,f/ tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJrSm cifAsm;0ifyg/
AdkvfcsKyfa&- pOf;pm;bdkY tcsdefeJeJ avmufay;ygtHk;/
pOf;pm;raeygeJYAsm? 0ifyg/
'dkYArmtonf;t½Hk;xJ0ifbdkY udpöwkef;uvJ AdkvfcsKyf twif;avmwmeJY
0ifvdkuf&w,f/ pOf;pm;bdkY tcsdefeJeJav;rS r&vdkufbl;/ 'DwMudrfawmh aoaocsmcsm
pOf ; pm;apcsif w ,f tcsd e f c sd e f e J e J a y;ygvd k Y ajymwJ h t wG u f Ad k v f c sKyf v nf ;
aemuf x yf r ajymawmh b l ; / jyef o G m ;w,f / ocif E k v J a&G ; aumuf y G J u d p ö u d k
trsdK;rsdK;pOf;pm;aew,f/ a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifbdkYqdkwmudk pOf;pm;vdkYr&bl;/ nwnusawmh
45
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; [m ocifEkeJYvmawGYjyefw,f/
Mum; a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pm&if;oGif;bdkY aemufqHk;&uf[m reufjzefyJ/
cifAsm;pOf;pm;vdkY r&ao;bl;vm;/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qdkwm omrn yk*¾dKvfr[kwf/
ArmwEdkifiHvHk;twGuf vGwfvyfa&;udk ,lay;EdkifwJh &SmrS&Sm;wJh
tmZmenf y k * ¾ d K vf j zpf w ,f / AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk MunfhwJhtcg ocifEk[m tJ'DvdkyJ
Munf&h OD;r,f/ wuúov kd af usmif;om;b0 uwnf;u twlwv l yk u f ikd v
f mMuwJh vl&if;yJqw
kd hJ
tMunfhrsdK;eJY csnfhyJ MunfhjyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk rqufqHoifhbl;/ aemufjyD; awmhvJ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m tJ'DtcsdefrSm ocifEk&JY acgif;aqmifjzpfaejyD/ acgif;aqmifvkyfolu
a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifygvdkY ajymaewm[m trdefYay;aewmyJ/ 'DtrdefYudk 'Davmufcg;cg;oD;oD;
jiif ; qef a ewm aumif ; rvm;/ tp&S d w J h pd w f u l ; awG [ m ocif E k & J Y OD ; aES m uf x J r S m
wckjyD;wckay:aewJt h wGuf ocifE[ k m olYpwd xf rJ mS &Sw
d t
hJ wdik ;f ajz&rSmudk odyf tm;emaew,f/
tJ'gaMumifh MumawmhrS a&G;aumufyGJ0ifr,f/ 'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;vdkY (6) v
avmufMum&if ig EdkifiHa&;u xGufr,fvdkY ocifEku ajzvdkufw,f/
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; vJ tawmf a Mueyf o G m ;w,f / tJ ' gaMumif h
vG w f v yf a &;&jyD ; wJ h a emuf (6)vqd k w J h tcsd e f [ m trsm;MuD ; vd k y gao;w,f v d k Y
ajymjyD;jyefoGm;w,f/
(OD;Ek\ wmawpaeom;? pmrsufESm -115)
xdkYaemuftrwfjzpfvmaom ocifEkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
qE´twdik ;f wdik ;f jynfûyvTwaf wmf em,ujzpfvmjyD; jAdwed Ef ikd if o H Ykd oGm;a&mufum 0efMuD;csKyf
tufwvD paom jAdwdoQacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;aqG;aEG;EdkifcJhonf/ 1947-
ckESpf Zlvdkifv 18-&uf nbuf wGif ocifEktdrfwGif ocifEku AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tm;
0efMuD;csKyftufwvD ajymjyvdkufonfh ]]jref r mEd k i f i H v G w f v yf a &;ES i f h jref r mEd k i f i H \
yxrOD;qHk;0efMuD;csKyf OD;atmifqef;}} tpDtpOfudk wifjyEdkifcJhonf/
rdwfaqG0wå&m; 5-yg; tjyeftvSefausyGefcJhMuaom qef ; ES i f h E k
oli,fcsif; 2-OD; teuf nDi,f zdk;atmifqef; \ jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;\ tusdK;twGuf
a&&SnfarQmfrSef;um vJTtyfoGm;ovdkjzpfcJh&aom ]]jrefrmEdkifiH\ yxrOD;qHk;0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;}}
udk ? udkMuD;Ek (ocifEk) rS acgif;a&Smifr&? apm'uwufcGifhr&? tcsdefqGJcGifhr&bJ ]]opömrSefpGm}}
vufcHvdkuf&aMumif;udkum; trsm;todyifjzpfonf/
xdx k uf omoemh'g,um bbMuD;OD;Ek onf urÇmjh idr;f csrf;a&;? bmom
omoema&; ESifh ]]qef;\orD;}} a':atmifqef;pkMunfESifhjrefrmjynf \ 'Drdkua&pDa&;
ESifh jidrf;csrf;a&;ponfwdkYtwGuf toufxufqHk; opöm&Sd&Sd 0wå&m; taxGaxG rysufuGufbJ
ulnDaqmif&GufEdkifcJhaMumif;udkvnf; ordkif;u armfuGef;xdk;cJhjyD;jzpfygownf;/ /
(OD ; Ek \ wmawpaeom;? OD ; Ek \ ig;ES p f & moD Armjynf ? od e f ; azjrif h \ ausmf j id r f ; ?
a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ aMumuf&GHUjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; pmtkyfrsm;udk udk;um;ygonf/)
udk,fEIwf,Ofaus;?pdwfjzLazG;? at;jidrf;csrf;om &ygap/
 46
rjyD;qHk;ao;aom OD;oefYta&;tcif;
a&jcm;ajrjcm;tvkyform;*sme,f(2006-azz0g&DESifhrwfv)
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H Ykda&muf&o
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pwifcJhaom OD;oefYta&;tcif;onf xdkESpf'DZifbmvtv,f a&Twd*Hkbk&m;\awmifzuf?
q&mMuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\*lAdrmefteD;? OD;oefY\*lAdrmefay:aygufvmjcif;jzifh
tqHk;owfonf[k a,bl,stm;jzifhqdkMuygonf/ uRefawmfhtaejzifhrl ]]OD;oefYta&;tcif;
rjyD;qHk;ao;}}
ao;}}[kqdkcsifygonf/
1974 ckESpfrSjyefwGufrnfqdkygu ,ckESpf 2005 ckESpfwGif (31)ESpfMumjrifhcJhygjyD/
xdkpOfuudk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifodrSDolrsm;rSmvnf; ,cktcg tenf;qHk;touf(50)ausmf?
(50)eD ; yg;&S d a vmuf M uygjyD / tcsd e f \ wd k u f p m;rI E S i f h t wl tcsd K Ujzpf & yf u av;rsm;
a00g;oGm;cJhMujyD[k,lqEdkifygonf/
uReaf wmft h aeESirhf l tcsed \
f wdu
k pf m;rIukd MuHUMuHUcdik v
f suf atmufygjrifuiG ;f tcsKd UESihf
trSmpum;tcsdKUudk rarhravsmhatmif xdef;odrf;EdkifcJhygonf/ odrSD oufqdkif pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;
rdrdwdkUrSwfrdorQESifh wdkufqdkifMunfhMu? aqG;aEG;MunfhMujyD; az:xkwfMuapvdkygonf/
OD ; oef Y \&k y f u vyf y g&S d a om uk v or*¾ t vH vT r f ; jcH K xm;onf h a cgif ; ud k
oH C mawmf r sm;ES i f h a usmif ; om;ausmif ; ol r sm;OD ; aqmif o nf h jynf o l v l x k u
xd e f ; od r f ; vd k u f j yD ; aemuf rd e pf t enf ; i,f t MumwG i f ? OD ; oef Y \tpf u d k
]] OD ; cef Y }} \toH? toHcsJUpufrS ay:vmygonf/ xdkpOfuAdkvfae0if;tpdk;&vufodkU
OD;oefY\&kyfuvyftm;jyeftyfzdkY oHCmawmfrsm;? ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;ESifh vlxkMuD;tm;
OD;cefYu pdwfvIyf&Sm;pGmjzifh arwåm&yfcHygonf/
trsm;pkupdwfvIyf&Sm;aeMuí OD;cefY\arwåm&yfcHcsufudk pdwf0ifpm;jcif;r&SdMuyg/
toHcsJUpufESifhteD;ta0;uGmjcm;rI? toHjywfawmif;jywfawmif;jzpfrIwdkYaMumifhvnf;
pdw0f ifpm;rIenf;yg;Muygonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;ESiahf usmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; wOD;vufuw kd OD;
jrJjrJqkyfudkifí OD;oefY&kyfuvyfygonfhacgif;udk txyfxyf0ef;&H&if; aemifvkyfudkif&rnfh
tpDtpOfrsm;twGufom pdwfvIyf&Sm;aecJhMuygonf/
rnfolrSjyefvnf rwHkYjyefMuojzifh OD;cefYu pdwfvIyf&Sm;pGmjzifhyif toHudkjr§ifhí
ol\arwåm&yfcHcsufudk OD;wnfzufwrsdK;odkYajymif; ajymygonf/ ¤if;rSm---
]] OD;oefYtaejzifhjrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;udk tvGefwefbdk;xm; av;pm;ygaMumif;?
urÇmMuD;\ta&;udpörsm;udk rtm;rvyfaqmif&Gufae&aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfta&;?
jref r mjynf o l j ynf o m;rsm;\ta&;ud k vpf v sL &I rxm;ygaMumif ; ? tenf ; qH k ;
oifhawmfolwdkYrSwqifh¤if;? EIwftm;jzifh¤if;? tMuHOmPftm;jzifh¤if;? tjrJwrf; xrf;aqmif
ulnDavh&SdcJhygaMumif; }} ajymMum;cJhygonf/
47
xdkYaemuf ]]urÇmYukvor*¾ taxGaxGtwGif;rSL;csKyfwa,mufjzpfonfhtwGuf?
urÇmt&yf&yf&Sdpmtkyfwdkufrsm;? r*¾Zif;wdkufrsm;? vlrIa&;toif;tzGJYrsm;? tpdk;&rsm;ESifh
vkyfief;pkMuD;rsm;? ponfwdkYrS txl;ojzifh pmtkyftrsdK;rsdK;udk OD;oefUtm; vufaqmifay;avh
&S d M uygaMumif ; ? ¤if ; pmtk y f r sm;ud k OD ; oef Y u raysmuf r ysuf a tmif
xdef;odrf;pkaqmif;xm;apygaMumif;? wpwpESifh ¤if;pmtkyfrsm;rSm ta&twGuftm;jzifh¤if;?
wefb;kd tm;jzif¤h if;? trsm;tjym;pkaqmif;rd? wefb;kd &Sjd yDjzpfygaMumif;? ¤if;pmtkyrf sm;udrk w l nfí
jynfojl ynfom;rsm;twGuf jrefrmjynfwiG f ]]acwfrSD pmMunfhwdkufMuD;}} wck wnfaxmif&ef
OD;oefYu ol r uG , f v G e f r S D pD p Of r S m Mum;oG m ;cJ h ygaMumif;?...}} ponfjzifh OD;cefYu
ajymMum;ygonf/ xdktcgüvnf; OD;cefY\ ajymMum;csufrsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;rI
r&SdMu? tm&HkrpdkufMubJ aemufqHk;oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; OD;aqmifí
jynf o l v l x k M uD ; u OD ; oef Y \&k y f u vyf u d k usd K uú p H u G i f ; rS &ef u k e f w uú o d k v f o d k U
o,faqmifoGm;cJhMuonfudk od&SdjyD;jzpfMuygvdrfhrnf/ rSwfrdaumif; rSwfrdMuygvdrfhrnf/
pma&;ol t aejzif h r l rd o m;pk c sif ; cif r if & if ; ES D ; jyD ; jzpf o nf u waMumif ; ?
OD;cefY\ajymMum;csufrsm;udk pma&;olwdkU RIT (tmvf-tdkif-wD) ausmif;om;rsm;
vufcsif;quf 0ef;&Hxm;Muonfhae&mrS aumif;pGmMum;Mu&í waMumif;? xdkpOfuyif
OD ; oef Y pmMunf h w d k u f M uD ; ud k pd w f u l ; yH k a z: tm;& auseyf r d j yD ; jzpf c J h y gonf /
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taqmuftOD;&SdcJh&m ajruGufae&mwGif? OD;oefY\*lAdrmef
(0g) jidrf;csrf;a&;Adrmef (0g) ausmif;om;or*¾ t aqmuftOD;]]topf}}
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awmif z uf r k ' f e m;od k Y a&muf w d k i f ; ? jcH K EG , f y d w f a ygif ; wd k U jzif h jynf h E S u f v suf
tjrJ0if;wHcg;ydwfxm;aom OD;oefY\*lAdrmefudkjrif&wdkif; OD;oefUpmMunfhwdkuf udpöudk
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urÇ m ppf M uD ; }} jzpf r nf h a b;rS u ,f w if E d k i f c J h j cif ; ? AD , uf e rf p pf u d k j yD ; qH k ; atmif
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49ES p f t jrif } } pmtkyfyg ]] uREk f y f o d a omOD ; oef Y }} aqmif;yg;yg "gwfyHkrsm;udkvnf;
jyef v nf j rif a ,mif r d a vh & S d c J h y gonf / wcgw&H ü rl q&mMuD ; ocif u d k , f a wmf r I d i f ;
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awG&Sif;jyD; udk,fwdkiftxJrSm OD;oefYtaMumif; pmtkyfpmwrf;awG a&mif;ae? jyoae?
apgifha&Smufay;ae&&if aumif;av rvm; [lívnf; awG;rdcJhbl;ygonf/
1989-92 rsm;wG i f ? yk ' f r 5n jzif h tif ; pd e f a xmif ? om,m0wD a xmif ?
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wwfEdkifaomtcsdefwGifyg0ifodrSDolwdkY\ rSwfwrf;rusefcJhí taumiftxnf raz:rdMurSm
pd k ; &d r f í vnf ; jzpf y gonf / jzpf a pcsif a om &if w G i f ; qE´ E S i f h a pwemwUd k u d k ?
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pmtk y f r sm;ES i f h " gwf y H k r sm;ud k jzef U csd E d k i f c J h y gonf / pmtk y f r sm;jzif c sd & mü
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdom;pk? OD;Ek? OD;oefY? qlbwf csef'&mbdkY(pf)paom yk*dK¾ vfMuD;rsm;ESifh
taz vefaxmifOD;pyfpkwdkY twlwuG aqmif&GufcJhyHk trsdK;rsdK;ygonfh 'D r d k u a&pD a cwf
EdkifiHa&;ESifh tw¦KyÜwåd pmtkyf(3)tkyfudk tD;-bkwfcf (e-book) jyKvkyfjzefcsdEdkifcJhygonf/
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aqmif&GufcJhonfh rSwfwrf;"gwfyHk }} jzefcsdjcif;? tygt0if OD;oefYESifhol\tar "gwfyHkudk
tjrJ w H c g;yd w f x m;jcif ; cH & jyD ; trsm;jynf o l w d k Y a csmif ; Munf h c G i f hMu
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 50
ausmif;tkyfq&mMuD;OD;EkESifhtxufwef;jyausmif;q&mOD;oefY
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oifh&mtyfydkY? q&mwdkY? usifhbdkY0wf ig;jzm}} [laom q&m q&mrrsm;\ 0wå&m;wdkYudk
q&m q&mrjzpf b l ; ol r sm;tygt0if jynf o l j ynf o m;trsm;wd k Y avh v mod & S d
usifo h ;kH bl;Murnfxifygonf/ ausmif;tkyq f &mMuD;b0rS jrefrmEdik if \H yxrOD;qH;k 0efMuD;csKyf
jzpfcJhol OD;Ek ESifh txufwef;jy ausmif;q&mb0rS urÇmhukvor*¾MuD;\ wwd,ajrmuf
taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rS L ;csKyf j zpf c J h o l OD ; oef Y wd k Y \ q&mh 0 wå & m;rsm; ausyG e f p G m
twlwuGawGYMuHKcJh&aom b0wauGUjzpf&yftcsdKYudk oHk;oyfwifjyrnfjzpfygonf/ 2007-
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Ek ES i f h oef Y / / udkEk ESifh udkoefYwdkYonf 1926-ck E S p fwGif
&efukefwuúodkvfü qHkawGYcJhMuonf/ 0g;c,from; udkEk(udkMuD;Ek) onf yef;waemfom;
ud k o ef Y (armif o ef Y ) xuf touf 2-ESpfMuD;onf/ Zmwdae&yfcsif;vnf; eD;pyfum
pmayarGYavsmfolrsm;jzpfMuojzifh wOD;ESifhwOD; av;pm;cifrif &if;ESD;uRrf;0if &SdcJhMuonf/
1928-ck E S p f wGif udkoefY Oypmwef;atmifaomfvnf; rdcifESifhnDi,frsm;udk iJhum
ausmif;qufrwufawmhbJ yef;waemfjrdKUtrsdK;om;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&mtjzpf
tvkyf0ifonf/
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ud k E k \ bMuD ; jzpf o l w d k Y \ taMumif ; Mum;ac:,l wd k u f w G e f ; rI a Mumif h
yef;waemftrsdK;om;ausmif;\ vpfvyfaeaom ausmiftkyfMuD;&mxl;udk udkEk &&SdcJhonf/
þodkYjzifh ausmif;tkyfq&mMuD;OD;Ek ESifh txufwef;jyausmif;q&m OD;oefYwdkYonf yef;waemf
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naewdik ;f pmaya&;om;jcif;? pmayaqG;aEG;jcif;? vrf;avQmufxu G jf cif; ponfwYkd jzifh rdrw
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oH k ; cG t rsd K ;om;ausmif ; ? 1933-ck E S p f ü yef ; waemf t rsd K ;om;ausmif ; rsm; rsm;wG i f
ausmif;tkyfMuD;tjzpf tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef? oifMum;a&;wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJhjyD;? 1934-
wGif &efuek w f uúovkd üf Oya'wef;jyefwufonfrS udkatmifqef;(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)wdkYEiS hf
51
awGYqHk&um EdkifiHa&;avmuxJa&mufcJhonf/
OD ; oef Y r S m rl t xuf w ef ; jyausmif ; q&mb0rS y ef ; waemf t rsd K ;om;
ausmif ; tk y f M uD ; b0wG i f u sif v nf & if ; OD ; Ek \ rd w f q uf a y;rI a Mumif h xd k p Of u
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wd k i f ; jynf û yvT w f a wmf trwf o cif E k ? wd k i f ; jynf û yvT w f a wmf em,uocif E k ?
ponfwdkYrSonf jref refrmEdkifiH\yxrOD;qHk;0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek jzpfvmcJhonf/
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ocif x G e f ; tk y f wdkYrS ac:,l cefYxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ]]jref r mh y nma&; pD r H u d e f ; opf } }
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cefYxm;jcif;jzpfonf) ? jyef M um;a&;0ef M uD ; Xme twG i f ; 0ef 0PÖ a usmf x if O D ; oef Y
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u&ifvufeufudkifrsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfqJa&;? jid r f ; csrf ; a&;aph p yf j zef a jzol O D ; oef Y
(OD;Ek\wm0efay;csuft& u&ife,fajrodYk omG ;a&mufum apmbOD;MuD;? apm[efomwmarT;
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0ef M uD ; csKyf \ twG i f ; 0ef E S i f h pD ; yG m ;a&;ES i f h v l r I a &;bk w f t zG J Y twG i f ; 0ef OD ; oef Y ?
uk v or*¾ q d k i f & m jref r mEd k i f i H \ tjrJ w rf ; oH t rwf M uD ; OD ; oef Y ? xdkrSaemufqHk;ü
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d Ykd \
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 52
þae&mü ausmif;tkyfq&mMuD;b0rS 0efMuD;csKyfjzpfcJh&olOD;EkESifh
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ausmif;q&mpdwf"mwfaumif;rsm; rsm;aMumifhom t"du [k pma&;ol ,lqrdygonf/
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b0rsd K ;od k Y a&muf a tmif ? rod r omwrsd K ;? od o d o momwzH k
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ajymjy&S i f ; vif ; ar;jref ; aqG ; aEG ; &if ; tod O mPf tqif h t wef ; jrif h r m;vmatmif
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53
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yef;waemftrsdK;om;ausmif;ü vkyfaz:udkifzufwynfhjzpfcJhbl;ol i,foli,fcsif;OD;oefYudk
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 54 55
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qef & if ; ememzG y f j cif ; jzif h atmuf o uf a uscJ h a om OD ; oef Y ud k jynf w G i f ; omru 0efMuD;csKyfae½l;\ udk,fpvS,f c&pf&Sem;rDEGefwdkYEiS t
hf wl vlord sm;xif&mS ;vmcJh ygawmhonf/
jynf y urÇ m t&yf & yf o d k Y ] ] o i f h & m t y f y d k Y } } cJ h a Mumif ; taxmuf t xm;tcsd K YrS m
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
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jrefrmudk,fpvS,ftzGJUacgif;aqmiftjzpfwufa&mufcJh&jcif;? 1954 1954-wGif qdkAD,uf½k&Sm;ü
acgif;aqmifMuD; c½k & S u fESifh cifrifcGifh&cJhjcif;? w½kyfjynfü w½kyfacgif;aqmif armfpDwHk;?
csLtifvdkif wdYk EiS hf awGYqckH iG &hf cJjh cif;? 1954-'DZifbmmwGif AD,uferf acgif;aqmif [dkcsDrif;ESihf
qH k a wG Y cJ h & jcif ; ? 1955-{jyD bef a 'gif ; nD v mcH w uf c G i f h & jcif ; ? tar&d u ef w G i f
tar&d u ef a cgif ; aqmif r sm; sm;ESifhaqG;aEG;cGifh&cJhjcif;? 1955-tpö a &;? 1956-wG i f
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udkvHbdk uGefz&ifh wdkYodkUwufa&mufcGifh&cJhjcif;? xdkYaemuf 1957- 1957-wGif ukvor*¾qdkif&m
jrefrmEdkifiH\ tjrJwrf;oHtrwfMuD;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcGifh&cJhjcif;? ponfwdkYyifjzpfygonf/
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a&SYwef
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0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek? 'k0efMuD;csKyfOD;ausmfjidrf;? w&m;olMuD;csKyfOD;jrifhodef;/
aemufwef; 0JrS,m--AdkvfcsKyfuawmfa':cifMunf? w&m;olMuD;csKyfOD;jrifhodef;ZeD;
a':zGm;ar? tpöa&;oHtrwfMuD;ZeD; ? OD;&m&SpfZeD;zmwDrm &m&Spf?
'k0efMuD;csKyfOD;ausmfjidrf;ZeD; a':EGJY&D? 0efMuD;csKyf\jyefMum;a&;twGif;0efOD;oefY/

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1958-zqyvtuGJtjyJumv mvwGif OD;Ekonf OD;oefYudk ]]oifh&mtyfydkY}}
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 56
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0efMuD;csKyf eDudwm c½k&Suf? tawmfq;kH tar&dueforw rwrsm;wGif wOD;jzpfonfh *Ref tufzf
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ausmif;tkyfq&mMuD;rsm;om taotcsm odEdkifvdrfhrnf[k pma&;ol ,lqygonf/
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urÇmaus;Zl;&Sif jidrf;csrf;a&;AdokumMuD;OD;oefY\ txG#t f xdyf atmifjrifraI emufu,
0wå&m;aygif;pHkausyGefcJhonfh ausmif ; tk y f q &mMuD ; a[mif ; ? 0ef M uD ; csKyf a [mif ; ?
bufrvdkuftzGJUacgif;aqmifa[mif;MuD;? 'Drdkua&pDESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;xm0&acgif;aqmif?
omoemh ' g,umMuD ; bbMuD ; OD ; Ek onf rd r d w ynf h t ay: ES p f o uf a useyf
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wnf&SdcJhygaMumif;? ]]oefYESifhEk}} udk urÇmuvnf;wGJvsuftodtrSwfûyjrJjzpfygaMumif;?
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57
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifEkwdkY\ jAef[yfabG
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&uf a eYwGif wwd,tMudrfajrmuftjzpf &efyHkaiG odef;20 ESifh wodef;wef oufu,frdk;
armfawmfum;wpD; vSL'gef;cJhyHktaMumif;ESifh ]]w½kyfESifh*syef nDtpfudk rjzpfoifhyg}} [laom
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ &J0Hhjywfom;onfhajympum;taMumif; wdkY yg0ifcJhygonf/
þaqmif;yg; 2-yk'fonf wenf;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ESifh
w½kyftrsdK;om; jAef[yfabGtoif;MuD;wdkY\ w½kyfjrefrmcspfMunfa&;wnfaqmufMuyHkrsm;
[kvnf;qdkEdkifygonf/ *syefwdkY\ w½kyfjynf eefuif; vlowfyGJESifh jrefrmEdkifiHodkY *syefwdkY
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G w
f iG f OD;aqmifonfh ArmhwyfrawmfESifh jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;u wzuf? wzufESifhwzuf
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ocif E k ESifh w½kyftrsdK;om; jAef[yfabGtoif;MuD;wdkY ywfoufcJhyHktaMumif;rsm;udk
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 58
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59
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t"dyÜg,fwdkufqdkifínDnGwfNyD;awmhvnf; aeygw,f/ toHuvnf;aumif;w,f? uREfkyfonf
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tcgrSmvnf; tcsuftvufxdw,f? jywfvnf;jywfom;w,f? 'Dtcsdeftcg[m 1943-
ckESpfjzpfygw,f/ uREfkyf[m aocsmpGmtuJcwfw,f? [dkpOftcgrSm ocifEk[m 36-ESpfyJ
&Sdygao;w,f/ ydefydefjzLjzLcyfacsmacsm ½kyf&nfoem;urm;? olYudk tuJcwfcefYrSef;Munfh&if
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 60
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63
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68
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tESDxdkif0rf;uRef;rSpum;jyefESifhuREfkyfonf tvGefcifrif&if;ESD;aomb0odkY a&mufvm
avawmhonf/ þ*syefacwf0,f *syefume,f[, D mtdu
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pifbdef0SD; ydkifaom aetdrfjzpfavonf/ ,cktcgwGif '*kef&dyfommjzpfaeaomae&mjzpfonf/
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olYeab;0,fygvmaom t*Fvyd u f jym;rav;onf zdo k wå0gwdYk pGrJ ufp&maumif;avmufatmif
69
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cG e f t m; AveJ Y jynf h p H k w J h o l y J j zpf j zpf ? vS w J h [ mud k a wmh rausmf v G e f E d k i f b l ; wJ h /
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 70
aumif;NyD? rif;MunfhNyD;awmhom pDpOf? 'Dt*Fvdyfujym;ruav;udk ume,f[D,mtdku
qDudkxnfhvdkufr,f}}[líajymonf/ NyD;vQifum; olonf t*Fvdyfujym;ruav;udk
tawmfMumatmif ajymaeonf/ uREfkyfum; t*Fvdyfpum;wwfolwpfa,mufr[kwfí
olwdkYbmawGajymaeMuonfudk rod&ay/ onfhaemufydkif;0,f vSrsdK;<u,faeaom
t*F v d y f u jym;ruav;ud k uREf k y f \ vuf 0 ,f tyf E S H o G m ;avonf / uREk f y f t zd k Y u m;
vGefpGmrS0rf;ajrmufaerdonf/
aemufwpfaeYwGif xdkif0rfuRef;rSpum;jyef uREfkyf\a[mfw,fodkY
vmavonf/ olYvufokdY t*Fvdyfujym;ruav;udktyfvdkuf rSmMum;p&m&Sdonfrsm;udk
wd;k wd;k wdww f w d rf mS Mum;&NyD; xnhv f ukd af vonf/ xdak eYn ume,f[t D u dk \vuf0,ft*Fvyd f
ujym;ruav;a&mufomG ;onf/ aemufwpfaeYwiG u f m; OD;AaqGBuD; *syefzrf;qD;xm;aomb0rS
vGwfajrmufvmonfudk awGU&\/
OD;AaqGBuD;*syefvufrS vGwfajrmufvmrIonf uREfkyfwpfOD;wnf;\
pG r f ; aqmif c suf a Mumif h [ k rqd k v d k y g/ tES D t *F v d y f u jym;ruav;ud k tul a y;aom
trnfraz:vdkonfh0efBuD;\ aus;Zl;onf trsm;BuD;yg0ifavonf/ wpf z uf r S v nf ;
Armh E d k i f i H a &;acgif ; aqmif B uD ; rsm;ES i f h OD ; AaqG t ay:od k Y oH a ,mZOf & S d a om
w½k y f t rsd K ;om;rsm;uvnf ; OD ; AaqG * syef v uf r S vG w f a jrmuf & ef t wG u f aiG t m;?
vk y f t m;? tBuH t m;ES i f h jyKvk y f a eMuonf r S m vnf ; uREf k y f t od y if j zpf o nf /
olwdkY\BudK;yrf;rIu rnfodkYrnfyHkjzpfaeMurnfudk um;rod? uREfkyf\BudK;yrf;rIudkom
xkwfaz:ía&;om;az:jyjcif;jzpfayonf/
rnfol\pGrf;aqmifrIaMumifhjzpfap? uREkfyf\rdwfaqGBuD;OD;AaqG
zufqpf*syefvufrS vGwfajrmufvmonfhtwGuf rsm;pGm0rf;omaeolrsm;um; uREfkyfwdkY
tm;vHk;yifjzpfavawmhonfwum;/
(0efMuD;csKyf OD;EkESifh OD;pyfpkwdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;t& OD;AaqGwdkY
*syefvufrS vGwfajrmufvmMuonfh&ufrSm *syefwdkY&rf;um;Edkifao;aom 1945 {jyD 24-
25 ywf 0 ef ; usif j zpf y H k & &m OD ; pyf p k \ aqmif ; yg;yg 0ef M uD ; onf OD ; AaqG w d k Y \
toufrsm;ESifh *syefawmfvSefa&;MuD;udk omrefrQr[kwfbJ rd r d \ touf u d k y g&if ; í
u,fq,fjcif; [k pma&;ol,lqygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aysmufqHk;oGm;rItwGuf 1945
rwf v -29 &uf w G i f ac:,l t ppf c H & jyD ; uk u ú d K if ; *syef uif a ywd k i f i&J c ef ; rS
jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvmol OD;pyfpo k nfvnf; OD;AaqG\ vufaxmuftjzpf wm0efausco
[kqEkd ikd yf gonf/)
+++++++++++++++
þrQqdkvQif 1944-Mo*kwfv 4-&uf yJcl;pHjywyf&if; AdkvfausmfaZm
tdrfrS pepfwus pwif tajcysdK; cdkifjrJ tiftm;jynfhcJhaom acgif;aqmifMuD; 3-OD;? tzGJYMuD;
3 - z G J U \ p n f ; ½ H k ; r I p n f ; v H k ; n D n G w f r I r s m ;;onf tzG J Y tpnf ; toD ; oD ; ES i f h
71
h m owif;aygufMum;rI
jynfojl ynfom;rsm;Mum; tvsiftjrefjyefYEUHS í ydrk ckd ikd jf rJ tiftm;jynfu
vH k ; 0r&S d b J 1945-ck E S p f rwf v 27-&uf a eYrsm; eYrsm;wGif zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;MuD ;
atmifatmifjrifjrif ay:aygufvmcJhaMumif;? xdkYaemuf 1945-{jyD 945-{jyD v tuk e f c ef Y wG i f
awmfvSefa&;MuD; txGwftxdwfodkY a&mufvmcJhjyD; OD;AaqGwdkYuJhodkYyif *syeftzrf;cHrsm;\
toufrsm;pGmudk vkyfaz:udkifbufrsm;u opöm&Sd&Sd oufpGefYMudK;yrf; u,fq,fEdkifcJhMuum
1945-ckESpf Mo*kwfv 15-&uf *syefvufeufcsjcif;ESifhtwl zufqpfawmfvSefa&;MuD;
atmif j rif p G m tjyD ; owf E d k i f c J h a Mumif ; ? txuf y gaumuf E I w f c suf r sm;t&
odom,HkMunfavmufayjyD/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;MuD; uJhodkY rnfonfh ta&;awmfyHk?
ta&;tcif ; ? awmf v S e f a &;? Mud K ;yrf ; rI M uD ; rS pv,f q H k ; pnf ; vH k ; nD n G w f p G m jzif h
jrefjrefxufxuf atmifatmifjrifjrif qifETJEdkifcJhjcif;rsdK; jrefrmhordkif;wGif ,aeYtxd
r&Sdao;aMumif;vnf; pmzwfolwdkY od&SdvufcHMurnf [k pma&;olxifjrifrdygonf/
ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifhrl vGefcJhaom 62-ESpf u pv,fqHk; atmifjrifpGm
qifETJEdkifcJhaom zufqpfawmfvSefa&;MuD; udk qifjcif*kPfûy erlem,lMu&if; ppftmPm&Sif
zufqpfrsm;udk jynfolw&yfvHk; awmfvSeftjyKwfjzKwfrnfh ]]'kwd,
zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;MuD ; }}}}jrefjrefxufxuf tiftm;jynfhay:ayguf atmifjrifEdkifa&;
udk,fpDudk,fiS ydkrdk tm;oGefMudK;yrf;aqmif&GufMuygpdkU[k wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ygownf;/ /
( tESpf 60 - ajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aeU txdrf;trSwf
pmtkyftygt0if tudk;tum;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; iSm;&rf;ulnDMuaom udkayguf? udkcsrf;?
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udk,fEIwf,Ofaus;? pdwfjzLazG;? at;jidrf;csrf;om &ygap/
hJ l
 72
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cJhjyD;jzpfygonf/ ,ck OD;pyfpk ]] zdeyfpyfpk}} bGJU&cJhyHkudk az:xkwfa&;om;rnfjzpfygonf/
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twdkif; tazOD;pyfpk\ pmtkyfrsm;wGifyg&Sdonfrsm;udk t"duxm;í wdkuf½dkufaumufEIwf
a&;om;ygrnf/ xdkodkYwdkuf½dkufaumufEIwf&jcif;rSm 1959-1963 ckESpfrsm;twGif;
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ay:aygufcJh&aom OD;pyfpk\pmtkyfrsm;onf OD;pyfpk\ EIwfjzifhajymjycsufrsm;tm;
pma&;q&mrsm;jzpfMuonfh udkav;ESifhOD;jrifhxGef; (okawoDjrifhxGef;) wdkY\ okw&o
ajrmufatmift"du MudK;yrf;rIrsm;aMumifhom atmifjrifaom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfay:vm&jcif;
jzpfonf[k pma&;ol oH;k oyfrí d jzpfygonf/ xdYkaMumifh jrefrmEdik if 'H rD u
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ta&;tom;udk *kPfûyaomtm;jzifhjyifqif&Sif;vif; xkwfy,fjznfhpGuf csefvSyfum a&SUaemuf
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ppfvufeufXme ppf0wfpm;XmerSL; AdkvfBuD;Awif ESifh Adkvfodef;[efwdkYacgif;aqmifum
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ocif j rwd k Y ud k , f w d k i f a cgif ; aqmif í *syef v uf r S t ouf u ,f c J h & ol j zpf y gonf /
xdktaMumif;t&mtao;pdyfudk Burma Digest wGif ]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ZGJvHkUvESifh
ocifjr\jzwfxdk;OmPf}} aqmif;yg;ü pma&;ola&;om;cJhjyD;jzpfygonf/ AdkvfMuD;Awifonf
vG w f v yf a &;&jyD ; aemuf &J a z:oH k ; usd y f 0 if Ad k v f v uf s m Ad k v f v uf s mES i f h t wl
rkwåryifv,fig;zrf;vkyfief; vkyfudkifcJhí rkwårAdkvfAwif [kvnf; vlodrsm;oljzpfygonf/
Adkvfodef;[ef udkrl rkwfqdwfarT;Adkvfodef;[ef [kodMuygonf/
++++++++++
73
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? OD;pyfpk? Adkvfrif;acgif/
ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf wyfrawmfodkY &efyHkaiG 5-odef;udkay;NyD;
wm0efBuD;wpfckayghoGm;í at;r,frSrusefao;bl;?zdeyfpyfpktaejzifh aemufxyftylvHk;BuD;
wpfck[m ay:aygufvmjyefygNyD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m &efyHkaiGtwGufr[kwfyJaemufxyf
uREfkyfudkac:NyD;wdkifyifw,f/ awmfvSefa&;[mvnf; eD;uyfaeNyD/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m
*syefESifhwdkufzdkYtwGuf jcHKawm udkif;awmrsm;udkoGm;&awmhr,f/ odkYtwGuf zdeyfr&SdvQif
rjzpfEdkifí OD;pyfpk[m zdeyf&zdkY '‘DwpfckawmhxyfNyD; tultnDay;ygOD; vdkYajymw,f/
tJ'DvdkajymqdkNyD;aemuf Adkvfatmifqef;[m olYvufatmuf&Sd olYwynfh
ppfvufeufXme ppf0wfpm;XmerSL;AdkvfBuD;Awifudkac:vmNyD; uREfkyfESifhAdkvfAwifudk
zdeyf&&Sda&;wm0eftukefvHk;udk wm0efay;vTJtyfvdkufw,f/ 'Dwkef;uAdkvfBuD;AwifESifhtwl
rkwfqdwfarT;Adkvfodef;[efvnf; ygvmonf/ uREfkyf[m uREfkyf\pdwfxJrSmawmfvSefa&;vnf;
eD;uyfaeNyD? &JabmfawGrSm *syefESifhwdkufzdkY&ef zdeyfr&Sd&ifb,fjzpfrvJ? tifrwefrS ta&;BuD;
wmyJvdkYatmufarh,lqrdw,f/
tJ'aD wmhuREfyk [ f m zdeyfcsKyfwwfonfw h ½kyt
f m;vH;k udk csKyfc 3-qay;NyD;
csKyfckdif; vdkufonf/ puf 2-ck&Sd&ifvnf;wpfckudkiSm;vdkufw,f/ tJ'DvdkcsKyfvdkY &uf 20-
avmufvJ usa&m om;a&ukefoGm;w,f/ csKyfwJhvlvnf;&Sdpufvnf;&SdNyD;om;a&r&SdvdkY
rcsKyf&onfh b0udk a&muf&o dS mG ;ygonf/ bmESiw hf o
l vJqakd wmh td;k vnf;&SNd yD;? xif;vnf;&Sí
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*syefawG&JU *kdaxmifawGxJrSm&Sdonfhom;a&awGudk ydkufqHrsm;rsm;ay;í,lcdkif;w,f/
ydkufqHrsm;rsm;ay;vdkY om;a&awGvnf;&a&m? zdeyfawGudkvHkvHkavmufavmufcsKyfay;Edkifí
zd e yf r sm;ud k 1945-ck E S p f ? rwf v 27-&uf a eY awmf v S e f a &;rwd k i f r D &J a bmf a wG [ m
vHkvHkavmufavmuf pD;EdkifNyD; *syefudk &J0HhpGmESifhawmfvSefEdkifcJhygonf/
74
awmfvSefa&;tcsdefraESmif;rD uREfkyf&SmazGcsKyfvkyfay;onfhzdeyfawGudk
wyfrawmfom;awG pD;NyD;? udkif;awmv,fawmcsKHawmawGudk avQmufEdkifzdkYESifh *syefukd
awmfvSefEdkifzdkYta&;ukd tm;BudK;rmefwuf r&raeyifyifyef;yef;ESifh&atmif&SmazGvkyfudkifay;
cJhw,f/ wyfrawmfom;awG[m *syefukd&ifqdkifNyD; wdkufMuonfhtcgrSm *syefudk tjyeftowf
tyGJyGJrSmtEdkif&cJhjcif;rSm uREfkyfOD;pyfpk &SmazGvkyfudkifay;cJhonfh zdeyfawGaMumifhvnf; wenf;
wvrf; taxmuftulûyvdrfhr,fvdkYxifygw,f/
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zsmyHkc½dkifbufrSaeí &efukefNrdKUudk vmNyD; tNyD;tydkifodrf;vdkufygonf/ 1945-ckESpf arv
3-&uf a eYrS m &ef u k e f N rd K Uud k Armh w yf r awmf u od r f ; vd k u f N yD ; qd k w mud k w urÇ m vH k ;
odatmifaMunmvdkufonf/ '‘gaMumifhvnf;Armhwyfrawmfudk tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;[m
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t*Fvdyf ppfoabFmBuD;awG[mvnf; ppfvufeufypönf;tpHktnDESifh &efukefNrdKUudk
r0if & J r od r f ; &J a o;yJ acsmif ; 0rS m &S d a eMuw,f / '‘D t csd e f r S m Armh w yf r awmf [ m
ouf p G e f Y Bud K ;yrf ; &G y f & G y f c Ref c Ref E S i f h & ef u k e f N rd K Uud k 0 if o d r f ; vd k u f o nf / tJ ' D a wmh
t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd rf sm;[m Armhwyfrawmfukd txifrBuD;yJraeEdik af tmiftxifBuD;vmcJMh u&w,f/
Armhwyfrawmf[m urÇmodatmifaMunmEdkifcJhvdkY 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 27-&uf
ufaeYcsKyfqdkonfh atmifqef; tufwvDpmcsKyf rSm wif;jynfhusyfjynfhvdktifqE´udk
t*F v d y f r sm;[mvd k u f a vsmvmcJ h & w,f / av;pm;vmcJ h & w,f / Armh v G w f v yf a &;
awmif ; aomtcgrS m vnf ; '‘D t wG u f a Mumif h t rsm;BuD ; tcG i f h t a&;yd k r d k & &S d
cJhygonf/
‘'D u d p ö r S m uREf k y f w pf O D ; wnf ; om zd e yf p yf p k v d k Y emrnf x if a y:vm
ygaomfvnf; uREfkyfESifhtwl 0dkif;0ef;tm;ay;ulnDvkyfudkifay;olrsm;trsm;BuD;&SdcJhygonf/
taotcsmqef;ppfa0zefMunfhvdkufjyef&OD;rnfqdk vQifvnf; uREfkyfwpfOD;wnf; aumif;í
r[kwfyg/ zdeyfcsKyfwwfonfhq&mBuD;awG? 0dkif;0ef; tm;ay;MuonfholawG? *syefua&aEG;
ylyuf? vufonf;cGHcGmín§if;yef;ESdyfpyfrSmudk raMumufr&GHUyJ &J&J0Hh0HhESifh om;a&rsm; &&Sdatmif
,lay;onfo h al wG? ArmhwyfrawmfppfvufeufXme? ppf0wfpm;XmerSL;Adv k Af wif? Adv
k of ed ;f [ef
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uawmh pufypönf;tppt&m&mtm;vHk;ESifh wlnDygayonf/ '‘Dypönf;tm;vHk;pHknDvdkY
em&DBuD;[mtcsdefrSefvnfywfoGm;Edkifovdk uREfkyfwdkYwpfawG[m wpfOD;aumif;r[kwfyJ
tm;vH k ; vl n D w uf n D a umif ; rG e f v S y gaomaMumif h zd e yf u d p ö r S e f o rQtm;vH k ; [m
acsmarmajyjypfpGmjzifhatmifjrifvmcJhygonf/
uREfkyf[m apmfbGm;pyfpkjzpfvmcJhwmvnf; tvm;wluREfkyfwpfOD;wnf;
aumif;rGefvkdY r[kwfyg/ *syefuifaywdkifcsKyf rwfqltdkum? olYwynfh az:rdkqmvlrsdK;
75
pum;jyefowif;ay; olEiS hf bk&m;'g,um0PÖausmx f ifO;D zd;k pde?f olYom;ueufped ?f aumvdypf ed ?f
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q&mBuD;awGESifh <ua&mufvmMuNyD; tm;ay;onfhvlBuD;vlaumif;rsm; rsm;[mvnf;
apmfbGm;pyfpkvdkY uREfkyftrnfwGifovdk olwdkY[mvnf;apmfbGm;pyfpk pyfpkawGjzpfMuygw,f/
'‘DudpöawG[m uREfkyfapmfbGm;pyfpkwpfOD;wnf;ESifhNyD;onfh tvkyfawGr[kwfyg/
++++++++++
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xyf r H t yf E S i f ; cJ h o nf u d k od o mavmuf y gjyD ? ]]apmf b G m ;pyf p k } }bG J U &&S d & ef OD ; pyf p k o nf
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owå d A swå d w d k U aygif ; pyf j yD ; pnf ; ½H k ; toH k ; cscJ h & ygonf / *syef * d k a 'gif r sm;&S d
oa&rsm;udkydkufqHrsm;rsm;ay;í ,lcdkif;onfqdk&mwGif? xdkpOfu w½kyfwef;&Sd cdkudk;&mrJhrsm;ESifh
bde;f pm;rsm;udyk g rvTrJ a&Smifom toH;k cscMhJ u&&mOD;aqmifppD Oforl sm;tygt0if tm;vH;k twGuf
tEÅ&m,ftvGefrsm;aMumif; odomEdkifygonf/ wae&m&m wcsufcsufwGif cRwfacsmfwdrf;yg;rI
jzpfay:ygu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0ifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhwuG *syefawmfvSefa&;MuD;
twGufygwpHkw&mxdcdkufEdkifp&m&SdcJhygonf/ OD;aqmifyg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;\AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhArmhwyfrawmfMuD;udk av;pm;MunfndKay;qyfvdkaom pdwf "mwfrsm;jzifh
wufnv D ufnaD qmif&u G Ef ikd cf rhJ rI sm;aMumifo
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]]Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; \zd e yf p yf p k } }omvQif j zpf a Mumif ; ½d k ; om;pG m az:xk w f w if j y
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 76 77
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þaq;½HkBuD;0,f odkavSmifxm;aomypönf;rsm;rSm jcifudkufaq;? oMum;tdwf? ywfwD;vdyf?
&ef u k e f N rd K UBuD ; jymjzpf a wmh r nf h t a&; *syeft0wftxnf? *syef*rG ;f apmif? *syef*rG ;f vdyEf iS hf *syefrsm;pm;aomufaeMu[if;oD;[if;&Guf
(zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;txdrf;trSwf) tajcmufrsm;tjyif taxGaxGvloHk;ypönf;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdavonf/
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atmufqHk;vTm *sydk;? olcdk;? bdef;pm;rsm;onf aq;½HkBuD;xJrSypönf;rsm;udk oGm;a&muf vk,uf
1945-ck E S p f rwf v 27-&uf r S pwif u m Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ,liifMuonf/ *syefppfom; tcsdKUu xGufírajy;ao;/ tenf;tusOf;usefaeao;onf/
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txuf j ref r mEd k i f i H & S d j rd K Utrsm;ud k r[mrd w f w yf r sm;xuf OD ; pG m jref r mh w yf r awmf u xdkpOf0,f w&m;Oya' tkyfpdk;a&;ESifh w&m;rQwrI[lonf vHk;0r&Sdawmhay/ BuD;Edkifi,fn§if;
zuf q pf a tmuf r S vG w f a jrmuf a pcJ h j yD ; atmuf j ref r mEd k i f i H E S i f h &ef u k e f j rd K Utm;vnf ; Edkif&mvl pm;Mupwrf;yif jzpfaeawmh\/
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ppfwYkd \ oabmobm0twdik ;f ½I;H edro ajrvSefpepf}} ESihf jynforl sm;\
hf l *syefzufqpfwYkd \ ]]ajrvS vrf;w0uf u vufeufjyí vkMuoluvnf; &Sdao;onf/ vrf;wpfavQmufvHk;wGifvnf;
touf t d k ; td r f p nf ; pd r f x uf rd r d w d k Y \ touf c E¨ m tif t m;ud k yd k r d k t av;xm;aom rMum;0Hhremomatmif qJqdkoGm;Muonf/ tdrf&Sd a,mufsm;? rdef;r? uav;rsm;ygrusef
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&efukefjrdKYMuD;jymjzpf&awmhrnfhta&; rS oDoDuav;vGwfajrmuf&yHkudk pma&;ol zwfrSwf t0d Z Æ m yd w f u mzH k ; aeaom þavmbom;rsm;onf aemuf r sm;rMumrD tcsd e f y d k i f ; ü
avhvmxm;rdorQ wifjyrnfjzpfygonf/ &efukefNrdKUBuD;jymjzpfawmhrnfhta&;udk enf;enf;av;rSrawG;rdMuay/
xdo k Ykd wifjy&mwGif OD;pyfpk\ yHkESdyfxkwfa0jyD; ]]xl;wJhpyfpk ‘'kwd,wGJ}} 1945-ckESpf? {NyDv 24-&ufaeY/ / vrf;rBuD;rsm;ü ypönf;o,f,l
pmtkyyf g aqmif;yg; 2-yk'u f kd 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ ]]ig;ESpf&moD jrefrmjynf}} pmtkyt f ygt0if olrsm;ajccsif;vdrfvsuf&Sdonf/ &efukefaq;½HkBuD;wGifum; tzdk;wefypönf;rsm; r&Sdoavmuf
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifhwdkufqdkifí wdkuf½dkufESifh tusOf;csKyf aumufEIwfcsufrsm;jzifh rSwfwrf; atmifyifenf;yg;oGm;\/ onfhtwGufaMumifh tjcm;ukefwdkufESifh ypönf;&Sd&mXmersm;udk
oabm wifjyoHk;oyfrnfjzpfygonf/ azgufxGif;NyD;o,f,laeMuwkef;yif/
++++++++++ rSwfrSwf&& xdkaeYnajcmufem&DcGJ ckepfem&DcefYwGif onfht&ifu rvif;
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f rSwf aom "gwfrD;rsm;onf xdefxdefvif; vmawmhonf/ "gwfrD;wdkiftvif;a&mifatmuf0,f
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tuk e f v H k ; xG u f a jy;umeD ; avNyD / xd k Y aMumif h *syef a &wyf r awmf t m; &ef u k e f N rd K U xGufajy;awmhrnfhqJqJ*syefrsm;udkyifvQif txl;aus;Zl;wifaeMu[efwlonf/
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xdktcsdefwGif uREfkyfwdkYw½k w ½ky f t rsd K ;om;jAef [ wf a bG t oif ; BuD ; \ onf arSmiftwdusoGm; avonf/ *syefrsm;onf &efukefNrdKUwpfNrdKUvHk;udk vQyfppf"gwftm;
Ouú | yD a uacsmif ; onf aumf r D w D v l B uD ; rsm;ud k csuf c sif ; zd w f M um;ac:,l N yD ; ay;aom(tm-tD;-wD) vQyfppfpufBuD;udzk iG í hf zsuq f ;D ypfcohJ nft h aMumif;udk aemufwpfaeY
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*syefukef;wyfu a&wyfrawmfudktyfvdkufwm awmfawmfta&;BuD; aew,f/ tifrwefrS 1945-ckESpf? {NyDv 27-&ufaeY/ / eHeuf&Spfem&D rdepfESpfq,f
owdxm;aeMuyg}}[lí Ouú|BuD;u rdefYqdkav\/ tcsd e f w G i f ,ck v uf & S d oabF m qd y f u rf ; trS w f av;-ig;-ajcmuf a e&mrsm;ud k
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78
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Ouú|yDauacsmif;ESifh uREfkyfwdkYwawGonf tajctaet& þtkyfcsKyfa&;*syefppfAdkvfBuD;ESifh
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wpfcgwpfcgwGif þ*syefAdkvfBuD;BudKufwwfaom rdef;r&Tifjynfhwefqmrsm;vnf;ydkYay;cJh\/
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jzpfoGm;Muawmhonf/ þtcg usavrSuREfkyfwdkYu ....]]tck w½kyf&yfuGufrSm vlBuD;? vli,f?
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ta&mufydkY&ef csufcsif;avS? orÁefwdkYudk uREfkyfwdkYwawGonf &Sm&avonf/
uHaumif;axmufronf[k qdk&ayrnf/ rarQmfvifhyJ a&Tawmifwef;
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vd k u f y d k Y ygrnf [ k uwd c H N yD ; pd w f a useyf p G m jzif h oabmwl v d k u f a vonf /
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orÁefxJrScsvdkufavonf/ odkYuvdk uZGef;Orsm;udk tukefvHk;0,fvdkufNyD;? w½kyfolvQdKudk
uZGef;OorÁefESifh jrpf0odkYa&mufatmif ydkYvdkufNyD;avrS uREfkyfwdkYwawGonf 0rf;xJ&Sd
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awmfvSefa&;tv &;tvH wpfcu
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]]tck &efukefNrdKUudk Armhwyfrawmfuxdef;odrf;vdkufNyD? 'DtvH[m Armhwyfrawmf&JU
awmfvSefa&;tvHjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY 'DtvHudk cifAsm;wdkYtoif;BuD;&JUtvHwdkifrSm
vTifhxlxm;yg}} [líajymNyD;ay;tyf\/ uREfkyfwdkYvnf; ,HkMunfpdwfcspGmjzifh awmfvSefa&;
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zufqpfawmfvSefa&;tv
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1945-ckESpf arv 3-&ufaeY naeydkif; ig;em&Dtcsdeftxd/ / *Gwåvpfvrf;pHk *syefppfykvdyf½Hk;0if;rS t"dywd a'gufwmAarmf? 'kwd,0efMuD;csKyfocifjr?
t*FvdyfppfwyfESifhppfoabFmrsm; onf yifv,f0üom&Sdaeao;onf/
1945-ckESpf arv 3-&ufaeY naeydkif; ig;em&Dtcsdefaemufydkif;/ /
Armhwyfrawmfu &efukefNrdKUBuD;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufNyD;ESpf&ufcGJ tMumwGif pdwfcsvufcsESifh
armfawmfrsm;(r[mrdwfa&wyfrawmfrSppfoabFmaygif; tpif; 100-cefY) wpfpD;NyD;wpfpD;
81
&efukefjrpf0rS 0ifa&mufvmygawmhonf/ jrpf0rS0ifvmaom ppfoabFmi,frsm;ESihf
vufeufwyfqifxm;aom armfawmfuav;rsm;udk a&Tawmifwef;qdyfurf;wGifuyfum
ukef;ay:odkYwufa&mufvmayonf/ armfawmfay:rSwufvmaom vlrsdK;pHkyg0ifonfh
r[mrdwfppfom;rsm;u vmMunfholrsm;udk pD;u&uf? acsmuvuf? t*Fvdyf rl;aph rwfaphrsm;
ay;Muavonf/ xdkYaemufydkif;wGifrl olwdkYvdkcsifaomypönf;rsm;awGUavvQif t*Fvdyf
wpfq,fwefpuúLrsm;ESifhaps;0,fonfudkvnf; awGU&\/ &efukefNrdKUBuD;ü tajctae onf
vnf; wpfrsdK;wpfzHkajymif;oGm;avNyD/
jAdwdoQwyfrsm;&efukefqdyfurf;odkYjyef0ifvmMuyHk(1945)
1945-ckESpf arv yxrywf/ / ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfrawmfudk
*syefacwfwavsmufvHk;tultnD ay;cJhaom w½kyftrsdK;om; jAef[wfabGtoif;BuD;udk
wdkif;jynf\tajctaet& zsufodrf;vdkuf&avonf/ uREfkyf\ vkyfief; udkifief;[lorQ
udkvnf; acwfESifhavsmfnDpGm wpfrsdK;wpfzHk ajymif;a&TUvkyf&avonf/ zufqpf*syefrsm;
Armjynf a jray:0,f vma&muf t k y f c sKyf a exd k i f j cif ; onf td y f a ysmf o G m ;aom tcg
tvGefxdwfvefYp&maumif;aom tdyfruf&SnfBuD;udkjrifruf&onfESifhom wlygawmhonf/
+++++++++++
þrQqd k v Qif Ad k v f c sk K yf a tmif q ef ; ES i f h w uG *syef a wmf v S e f a &;\
OD ; pD ; ta&;ygaom yk * ¾ d K vf r sm; awmf v S e f a &;ud k tEÅ & m,f u if ; pG m OD ; aqmif
aqmif & G u f E d k i f a &;twG u f ? O D ; A a q G O D ; w i f n G e f Y paom t&yf & yf
*syef t zrf ; cH r sm;vG w f a jrmuf a &;twG u f ? *syef r sm;rxG u f c G g rS D &rf ; um;roG m ;a&;
945-{jyDv 22-&ufaeY n 9-em&D &efukefjrdKY ukwfudkif;vrf;ESifh
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EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD;OD;Ek? acR;wyf 0efMuD;OD;xGef;atmif? opfawm0efMuD;OD;vSaz? AE¨Kv
OD;pdef wdkYtygt0if *syefacwf tpdk;&tzGJh0ifvlMuD;rsm; *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl £ajE´rysuf
xGufcGgoGm;csdefrSpí &efukefwjrdKYvHk; txdef;tuGyfr&Sd rif;rJhp½dkuf vTrf;rdk;oGm;jyD
[k q d k E d k i f y gonf / txl ; ojzif h zuf q pf * syef v uf a tmuf w G i f *syef w acwf v H k ;
 82 83
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jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifhtwl pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGm at;twlyltrQ tcsif;csif; ,dkif;yif;ulnD
aexd k i f c G i f h &cJ h M uol &ef u k e f j rd K Y a e w½k y f u k v m;rsm;twG u f vH k j cH K rI r&S d q H k ; aom q&m'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKESifhwynfhocifEk
tcsd e f t cgvnf ; jzpf y gonf / *syef p pf ½ I H ; ol a &m r[mrd w f p pf E d k i f o l w d k Y yg (0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek touf 100-jynfhtxdrf;trSwf)
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yufyif;&ifqdkifaecJhMu&aom tqdk;qHk; 10-&ufwm umvvnf;jzpfygonf/ aemufqHk; Burma Today June 2007
1945-ck arv 1-&ufaeYwGif jrefrmhwyfrawmfu &efukefjrdKYMuD;jymyHk twdrjzpfcif tcsdefrSD
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qifjcifawG;qp&mrsm; odomEdkif&ef pma&;olzwfrSwfavhvmxm;bl;onfh q&m'D;'kwf
OD ; bcsd K ES i f h w ynf h o cif E k w d k Y t aMumif ; wapY w apgif ; ud k bbMuD ; 0ef M uD ; csKyf O D ; Ek \
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a&SUaqmifvrf;jy q&mMuD;rsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ q&m'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKESifhocifEkwdkU q&mwynfh
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qdk&r,f/ tvkyfvkyfwJh ae&mrSm aooyfoavmuf 'D0wfyHk pm;yHkuvJ tcsKd;usw,f?
£a‘jE´&Sdw,f/ olUudk a,mufsm; rdef;r ra&G; aygif;rd&if cifrifMuw,f/ '‘Dvl[m a'goom
rBuD;w,f/ rmeawmhtvGefBuD;w,fqdkwm oludk,fwdkifu jiif;vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
taemufEdkifiHolawG ajymavh&Sdwmu AdkvfcsKyfae0if;[m wudk,fvHk; acsmNyD; a,mufsm; yDo
owJh/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m rsufESmwpfckvHk; usufoa&&Sdw,fqdkwmbJ/OD;oefYusawmh
rsuf p d t m½H k a umif ; w,f (S o ul f u l l o ok ) t*F v d y f v d k qd k w m uRef a wmf v J
bmomrjyefwwfawmhbl;/
uRefawmfESifhawGUpOf
‘'D r suf p d a Mumif h x if y g&J U ? uRef a wmf e,l ; a&muf N rd K U a&muf a wmh
rdef;racsmwa,mufu OD;oefYudk w,fvDzkef;qufNyD; yvDyvmawGajymvdkY OD;oefUacgif;BuD;
oGm;&aMumif; od&SdcJh&ygw,f/ w,fvDzkef;pmtkyf xJrSm rygwJheHygwfudk r& &atmif&SmNyD;
usr[m ae;&Sif; owif;axmuf vdkU qdkvdkY OD;oefYcrsm ab;usyf eHusyf jzpfoGm;w,f/
uRefawmfeJYawGUawmh MunfhvkyfygOD; vdkYwdkifrS uRefawmfu [uf[ufyufyuf &,fcJh&w,f/
armif r if ; BuD ; om; '‘D j yóemrsKd ; twG i f ; a&;rª ; csKyf b 0 a&muf w J h ck v d k t csd e f r S m
ray:ygapeJYvdkYqkawmif;ygw,f/
qkrGefaumif;
‘'D u aeUupjyD ; uk v or*¾ r S m Armh u k d , f p m;vS , f b 0ud k pG e f Y jyD ;
wurÇmvHk;&JU xdyfoD;&mxl;eJY wm0efudk xl;xl;cRefcRefxrf;aqmifEdkifygap/ ab;tEÅ&m,f
uif;&Sif;jyD; t&mcyfodrf;wdkYudk jrif h j rwf w J h tajr§ m f t jrif ? xl ; uJ a omtod O mPf
pG r f ; tm;eJ Y xd e f ; od r f ; qH k ; jzwf E d k i f y gap
gapvd k Y qk r G e f a umif ; awmif v d k u f y gw,f /
OD;oefUudkcifriftm;udk;wJhtxJrSm apmfbGm;pyfpk qdkwJhvlvJygw,f/ '‘Daygufaz:MuD;aygh/
 90 91
OD;oefUArmjynfudk acwåjyefvmw,fqdk&ifbJ a,muf,ufcwfjyD; xrif;auR;yg&apeJY rdefYcGef;ajymMum;oGm;onf/
jzpf a evd k u f w m? OD ; oef Y crsmvJ tm;emyg;emeJ Y tcsd e f a y;vd k u f & yga&m/ tJ h ' D w if qufvufí ,aeYurÇmwGif Adv k af wGcsnf;&Sad ecsdef Adv
k w
f umhb&k ifjzpf&ef
auR;vdu k af rG;vdu
k w
f m olUom; a&Tw;kH a&TcMJ uD; usvdYk ygbJ/ a[haxmifuMJ uD;? cifAsm;OD;oefYukd rvG , f u l a Mumif ; / OD ; oef Y onf rd r d E S i f h y ef ; waemf w G i f q&mtwl v k y f c J h & m
bmvdYk 'gavmufcspfae&wmvJvYkd ar;awmh vufnKd§ ;waxmifaxmifeYJ OD;oefY[m b,favmuf OD;oefY\pdwf "mwfoabmxm;udk aumif;pGmodcJhaMumif;/ OD;oefYonfi,fpOfupí
pdaygxm;jynf0h w,f/ plvkd aygufaz:MuD; wa,mufuakd wmif Armjynfvmatmif aqmifMuOf; ausmif;wGifpmMudK;pm;cJh&m ,aeY ukvor*¾a&muf&jcif;rSmOD;oefY\ ynmawmfrIaMumifhyif
EdkifcJhw,fqdkjyD; vHk;pdywfpd jyefajymvdkY tawmfbJ yGJusoGm;wmudk ajy;owd&w,f/ jzpfaMumif;/ trSefrSm OD;oefYonf EdkifiHjcm;om;awGxifovdk EdkifiHjcm;ü ynmroifcJh&
aygufaz:MuD;pyfpk aomfvnf; ,aeYxd pmrsm;pGmzwfjcif;? avhvmjcif;? A[kokw &Smjcif;wdYk aMumifh ,ckuo hJ Ykd
uReaf wmf '‘DapmfbmG ;pyfpk taMumif;a&;wke;f ajym&if;qd&k if; apmfbmG ;pyfpk &mxl;MuD;ud&k cJjh cif;jzpfaMumif;/ ,ck uefawmhMuaom wynfrh sm;uvnf; OD;oefY\ pHerlemudk
uRefawmfhtcef;xJ0ifvmwm awGU&w,f/ ‘'Darmifrif;MuD;taMumif;a&;ae&if; jAKef;ueJ ,loifhaMumif; jzifh jynfaxmifpkuvyfwGif ajymMum;oGm;avonf/
aygufvmwmawGYawmh wapä acsmufovdkbJ/ uRefawmfjzifh acgif;awmifMuD;oGm;rdw,f/ +++++++
OD;oefU"gwfyHkwyHk wudkifudkifeJY b,fhES,f&Sdp uRefawmf ajymw,fr[kwfvm;/ olUtqdkuawmh q&mwuúodkvfpdefwif\ urÇmYjidrf;csrf;a&;Adokum pmtkyw f iG vf nf;
azaz:0g&Dv OD;oefYudk xrif;auR;pOfu OD;oefY[m rsufESm ta&mifawmufw,f/ olu OD;oefY\rdwfaqGi,faygif; oli,fcsif;a[mif;jzpfol 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ 1961-Edk0ifbm 5-
wurÇmvHk;rSm emrnfausmfrJh&mxl;&r,fqdkwm aA'ifa[mvdkufw,fqdkyguvm;/ orw &uf jynfaxmifpkuvyfü usif;yaom jrd K Urausmif ; ol a usmif ; om;a[mif ; rsm; rsm;\
OD ; 0if ; armif ud k v J ol a [mw,f / w&m;0ef M uD ; OD ; jrif h o d e f ; ud k ol a [mbl ; wJ h oufMuD;ylaZmfuefawmhyGJ ajymMum;csufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;az:jyxm;ygonf/
aA'ifq&mMuD;rSef; ckrSod&w,f/ ]] 'DaeY uRefawmfwdkY pHerlemûyMu&rSm uawmh rMumrDu urÇmhukvor*¾
'geJ Y ES p f a ygif ; 30-ausmf u OD ; oef Y & J Y U rd w f a qG apmf b G m ;pyf p k u twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf tjzpfcefYxm;jcif;cH&wJh jrefrmEdkifiHu OD;oefUygbJ/ OD;oefY[m bmeJY
0rf;omaom txdrf;trSwfeJY OD;oefYudk oHMudK;½dkufay;ygqdkvdkY a&;jyD;ygjyD/ uRefawmhudkvJ wlovJq&kd if jrefrmEdik if w H nf;[laom EGm;wif;ukyrf S xGuo f mG ;wJh EGm;vm;OobeJYwyl gw,f/
a[mygOD;qdkawmh? [J....[J....tm;uD;aumif;w,fqdkjyD; vufjyajcjyeJY qif;oGm;av&JU/ 0efMuD;csKyfwa,mufjzpfzdkY tvGefvG,fulygw,f/ urÇmhukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfqdkwJh
'‘gaMumifh Armjynfom; ppfppf OD;oefYwa,mufu ‘'Dvdk ukvor*¾ &mxl;MuD;ud&k zdYk [m tvGecf ufcyJ gw,f/ wurÇmvH;k u OD;oefYukd MunfnKd jyD; jy óemwdkif;udk
jyóemwd
twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf&mxl; cefYtyfjcif;cH&wJt h wGuf *kPûf ywJt
h aeeJY ‘'Daqmif;yg;udk a&;vdu k jf cif; onf ; cH p d w f & S n f p G m ajz&S i f ; wwf o lvdkY OD;oefYudkodxm;Muw,f/ OD;oefU[m tdkifat
ygbJ/ pmar;yGJomatmifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh OD;oefUudk hukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&mxl;MuD;rSm
OD;oefY*kPfowif; ,ckxuf urÇmudkjyefYygap...../ cefYvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh tdkifat ruygbl;/ trfat atmifolxufyif awmfoljzpfaMumif;
++++++++++ odMu&ygjyD/ OD;oefY[m tvGef½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfol wa,mufjzpfjyD; Ak'¨bmomudkvnf;
1961-Edk0ifbmv 6-&ufaeYxkwf þEdkifiHopf owif;pmxJüyif tvGef½dkaoudkif;½Idif;oljzpfygw,f}}/
OD;oefYESif ywfoufí tvGef rSwfom;bG,f&maumif;aom bbOD;Ek\Mo0g' owif;rSmrl +++++++
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ xdkowif;rSm..... 7-1-1962 aeYü Edik if o H pf owif;pmwGif OD;oefYtaMumif;ESiyhf wfoufí
OD;oefYvdk xl;cRefatmif MudK;pm;Muyg/ yef;waemfausmif;olausmif;om;rsmodkY w½kyftrsdK;om;MuD; apmfbGm;pyfpk\aqmif;yg;rSmrl atmufygtwdkif;jzpfavonf/
0efMuD;csKyf\Mo0g' nDnGwfwJh OD;oefYwdkYrdom;pk jynfaxmifpkom;wdkY pHerlem,lEdkifygap?
EdkifiH wEdkifiHrSm orwESifh 0efMuD;csKyfjzpf&ef vG,fulaomfvnf; a&;ol-apmfbGm;pyfpk
wurÇmvHk;u txGwftxdyf acgif;aqmifae&m&bdkYrvG,fyg/ OD;oefYonf bDatyif uk v or*¾ twG i f ; 0ef c sKyf rpö w m ‘'uf [ r® m ;½I d ; vf
ratmifaomfvnf; MudK;pm;rI? 0d&d,&dSrI? onf;cHrI wdkYaMumifh urÇmwGif&Sdaom tkyfpkMuD; uG , f v G e f o G m ;jyD ; onf h a emuf jref r mEd k i f i H uk v or*¾ ud k , f p vS , f OD ; oef Y ud k
2-pkESifhMum;aeEdkifiH 104-EdkifiHwdkY\ auseyfrI&atmif vkyfEdkifjcif;onf vG,fulaom ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rª;csKyfcefYvdkufonfh twGuf rMumrDu OD;oefYudkcsD;MuL;wJh aMu;eef;pm
udpör[kwfaMumif;jzifh ,aeYEdk0ifbmv 5-&ufeHeuf8-em&Dtcsdef? jynfaxmifpkuvyfwGif wapmifudk uRefawmf ydkUvdkufygw,f/
usif;yaom yef;waemfausmif;om;ausmif;ola[mif;rsm;\ q&m ylaZmfyw JG iG f 0efMuD;csKyfO;D Eku rd w f a qG a [mif ;
OD;oefYeYJ uReaf wmf vGecf whJ hJ ESpaf ygif;-30avmufu rdwaf qGjzpfcb hJ ;l awmh
 92
OD;oefYuvJ uRefawmfhxH aus;Zl;Ouum&wif&SdwJhtaMumif; pmwapmifjyefMum;cJhygw,f/
urÇmhEdkifiHaygif; 103-EdkifiHu jrefrmEdkifiHudk,fpvS,fawmf OD;oefUudk
wnDwnGwfwnf; twGif;a&;rª;csKyftjzpf wifajr§mufvdkufwm xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpfygw,f/
OD;oefYudktwGif;0efcsKyftjzpfwif&wmuvJ jref r mEd k i f i H & J Y Mum;aea&;0g' rS e f u ef w J h
twGufaMumifhjzpfw,f vdkY uRefawmf ,lqrdygw,f/
rdcifa&m*g
puf w if b mv yxr ywf t wG i f ; OD ; oef Y twG i f ; 0ef c sKyf j zpf z d k Y
wpfay;aewJh tcsdefrSm olcspfjrwfEdk;wJh arG;rdcif&Jh om;jrwfrSmuifqma&m*gjzpfaewJhtcsdefeJY
wdkufqdkifaeygw,f/ urÇmrSm tMuD;tus,fqHk;jzpfwJh &mxl;udk vufcH&awmhrJhOD;oefYudk
ArmjynfodkY jyefvmapcsifMuygw,f/
odkYayrJh OD;oefY&JY nDrsm;jzpfwJh yef;waemfOD;cefY (pma&;q&mMuD;)?
OD ; aomif ; (0ef M uD ; csKyf t wG i f ; 0ef ) ? OD ; wif a rmif (uk e f o G , f r I w d k ; wuf a &;Xme
oGif;ukefxkwfvkyfa&;tzGJU obmywd) wdkYu Armjynf jyefrvm&atmif rdcifMuD;tm;
em;csMuw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/
ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh om; 3-a,mufeJY acR;rrsm;uvnf; rdcifMuD;udk
*½kwpduk ef YJ ûypkapmifah &SmufMujyD; pufwifbmv 21-&uf aeYrmS rdcifMuD;a&m*gudk a'gufwm-
Munf a yg tm; cGJpdyfukoapygw,f/
pdwfcs&jyD
'DvdkcGJpdyfukovdkufonfhtwGuf a&m*g oufomoGm;jyDjzpfvdkY OD;oefY
Armjynfjyefvm&ef rvdak wmhonfh taMumif;aMu;eef;pm wapmifyYkd vu kd Mf uygw,f/ OD;oefYu
rdcifMuD;&JU a&m*g oufomaMumif; pm&oGm;awmh pdwcf s vufcs jzpfjyD; a'gufwm-Munfaygudk
aus;Zl;wifaMumif; oHMudK;½dkufvdkufygw,f/
OD;oefYrdcifMuD; aq;½HkrSm&SdaepOftwGif; uRefawmfwdkY ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;
rMumrMum oGm;MunfhMujyD; "mwfpmrsm;ay;ydkYMuygw,f/ OD;oefY&JUrdcifMuD;udkvJ OD;oefYudk
Armjynfjyefac:&ef rvdkawmhaMumif;? a&m*gtajctae aumif;vmjyDqdkwJhtaMumif;
ESpfodrfhtm;ay;Muygw,f/
nDnGwfwJhrdom;pk
rMumcifrSmbJ OD;oefY\rdcifMuD;a&m*g vHk;0aysmufuif;oGm;ygw,f/
OD;oefYrSmvnf; Edk0ifbmv 3-&ufaeUrSm urÇmhukvor*¾ twGif;0efcsKyfjzpfoGm;ygw,f/
OD;oefY&JU nD 3-OD; nDnGwfwJhtwGuf OD;oefYtzdkY olUvkyfief;udk
pdwfat; vufat; aqmif&GufEdkifonfhtwGuf ArmjynftaeeJYolwdkYvdk nDnGwfonfh
rd o m;pk u d k *k P f , l p &m om"uud k axmuf ½ I j yD ; jynf a xmif p k twG i f ; &S d M uonf h
vl t aygif ; pH e rl e m,l E d k i f M uygap? pnf ; vH k ; nD n G w f M uygapqd k w m qk r G e f a umif ;
awmif;vdkufygw,f/
apmfbGm;-pyfpk
++++++++
93
wyfrawmf t&m&Sda[mif;wOD;\ ]]olUvdkvl? &ufpuf ,kwfrmrI
taygif; o&zlaqmif;cJhol (odkYr[kwf) ae0if;}} pmtkyyf g OD;oefY? OD;ae0if; ESihf ,aeYtxd
aetd r f tus,f c sKyf u scH a e&aom trsd K ;om;'D r d k u a&pD tzG J Y csKyf 'k w d , Ouú X
AdkvfcsKyfMuD;wifOD;wdkY ywfoufcJhaom a&;om;csufrSmrl atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
OD;oefYonftwGi;f a&;rª;csKyftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f ¤if;\
rdcifukd uefawmh&ef rdcifwikd ;f jynfoYkdjyefcb hJ ;l ygonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpv D ufxufwiG jf zpfí
jrefrmEdkifiHodkYa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; EdkifiHtMuD;tuJjzpfaom AdkvfcsKyfMuD;ae0if;tm;
*g&0ûyEI w f q uf v d k a Mumif ; ajymMum;jyD ; pD p Of a y;&ef arwå m &yf c H c J h y gonf /
AdkvfcsKyfMuD;tm;wifjy&mwGif rawGYvdkaMumif;ajymjyD; iyvDodkYxGufcGgoGm;cJhygonf/OD;oefYu
acgif ; aqmif M uD ; \rl v tpD t pOf t & oG m ;jcif ; jzpf í ¤if ; uyif v d k u f í EI w f q uf
ygrnf q d k j yD ; iyvD od k Y v d k u f o G m ;cJ h y gonf / iyvDwGifawGU&efMudK;pm;pOf rawGYcJh&bJ
AdkvfcsKyfMuD;(ae0if;)onf (tawGYrcHbJ)aemufaeY eHeufapmapmwGif jyefí xGufcGgcJhygonf/
xdkpOfu OD;oefYESifhawGUqHkcJh&aom AdkvfcsKyfMuD;wifOD; (umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csKyfa[mif;) urdwfaqGrsm;ESifhpum;pyfrdí ajymMum;&mwGif ]] AdkvfcsKyfMuD;(ae0if;)u
bmjzpfvdkYvJrodygbl;Asm rtm;vdkY rawGUEdkifaMumif;ajymjyD; jrefjrefjyefcJhqdkvdkY uRefawmfu
oGm;w,f [dka&mufawmh OD;oefYu tv’my ov’my ajymjyD; pum;aumif;aeawmh ½kwfw&uf
pum;rjzwfEdkifbl;ayghAsm? OD;oefYudk teD;uyfawGY&jyD; olpum;ajymwmem;axmif&wmeJY
wu,fh olawmfaumif; vlawmfMuD; wa,mufqdk'g uRefawmf tuJcwfrdw,f/ 'Dawmh
pum;jzwf & rS m tm;emjyD ; em;axmif c J h & 'gaygh A sm? uRef a wmf v J jyef a &muf a &m
bmvdkY'DavmufMumae&'gvJuG qdkjyD; qlawmhwmbJ/ aemufaeYreufapmapm jyefr,fqdkjyD;
jyefawmh'gygbJAsm}} [lí ajymjywwfygonf/
tcsdKYuxifjrifcsufay;onfrSm ]] OD;oefYuOD;EkeJYeD;pyfw,fAs?'gaMumifh
AdkvfcsKyfMuD;(ae0if;)u rawGYcsifwmjzpfr,f}} [lí¤if;? OD;oefYawmfwJhtaMumif;u
urÇmrSmawmif emrnfMuD;aeawmh vlawmfrMudKufwhJ Adv k cf sKyfMuD;(ae0if;)eJY b,fawGYvYkd&yghrvJ}}
[lí¤if;?xifjrifcsufay;Muygonf? [kwf r[kwfrSm um,uH&Sifrsm;om odEdkifaom
tcsufjzpfygonf/
(OD;oefYonfukvor*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf jzpfjyD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHodkY
1964-Zlvdkif25-&ufwGif 3-&ufc&D;? 1967-azz0g&D 24-&ufwGif 8-&ufc&D; jyefcJhbl;&m
txufyg tjzpftysufrsm;onf 1967-c&D;pOftjzpftysufrsm;jzpfonf[k pma&;ol
,lqygonf/)
+++++++++
txufyg aqmif;yg;? owif;? Mo0g' ESifh aumufEIwfcsufrsm; teuf
tefu,fMuD; OD;avm½kH\'‘Dvl[m a'goomrBuD;w,f/ rmeawmhtvGefBuD;w,f qdkwm
oludk,fwdkifu jiif;vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ [laom a&;om;csuft& OD;oefY\ rmersm;udk
 94
pma&;ol vuf v S r f ; rS D o rQ &S m azG zwf r S w f ar;jref ; Munf c J h r d b l ; ygonf /
rdcifESifhnDi,frsm;twGuf rdrd\ ynma&; rmersm;udk csdK;ESdrfatmifEdkifcJhonfrS tp
aus;&Gmvufonfrsm;udk wm;qD;rnfh 0rf;qGJq&mrpDrHudef;? usyfodef;aygif;rsm;pGm ESif
a':vmoef;ESifhcsDí ukefusrnfh q|oH*g,emwif&efvdkPf*lawmfMuD;aqmufvkyfrnfh
pD r H u d e f ; (wd k i f ; jynf j yef v nf x l a xmif a &; ta&;MuD ; aecsd e f w G i f jcd K ;jcH a cRwmpG m ES i f h
aqmufvkyf&efom OD;oefYuvdkvm;cJhonf)? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ owif;pmrsm;tay:
apmfum;rdonfhudp?ö t,f'Dwm OD;avm½Hkudk zrf;qD; tusOf;csrnfhudp?ö ponfwdkYwGif &mxl;rS
EIwfxGufpm wifonftxd rdrd\rme ESifh jywfom;rIrsm;udk pepfwus jyoEdkifcJhjyD; csdK;ESdrf
pdwf&Snf onf;cHjcif;rsm;jzif OD;oefY tEdkif&cJhonfuom rsm;cJhaMumif;awGYcJh&ygonf/
jynf w G i f ; omru jynf y Ed k i f i H r sm;rS acgif ; aqmif M uD ; rsm;?
ynm&S i f M uD ; rsm;ES i f h v nf ; rd r d \ t,l t q? tawG ; tac:? vk y f & yf r sm;ud k
( rmeMuD;onf[kxifjrifp&m) jywfjywfom;om; az:xkwfjyocJhjyD; ZGJvHkYv 0D&d,
onf;cHrIrsm;jzifh OD;oefYu rdrdvdkvm;csufrsm; &&SdatmifjrifcJhonfom rsm;cJhygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh ukvor*¾ twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf&mxl;&&Sad &;? usL;bm;ta&;tcif;? AD,uferfppfy?JG
ukvor*¾jyKjyifa&;? w½kyjf ynfoUl orwEdik if H 0ifciG &hf &Sad &; paom urÇmah &;&mrsm;jzpfygonf/
jywf o m;&J 0 H Y p&m&S d y gu OD ; oef Y onf 1942 arv
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; cef Y tyf a om jrefrmhynma&;jyefvnfûypka&;aumfrwD
twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk,lcJhjyD; *syefrsm;odygu ao'PfuscH&Edkifonfh vIdif;wdka&'D,dkjzifh
EdkifiHjcm;toHrsm; zrf;,lem;axmif&if; zqyv twGuf qefpkaqmif; odk0Sufxm;a&;
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ck E S p f rSpí aqmif;yg;? uAsm? bmomjyefrsm; t*Fvdyfvdka&m jrefrmvdkyg a&;om;cJhonf/
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