நகர்வு - இதழ் 08 (மே - ஆகஸ்ட் 2010)

Nagarvu
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gpujk Mrpupau; Nk-Mf];l; 2010 efu;T - 08
m\;n\a;f; vk;.V.vk;. kd;]{u;
(Naleemi) B.A (Hons) nghUslf;fk;
01. Mrpupau; fUj;J ......................................................... 02
epu;thf Mrpupau;
m\;n\a;f; vk;.,]l;.vk;.wprhl;
(Naleemi) 02. gapw;Wtpj;jYf;fhd r%f epWtdq;fs; - Kf;fpaj;JtKk;>
rpe;jpf;f Ntz;ba gf;fq;fSk; - ...................... 03
c];jhj; vk;.V.vk; kd;#u; (esPkp)
ntspaPl;L MNyhridf; FO
m\;n\a;f; v];.vk;.vk;.k]h`pu; 03. nrhj;Jf;fis gps;isfSf;F md;gspg;Gr; nra;jy; ............... 06
(Naleemi) B.A (Hons), M. phil m\;n\a;f; vk;.N[.vk;. mughj; fuPk;
Senior Lecturer,
South Eastern University, Oluvil
04. FHMNdhL ele;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw ....................... 11
n\a;f; my; f];]hyp
m\;n\a;f; vk;.Mu;.vk;. esPk;
(Naleemi) B.A.(cey), Counsellor
05. jha;g; ghYhl;ly; - ............................................ 14
Ministry of Social Service
m\;n\a;f; v];.vk;.vk;.k]h`pu; (esPkp)
m\;n\a;f; vd;. vk;. wprhl;

(Naleemi) B.A.(cey) 06. r%f Gduikg;gpy; K];ypk; ,isQu;fspd; gq;fspg;G ............... 17
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[h`pypa;aj; 07. ,];yhkpag; nghUshjhuj;jpd; eilKiwj;jd;ik ............... 24

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(]_wh Kj;j];]pu;: 05) 09. Foe;ij cstpay;- ................................................... 30
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tpiy tpguk;: 10. m©`dpghtpd; mz;il tPl;lhd; - ............................ 32
jdpg; gpujp: &gh 60.00 c];jhj; vk;.V.vk; kd;#u; (esPkp)
tUl re;jh: 350.00
11. gj;thf;fs; gf;fk; - .............................................. 35
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mj;NjhL ,tw;wpw;fhd ,l trjpfSk; ,j;jifa gapw;Wtpj;jy; epWtdq;fspy;
kpfTk; vspikahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fisAk;>
,t;thW r%fk; ,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F FiwghLfisAk; ePf;FtJ ,yFthFk;.
cupa ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhLf;f tpy;iy.
,];yhkpa ,af;fq;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l rpwpa
gs;spfspy; ,aq;FNthu; kj;u]hf;fspy; tl;lj;jpy; jkJ gapw;Wtpj;jy; vd;w
gl;lk; ngw;W ntspahNdhNu. MapDk; epiyf;F mg;ghy; ,g;gb xU
gs;spfspy; 5 Neuq;fs; njhOtpj;jy;> Fj;gh r%ff;fsj;jpyhd gapw;Wtpj;jy; Fwpj;Jf;
elhj;jy; vd;w ,uz;NlhLk; kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;jy; mtrpak;. mjw;F jkJ
mtu;fsJ gzp epd;W tpLfpd;wJ. kpfg; ,Wfpa fl;likg;igj; jsu;j;jp r%fg;
ngUk;ghyhd gs;spfs; Ciug; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; nghJ ePNuhl;lj;NjhL fyj;jy;
epWtdkhf ,aq;Ftjpy;iy. mj;NjhL mtrp a khdJ vdyhk; . ,af; f q; f s;
Fj;ghf;fSk; $l kpfr;rupahfj; jpl;lkpl;Lg; ,t;thW rpe;jpf;Fkhdhy; ,g; gapw;Wtpj;jy;
gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd vd;W $w ep W tdq; f is nraw; j p w d; kp f ; f jhf
KbahJs;sJ. khw;Wtij NkYk; ,yF gLj;j KbAk;.
FLk;gq;fs; kpfg; ngUk;ghYk; ,];yhkpag;

gapw; W tpj; j Yf; f hd epWtdq; f shf
,aq;Ftjpy;iy. FLk;gj;
jiytu; f Sf; N fh> jiytpfSf; N fh
FLk;gg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;> epu;thfk; rk;ge;jkhd
mwpitAk;> gapw;rpfisAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd
Xu; ,];yhkpa Nehf;F
gpf;`;
nrhj;Jf;fis
gps;isfSf;F
md;gspg;Gr; nra;jYk;
kuzj;jpd; Kd;du; nrhj;ijg; gfpu;jYk;
m\;n\a;f; vk;.N[.vk;. mughj; fuPk; thupRfspy; rpyUf;F capy; vOjptpl;Lr;
nry;Yk; xU kuig mtjhdpf;fKbAk;.
2. kuzpf;f Kd;G md;gspg;G vd;w ngaupy;
KOr;nrhj;ijAk; gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy;
gpupj; J f; n fhLj; j pl Ntz; L k; vd; w
kNdhepiyia gutyhf fhzyhk;.
3. kuzpf;fKd;Ng nrhj;Jf;fis
gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; gfpu;e;jspf;fhky;
kuzpj; J g; N ghd ngw; N whiu r%fk;
Fiwnrhy;tjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
4. nrhj;Jupikahsd; jhd; rk;ghjpj;j
nrhj;Jf;fis gps;isfis jpUkzk;
Kbj;Jitf;Fk; tiuf;Fk; khj;jpuNk
vkJ ehl;by; ,];yhkpa \uPMit nrhj;Jf;fSf;F cupikngWthu; vd;w
KOikahf gpd;gw;w KbAkhd FLk;gtho;T> fUj;Jk;> eilKiwAk; gutyhf cs;sJ.
,];yhkpa thupRupikr; rl;lk; Nghd;w
gFjpfspy; $l Gwf;fzpg;G ,lk; ngWtij 5. gp s ; i sfSf; F kj; j p a p N y ghup a
fhzKbAk;. rPuhd ,];yhkpa FLk;g Vw;wj;jho;TfNshL nrhj;Jf;fs; md;gspg;Gr;
tho;nthd;iw fl;bnaOg;gTk;> FLk;g nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ePjpaw;w ,j;jifa
mq;fj;jtu;fSf; fpilNa ,Wf;fkhd md; g sp g ; g p d hy; gyu; ghjp g ; g iltij
cwTfs; Ngzg;glTk; nrhj;Jg; fhzyhk;.
gfpu;tPl;bYk;> gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; 6. gps;isfs; jj;njLj;J tsu;f;fg;
nrhj;Jf;fis md;gspg;Gr; nra;tjpYk; gLtijAk; mtu;fis jdJ gps;isfshff;
,];yhkpa tiuaiwfs; Ngzg;gLtJ kpfTk; fUjp thup R r; n rhj; j p y ; gq; F toq; f g;
mtrpakhdjhFk;. gLtijAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,];yhkpa thupRupikr; rl;lk;> capu; thOk; ,j;jifa kpfTk; gpioahd fUj;Jf;fSk;>
NghJ ngw;Nwhu; gps;isfSf;F topjtwpa eil KiwfSk;
nrhj; J f; f is md; g spg; G r; nra; j y; nry; t hf; F r; n rYj; J k; ,]; y hj; J f; F
vd;gtw;NwhL njhlu;ghd ,];yhkpa \uPM khw;wkhd r%f#oypy; ,itfs; Fwpj;j
rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa njspTk;> eilKiwAk; kpfr; rupahd ,];yhkpa rpe;jidia
,yq;if K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; ePz;l tpsf;FtJk; mjdbg;gilapNy Kd;khjpup
neLq;fhykhf ,y;yhjpUg;gjd; tpisthf kpf;f ,];yhkpa FLk;gq;fis
gpioahd fUj; J f; f s; > topjtwpa cUthf;FtJk; Kjd;ikahd gzpfshf
eilKiwfs; mtu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Mokhf mikAk;. gpwkj fyhrhu ghjpg;GfSf;F
Nt&d;wpapUg;gij fhzyhk;. cl;gl;L thOk; K];ypk; r%fj;ij Jha
mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW milahsg;gLj;j ,];yhkpa jdpj;Jtq;fis tpijj;J>
KbAk;. gapw;Wtpj;J MNuhf;fpakhd khw;w nkhd;iw
1. kuzpf;f Kd;du; nrhj;Jf;fis Vw;gLj;jNtz;ba mtruj; NjitAs;sJ.
kuzpf;fKd; capy; vOJk; ,];yhkpa nrhj;Jupikia Muk;gk; Kjy; ,Wjptiu
gpf;`;
thupRupik rl;lq;fSf;F khw;wkhd xU kuG cj;juthjg;gLj;JfpwJ. khwhf capUld;

r%fj;jpy; Mog;gjpe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,Uf;Fk;NghNj gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy;
,];yhkpa Nehf;fpy; capy; vOJjy; kpfTk; nrhj;Jf;fs; midj;ijAk; toq;fptpl
gpioahd kughFk;. Vnddpy; ,];yhkpa Ntz; L k; vd; N wh my; y J mtw; i w
\uPmj;jpy; xUtu; kuzpj;jJk; mtu; gps;isfSf;F vOjptplNtz;Lk; vd;Nwh
tpl;Lr;nry;Yk; thupRr;nrhj;ij gq;fPL ,];yhk; fl;lhag;gLj;jpf; $wtpy;iy.
nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ,iwtDf;F mNjNtis xUtu; jdJ nrhj;ij
khj;jpuKz;L. ,e;j tifapy; jhd; tpUk;Gk; KOtpUg;gj;NjhL jdJ gps;isfSf;F
rpyUf;F capy; vOJtij ,iwtd; tpjpj;j kj; j papy; ePjpahf gfpu; e ; j spg; g jpy;
thupRupik rl; l q; f Sf; F khw; w khf ve; j j; j tWkp y ; i y. Mdhy; mt; t hW
mikfpwJ. mt;thW kuzpf;fKd; md;gspg;Gr;nra;jy; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
kuzrhrdk; vOjtpUk;gpd;my;Fu;Md; $upa rP j dk; Nghd; w kpfTk; gpioahd
thupRupik rl;lq;fSf;Nfw;g nrhj;Jf;fis ,];yhj;Jf;F khw;wkhd tof;fq;fis
gfpu;e;jspf;FkhW mikaKbAk;. ehd; eilKiwg; gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikaTk;
kuzpj; j Jk; thupRfSf; F kj; j papy; $lhJ. kUkfdp d ; mOj; j q; f Sf; F
,iwtopfhl;lYf; Nfw;g nrhj;Jf;fis gae;Njh my;yJ gps;isfspd;
gfp u ; e ; j sp f ; F khW cap y ; vOJfp N wd; tw; G Wj; j y; f sp d ; Ngup N yh md; g sp g ; G
,]; y hkp a thup R up i k rl; l q; f Sf; F ep f of; $ lhJ. mt; t hW toq; F tij
khw;wkhf kuzrhrdk; mikAkhapd; mjid ,];yhk; md;gspg;ghf fUJtJkpy;iy.
thupRfs; gpd;gw;wNtz;bajpy;iy. khwhf ,];yhk; cUthf;fhj gpwkj
,iwtdpd; nrhj;Jgq;fPl;ilNa mKy; fyhrhuq;fshy; K];ypk; r%fj;jpDs;
elj;jNtz;Lk;. kuzpj;Njhupd; nrhj;Jfs; cUthfpa nrhj;J Fwpj;j gpioahd
gfp u ; e ; j sp f ; f g; g Lk; Kiwfs; Fwp j ; J tof; f hWfsp d ; gp d ; d zp a p y ; FLk; g k; >
rl;lq;fs; vJTk; nrhy;yhj gpwkjq;fis jpUkzk;> nrhj;Jg;gq;fPL vd;gtw;iw
gpd; g w; W Nthu; jhk; tpUk; G NthUf; F Nehf;FtJ kpfTk; jtwhFk;.
nrhj; J f; f s; Ngha; r ; NruNtz; L k; nrhj;Jf;fis capNuhL ,Uf;Fk;NghNj
vd;gjw;fhf capy; vOjp itf;Fk; kuig VNjhnthU mbg;gilapy; gps;isfSf;F
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. Mdhy; K];ypk; kj;jpapy; gpupj;Jf;nfhLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;>
,g;gbahd gpioahd kuig gpd;gw;wNtz;ba ,y;iyNay; gpd;du; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glyhk;
ve; j tpj NjitAkpy; i y Vnddpy; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis ,yq;if K];ypk;
my;yh`{j;jMyh Kd;$l;bNa r%fj;jpd; FLk;gq;fSf;F kj;jpapNy kpfTk;
thupRr;nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fupa rl;lq;fis kpfj; gutyhf mtjhdp f ; f yhk; . ,]; y hkp a
njspthf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;. thupRupik rl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j ve;jtpj
,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mwpTg;gpd;dzpAkw;Nwhu; khj;jpuNk ,g;gb
nrhj; J upikahsd; jhd; rk; g hjpj; j fUj;Jj; njuptpf;f KbAk;. ,f;fUj;J kpfg;
nrhj;Jf;fSf;F kuzpf;Fk;tiu gutyhf rKjha kl;lj;jpNy fhzg;gLkhapd;
g+uzcupj;Jilatdhf fUjg;gLfpwhd;. thupRupik Fwpj;j mwpT vkJ r%fj;jpNy
,]; y hk; tpjpahf; f pa filikfis g+r;rpa epiapYs;sJ vd;gij vk;khy;
epiwNtw;wTk;> cyfpy; nfsutkhf thoTk;> czu;e;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
vjpu;fhyk; Fwpj;J mr;rkpd;wp ,Uf;fTk;> ve;j kjj;jpYk;> nfhs;iffspYk;
njhle;Jk; nrhj;Jf;fis itj;jpUg;gJ xU fhzg;glhj xU rpwg;gk;rkhf kuzpj;jtupd;
K];ypKf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ]fhj;> thupRr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F kpfTk; njspthd
`[;> j/th Nghd;w ,];yhkpa flikfis rl;lq;fisr;nrhd;d jdpr;rpwg;gk;rKk;>
epiwNtw;wTk; FLk;g kw;Wk; r%fuPjpahd ngUikAk; ,];yhj;ijNa rhUk;. ,j;jifa
nrytpdq;fis Nkw; nfhs;sTk; fz;zpakpf;f ,];yhj;ij gpujp
nrhj;Jupik jtpu;f;fKbahj xd;whFk;. epjpj; J tg; g Lj; J k; ehk; ,g; g bahf
fUjp f ; n fhs; t Jk; > gp i oahf ele; J
vdNtjhd; ,];yhk; xUtDf;Fupa nfhs;tJk; ,];yhkpa \uPMit tpl;Lk; ehk;
ntFJhuj;jpYs;Nshk; vd;gij ¶ ,khk; Gfhup (u`;) ]`P`{y; Gfhupapy;
gpf;`;
czu;j;JfpwJ. ~~gps;isfSf;F md;gspg;Gr; nra;jy;|| vd;w
[h`pypa;aj; cUthf;fpa midj;J jiyg; i gapl; l jd; gpwF gpd; t UkhW
gpioahd fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; r%f xOq;Ffs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; ~~gps;isfspy; rpyUf;F
midj;ijAk; ePf;fpa my;yJ newpg;gLj;jpa md;gspg;Gr; nra;jy; $lhJ. khw;wkhf
,];yhk; gps;isfis jj;njLj;J tsu;f;Fk; mtu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ePjpahf ele;J
gpioahd kuigAk; vjpu;j;jJ jj;njLj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mePjpf;F rhl;rpahf
gp s ; i sfis tsu; g ; g ij jilnra; j ,Uf;fKbahJ. egp (]y;) mtu;fs;
,];yhk;> mtu;fs; cz;ikahd $wpdhu;fs; : ed;nfhilapy; gps;isfSf;F
gps; i sfsy; y vd; w fhuzj; j pdhy; kj;jpapy; ePjpahf ele;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;.||
mtu;fSf;F thupRr;nrhj;jpy; ve;jg; gq;Fk;
fpilahJ vd;gijAk; typAWj;jpaJ. ¶ E/khd; gpd; g\Pu; (wop) mtu;fs; kpd;gupy;
,];yhk; gy Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Kd;du; Vwpr;nrhd;dij jhd; nrtpkLj;jjhf ,g;D
mopj; n jhopj; j [h`pypa; a kuGfis MkPu; (wop) mtu;fs; $Wfpwhu;fs;. ~~vdJ
gpd; g w; w pf; n fhz; L mtw; i w tpl; L f; je; i j vdf; F ed; n fhilnahd; i w
nfhLf; f hky; ,]; y hj; i j gpd; g w; w toq;fpdhu;. mg;NghJ mk;uh gpd;j; uth`h
epidg;gJ kpfg;ngUk; jtwhFk;. ]_wJy; (wop) mtu;fs; $wpdhu;fs;. ,iwJhij
m`;]hgpNy my;yh`{j;jMyh jj;njLj;J ePq;fs; rhl;rpahf epWj;Jk; tiuf;Fk; ehd;
tsu;g;gij jilnra;tJ Fwpj;J gpd;tUkhW jpUg;jpaila khl;Nld;. mg;NghJ vdJ
$Wfpwhd;. je; i j egpfshuplk; te; J || ehk;
mk;uhTf;$lhf fpilj;j vdJ kfDf;F Xu;
cq;fsJ tsu;g;Gg; gps;isfis cq;fsJ md;gspg;ig toq;fpNdd;. my;yh`;tpd;
Gjy;tu;fshfTk; mtd; Mf;ftpy;iy. ,itfs; JhjNu! vdJ kidtp cq;fis mjw;F
ahTk; cq;fsJ tha;fshy; $Wk; cq;fs; rhl;rpahf epWj;Jk;gb Vtpdhs;. mjw;F
thu;j;ijfisj; jtpu cz;ikay;y. NkYk; my;yh`; egpatu;fs; ePq;fs; my;yh`;it gae;J
cz;ikiaf; $Wfpwhd;. mtNd Neu;topia nfhs;Sq;fs;. cq;fsJ gps;isfSf;F
fhl;Lfpwhd;. kj;jpapNy ePjpahf ele;J nfhs;Sq;fs;
ePq;fs; tsu;j;j mtu;fis> mtu;fspd; je;ijfspd; vd;W $wpdhu;fs;. Gfhup K];ypkpy;
ngau;fisf; nfhz;L mioAq;fs;. mJjhd; gjpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;s NtnwhU mwptpg;gpy; egp
my;yh`;tplj;jpy; kpfTk; ePjkhFk;. mtu;fspd; (]y;) mtu;fs; g\Piug; ghu;j;J ~~nfhLj;j
je;ijia ePq;fs; mwpatpy;iyahapd; mtu;fs; md;gspg;ig jpUg;gp vLq;fs;|| vd;W
khu;f;fj;jpy; cq;fs; rNfhjuu;fshfTk;> $wpajhf te;Js;sJ. vdNt
rpNefpju;fshfTk; ,Ug;gu;. Vw;wj;jho;thf toq;fg;gl;l me;j md;gspg;G
]_uJy; m`;]hg; 4-5 jpUg;gp ngwg;gl;lJ.
nrhj;Jupik> gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy;
nrhj;Jf;fis md;gspg;Gr; nra;jy;> thupRr; ¶ ]`P`{y; Gfhupapy; gjpTnra;ag;
nrhj;Jg;gq;fPL vd;gitfs; njhlu;ghf gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk; rk;gtKk; ,f;fUj;Jf;F
vLj;j ,];yhkpa \uPmj;Jf;F khw;wkhd Mjhukhf mikfpwJ.
fUj;Jf;fs;> eilKiwfis Fwpg;gpl;L> egp (]y; ) mtu; f s; cku; (wop )
mitfs; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; mtu;fsplkpUe;J xU xl;lfj;ij thq;fp
epiyg;ghl;il tpsf;fpNdhk;. gpd;du; mjid kfd; mg;Jy;yh`;Tf;F
Nkw;$wpa ,];yhkpa gpd;dzpapy; epd;W md;gspg;Gr;nra;Jtpl;L gpd;tUkhW
gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; nrhj;Jf;fis $wpdhu;fs;. ~~eP tpUk;gpaij mjd; %yk;
ed;nfhilahf toq;Fk; NghJ rkdhf nra;|| Mjhuk;;: Gfhup.
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ mt;tplaj;jpy; Nkw;$wpa rk;gtj;ij tpsf;Fk; ,khk; ,g;D
ePjpahf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj fj;jhgpd; je;ij ,khk; ,g;D `[u;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;. m];fyhdp (wop) gj;`{y; ghupapNy
,f; f Uj; i jf; fP o ; t Uk; `jP ] ; f Sk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.~~mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; cku;
,khk;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd: (wop) mtu;fs; mwptpf;Fk; `jP]{f;Fk;>
,khk; Gfhup ,l;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;Fk;

,ilapyhd cwT ahnjdpy;> egp (]y;) nrhj; J f; f is jkJ gp s ; i sfSf; F
gpf;`;
mtu;fs; ckuplk; mtuJ kfd; kj;jpapy; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;f KbAkh? vd;w

mg;Jy;yh`;Tf;F xl;lfj;ij md;gspg;ghf gpur;rpidapy; epahakhd fhuzq;fspd; NghJ
toq;fp tpLq;fs; vd;W nrhy;ypapUe;jhy; mt;thW gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;f KbAk; vd
clNd mtu; mjid epiwNtw;wpapUg;ghu;. ,khk;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mt;thW
Mdhy; mJ ckupd; Vida gps;isfSf;F gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ KO nrhj;ijANk
ePjp nrYj;jpajhf ,Uf;fkhl;lhJ. ,jd; gpupj;J tplf; $lhJ vdTk; my;Fu;MDk;>
fhuzkhf egp (]y;) mtu;fs; ckuplkpUe;J Rd;dhTk; $Wk; thupRupik xOq;fpw;Nfw;gNt
nfhs; t dT nra; J mjid kfd; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; `k;gyp
mg;Jy;yh`;Tf;F md;gspg;Gr; nra;jhu;fs;.|| kj;`gpdu; fUJfpd;whu;. mJNt cWjpahd
(gj;`{y; ghup) : - Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l `jP];fs; fUj; j hfj; njupfpwJ mf; f Uj; i j
gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; nrhj;Jf;fis Mjhuq;fSld; fPNo jUfpNwhk; ,khk;
md;gspg;Gr; nra;Ak; NghJ kpfTk; ePjpahf ,g;D Fjhkh (u`;) K`;dp vd;w jdJ
ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij Ehypy; `d;gyp kj;`gpd; fUj;ij Mjupj;J
typAWj;Jfpd;wd. mePjpahf toq;fg;gl;l kpfTk; tpupthf tpsf;fpAs;shu;fs;. mtu;fs;
nrhj;Jf;fis kPsg;ngWkhWk; egp (]y;) Fwpg;gpLk; Mjhuq;fis RUf;fkhf ,q;F
mtu;fs;; Ntz;baijAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. jUfpNwhk; : -
jf; t hTs; s ve; j K/kpDk; ,jpy; 1. my;yh`{j;Myh thupRr;nrhj;ij kpfj;
mePjpapiof;fkhl;lhu; vd;w cz;ikiaAk; njspthf gfpu;e;jspj;Js;shd;. ngz;
ehk; Gupe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;. ngWtijg; Nghd;W ,U gq;if Mz;
¶ ,iwJhju; (]y;) mtu;fs; $wpajhf ngWtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;.
,g;D mg;gh]; (wop) mtu;fs; capUldpUf;Fk;NghJ md;gspg;ghf
mwptpf;fpwhu;fs;. ~~cq;fsJ gps;isfSf;F nrhj;Jf;fis gfpu;tJk;> kuzpj;jjd; gpwF
kj;jpapy; ed;nfhilia rkdhf thupRr;nrhj;ij gq;fPLnra;tJk; rkdhFk;.
toq;Fq;fs;|| Mjhuk;: ig`fp KOr;nrhj;ijAk; md;gspg; ghf
gfpug;gLtjw;Fk;> thupRr;nrhj;J
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l `jP];fis Mjhukhff; gpupf;fg;gLtjw;Fkhd ,];yhkpa rl;lk;
nfhz;L khypf;> \hgp< kj;`gpdUk;> `dgp xd;whf ,Uf;Fk;. kuzpf;f Kd;Ng
kj;`gpd; rpy ,khk;fSk;> ngUk;ghyhd nrhj; J f; f is gpupj; J f; n fhLg; g jhy;
mwpQu;fSk; gps;is fSf;F nrhj;Jf;fis ,iwr;rl;lj;jpy; ve;j khw;wKk;
md;gspg;Gr; nra;Ak; NghJ rkj;Jtk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ]fhj; flikahtjw;F Kd;
Ngzg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyg;ghl;il Kw;gzkhf ]fhj;ij toq;Ftu;
ngw;Ws;shu;fs;. ]fhj;jpw;Fupa ep]hig NgzpNa mjid
Fwpg;G : - gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. Kw;gzkhf toq;Ftjhy;
md;gspg;ghf toq;fg;gLk; nrhj;J rkdhf ep]hgpy; ve;j khw;wKk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ,Nj
,Uj;jy; vd;W $Wtij tpl ePjpahf ,]; y hkpa rl; l rpe; j id thupRr;
,Uj;jy; vd;gNj nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. nrhj;Jf;fis kuzpf;f Kd;du;
Vnddpy; ePjpAk;> rkj;JtKk; rpyNtis md;gspg;ghf toq;FNthUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
tpj;jpahrg;glKbAk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jtifapy; thupRupik rl;lq;fSf;
gps;isfs;> FLk;gg;nghWg;Gf;fis Nfw; g Nt nrhj; J f; f s; md; g spg; g hf
Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs; md;gspg;ghf mjpfk; gfpug;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
ngwKbAk;. vdNtjhd; ,khk;fshd \hgp<>
khypf;> `dgpkj;`gpdu; ed;nfhilapy; 2. gps;isfspy; ngz;iztpl Mz; kpfTk;
rkj;JtkpUj;jy; vd;gJ fl;lhakpy;iy $Ljyhd nrhj;ijg; ngWtNj kpfTk;
vd;gjhfTk;> mjpy; ePjpahd Kiwapy; epahakhFk;. Vnddpy; ,];yhk; midj;J
Vw;wj;jho;T ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;Wk; nryTfisAk; Mzpd; kPNj Rkj;jpAs;sJ.
mgpg;gpuhak; njuptpf;fpd;whu;fs;. kù;> kidtpf;Fupa Milfs;> tPL> Vida
,g; N ghJ ,d; D nkhU gpur; r pidf; F nrytpdq;fs;> gps;isfSf;fhd
tUNthk;. xUtu; kuzpf;f Kd;du; nrytpdq;fs; midj;Jk; MizNa rhUk;.

vdNt me;j tifapy; md;gspg;ghf gpupj;JtplTk; $lhJ. rk;ghjpj;J tho
gpf;`;
nrhj;Jf;fis gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; KbahjsT cly; CdKw;wpUj;jy;> kpFe;j
gfp u ; e ; j sp f ; F k; N ghJ thup R up i kr; r l; l k; tWikapy; thOjy; Nghd;w kpf epahakhd
gpd;gw;wg;gLkhapd; ,q;F -Mz; ngz;idtpl fhuzj;jpw;fhf je;ijNah jhNah Fwpg;gpl;l
,Uklq; F nrhj; ; J f; f isg; ngw; W f; xU gps;isf;F $Ljyhf gq;F nfhLj;jy;
nfhs;fpwhd;. ,J ePjkhd nrhj;Jg; jtwy;y capNuhbUf;Fk; NghJ
gq;fPlhf mikAk;. nrhj;Jf;fis gpupj;Jf; nfhLg;gpd; ePjpahf
3. ]`P`{y; Gfhupapy; gjpTnra;ag; gl;Ls;s ele;Jnfhs;sy; kl;LNk NghJkhdJ vd;w
E/khd; gpd; g\Pu; (wop) mtu;fs; njhlu;ghd rpy ,khk;fspd; fUj;jpypUe;J ,k;KbTf;F
rk;gtk; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU epfo;thFk;. xU tu KbfpwJ.
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ele;j xU epfo;it kpfg; gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; md;gspg;Gr;
nghJthd fUj;jhf itj;J Nehf;f nra; t NjhL njhlu; g hd \uPMtpd;
KbahJ. mNj Nghd;w xU epfo;Tf;Nf epiyg;ghl;il Kbe;jsT tpsf;fpNdhk;. ,J
me;jj; jPu;g;G nghUe;Jk;. mNj Ntis gw; w pa rupahd ,]; y hkpa mwpTk; >
g\PUila gps;isfs; Mz;fsh my;yJ eilKiwAk; ngw;Nwhu; nfsutkhf thoTk;>
ngz; f sh vd; g J $l njspthf FLk;gj;jpy; If;fpak; epytTk;>
mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbahJs;sJ. vdNt ,e;j gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; cwTfs; gyk;
`jP]; fhl;Lk; fUj;ij nghJthd rl;l ngwTk; topNaw;gNjhL> FLk;gtho;tpy;
epiyg;ghlhf nfhs;sKbahJ. ,iwrl; l j; i j kjpj; j fz; z paKk; >
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Mjhuq;fis Fwpg;gpLk; ,khk; kWikapy; <Nlw; w khd tho; T f; F k;
,g;D Fjhkh (u`;) `k;gyp kj;`Gila toptFf;Fk;
epiyg; g hl; i lNa gykhd fUj; j hf
nfhs;fpwhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
gps;isfSf;F kj;jpapy; epahakpd;wp ~~ckJ ug;gpd; ngaiuf; nfhz;L
Vw;wj;jho;thf nrhj;Jf;fis md;gspg;Gr; thrpg;gPuhf|| (myf; 1)
nra;Njhu; Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;l `jP];fspd;
xspapy; mePjpapioj;Njhuhf ehk; ,e;j trdj;jpd; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fs;.
fUjg; g Lfp d ; w du; . vdNt ,j; j ifa thrpg;gJ vd;gJ vOj;Jf;fis thrpg;gJ
mepahaj;jpypUe;J kPStjw;F ,uz;L kl; L ky; y . mt; t hwp U g; g p d ; vOjNth
jP u ; T fsp y ; xd; i w eilKiwg; g Lj; j vOjp a ij thrp f ; f Nth njup a hjp U e; j
Ntz;Lk;. K`k;kj; (]y;) mtu;fSf;F vt;tpjj;jpYk;
nghUe;jhj trdkhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. Vd;
1. Vw;wj;jho;thf toq;fpa nrhj;Jf;fis thrpf;Fk; gb mtiu VtpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;?
kPsg;ngwNtz;Lk;> mNjNghd;W mepahakhf
mjpfk; nrhj;Jf;fis ngw;Nwhu; jpUg;gpf; thrpg;gnjd;gJ vOj;Jf;fis thrpg;gNjhL
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;. khj;jpuk; RUq;fhky;> mjid tpl tpupthd>
2. VidNahUf;Fk; mNjgq;if toq;fp MokhdNjhu; fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
g+uzg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xd;W vOj;JUtpy; ,Uf;Fk; my;yh`;tpd;
mj;jhl;rpfs; mjhtJ Fu;Mid thrpj;jy;
mj;NjhL kuzj;jpw;F Kd; nrhj;Jf;fis
mLj;jJ ghu;itapDhlhf mwpa KbAkhd
gpupj;jy; rk;ge;jkhd fUj;Jf;fis RUf;fpj; my; y h`; t p d ; mj; j hl; r p f s; . mjhtJ
jUfpNwhk;. my;yh`;tpd; rl;lq;fspypUe;J gpugQ;rj;ij thrpj;jy;. ,f;fUj;ijNa
je;jpukhf jg;Gk; Nehf;fpy; nrhj;ij vkJ gioa mwpQu;fs; Fu;Mid ~~NgRk;
md;gspg;Gr; nra;jy; vd;w epiyg;ghL kpfg; K];`g;|| vdTk; gpugQ;rj;ij ~~nksd
gpioahdJ vd;gJ njspT. K];`g;|| vdTk; tiuaWj;Jf; $wpdu;.
epahakhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf kuzpf;f ,uz; i lAk; thrp f ; F k; gbNa ehk;
Kd; d u; nrhj; J f; f is gpupg; g jhapd; Vtg;gl;Ls;Nshk;.
thupRupikr; rl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g mjid gpupf;f fyhepjp a+]{g; my;fu;shtp
Ntz; L k; . KOr; n rhj; i jAk; mt; t hW

FHMNdhL
Fu;Md;
n\a;f; my; f];]hyp
ele;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw jkpopy; : m`_ckH
,f;fl;Liu c];jhj; ckH mgPj; `]dh>

n\a;f; my;f];]hypNahL FHMNdhL ele;J
nfhs;Sk; Kiwgw;wp elhj;jpa ciuahlypd;
fUj;ij jkpopy; jUtjhf mikfpwJ.
my;FHMd; kddk;> tpsf;fk;> my;FHMid
fw;gpj;jy; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; cq;fSila
ePz;l fhy gaz mDgtj;jpDhlhf>
,d;iwa K];ypk;fs; FHMid
Gwf;fzpf;Fk; epiyapypUe;J vt;thW kPz;L
mjid Nehf;fp efu KbAk; my;yJ
kP z ; L k; FHMd; K]; y P k ; f splj; j py;
tuNtz; L k; > mjDhlhf top f hl; L k; Gwf;fzpj;J elf;fpd;wdu;. ,t;thwhd
nghWg;igAk; vOr;rpiaAk; vt;thW kPsf; Nghf;F ,];yhkpag; ghHitapy;
nfhz;L tuKbAk; vd;gijf; $wKbAkh? kWf;fg;glNtz;baNj. FHMd; ,wf;fg;gl;l
Nehf; f j; i j my; y h`; gpd; t UkhW
tpil : K];ypk;fs; FHMNdhL Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd; ~~“,jid ehk; ck;kPJ
nfhz;Ls;s njhlHG Mokhd XH Ma;it ,wf;fp mUspAs;Nshk;. kf;fs; ,jDila
Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. Muk;g Ehw;whz;Lfisj; trdq;fis rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhlHe;J te;j fhyq;fspy; K];ypk;fsJ mwpTilNahH ,jpypUe;J gbg;gpid ngw
ftdk; ntWkNd XJtjpYk;> ePl;b> RUf;fp Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf!|| (#wh ]hj; 29)
XJk; rl;ljpl;lq;fspYNkNa RUq;fp
tpl;lJ. mjhtJ FHMd; XJtNjhL NkNyhl;lkhd Xjypy; vq;Nf rpe;jidf;F>
njhlHGgl;l rl;lq;fis gbg;gjpNyNa Ma;Tf;F> czHTf;F> Mokhd ghHitf;F
%o;fptpl;ldH. ~~fum|| vd;w nrhy;ypd; ,lkpUf;fpd;wJ? FHMdpd; fUj;Jf;fs;>
mHj;jk; mtHfsplj;jpy; khw;wKw;wJ. mjd; ,yf;Ffs;> rhjhuz
Mdhy; (thrpj;jhd;)> (tpsq;fpdhd;) vOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; kiwe;Js;s
Nghd;w nrhw;fs; xNu fUj;ijNa r%fj;jpw;F Njitahd r%f> cstpay;
Rl;bepw;fpd;wd. xU fbjk; my;yJ Gj;jfk; mbg;gilfs; vd;gtw;iw ehk; xU NghJk;
xUtdplj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;W mtd; NkNyhl;lkhd thrpg;gpDhlhf mile;J
mjid thrpj;jhd; vd;why; mjd; mHj;jk;> nfhs;s KbahJ. u`;khDila mbahHfs;
mjd; cs;slf;fj;ij tpsq;fpf; ,tHfSf;nfd;W rpy gz;Gfs; ,Ug;gjhf
nfhz;lhd; vd;gNjahFk;. ve;j FHMd; tHzpf;fpd;wJ. ghu;g;ghu;fs;>
nthd;iwAk; tpsq;fhky; thrpg;gjpy; vt;tpj nrtpkLg;ghHfs;> czHT ngWthHfs;>
mHj;jKkpy;iy vd;gij ehk; ,yFtpy; cyif tsg;gLj;j ,aq;FthHfs; vd;gd
Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;. mtHfspd; mbg;gilg; gz;GfshFk;.
,d;W K];ypk;fs; FHMid ntWk; jk; ,iwtdpd; trdq;fis Xjpf;fhl;b
guf;fj;ij ngw;Wj;jUk; xU rhjdkhff; mtHfSf;F ey;Yiu toq;fg;gLk; NghJ
fUjp mjd; cs;slf;fj;ij KOikahfNt mit Fwpj;J FUlHfshAk; nrtplHfshAk;
,Ug;gjpy;iy. (#wh Gu;fhd; :73) Mdhy; ehk; FHMid Xjp vkJ juj;jpw;F
mjid fPopwf;FfpNwhk;. ,J ehk;
Fu;Md;
,d;iwa K];ypk;fisAk;> mtHfs;
FHMNdhL nfhz;Ls;s njhlHigAk; FHMDf;F nra;Ak; kpfg; ngUk; mePjpahFk;.
Vida r%fq;fs; kpfr; rupahfNt FHMd; ,d;W mePjp ,iof;fg;gl;l xd;whf
fzpj;Js;sdu;. mtHfSila khwptpl;lJ.
thndhypfspYk;> njhiyf;fhl;rpfspYk; FHMd; mtHfis jd;Ds; fiuj;J
$l FHMd; XJk; epfo;r;rpfs; Vw;ghL tpl;lJ. me;j r%fk; FHMdpa ehfuPfj;ij
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. Vd; a`_jpfs; $l cyfp w ; F Kd; i tj; j J. FHMidg;
ehs; njhlf;fj;jpy; FHMdpd; xU gFjpia gbg; g p j ; j hHfs; . ,ay; g hfNt \_wh
Xj itf;fpd;wdu;. K];ypk;fs; ,tw;iw mikg;ig tpUk;gp mlf;F Kiwia
fhjpdhy; nrtpkLg;ghHfNs jtpu xUNghJk; ntWf;Fk; xU r%fkhf gspr;rpl;lJ.
mtw;wpypUe;J czHT ngwkhl;lhHfs; vd;w r%f ePjp vq;Fk; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ.
KO ek;gpf;ifNa ,t;thwhd FOntwpNah> NgjNkh mtHfis
xypgug;Gf;fisr; nra;a mtHfs; Ml;nfhs;stpy;iy. ngUikabg;gtHfSf;F
Kd;tUtjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. ,lkpy;yhky; nrd;wJ. ugP/ ,g;D mkPu;
vdNt vkJ epiy khw;wKwNtz;Lk;> vd;fpd;w ehl;Lg;Gw mugp ghurPfj;
FHMid Mokhf thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;> jiytUf;F $wpa thHj;ijfs; FHMdpd;
xt; n thU K]; y pKk; jdJ mwpT Gupjiy njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ : mbahHfis
kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g mjd; ,yf;FfisAk;> tzq;Fij tpl;Lk; xUtdhd my;yh`;it
Mokhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpsq;f Kw;gl khj;jpuk; kdpjHfs; tzq;fNtz;Lk;>
Ntz;Lk;> f\;lkhdtHfs; rhu;e;Njhuplk; ,t;Tyfpd; xLf;fj;jpypUe;J kWik vd;w
nrd;W gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gd vk;kpy; tprhyj;ij Nehf;fp mioj;Jr;
Vw;glhj tiu khw;wj;ij vjpHghHf;f nry;tjw;fhfTk; kjq;fspd; mepahaj;jp
KbahJ. FHMidg; gbg;gJ ,iltplhJ ypUe;J ,];yhj;jpd; ePjpia Nehf;fp
njhluhf eilngw Ntz;ba xd;Nw. mtHfis ntspNaw;wTNk ehk;
FHMidg; gbj;jy; vd;gJ kdpj> te;Js;Nshk;.
gpugQ; r j; j py; my; y h`; Vw; g Lj; j pa ,t;thHj;ijfs; cyfpw;NfhH ntw;wp.
trjpfisg; gbj;jy;> ehfuPf tsHr;rpapd; ePjpkpf;fNjhH re;Njh\khd ehfuPfk; cyf
mbg;gilfis mwpjy;> rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> kf;fSf;F fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. ghurPf> Nuhk
ed;khuhaq;fs;> jz;lidfs; Nghd;w jj;Jtq;fSk;> rpe;jidj; jhf;fq;fSk;
mtrpakhd tplaq;fis mwpjy; xspkq;fp kiwaj; njhlq;fpd. FHMd; Gjpa
Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. Nuhk>
rhjhuzkhf kdpjdhy; vOjg;gLk; rpy ghurPf> fpNuf;f ntw;W thjq;fisAk;>
Gj;jfq;fs; thrpg;ghsid jd;NdhNl rpe;jidj; Njf;fq;fisAk; FHMd; gpugQ;r
$l;br; nry;Yk; mjd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> tpjpfis czHj;jpajDhlhf mjNdhL
rpe;jidfisAk; mtDs;Ns gjpj;JtpLk;. kdpj eltbf;iffis xd;wpj;Jr; nry;yf;
rpyNghJ mtd; jd;idawpahkNyNa $bajhf khw;wpaikj;J g+kpia tsg;
vOj;jhsupd; rpe;jidfspy; <Hf;fg;gl;L gLj;Jk; gzpapYk;> ehfuPfj;ij fl;Ltpf;Fk;
tplTk; KbAk;. xU rhjhuz kdpjDila gzpapYk; mtid <LgLj;jpaJ.
Gj;jfj;jpw;F ,r;rf;jp ,Uf;Fkhapd; FHMdpa rpe;jid Vida rpe;jidfis
my;yh`;tpd; Gj;jfj;jpw;F vt;tsT ngupa tpl;Lk; tpj;jpahrkhdJ. FHMd; ngsjPf
rf; j p a p U f; f Ntz; L k; ? ]`hghf; f s; cyifg; gw;wpAk; mjpfk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
my;FHMdpd; fUj;Jf;fshy; mjd; mjpraj;jf;f rpy gilg;gpdq;fs; kPJ
thu;f;fg;gl;ltHfs; vd;gJ kpfr; rpwe;jNjhu; my; y h`; rj; j paKk; nra; f pd; w hd; .
cjhuzkhFk;. ,t;tjpraq;fs; mtw;iwg; gilj;jtid
Kd;NdhHfs; FHMid thrpj;J mjd; vkf;Ff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. FHMid ntWk;
juj;jpw;F mtHfs; caHe;J nrd;wdu;. XjYf;fhf ehk; gad;gLj;j

njhlq;fpajpypUe;J vkf;Fk; gpugQ;rj;jpw;F fUj;Jf;fisg; gpupj;JtpLtijj;jhd; ehk;
kpilapyhd njhlHG KbTw muk;gpj;jJ. ,q;F fz;bf;fpNwhk;
Fu;Md;
tpisT> gpugQ;rj;ijg; gbj;jtHfs; mjd; rpy NghJ r%fk; kuzpj;jtHfNshL

%yk; mtHfsJ topnfl;l eh];jPf NgRjy;> kiyfis efHj;Jjy; Nghd;w
nfhs;iffis tYg;gLj;jpdu;. ngsjP f mw; G jq; f isf; fhl; L k; gb
vkf;nfjpuhf mtw;iwg; gad; gLj;jpdH. egpkhHfsplk; Ntz; b epw; f pd; w du; .
vkJ Ntjk; rpe;jidiaj; Jhz;Lk; Ntjk;> ~~NtnuhU FHMd; %yk; kiyfis efUk;
gpugQ;rj;NjhL vk;ik xd;W NrHf;Fk; gb nra;jhYk; my;yJ g+kpiag; gpsf;fr;
Ntjk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis tpl;Lk; vJ nra;jhYk; my;yJ ,we;jtHfis vOg;gpg;
vk;ik Jhukhf;fpaJ? vd;w Nfs;tp ,q;F
Ngrr; nra;jhYk; vd;d NeHe;jplg; NghfpwJ||
Kf;fpakhdJ. (#wh u/j; 31)
,y;iy> ,e;jf; FHMd; capNuhbUf;Fk;
vt;ntOj;ij ePl;b Xj Ntz;Lk;> vjid kdpjNdhL Ngrp mtid GjpaNjhH
kiwj;J Xj Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; mikg;gpy; tsH j;njLf;ff;$b aJ.
msTf;fjpfk; ehk; %o;fp tpl;Nlhk;. mwpTs; N shHfNshL Ngrp mtHfis
,g;gFjpapy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;jg; topfhl; L fpd; w J. ]`hgp r%fk;
gl;ljhy; FHMdpd; mbg;gilg; gFjpfs; ,f;fUj;ij ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhz;lJ.
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. FHMd; cs;sq;fis filrpahf me;j mw;Gjj;jpd; Mo;e;j
capu;g;gpf;ff;$ba xU Gj;jfk;> jd;ikia> Nehf;fj;ij Gupe;J nfhz;lJ.
r%fq;fisAk;> ehfuPfj;ijAk; kdpj Mw;wy;fis ruptu topfhl;Lfpd;w
cUthf;Fk; rf;jp mjDs; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jg; Gj;jfj;ij KOikahf tpsq;fpf;
mJ xspiag; gug;gpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. nfhz;ljhy; xU ngUk; ehfuPfj;ij
vd;whYk; ghHitfs; %lg;gl;bUg;gjhy; fl;Ltpf;f mjdhy; KbAkhf ,Ue;jJ.
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kdpjf; Foe;ijfSf;F toq;fg;gl Human Services - www.4women.
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.....(1996) “Breast Feeding Promotion and ey tpN\l itj;jpau; lhf;lu; `k;jP my;-
priority setting in health ”, Health policy plan I
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NehAila jhf;fk; ngWk; tPjk; kpff; (2008) “Contaminants in human milk:
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,t;thwhd mopTf;F ,U fhuzq;fisf; r%fg;gpuKfu;fSf;F mQ;rpAk; %]hit
$wKbAk; . mtu; f Sila r%fj; j hupy; ahUk;
1. Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU r%fj;jpd; rpe;jidfSk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. rpy ,isQu;fisj;
nfhs;iffSk;> njhluhd mLj;jLj;j jtpu!|| (a+D];: 83)
jiyKiwapdUf;F efu;j;jg;glhJ mWe;J gDh ,];Nuy; r%fj;jpdu; gpu;mt;dpd; fPo;
Nghjy;. mbikg;gl;L tho;e;j me;j tho;it Vw;Wg;
2. gpwr%fnkhd;wpd; rpe;jid gofpg; Nghdhu;fs;. jk; kPJ ,iof;fg;gLk;
Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;L mr;r%fj;jpd; mepahaq; f spd; Kd; d hy; gzpe; J >
ehfuPfj;ij> rpe;jidiaAk; jOtpf; ruzile;J mJNt ,ay;ghd tho;T vdf;
nfhs;sy;. fz;L tho;e;jhu;fs;. ,e;epiyapy; %]h
mLj;J tUk; jiyKiwapdUf;F Fwpg;gpl;l (miy) mtu;fs; mr;r%f tpLjiyf;fhfg;
r%fj;jpd; ehfuPfj;ijAk;> rpe;jidiaAk; Nghuhl vOe;j NghJ mtNuhL xj;Jioj;J
efu;j;Jk; gpujhd Clfk; FLk;gk;. cz;ikahfNt Nghuhl Kd;te;jtu;fs; rpy
mf;FLk;gj;jpd; jiyik MzhapDk;> ,isQu;fs; kl;LNk.
ngz;zhapDk; ,isQu;fsplNk cs;sJ. mbikg;gl;l xU r%fj;jpy; Nghuhl;l
mj;NjhL Kw;guk;giuaplkpUe;J ehfuPfk; rf;jpahf vQ;rp epw;ff; $batu;fs;
vd;w mkhdpjj;ij ifNaw;gtu;fSk; ,isQu;fNs> vd;w Mo;e;j r%f
,isQu;fNs. cz;ikia ,e;j ,iwtrdk; vkf;Fj;
gpwehfuPfnkhd;W rpe;jidg; gilnaLg; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
nghd;iw epfo;j;Jk; NghJ jkJ gpujhd * Fifapy; tho;e;j rpy ,isQu;fs;:
,yf;fhff; nfhs;tJ ,isQu;fisNa.
mtu;fs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpdhy; Rw; w p a p U f; F k; [h`p y p a ; a j; j p y p U e; J
r%fj;ijNa khw;wptplKbAk; vd;gJ jk;ikf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s Kw;gl;L Fifapy;
Kw;wpYk; cz;ikNa. etPd fhyg;gpuptpy; Ngha;j;jQ;rkile;Njhu; Fwpj;J my;Fu;Md;
K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ.
rpe;jidg; gilnaLg;gpd; mikg;igAk;> ~mtu;fs; jkJ ,ul;rfid ek;gpf;if
mjd; jhf;fq;fisAk; Ma;gtu;fs; ,e;j nfhz;l ,isQu;fs;. mtu;fSf;F ehk;
cz;ikia ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. NkYk; Neu;topia mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhLj;Njhk;.| (f`;g;: 13)
,e;j tifapy; ,isQu;fs; vd;Nghu; xU
r%fj; j pd; ghJfhg; G muzhfTk; ,sik mDgtpf;Fk; taJ. cyf
mikfpwhu;fs;. ,t;tuz; tpOk;NghJ r%fk; RfNghfq;fspd; gf;fk; <u;f;fg;gLk; taJk;
mopT> mghaj;ij vjpu;Nehf;FfpwJ. mJNt. Mdhy; nfhs;ifg; gw;Wk;> Jbg;Gk;
kpFe; j ,e; j ,isQu; f s; mit
my;Fu;Mdpy; ,isQu;fs; midj;ijAk; tpl;L vt;trjpAk; mw;w
,isQu;fNs Nghuhl;l rf;jp FifNa Nky; vdf; fUjp mq;F tho
nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;w cz;ikia Kw;gl;lhu;fs;.
,isQu;fs; xU nfhs;ifia Vw;Fk; #o;e;jpUe;j NghJ mtu;fsJ gLf;ifapy;
NghJ KOikahf KOkdNjhL gLj;jtu; myp (uop) vd;w ,isQNu. mJ
Vw;fpwhu;fs;. mu;g;gzpg;NghL mjw;fhf mtuJ kuzg;gLf;ifahff; $l
ciof;fpwhu;fs;. mf;nfhs;ifapd; mike;jpUf;f KbAk;.
ghijapy; vjid mu;g;gzpf;fTk; mtu;fs; mg+gf;fu; (uop) mtu;fspd; fhyg;gpuptpy;
jaq;Ftjpy;iy vd;w cz;ikia ,e;j my;Fu;Mid xd;Wjpul;Lk; ghupa gzpia
trdq;fs; vkf;Fr; nrhy;fpd;wd. jpwd;gl nra;J Kbj;jtu; i]j; ,g;D
* ,isQu; ,g;wh`pk; (miy): jhgpj; (uop) vd;w ,isQNu
cikahf;fspd; fhygg;gpuptpy; %d;W ngUk;
,g;wh`Pk; (miy) mtu;fspd; Nghuhl;l
jsq;fspy; Nghuhba ngUk; jsgjpfs; jhupf;
tho;tpd; xU fl;lj;jpy; mtu;fs; rpiyfis
,g;D [pahj;> K];ypk; ,g;D Fijgh>
cilf;fpwhu;fs;. mJ gw;wp my;Fu;Md; fPo;
K`k;kj; ,g;D fh]pk; vd;gtu;fNsahtu;.
tUkhW $WfpwJ:
,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; kpfg; ngUk; epfo;T
~~rpyu; $wpdu;: ,g;wh`Pk; vd;w ngaUila Nuhk; rhk; u h[; a j; j pd; jiyefuhd
Xu; ,isQd; ,e;jr; rpiyfs; gw;wpf; nfhd;];jhe;J Nehgpis ntw;wp
$Wtij ehk; Nfl;bUe;Njhk;|| (md;gpah:60) nfhz;ljhFk;. K`k;kj; my; ghjp`; vd;w
,q;Fk; ,g;wh`Pk; (miy) vd;w ,isQd; kd;dNu mjid rhjpj;jhu; mg;NghJ
jdf;F tuf;$ba kpfg; ngUk; mghaj;ijg; mtUf;F taJ 24 kl;LNk.
gw;wp vj;jifa ftiyAkw;W rpiyfis ,Wjpapy; etPd fhyg;gpupTf;F te;jhy;
cilf;Fk; kpf mghafukhd gzpapy; etPd ,];yhkpa vOr;rpapd; gpjhkfd; vdf;
,wq;Ffpwhu;fs;. cz;ikapy; capiu fUjg;gLk; ,khk; `rd; my; gd;dh 43
,of;Fk; ngUj;j mghaj;jpw;F mJ ,l;Lr; tUlq;fs; kl;LNk cyfpy; tho;e;jhu;.
nry;fpwJ. jdJ 25tJ tajpNyNa my; ,/thd; my;
,sik ,t;thwhdJjhd;. tug; NghFk; K];yp%d; ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
vj;jifa mghafukhd tpisTfisAk; ,t;thW kpf ,sk; tajpNyNa kpfg; ghupa
nghUl;gLj;jhJ. ngUe;Jzpfuf; ,];yhkpa vOr;rpf;F tpj;jpl;L jdJ
fhupaq;fspy; <LgLj;Jk;. Nghuhl;l tho;tpd; ,sikf; fhyk; Kba Kd;dNu mjid
NghJ Njitahd gz;G ,J. cWjp ngw; w jhf Mf; f p t p l ; L mtu;
kuzpf;fpwhu;.
* ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; ,isQu;fs;: ,];yhkp vOr;rpapd; mLj;j
,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; ,isQu;fspd; Kd;Ndhbfshd nksyhdh mGy; m/yh
gq;fspg;G kfj;jhdJ. ,iwJhju; (]y;) nksJhjpAk;> \`Pj; nra;aj; FJGk; jkJ
mtu;fspd; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,J ,sikg; gUtj; j p N yNa ,]; y hkp a g;
Muk;gkhfpwJ. kf;fhtpy; ,];yhj;ij Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;jhu;fs;.
Vw;wtu;fspy; kpf mjpfkhNdhu; r%ftpaw;fiyfis ,];yhkpa
,isQu;fs;. kpf Kf;fpa fl;lq;fspd; kag;gLj;jy; vd;gjd; Kf;fpa
NghJ vt;thW ,isQu;fs; gq;fspg;G Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtu; `hkpj; ugP/. mtu;
nra; j hu; f s; vd; g ij kl; L k; fP N o vl; L j; J iwfspy; fyhepjpg; g l; l j; i j
jUfpNwhk;. Kbj;Jf; nfhz;lNghJ mtUf;F taJ 34
kf;fhtpy; K];ypk;fs; xd;W $l xU ,lk; kl;LNk.
Njitg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ jk; tPl;ilf; ,t;thW tuyhW neLfpYk; K];ypk;
nfhLj;Jjtpatu; mu;f;fk; ,g;D ,isQu;fs; kpfg;ngUk; gq;fhw;wp ,];yhkpa
mgpy;mu;f;fk; (uop) vd;w 16 taJ kl;LNk r%fj;ij epiyf;fr;nra;J gyg;gLj;jpdu;.
epuk;gpa ,isQNu. muz;fshf epd;W fhj;jdu;.
kjPdhtpw;F `p[;uj; nrd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,sikf;F ,g;gbnahU rf;jpAk; Mw;wYk;
ep u hfup g ; g hsu; f s; ,iwJhju; (]y; ) cs;sJ vd;gJ cz;ik vdpd; K];ypk;fs;
mtu;fisf; nfhiy nra;a tPl;il rpWghd;ikahf thOk; ,e;ehl;bYk; K];ypk;
r%f vOr;rpf;F ,isQu;fshy; ghupanjhU jdpj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ
gq;fhw;w KbAk;. mtu;fsplk; ,e;ehl;L ,U tifg;gLfpwJ.
K];ypk; r%fk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; gq;fspg;G m. fy;tp> nghUshjhuk;> r%ff; fl;likg;G
vd;d? vd;gJ ,dp Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;ba vd;gtw;wpy; gyk; ngw;wpUj;jy;.
tplakhFk;.
M. ,];yhkpa mwpTg; gyKk;>
,yq;if K];ypk; rpWghd;ikAk; Md;kPfg;gyKk; ngw;wpUj;jy;.
,isQu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk;
K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l rpwpanjhU
,yq;if K];ypk; r%fk; xU rpWghd;ik tPjj;jpdNu ,d;W ,];yhkpa mwpitg;
r%fk;. ,e;j ajhu;j;jj;ij xl;bNa ngWfpd;wdu;. ngUe;njhifapdu; kpfTk;
K];ypk; ,isQu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; mika NkNyhl;lkhd ,];yhkpa mwpTk;> kpfTk;
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg;gpd;dzpapypUe;J gytPdkhd Md;kPf epiyAk;
,g;gpur;rpid ,q;F Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. nfhz;ltu;fshfNt cs;sdu;. ,J
K];ypk; rpWghd;ik vd;Dk; NghJ ,U K];ypk;fspd; mjpfkhNdhu; ,];yhkpa
Kf;fpa rthy;fs; mtu;fs; Kd;epw;fpd;wd: MSikr; rpijTf;Fl;gLk; epiyiaAk;>
1. jdpj;Jtk; fhj;J mLj;j gbg;gbahf K];ypk; r%fk; mLj;j
r%fq;fSlDk; cwitg; Ngzy;. r%fq;fspd; fyhr;rhu Mjpf;fj;jpw;F
cl;gLk; epiyiaAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. xU
2. mLj;j r%fq;fSf;Fk; ,];yhj;jpd; r%fj;jpd; mopT ,t;thW jhd; epfo;fpwJ.
Jhij Kd;itj;jy;.
fy;tp> nghUshjhug; gFjpapy; gyk;
,t;tpU rthy;fSk; K];ypk; rpWghd;ikapd; ngw;wpy;yhj NghJ jtpu;f;f KbahJ
mbg;gil rthy;fshFk;. ,jid rw;W gytP d g; g l; L mLj; j r%fq; f Sf; F
tpsf;fkhf Nehf;FtJ ,isQu;fspd; mbikg;gl;L thOk; epiyNa Vw;gLk;.
nghWg;igr; rw;W rupahf Gupe;J nfhs;s ,yq; i f K]; y p k ; r%fk; Vida
cjTk;. r%fq;fNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ fy;tpapy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahf K];ypk; thOk; gpd; j q; f pa r%fk; vd; g J xg; G f;
r%fj;jpy; ,];yhkpa muR> r%fk; nfhs;sg;gl;l cz;ik. tWik
vd;gtw;iw ,];yhkpa kag;gLj;jy; vd;gd K];ypk;fSf;F kj;jpapy; kpfg; gutpg; Ngha;f;
Kjd;ikg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;. mjw;nfjpuhd fhzg;gLtJ rhjhuzkhfNt
rf;jpfSldhd Nghuhl;lk; mbg;gilahf mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. td;Kiwahy;
mikAk;. me;epiyapy; Ntfkhd Nghuhl;lg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Lk; Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Lk;
Nghf;F epiwe;j murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd nrhj;Jf;fis mtu;fs;
mq;F tYg;ngw;wpUf;f KbAk;. ,oe;jik mtu;fsJ tWik epiyikia
,sikj;Jbg;Gf;Fk;> Ntfj;jpw;Fk; mq;F NkYk; $l;btpl;lJ.
,lkpUf;f KbAk;. Mdhy; rpWghd;ik K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; ,g;gFjpfspy; ,U
r%fj;jpy; ,];yhkpa muR> KOikahd tplaq;fis mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
,];yhkpa r%f mikg;G vd;gJ kpfj; 1. kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay; Nghd;w Jiwfspy;
Jhuj;jpy; njupAk; ,yf;fhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. gl;lk; ngw;W ntspahNthu; Fwpg;gplj;
mq;F rpWghd;ik ngUk;ghd;ikapy; fye;J jf;fsT mjpfupj;Js;sdu;. Mdhy;>
mopAk; mghakpUf;Fk;. neUf;FjYf;Fk;> nghUshjhuk; > murp a y; > r%ftp a y; >
mepahaq;fSf;Fk; cl;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; ,yf;fpak; Nghd;w r%fk; rhu; fiyfspy;
K];ypk; ,isQd; kpFe;j epjhdk;> <LghL fhl; L tJTk; mj; J iwfsp y ;
nghWik> ftdkhf jpl;lkplg;gl;l Nghuhl;l JiwNghff; fw;gJTk; kpff; FiwT. ,jd;
cghaq;fs;> cj;jpfs; nfhz;ltdhf fhuzkhf r%f uPjpahd Ma;Tfs;> top
,Uf;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ. elhj;jy;fs;> Nghuhl;lq;fis kpfr; rupahf
,f;fUj;ij Mo;e;J Gupe;J nfhs;s NkNy topelhj;Jjy; Nghd;w Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l rthy;fis ftdkhf tpsq;f rhj;jpakw;Nw nry;fpwJ. mj;NjhL K];ypk;
Kay; N thk; . K]; y pk; r%fk; jd; r%fj;jpy; JiwNghff; fw;w Jiwrhu;
epGzu;fs; kpfTk; FiwT. mg;gbahUk; ,yf;FfSk; ahit vd;gjhFk;. ,q;F ,J
cUthfpdhYk; mtu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; gw;wp tpthjpg;gJ Nehf;fkd;W. ,yq;if
,Ug;gjpy;iy. ntspehl;Lg; gy;fiyf; K];ypk; r%fk; ,g;gFjpapy; Kjybiaf;
fofq; f Sf; F nrd; W tp L fp d ; w du; . $l rupahf vLj;Jitf;ftpy;iy vd;gij
,Uf; F k; kpfr; nrhw; g j; njhif czu; j ; j Nt ,t; t plaq; f s; ,q; F
%isrhypfs; ntspNaw;wk; kpfg;ghupanjhU jug;gl;ld.
ghjpg; i g Vw; g Lj; J fpwJ vd; g jpy; K];ypk; r%fk; vjpu;nfhz;Ls;s rthy;fs;
re;Njfkpy;iy. ,q;Nf RUf;fkhf tpsf;fg;gl;ld. K];ypk;
2. ntspehLfspy; njhopy; GupNthu; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; epiyAk; XusT ,q;Nf
r%fj; j py; mjpfupj; J tUfpd; w du; . jug;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ ,e;j r%fj;ijg;
,tu;fspy; kpfg; ngUk; gzf;fhuu;fSk; nghWj;jtiuapy; K];ypk; ,isQu;fs;
cs;sdu;. ,tu;fisg; nghUj;jtiuapy; vd;d gzpahw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;gJ
,yq;if nghUl;fs; thq;Fk; re;ij njspthf tpsq;Fk;.
kl;LNk. ,tu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ey;y ehk; xU rpWghd;ik ,dj;jpd;
mwpTg; gpd;dzp mw;wtu;fs; vd;gjhy; jk; ,isQu;fs;...
nry;tj;jhy; fhj;jpukhd gzpfs; vijAk;
nra;a mtu;fshy; Kbtjpy;iy. fy;tp> nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w gy;NtW
JiwfspYk; kpfTk; gytPdg;gl;Lg; Nghd
K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; mLj;j nghWg;G mLj;j r%fj;jpd; ,isQu;fs;. ,];yhkpa mwpTk;>
r%fq;fSf;F ,];yhj;ij Kd;itj;jy; gapw;rpAk; gutyhf nfhLf;fg;glhjjd;
vd;gjhFk;. ,J nraYhf;fk; kpf;f xU fhuzkhf epiwa MSikr; rpijitAk;>
nraw;ghlhf khw Ntz;Lkhapd; 3 \u;j;Jfs; jdpj;Jt ,og;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;s
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. r%fj;jpd; ,isQu;fs; ehk;...
1. mLj;j r%fq;fspd; nkhopapy; Mo;e;j mLj;j r%fj;jpw;F Jhij vj;jpitj;jy;
Gyik Ntz;Lk;. vg; g bg; NghdhYk; jhkhf tp U k; g p
2. mr;r%fq;fspd; r%f epiygw;wp Mo;e;j ,];yhj;jpy; Eioe;Njhiu gapw;Wtpf;ff;$l
mwpT mtrpak;. mtu;fspd; kjk;> mtu;fs; Kiwahd Nghjpa trjpfs; nfhz;l
vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; mtu;fs; epWtdq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sf; $lr;
kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; rpe;jidg;Nghf;Ffs;> rf;jpaw;w r%fk; ehk;. Nghuhbatu;fs; NtW
mtu;fspd; gyk;> gytPdk; Nghd;w ,U r%fq;fs;. Mdhy; tlf;fpd; kpfg;
mtu;fsJ r%f nespT> RspTfs; gw;wpa ngupanjhU gpuNjrj;ij ,oe;jtu;fs; ehk;.
mo;e;j mwpitNa ,q;F Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; kPs; FbNaw ve;jf;
3. ehfuPf rkepiy: mjhtJ gpur;rhuk; fhj;jpukhd nraw;ghLfspYk; ,wq;fhJ
nra;Ak; r%fj;jpd; ehfuPf juj;jpy; mwpT> ,d;dKk; mfjpfshfTk;> rf;jp
tho; T j; juk; gpur; r huj; j pw; F l; g Lk; gilj;jtu;fs; ,g;gFjpfspNyNa
r%fj;jpd; ehfuPf epiyf;F XusthtJ Njhl;lq;fs;> tPLfs; thq;fp epue;jukhfj;
rkdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gpd;jq;fpa jq;fp thoTk; KidfpNwhk;. vt;tsT ghupa
r%fj;jpd; ehfuPfk;> rpe;jid> khu;f;fk; mty epiy ,J. mq;F kl;Lkh
gw;wp mLj;j r%fq;fs; rhjhuz #oypy; epykpoe;Njhk;> nrhj;Jf;fis ,oe;Njhk;
ftdnkLg;gjpy;iy. mtu;fspd; fpof;fpYk; gy ,lq;fs;. ,g;gbg;gy
gp d ; j q; f Sf; F mtu; f s; Vw; w p U f; F k; mtyq;fs; epiwe;j r%fk; ehk;...
khu;f;fKk;> rpe;jidANk fhuzk; vd mj;NjhL Nru;j;J ehk; murpay;
,ay;ghf mtu;fs; fUJtu;. mLj;j mehijfs;...
r%fq;fSf;F ,];yhj;ij Kd;itf;Fk; ,J jhd; vk; r%fk; gw;wpa RUf;fk;.
rpWghd;ik K];ypk; r%fk; ftdpf;f ,g;NghJ ,e;j r%fj;jpd; ,isQu;fs;
Ntz;ba ,d;ndhU cz;ik mjw;fhd gq;fspg;G vd;d? ,e;j r%fj;ijNa kPs;
cghaq;fSk;> FWfpa> ePz;l fhy vOg; G k; > kP s ; Gzuikf; F k; gzp
mtu;fSf;FupaJ. gpur;rpidfis czu;r;rp trjpfisAk;> cupikfisAk; jUk; vd
g+u; t khf Vw; F k; kd epiyAk; > xUNghJk; vjpu;ghu;f;fKbahJ. vdNt
mr;rthy;fis Vw;Wg; NghuhLk; Jbg;Gk;> me;j tifapy; mikAk; Nghuhl;lk;
NtfKk; nfhz;ltu;fs; ,isQu;fNs. rpWghd; i kapd; rf; j p mopTf; F k; >
vdNt mtu;fNs ,g;gq;fhw;w tuyhw;why; cz;ikahd r%fg; Gzuikg;Gf;fhd
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. Nghuhl;lj;ij tpl;L ntFJhuk; nfhz;L
,q;F mtu;fs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s nry;yTNk cjTk;. ,e;j tifapy;
Ntz;bait fPo;tUtditahFk;. Rajd;dpiwTf;fhd topKiwfs; gw;wp
rpe;jpj;jy; kpf mtrpakhdJ.
* ,J xU r%fj;jpd; kPs; Gzuikg;Gf;fhd>
tpbTf;fhd Nghuhl;lk;> Xl;ilfis rPu; *khw;wk; vd;gJ gy fl;lq;fisj; jhz;br;
nra;Ak; rhjhuz rPu;jpUj;j Kaw;rpay;y. nry;yf; $Lk;. gy jiyKiwfis mJ
vLj;Jtplyhk;. Ma;thsu;fs; fPo;tUkhW
* ,J K];ypk; r%fk; vdNt ,];yhkpa ,jidg; gpupf;fpwhu;fs;.
ghu;itapd; ClhfNt ,k;Kaw;rp jiyKiw xd;W :
nfhz;Lnry;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt
,];yhj;ij njspthfTk;> Mo;e;Jk; gbj;j * NfhshWfisAk; FiwfisAk; >
xU ,isQu; $l;lk; Njit. ,];yhk; gpur;rpidfisAk; ,dq;fz;L r%fj;jpw;F
gw;wpa ntWk; NkNyhl;lkhd mwpT mjid czu;j;Jjy;> jk; ghupa tPo;r;rp
nfhz; N lhu; r%fj; j pd; Gzuikg; epiy gw;wpa gpuf;iQia Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
ghsu;fshf xU NghJk; ,Uf;f KbahJ.
* r%fj;jpd; tPo;r;rp epiy fz;L> mjid
* xU r%fj;ijAk; mjd; tpopg;Gwr; nra;tJNt xU ghupa Ntisj;
gpur;rpidfisAk;> mjd; nespT jpl;lk;. mJ rpy NghJ xU
RspTfisAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s r%ftpay; jiyKiwiaNa vLj;J tplf;$Lk;.
fiyfspy; epGzj;Jtk; Njit. mj;jifa ,t;thW xU r%fj;jpd; Gzuikg;Gf;F
mwpTg;gpd;dzpiaAk; ,t;tpisQu; gpuptpdu; Ie;J jiyKiwfs; nrd;W tplf;$Lk;.
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ Vwj;jho xU Ehw;whz;L fhyj;ij
* ,J rpWghd;ik r%fk;. vk;ikr; #o ,J vLj;J tpl KbAk;. r%f epiy
,Ug;git ngUk;ghd;ik r%fq;fs;. vdNt nghWj;J ,f;fhyg;gpupT $lNth Fiwe;J
Nghuhl; l j; j py; XusT epjhdKk; > tplNth nra;ayhk;.
nghWikAk;> ftdKk; Njit jiyKiw ,uz;L :
tpj;jpahrkhd cghaq;fSk;> cj;jpfSk;
mtrpak;. * ek;gpf;if> cs epiyrhu; rPu;NfLfis
rPu;gLj;jy;.
* ngUk; ghd;ik K];ypk; r%fj;ij tpl;L
tho; T KiwahYk; > vjpu; n fhs; S k; * ek; g p f ; i fg; gFjp a p y ; Njhd; W k;
gpur;rpidfshYk;> rthy;fshYk; ehk; Fiwepiwfs; ghuJhukhdit. mit
NtWgLfpNwhk;. vdNt Nghuhl;l r%fj;ij K];ypk; r%fk; vd;w epiyia
topKiwgw;wpa jdpahd nfhs;iffSk; tpl;Nl mfw;wp tplf; $bait.
rpj;jhe;jq;fSk; vk;kplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
* rupahd ek;gpf;ifapd; Kjy; tpisT
* rpWghd;ik fy;tp> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp csg;gupgf;Ftk;. xU r%fk; rPu;glYf;Fk;
mgptpUj;jpapd; NghJ jd;dpy; jq;fpapUg;gJ jdpj;jd;ik fhf;fg;glTk; cWjpAld;
jtpu;f;f KbahjJ> muNrhL NghuhbNa NghuhlTk; Md;kPfk; Mw;Wk; gq;F
mtw;iw ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w kfj;jhdJ. ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
xw;iwg;Nghuhl;l xOq;FKiw fhzg;glf; ,e;epiyia rPu;nra;a xU jiyKiw
$lhJ. Vnddpy; ngUk;ghd;ik muR kpfg; nrd;W tply; ,ay;G.
ngUk;ghYk; rpWghd;ikf;fhd vy;yh
jiyKiw %d;W : ,J ,isQu;fspd; gq;fspg;G gw;wp
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rpe;jid. ,jd; xt;nthU
* r%fj;jpy; fyhr;rhu> nghUshjhu> gFjpAk; tpupe;j tpsf;fq;fis Ntz;b
murp a y; fl; l ikg; G f; f hd nfhs; i f epw;gdthFk;. fl;Liu kpf ePz;L tpLk;.
Kd;itj;jy;. jiyg;ig tpl;L ntspNa nrd;W tplTk;
jiyKiw ehd;F : $Lk; vd; g jhy; XusT RUf; f p
mikj;Njhk;.
KOikahfr; r%fj;ijf; fl;likj;jy;.
*
crhj;Jizfs;
jiyKiw Ie;J :
1. jt;u; m];]ghg; my; K];ypk; - nksyhdh
tpisTfs; fhzy;.
* nksJhjp
,t;thW xU r%fj;jpd; Gzuikg;Gf;F 2. mj;juPF kpd; `_dh - m\;n\a;f; my;
Ie;J jiyKiwfs; nrd;W tplf;$Lk;. f];]hyp
mjhtJ Vwj;jho xU Ehw;whz;L fhyj;ij
,J vLj;J tpl KbAk;. r%f epiy 3. gpf;`; my; mf;fy;ypa;ahj; my; K];ypkh -
nghWj;J ,f;fhyg;gpupT $lNth Fiwe;J fyhepjp a+]{g; my; fu;yhtp
tplNth nra;ayhk;. 4. Kfj;jpkhj;Jd; gP my;g`;]; my;`yhup -
,Wjpapy; Xu; mk;rj;ij Fwpg;gpl fyhepjp nra;apj; j]_fp my;`]d;
tpUk;GfpNwhk;. khw;wk; gw;wp rpe;jpf;ifapy; 5. ey;uhj;Jd; `yhupa;aJd; gP my; fp\];
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba mjpKf;fpa my;Fu;Mdp - fyhepjp nra;aj; j]_fp
tplak; r%fj;jpd; mf epiyahFk;. mq;F my;`]d;
gof; f q; f shfTk; > tof; F fshfTk; >
khwptpl;l gy gpioahd mk;rq;fSs;sd. 6. my; jd;kpah my;,[;jpkh<ah - fyhepjp
gpioahd NtW rpy epWtdq;fs; vk; Mjpy; `{i]d;
tho;tpy; epiyj;J Nt&d;wpAk; tpl;ld. 7. gPopyhypy; Fu;Md; - nra;apj; Fj;g;
,tw;Wf;nfjpuhd mfg; Nghuhl;lk; kpfg;
ngupaJ> kpfTk; fbdkhdJ.
Fu;MNdhL... (13 k; gf;fj; njhlu;)

ngUk; gpionahd;iw vd;idawpahkNyNa FHMd; kj;u]hf;fs; tpLk; gpiofisAk;
ehd; nra;J nfhz;bUg;gij czHe;Njd;. mit FHMDf;F nra;Ak; mepahaj;ijAk;
rpe;jpg;gij tpl;Ltpl;L vOj;Jf;fis jw;NghJjhd; ehd; czHe;J
cr;rupg;gjpy; cs;s jtiw nkJnkJthf nfhs;fpNwd;. mit “Tape recorder” fis
gl;lk; nfhLj;J ntspahf;Ffpd;wd.
khw;w Kad;Nwd;. vd;idNa ehd;
FHMdpa fUj;Jf;fshy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l
tw;GWj;jpf; nfhz;Nld;. VjhtnjhU
gl;ljhupfis ntspNaw;w ve;j FHMd;
trdj;ij fUj;J tpsq;fhky; Xjptpl;lhy; kj;u]hf;fSk; Kaw;rpg;gjpy;iy vd;gJ
mt;tplj;jpy; epWj;jp kPz;Lk; mt;trdj;ij ftiyf;Fupa xU tplakhf ,Ug;gNjhL>
Xjp fUj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; vjpHfhyj;jpy; rpe;jpj;J eilKiwg;gLj;j
gof; f j; i j nkJnkJthf vd; D s; Ntz;ba xd;whfTk; ,J cs;sJ.
GFj;jpf; nfhz;Nld;.

fyhepjp Kd;jpu; f/g;
nghUshjhuk;
nkhop khw;wk;: - m]hk; gpd; `k;]h
,];yhkpa
nghUshjhuj;jpd;
eilKiwj;jd;ik
,];yhkpag; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk;

gpujhd %yhjhuq;fshd my;Fu;Md; kw;Wk;
]{d;dhtpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
epjpapay; fz; Nzhl;lj;jpy; eilKiwj; my;Fu;MdhdJ ,Ugj;J%d;W
jd;ik vd;gJ vd;d? ,];yhkpag; tUlfhykhf K`k;kj; egp (]y;)>
nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; epjpapay; Kiwik ]`hghf;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ r%fj;jpd;
vd;gtw;wpd; Fzhjparq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; md;whl eilKiwtho;tpy; ,lk;ngw;w
Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; rl;l rk;gtq;fs;> epfo;Tfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd
tiuGfs;> eilKiw tho;tpd; xOq;Ffs;> gjpyhf my;yJ jPu;thfNt ,wq;fg;ngw;wJ.
,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; md;whl mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; VjhtnjhU rk;gtk;
eltbf;iffSld; xj;Jr; nry;tijNa ,lk;ngWk; NghJ> rk;gtj;jpw;fhd \uPM
Fwpf;Fk;. tpjpKiwfis Kd;itf;Fk; tifapy; xU
a rpy Fu;Md; trdq;fs; ,wq;fg;ngw;wd.
,];yhkpa \uPM vjpu;fhy KbTfs;> MfNt my;Fu;Md; ,wq;fg;gl;l Kiwia
epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd itj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ> Fu;Md; trdq;fs;
vLNfhs;fs; kw;Wk; Cfq;fs; ,];yhkpa \uPMit ntWk; Nfhl;ghlhfNth
Nkw; n fhs; t ij Vw; W f; n fhs; t jp y ; i y. mDkhdpf;fg;gl;l KbTfshfNth md;wp
mjd; rl;l tiuGfs;> nghUshjhu cz;ik rk;gtq;fisAk; epfo;TfisAk;
Kftu;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu khwpfspd; ifahSk; tpjj;jpNyNa mike;Js;sd.
vjpu;fhy Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpa vLNfhy;fspNdh a
my; y J Cfq; f sp N dh mbg; g ilap y ; egp (]y;) mtu;fSila ]{d;dhtpYk;>

mike;jjy;y. NkYk; mg;nghUshjhu vLNfhy;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd epfo;Tfs;
Kftu;fSk;> jug;gpdu;fSk; vj;jifa kw;Wk; eilKiwapy; epfohj rk;gtq;fs;
vLNfhy;fs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis gw;wp Nfs;tpnaOg;GtJ jLf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW
Nkw;nfhz;l NghJk;> mit \uPM rl;l rk;gtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,khk;
tpjpKiwfspy; vj;jifa jhf;fj;ijAk; ettpapd; ehw;gJ `jP]; njhFg;gpy; 9> 12
Vw;gLj;jg;Nghtjpy;iy. Vnddpy; kw;Wk; 30 MtJ `jP];fs; ,jw;fhd
,]; y hkp a \uP M tp d ; rl; l tiuGfs; cjhuzq;fshFk;. NkYk; \uPMtpd;
eilKiwtho;tpy; ,lk;ngWk; cz;ik eilKiwj; jd;ikahdJ> egp (]y;)
epfo;TfisAk; rk;gtq;fisAk; mtu;fspd; gy;NtW $w;Wf;fspy;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mike;Js;sd. typAWj; j pf; $wg; g l; L s; s > kdpj
a ,ay;GfNshL (gpj;uh`;) xj;j gz;Gfspy;
my;Fu;MdpYk; ]{d;dhtpYk; Fwpg; g pl; L f; $wg; g l; L s; s J. kdpj
eilKiwj;jd;ikf;fhd %yq;fs; ,ay;GfNshL (gpj;uh`;) xj;Jr;
a
,];yhkpa rl;lq;fspy; eilKiwj; nry;tnjd;gJ> fdTfNshLk;
jd;ikf;fhd %yq;fs;> ,];yhj;jpd; ,U fw;gidfNshLk; ,ize;J nry;tjy;y>
khwhf eilKiwAld; xj;Jr; mNj Nghd;W> xUtu; jdf;F cupj;jw;w
nghUshjhuk;
nry;tjhFk;. nghUis my;yJ cupj;jhftpUe;Jk; mJ

a
njhlu;ghd nraw;Rje;jpukw;w nghUis
,];yhkpag; nghUshjhuk;> epjpapay; kw;Wk;
tpw;gid nra;a KbahJ. Vnddpy; xU
tÛf rl;lq;fspd; eilKiwj;jd;ik tpahghu cld;gbf;ifahdJ mt;Tld;
eilKiwj;jd;ikahdJ ,];yhkpa gbf;if rhu; nghUis ngsjPf uPjpahf
nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gil Jhz;fspYk;> toq;fg;glf;$ba epiyapNyNa
,J Nghd;W ,];yhkpa tzpf rl;lq;fspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;w
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jdpAlik kw;Wk; gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fspy; Xu;
nghJTlik Mfp a tw; w p d ; nefp o ; T j; nghJthd mk;rk; fhzg;glf;$bajhf
jd;ikAila ,izg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cs; s J. mjhtJ xU tpahghu
,j;jifa ,izg;ghdJ> Kjyhspj;Jtk; cld;gbf;ifahdJ iftrk; cs;s
kw;Wk; fk;a+dp]k; Mfpatw;wpd; mjpfhug+u; nghUl;fs; kPJ kl;Lk;> mt;Tld;gbf;if
tkhd mZF Kiwf;F mg;ghy; eilKiw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk;
tho;itg; gpujpgspf;fpd;wJ. vt;tpj jilAk; ,y;iy vd;w epiyapNyNa
NkYk; xU kjj;jpw;Fupa> kWcyf tho;tpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl KbAk;.
kPl;rp ngWtjw;fhd midj;J vy;yh rl;lq;fSf;Fk; tpjptpyf;Ffs;
nfhs;iffSlDk;> ,];yhkpa nghUshjhu fhzg; g LtJ Nghd; W > ,f; F wp g ; g p l ; l
kw;Wk; epjpapay; KiwikahdJ> rl;lj;jpw;Fk; tpjptpyf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;
kdpjDila ,d;gk; kw;Wk; nry;tj; jpul;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tptuz mbg;gilapyhd
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nghUs;rhu; Jhz;Ljy; tpw;gid> khjpup mbg;gilapyhd tpw;gid
fis mq;fPfupj;J> mtid ,e;j nysfPf kw;Wk; ~~]yk;|| xg;ge;jk; vdg;gLk;
tho;tpy; vt;tpj mlf;FKiwfSf;Fk; jhkjpf;fg;gl;l toq;fYld; $ba tpw;gid
Ml; g Lj; j hky; > mtdJ nghUs; r hu; vd;gd mtw;Ww; rpythFk;. vdpDk;
Jhz;LjspDhlhf> ew; nray; GupNthUf;F rhjhuz epiyikfspd; NghJ> nghUs;
Rtu;f;fj;jpy; fpilf;ff; $ba nghUs;rhu; cld; tpepNahfpf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;f
,d; g q; f s; gw; w pa Xu; capu; g ; G s; s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mt;tpjptpyf;fhd tpw;gid
tpsf;fj;ijaspj;J> mtid ew;nray;fspd; xg;ge;jq;fshdJ> mf;Fwpg;gpl;l tpepNahf
ghy; top elj;Jfpd;wJ. jpdj;jpy; re;ijapy; nghJthff; fhzg;glf;
,]; y hkp a tp a hghu rl; l q; f sp y ; > $ba gz;lq;fspd; kPJ kl;LNk Nkw;
eilKiwj;jd;ikapd; mu;j;jj;ij nfhs;sg;gl KbAk;.
tpsf;fTk;> mt;tpahghu rl;lq;fspd; mNj Nghd;W> r%fk;rhu; flikfspy;>
gy;NtW gFjpfspYk; mjd; gpujpgypg;ig el;l<L ngwg;glf;$ba cupik kPwy;fs;
tpsf;fTk; xU rpy cjhuzq;fis njhlu;ghd \uPM rl;lq;fs;> t];Jrhu;
Nehf;FtJ rpwe;jjhFk;. ,og;Gf;fspd; kPJ ftdk; nYj;Jk; mNj
gwp k hw; w k; njhlu; g hd ,]; y hkp a Neuk; czu;T uPjpahd> cstpay;
rl;lq;fspy;> xU tpahghu ,og;Gf;fisg; Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy;
cld;gbf;ifahdJ> mt;Tld;gbf;if mit cz;ikaw;wit vd;gjw;fhfty;y>
epfOk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ngsjPf uPjpahf khwhf mtw;wpd; ,og;Gf;fs; gzuPjpahf
toq;fg;glf; $ba nghUl;fs;> nrhj;J mstplg;gl Kbahjit. ,t;tz;zk;
njhlu;ghd cupik Mtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ,og;gPL ngwg;glf;$ba cupik kPwy;fs;>
gjpg;Gupikfs; kPJ kl;LNk nry;YgbahFk;. Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd \uPM
,t;tz;zk; gupkhw;W xg;ge;jkhdJ> rl;lq;fshdJ ,j;jifa czu;Trhu;>
flypypUe;J gpbf;fg;gltpUf;fpd;w kPd;fs;> cstpay; kw;Wk; fzf;fpl Kbahj
thdj;jpypUe;J Ntl;ilahlg; gltpUf;fpd;w ghjpg;Gf;fs;> ,og;Gf;fis jz;lidf; Fupa
gwitfs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ mNj Neuk; ,og;gPL Nfhug;gl Kbahj
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glKbahJ. Fw; w q; f shfNt fUJfp d ; w d. ,Nj
juj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,];yhkpa
epjpapaypy; tl;b jil nra;ag;gl;likAk; mk;Kaw;rpapd; ,yhgg; gfpu;tpy; ,lkspg;gjd;
nghUshjhuk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. xU fld; %yk; mq; f P f upf; f g; g Lk; mNjNeuk;
xg;ge;jnkhd;wpd; NghJ> fld; ngWdu; mk; K aw; r papy; Vw; g Lk; el; l khdJ
ngwf;$ba ed;ikAk;> fld; toq;Fdupd; KOikahf epjp toq;Fduhy; Vw;Wf;
jp a hfKk; Cfq; f sp d ; mbg; g ilap y ; nfhs;sg;Lk;. Vnddpy; el;lk; vd;gJ
mike; j jhFk; my; y J Cfq; f sp d ; %yjdj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w xU FiwthFk;>
mbg;gilapyd;wp mstplg;gl KbahjjhFk;. ,q;F Kaw;rpahsd; %yjdj;jpy; vt;tpj
,];yhkpa rl;ltpay; nfhs;iffspy; gq; f sp g ; i gAk; nra; a tp y ; i y vdNt
tl;bahdJ> fw;gidapy; Neuplf;$ba xU mk;Kaw;rpfspy; Vw;gLk; el;lk; Kaw;rpahsd;
gz;ghl;bw;fhf> mf;fldpy; Vw;glf;$ba kPJ rhl;lg;gl KbahJ. ,];yhkpa gpf;`;
mjpfupg;ghfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. rl; l q; f spy; ,jw; f hd fhuzkhf
mNj Neuk; fld; ngWdUf;F mf;fld; Kd;itf;fg;gLtJ mf;Fwpg;gpl;l
%yk; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs; Kaw;rpahd;ikahdJ el;lkilfpd;w NghJ>
,zq;fhdg;gl;lhYk; mit mstplg;gl mjpy; Kaw;rpahsdhy; <LgLj;jg;gl;l
Kbahjitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt ciog;ghdJ <Lnra;ag;glhky;
toq;FdUf;fhd e\;l<lhdJ kWikapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ikahFk;. MfNt ,q;F
Rtdj;jpy; ntFkjpahf my;yh`;tplj;jpy; eilKiwj; jd;ikahdJ>
rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fld; tl;bahdJ Kaw; r p a hsu; f is Kaw; r p a hd; i kfsp y ;
jilnra; a g; g l; b Ue; j NghJk; gq; F ntWk; ,yhgg; gfpu;T gq;Fjhuu;fshf
KjyPlhdJ> mjpy; cz;ikahd ,yhg my;yJ Ntiyf;fku;j;jg;gl;l Copau;fshf
el; l k; gfp u g; g Ltjhy; > mDkjp f ; f g; <Lgl mDkjpaspg;gjd; %yk; gpujpgspf;fg;
gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,d;W eilKiw
r%fj;jpy; mjpf ,yhgk; ngWk; Nehf;Fld;
,Nj eilKiwj;jd;ik> mjpf mghaq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;fs;
Kaw;rpahsDf;Fk; epjp toq;FdUf;F ,Uf;Fk; mNj Neuk; mghaq;fisj;
kpilapyhd cwtpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xU jtpu;j;J epiyahd ,yhgq;fs; ngw
Kaw;rpahsdpd; gq;fspg;ghdJ tpUk;Ggtu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
tuyhw;wpy;... (37 k; gf;fj; njhlu;)

jLj;J tpLfpwhHfs;. mg;NghJ jz;zPiu Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl Nghuhl Kw;gl;lhH.
vLj; J f; nfhz; L Gul; r p a hsHfsp d ;
vjpHg;igj; jhz;b c];khdplk; nry;fpwhH fd;jf; Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ngz;fisAk;>
uk;yh rpW gps;isfisAk; xU Nfhl;ilapy;
itj;Jtpl;L K];ypk;fs; fsj;jpw;Fr;
6. tPug; ngz;kdp: nrd;wpUe;jhHfs;. gDh Fiwyhf;fspd;
a+jndhUtd; Nfhl;ilia mtjhdpj;Jf;
mg;Jy; Kj;jypgpd; kfs; rgpa;ah (uyp) nfhz;L Rw;Wtij ]gpa;ah mtjhdpj;jhH.
Vwj;jho 60 taij vl;bapUe;Jk; c`j; mtidawpahkNyNa mtid gpd;njhlHe;j
Aj; j g; gil gpupNthL nrd; w hH. ]gpa;ah jpBnud mtidf; nfhd;W
fhag;gl;Nlhiuf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; jiyia ntl;b a+jHfs; gf;fkhf
jz;zPH nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jhH. tPrpnawpe;jhH.
vdpDk; NghHf;fsj;ijf; ftdpj;Jf; Nfhl;ilf;F ey;y ghJfhg;Gs;sJ vdf;
nfhz;Nl te;jhH. ,iwj; Jhjiu tpl;Lk; fUjpa a+jHfs; mg;gf;fNk mjd; gpd;dH
gyH gpd; thq;Ftij mtjhdpj;j mtH tutpy;iy.
Njhw;Wg; gpd;thq;fpa xUtdpd; <l;biag;
gwpj;njLj;Jf; nfhz;L K];ypk;fNs ,iw }} }
Jhjiu tpl;Lg; gpd;thq;fp XLtjh vdf;

,];yhj;ij m\;n\a;f; up\hl; e[pKBd; (esPkp)
j/th
tpl;Lk; J}ukhfpa
,];yhkpa rpe;jid
,];yhk;> ,];yhkpa rpe;jid Mfpa ,U fhzg;gl;lJ. ]`hghf;fSf;F VjhtJ
re;Njfk;> gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpdhy;
gjq;fisAk; tiuaWg;gjpy; my;yJ Gupe;J clNd egpatHfis mZfp mjw;fhd
nfhs;tjpy; Vw;gl;l gpiofs;> kaf;fq;fs; jPHitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tH. egpatHfs;
,];yhkpa r%fj;jpy; ngUk; ryryg;ig Kd;itf;Fk; jPHT xd;wpy; Neubahd
Vw;gLj;jpd. ,];yhj;jpd; ,lj;jpw;F t`p a hf my; y J jdJ mwp i tg;
,];yhkpa rpe;jidiaAk; ,];yhkpa gad;gLj;jpajhff; fhzg;gLk;. jdJ
rpe;jidapd; ,lj;jpw;F ,];yhj;ijAk; mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp jPHg;Gf; $Wk; NghJ
,lk;khwp itf;ff; $ba JHg;ghf;fpa t`p mjid newpg;gLj;Jk;.
epiyf;F cl;gl Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ.
vdNt ,f;fhy ,];yhkpa rpe;jidahdJ
,];yhk; vd;gJ my;FHMidAk;> t`papd; rpe;jidahf> gpiofis tpl;Lk;
Rd;dhitAk; Fwpf;Fk; mNj Ntis ghJfhg;Gg; ngw;wjhf njhlHe;jpUe;jJ.
,];yhkpa rpe;jid vd;gJ mit gw;wpa
Gupjy;fisAk;> tpsf;fq;fisAk; Fwpj;J egpatHfspd; kuzj;ijj; njhlHe;J
epw;fpd;wJ. ,];yhk; ~~k/]_k;|| vDk; t`papd; Neub topfhl;ly; Jz;bf;fg;
gpiofis tpl;Lk; ghJfhg;Gg; ngw;w gLfpd;wJ. egpatHfs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w
gz;igg; ngw;Ws;sJ. vdpDk; ,];yhkpa FHMd;> Rd;dh vk; iffspy; ,Ue;jhYk;
rpe;jidf;F ,g;gz;ig ehk; xU NghJk; ehk; kdpj mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw
nfhLf;f KbahJ. tpsq;f Kw;gLk; NghJ rpy gpiofs;
Vw;gLtJ ,ay;ghd xd;W. vd;whYk;
,];yhkpa mfPjh> jg;]Pu;> gpf;`;> `jP];> ehd;F fyPghf;fYk; jk;khy; ,ad;wsT
c]_Yy; gpf;`; Nghd;w vf;fiyia ,]; y hkp a rp e ; j idiag; ghJfhf; f
vLj;jhYk; ,tw;wpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; kdpj Kw;gl;ldu;.
mwptpw;F ehk; “~~k/]_k;” gz;ig mg+gf;u; (uyp) jdJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
nfhLf;fhky; t`papd; topfhl;ly;fSf;F VjhtNjhH gpur;rpid Kd;itf;fg;gl;lhy;
khj;jpuk; mg;gz;ig nfhLf;f KbAkhf ]`hghf;fis xd;W jpul;b ,t;tplaj;jpy;
cs;sJ. cjhuzkhf gpf;`;fiyia egpatHfs; jPHg;G $upAs;shuh vd Muha;e;J
vLj;jhy; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU rl;lg; mtw;wpw;F Kd;Dupik nfhLg;ghu;. ckH
gpur;rpidf;F my;FHMd;> Rd;dhtpw;F xU (uyp) jdJ fhyj;jpy; ]`hghf;fs; ntspg;
epiyg;ghL> jPHT epr;rak; fhzg;gLk;. gp u Njrj; J f; F nry; t ij jLj; j jd;
,e;epiyg;ghL gpioahftpUf;fhJ. cs;Nehf;fKk; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidapd;
vd;whYk; mtw;iw tpsq;f Kw;gLfpd;w juj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Kw;gl;lNjahFk;.
kdpj mwpT gpiofistpl rhj;jpak;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fyP g hf; f s; fhyj; j p y ; ,]; y hkp a
rpe;jidf;Fk; ,];yhj;jpw;Fk; kj;jpapyhd
,];yhj;ij tpl;Lk; vt;thW ,];yhkpa tpupry; kpff; FWfpajhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.
rpe;jid Jhukhfpr; nrd;wJ vd;gij ,dp ,J fyPghf;fs; iff;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfspd;
ghHg;Nghk;. egpatHfsJ fhyj;jpy; ,];yhk; xU rhjftpisNtahFk; . vdpDk;
mjd; Jha tbtpy; vt;tpj fyf;fKkw;W cikahf; f spd; Ml; r pf; fhyj; j py;
,];yhkpa rhk;uh[;ak; tpupTgl;lJ> gy ]`P`hd `jP];fSf;F ,d;dpd;d
ehLfis jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L epge;jidfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; Nghd;w
j/th
te;jJ. tyPj; ,g;D mg;Jy; kypfpd; EZf;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
fhyj;jpy; jsgjp jhupf;gpd; ]pahj; ];igid gpf;`; fiyapy; Gjpa gpur;rpidfs; gy
K];ypk;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; Njhw;wk; ngwNt mwpQHfs; FHMd;>
nfhz;LtUfpwhhu;. `[;[h[; gpd; a+]_gpd; Rd;dhit itj;J jPHg;Gf; $wKide;jdu;.
fhyj;jpy; K`k;kj; gpd; fh]pk; ,e;jpahit mtw;wpy; Neubahd jPHT fhzg;glhj NghJ
jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;LtUfpwhu;. mtw;iw mbahff; nfhz;L xg;Gtikf;
,t;thW cyfpd; gy jpf;FfSk; ,];yhkpa fhzy;> r%f eyd; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gly;
Ml;rpapd; fPo; EioaNt gyu; Gjpjhf Nghd;w GJg;GJf; fiyfs; Njhw;wk;
,]; y hj; j p y ; Eioe; J nfhz; l du; . ngw;wd. rl;lthf;f Kiwik vDk;
ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs; xNu jlitapy; fiyAk; gpf;`; fiyNahL xl;bg; gpwe;j
,];yhj;jpy; Eioe;jikahy; mtHfis xd;Nw.
xOq; f hd gap w ; W tp g ; G f; F cl; g Lj; j ghku kf;fSf;F FHMd;> Rd;dhit
,];yhkpa murhy; Kbatpy;iy. Jha ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhLf;f rpy nrhw;fis
,];yhkpa mwpit ,tHfSf;F Cl;l mJ Gjpjhj ifahz;ldu;. ùhk;> kf;&`;>
rf;jp ngwtpy;iy. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpNyNa Kgh`;> `yhy;> Mk;> fh];> Kj;yf;>
topnfl;l rpy ek;gpf;ifg; gpupTfSk; Kifaj; Nghd;w nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L
nry;thf;Fg; ngw Muk;gpj;jd. Fwpg;ghf ,f;fiyia ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhLf;f
\P M > fthup [ ; > K/j]p y h Nghd; w Kw;gl;ldu;. gy kjq;fspd; fyg;G
top n fl; l rp e ; j idfs; nghJkf; f s; ,];yhkpa cyfpw;F Vw;glNt mfPjhf;
kj;jpapy; mjpf nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. fiyiaAk; tsh; j ; n jLf; f Ntz; b a
]`hghf;fs; fhyj;jpy; epytpa Jha epHg;ge;jj;Jf;F ,];yhkpa mwpQHfs;
,];yhkpa rpe;jid ,f;fhyj;jpy; Ml;lk; cl;gl;ldu;.
fhZfpd;wJ.
gyfiyfspd; Njhw;wk; ,];yhkpa cyfpy;
,];yhkpa mwpT Cl;lg;glhj Gjpjhf ngUk; vOr;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NtW
,];yhj;jpy; Eioe;j ghku kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ehfuPfq;fs; nfhz;buhj fiyfis
topnfl; l rpe; j idfs; nry; t hf; F nay;yhk; ,];yhkpa ehfuPfk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
nrYj;Jtij mtjhdpj;j ,];yhkpa vdp D k; ,f; f iyfs; fhyg; N ghf; f p y ;
mwpQHfs; FHMd;> Rd;dhitg; ghJfhf;f ,];yhj;ij tpl;Lk; Jhukhfpa Nghf;Ffis
fiyfis tsHf;f Ntz;ba Njitia cUthf;fpaJ. Fwpg;ghf mfPjh> gpf;`;>
czHe;jdu;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; jhd; jg;]Pu;> j]t;Tg; Mfpa fiyfy; ,t;thwhd
jg;]PHfiy> `jP];fiy> rl;lthf;f Nghf;if mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
Kiwik> rl;lf;fiy> mfPjhf; fiy
Nghd; w fiyfs; jdpf; f iyfshf mfPjh fiyapd; tsHr;rp mg;gh]paf;
tsHr;rpAw;wd. fhyj; j p y ; cUthf; f g; g l; l igj; J y;
`pf;khtpd; Njhw;wj;NjhL Jupjkhf;fg;
Gjpjhf ,];yhj;jpy; Eioe;jtHfSf;F gl;lJ. fpNuf;f> jj;Jt rpe;jidfs; mwG
my;FHMid fw;gpf;f mwpQHfs; nkhopf;F ngau;f;fg;gl;ld. gpNsl;Nlh>
~~ nrhy; t psf; f j; j py; || $ba ftdk; mwp];Nlhby; Nghd;NwhHfsJ rpe;jidfs;
nrYj;jpdu;. ,J jg;]pu; fiyapd; Muk;g mwG nkhopapy; fhzg;glNt fpd;jp> ghuhgp>
vl;lhf ,Ue;jJ. `jP]; fiyiag; ,g;D ]Pdh Nghd;w jj;Jt mwpQHfs;
nghWj;j tiu \PMf;fs; `jP];fis mtw;iw Muha;tjpy; $ba fhyj;ijf;
mjpfk; ,l; L f; f l; b ajhy; rupahd nrytopj;jdu;.
`jP];fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mwpQu;fs;
ngUk; ghLgl;ldu;. mwptpg;ghsHfs; gw;wpa my;yh`;>kdpjd;> gpugQ;rk; Mfpa
Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L “~~,y;Ky;[u`; jiyg;Gf;fis fpNuf;f jj;Jt Qhdpfspd;
tj;j/jPy;|| vDk; fiyia cUthf;fpdu;. njhdpapy; tpsf;f Kw;gl;ldu;. FHMd;

tpsf;Fk; ,yFthd> mwpTg+Htkhd njhdp ,f; f iy vt; t p j gp u r; r p i dfSf; F k;
,tHfshy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ cl;gltpy;iy. ]`hghf;fs; fhyj;jpy;
j/th
i]aJ FJg;> kh[pj; ,u;]hd; ifyhdp $l midtUkhf xd; W NrHe; N j

Nghd;Nwhupd; tYthd tpku;rdkhFk;. KbntLg;gtu;fshf ,Ue;jjhy; Jha
my;yh`;> gpugQ;rk;> kdpjd; vDk; epiyapNyNa ,J njhlu;e;jpUe;jJ.
,k;khngUk; cz;ikfSf;F kj;jpapyhd njhlu;e;J te;j ,khk;fs; ,f;fiyapd;
njhlHig fpNuf;f> jj;Jt ghi\apy; tsHr;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lhu;fs;. Fwpg;ghf
tpsf;f Kide;J my;FHMdpd; ,yFthd ,khk;fshd mg+`dPgh> khypf;> \hgp<>
eil kiwf;fg;gl;l NghJ nghJkf;fs; m`;kj;> ,g;D ijkpah Nghd;Nwhu;fshs;
mk;khngUk; cz;ikfis tpsq;fpf; rl; l nkLg; g jw; f hf Kd; i tf; f g; g l; l
nfhs;tjpy; jpz;lhbdu;> f\;lg;gl;ldu;> Kiwikfs; vk;ik gpukpg;gpy;
gyu; gpioahf tpsq;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. Mo;j;Jfpd;wd.
fpwp];jtHfsJ jpupj;Jtf; nfhs;if ,tu;fs; ,f; fiyf;fhfNt jk;ik
,]; y hkpa rpe; j idapYk; ghjpg; i g mu; g ; g zpj; j tu; f s; . mjhtJ NtW
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. \PMf;fs; ,f; fiyfspy; ,tu;fs; ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy
nfhs;ifapypUe;Nj my;yh`;> K`k;kj;> vd;W ehk; fUjptplf; $lhJ. NtW
,khk; vd;w nfhs;ifia tbtikj;jdu;. fiyfspy; jkJ gq;fspg;ig
fuhkpjh> mj;jWh];> Ei]up Nghd;w \PM nra;jpUe;jhYk; gpf;`; fiy %yNk
gp u p t p d u; f s; ,]; y hkp a rp e ; j idap y ; ,tu;fs; gpugy;akhdhu;fs;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
fyq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpatHfSs; gpf; ` ; fiy tsu; r ; r paile; j hYk;
Kf;fpakhNdhuhtu;. fhyg; N ghf; f py; capNuhl; l k; kq; f
jg;]Pu; fiy Muk;gj;jpy; egpatHfSila Muk;gpj;jJ.
tpsf;fk;> ]`hghf;fSila tpsf;fk; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; kj;`g; ntwp
vd;wpUe;J gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; jj;jkJ kpifj;jjd; fhuzkhf jkJ kj;ìg
mwpit Kd;itj;J FHMd; tpsf;fk; tpl;L ntspNa tu Kbatpy;iy. jkJ
nrhy;Yk; Kiwik cUthdJ. rpyH fUj;J gpioahdJ vd;W mwpe;jpUe;Jk;
eLepiyahd Nghf;iff; iff;nfhs;sNt mtw; i w eilKiwg; g Lj; J tjpNyNa
Vida gyu; jhk; nfhz;l nfhs;ifia Fwpahf ,Ue;jdu;. epahakhd Mjhuq;fs;
tYg;gLj;j FHMidg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,Ue;Jk; mit kj;`gpd; fUj;Jf;F
nfhs; i ff; N fw; w hw; Nghy; FHMd; Kuz;gLk; NghJ Mjhuq;fis
tpsf;fq;fis Kd;itj;jdu;. Gwf;fzpf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;.
cjhuzkhf ,khk; ]kf;\up K/j]pyh ,];yhj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;
nfhs;if rhHe;jtH vd;gjhy; mtuJ cUthf;fg;gl;l ,];yhkpa fiyfs;>
f\;\hg; vDk; jg;]Pu; Gj;jfj;jpy; rpe;jidfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gpioahd
K/j]pyh nfhs;iffisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; Gupjy;fshYk;> mZFKiwfshYk;
tpsf;fq;fis mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,g;D ,];yhj;ij tpl;Nl Jhukhfj; njhlq;fpd>
mwgpapd; “~~fpg;uPJy; m`;ku;|| vDk; jg;]Pu; ,];yhj;jpw;Nf ngUk; rthyhf khwpd.
Gj;jfj;jpy; t`;jJy; T[{j; fUj;Jf;fs; vdpDk; etPd fhyk; ,f;Fiwfis
kpifj; J f; fhzg; g Ltjhf n\a; f ; njspthf ,dq;fhz Kw;gl;Ls;sJ. etPd
my;f];]hyp tpku;rpg;ghu;. ,t;thW jg;]Pu; ,];yhkpa vOr;rp ehk; tpl;l gpiofis
fiy fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,];yhj;ij tpl;Lk; kpff; fl;rpjkhf tiuaWj;J tUfpd;wJ.
Jhug;Nghfpd;w xd;whf khw;wkile;jJ. midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; etPd ,];yhkpa
gpf;`; fiy Muk;gk; njhl;Nl kpfKf;fpa rpe;jid K];ypk; r%fj;ij mjd; rupahd
fiyfspy; xd;whf fUjg;gl;L xOq;Ff;F topfhl;br; nry;fpd;wJ.
te;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,JTk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
jd;idawpahkNy ,];yhj;ij tpl;Lk; }
}}
JhukhfpaJ. egpatu;fs; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy;
Foe;ij cstpay;
cstpay;
njhlu ; - 5 vk;.Mu;.vk;. esPk;
ehk; fle;j ,jopy; gps;isapd; Muk;g gy;fiyfofq;fspy; ,j;Jiwapy;

tpUj;jpg; gUtq;fspy; gpwg;G njhlf;fk; 2 gl;lg;gbg;G> bg;Nshkh fhzg;gLfpwJ.
taJ tiu cs;s tsur;rpf; fl;lq;fisAk; tpN\lkhf Kd;gs;sp ghlrhiyfspy;
NjitfisAk; RUf;fkhf Nehf;fpNdhk;. fw;gpf;fpd;w Mrpupau;fs; fl;lhakhf Mff;
njhlu; e ; J mg; g ps; i sapd; mLj; j Fiwe;jJ bg;NshkhTld; gapw;rpia
fl;lj;ijAk; tsur;rpfisAk; Nehf;FNthk;. ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Njrpa
gps;isg; gUtj;jpd; Muk;g fl;lkhf nfhs;ifahFk;. ,yq;ifapYk; Early
fUjg;gLfpd;w (2-6 tiu) ,g;gUtk; Childhood Center vd;w gy epiyaq;fs;
Kd;gs;spg; gUtk; vdTk; miof;fg; cUthf; f g; g l; L tUfpwJ vd; g J
gLfpwJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; gps;isapd; mwpT> Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jir ,af;fk;> r%fkag;gly; vd Kd;gs;spg; gUtk; Vd; ,e;jsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
midj;Jg; gFjpfSk; kpf Ntfkhf tsu ngw;WtUfpwJ vd;gij RUf;fkhf Nehf;FNthk;.
Muk;gpf;Fk;. ehd; ahu;? jdJ ,ay;Gfs;>
jpwikfs; vit? vd;gd gw;wpa njspitg; * KOikahd xU kdpjdplk;
ngWk;. jhd; Mzh> ngz;zh? jdJ fhzg;glNtz;ba %isapd; euk;gpay;
Njitfis nkhop Clhf ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,izg;Gf;fspy; (75% - 85% ) Md msT
Mw;wy;> rpe;jid vd;gd gbg;gbahf tsu euk;gpay; ,izg;Gf;fs; (Synapses) Foe;ij
Muk; g pf; F k; . gps; i sapd; MSik 3 taij milAk; NghJ cUthf;fg;gLk;.
tsu;r;rpapy; ,g;gUtk; Xu; jPu;f;fkhd (gpd;du; tpupthf ghu;f;fyhk;) vdNt kdpj
gUtkhFk;. xU Foe;ij fUj;jupj;j ehs; tho;tpy; kpfKf;fpakhd fhyfl;;lkhf
njhlf;fk; (fu;g;gfhyk;) gps;isapd; ,g;gUtk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
MSik cUthf;fj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd
gq;fspg;ig nra;fpwJ vd Vw;fNt * Foe;ijapd; cauk;> epiw kpf Ntfkhf
Nehf;fpNdhk;. ,e;j tifapy; fUj;jupj;j tsu;r;rp milfpwJ.
fhyk; njhlf;fk; 5 taij g+u;j;jp nra;J
Kiwrhu; fy;tpia Muk;gpf;Fk; fhyk; * Kd;gs;spg; gUtk; g+uzkilAk; NghJ
tiuapy; ~Kd;gps;isg; gUtk;| vd ghu;itg; Gyd;fs; rpwe;j Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
mu;j;jg;gLj;jyhk;. ,J Kd;gps;isg; gUtk; ntspf;fhl;Lk;.
gw;wpa ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa nfhs;ifahFk;. * Nfs;tpg; Gyd;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;fhd Muk;g
Mdhy; ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; gpwg;G Kjy; 8 mbg;gilfis ,g;gUtk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
taJ tiuAs; s fhyg; gFjpia
Kd;gps;isg; gUtk; vd;fpd;wd. * clyp d ; midj; J cWg; G f; f Sk;
tsu;r;rpaile;J ,aq;fj; njhlq;Fk;
Kd;gps;isg; gUtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gUtk;.
,d;W cyfpy; Kd;gps;isg; gUtk;
(fUj;jupg;G - 6 taJ) vd;w vz;zf;fU * nkhop > fw; g id> czu; T fis
cuj;Jg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. Early Childhood ntspg;gLj;jy;> r%fkag;gly; vd;gd
tsu;r;rp milfpwJ.
Development and Education (ECDE), Early
Childhood Care (ECC), Early Childhood * kdpj tho;f;iff;fhd mj;jpthu kpLfpd;w
Education (ECE), Early Childhood Development gUtkhFk;.
(ECD) Pre school, Montessori, play group vd;w * vjpu; f hyj; j py; xU kdpjdplk;
nrhw; n whlu; f s; Clfq; f sp y ; ngUk;
,lj;ijg; gpbj;J tUfpd;wd. ,d;W fhzg;glNtz;ba MSikg; gz;Gfspy; 80%
Mditfs; ,g;gUtj;jpy; tsu;fpwd. cstpay; uPjpahf rpwe;j epiyia
cstpay;
* nkhj;jkhf xU rkepiyahd MSik mile;jdu;. ghlrhiyapYk; nkype;j

kdpjDf;F Njitahd VO gFjpfSk; gytP d khd Foe; i jfs; midj; J
,g;gFjpapNy Muk;gpf;fpwJ. ep f o; r ; r p f sp Y k; fye; J nfhs; s hky;
gpd;thq;Ftij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,J
1. Md;kpfg; gupkhzk; mtu;fspd; MSikia ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
2. gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhzk;
3. mwpifg; gupkhzk; 2. MSik tsu;r;rp
4. kdntOr;rp/cstpay; gupkhzk; gp s ; i sap d ; MSik tsu; r ; r p a p y ;
5. nkhopapay; gupkhzk; Kd; g ps; i sg; gUtk; kpf Kf; f pa
6. clypay; gupkhzk; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w
7. r%ftpay; gupkhzk; MNuhf;fpakhd> my;yJ MNuhf;fpakw;w
ghjpg; G f; f s; gpw; f hyj; j py; mtdJ
~~Ie;jpy; tiyahjJ Ik;gjpy; tiyAkh|| MSikia tbtikf;fpwJ.
vd;w Kd;Ndhu;fspd; gonkhop ,jid
,d;Dk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. MSik tsu;r;rpia tbtikg;gjpy; 3
fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd
Kd;gs;spg; gUtk;
1. Ra tpopg;Gzu;T
1. clypay; tsu;r;rp 2. njhlu;ghly;
,g;gUtj;jpy; Mz;gps;isfis tpl ngz; 3. xOf;fKk; fl;Lg;ghLk;
gps;isfs; rpwpJ tsu;r;rp miltu;. Mz;
gps;isfspd; jirfSk; ngz; gps;isfspd; * Ra tpopg;Gzu;T
nfhOg;gpd; msTk; mjpfupf;Fk; . 6 tJ jdJ cliy mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
taij milAk; NghJ ,UtUk; epahakhd ,g;gUtj;jpy; jdJ cliy gw;wpa
cauk;> epiwiag; ngw;wpUg;gu;. mNj Neuk; mtjhdk; mjp f up f ; F k; . 2-5 taJ
nkype;j cliyg; ngw;wpUg;gu;. tapw;Wg; gps;isfspd; ntspr; #oypYs;s
gFjp Fiwtile;J nry;tNj mjw;fhd nghUl;fis tpl jhd; tpj;jpahrkhd
fhuzkhFk; . ghw; g w; f s; cWjpahf xUtd; vd;w czu;T fhzg;gLk;. mtu;fs;
tsu;e;jpUf;Fk;. jdJ tsu;r;rpapd; NghJ jdJ cauk;> epiw> ngupa> rpwpa gFjpfs;
ngupa jirfs;jhd; Kjypy; tsu;r;rp gw;wp NgRk;. ~~ehd; mz;zhit / mg;ghit
milAk;. mjdhy; rpwpa jirfisg; Nghy; caukhf cs;Nsd;|| ~~rhg;gpl;lhy;
gad;gLj;jp nra;af; $ba nraw;ghLfis mtrukhf ngupahshNtd;|| ~~ghlrhiyf;F
tpl ngupa jirfshy; nra;a KbAkhd Nghf KbAk;|| mt;thNw clypy; Vw;gLk;
Ntiyfis $Ljyhf nra;tu;. rpwpa fhaq;fs;> milahsq;fs; gw;wp
cjhuzkhf Xly;> Mly;> gha;jy; $Ljyhf myl;bf; nfhs;tu;. Mz;> ngz;
Nghd;wtw;iw rpwg;ghf nra;tu;. Mdhy; tpj;jpahrq;fis mwpe;Jf; nfhs;tu;>
nghj;jid nghUj;Jjy;> Gj;jfj;jpd; xU Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;ghu;fs;.
gf;fj;ij rupahf Gul;ly; vd;gd fbdkhf
,Uf;Fk;. 6 taij milAk; NghJ * jdJ re;Njfq;fs; gw;wpa czu;T
tsu;e;Njhupd; %isapd; 90% epiwia (3 ½ ghuhl;b cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhy; jdJ jpwik
,whj;jy;) ngw;wpUf;Fk;. nghJthf rpwe;j gw;wp gps;isf;F kfpo;r;rp Vw;gLk;. mjdhy;
Kiwapy; cly;> jir ,af;f tsu;r;rp jdf;Fk; Rje;jpukhf epiwa Ntiyfs;
eilngWtjw;F Ngh\hf;Fkpf;f czT nra;a KbAk; vd;w czu;T mjpfupf;Fk;.
mj;jpatrpakhFk;. tWikapy; thOk; vdNtjhd; ,g;gUtj;jpy; jhdhf midj;J
Foe;ijfspd; mwpT> kdntOr;rp $l NtiyfisAk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd
ghjpf; f g; g Lfpd; w J vd Ma; T fs; tpUk; G tij mtjhdpf; f yhk; . mr;
$Wfpd;wd. rpy tWikapy; coYk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ngw;Nwhu;> tsu;e;Njhu;
Foe;ijfis MNuhf;fpakhd #oYf;F mspf;fpd;w gjpy; nkhopfs; gps;isapd;
cl;Lj;jpa NghJ mtu;fs; cauk;> epiw> MSikia jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ.

juhjpUf;f VjhtJ fhuzk; nrhy;yyhk;
,yf;fpak;
mg+`dpghtpd;
nkhop khw;wk; :
c];jhj; vk;.V.vk; kd;]_u; (esPkp)
mz;il tPl;lhd;
ftHdupd; vd;W ftu;du; mt;tsT Jhuk; vk;ik
khspifapy; xU fz;zpag; gLj;jpdhu;.
gFjp... ftu;du; : (rpupj;jthW) mg+ `dPgh ehd;
xU Nrhgh mg;gbr; nra;Ntdh? cq;fsJ
Njitnahd;iw epiwNtw;wpj;jUjy; vdf;F
mjpy; vt;tsNth re;Njh\j;ijj; jUk;! ,e;jg;
tpiyAau;e;j ngUikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vt;tsNth
jiyaizfs;... fhykhf ehk; Kaw;rpj;Njhk; Kbahky; Ngha;
kpfg; ngWkjpahd njhU tpl;lJ. nrhy;Yq;fs;> KiwapLq;fs;
ehDk; vd;idr; Nru;e;NjhUk; cq;fsJ
tpupg;G... tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfl;g ele;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ftu;du; mg+ `dPghit mg+ `dPgh : vdJ kpf neUf;fkhd
tuNtw;wioj;J te;J mz;iltPl;lhu; mtiu cq;fsJ
,uhf;fhtyu;fs; gpbj;J te;Jtpl;lhu;fs;
myp m`;kj; ghf]Pu;
jdf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; mtiug; ghu;f;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.

Nrhghtpy; mkur; ftu;du; : ,khk; cq;fsJ gupe;Jiuia
nra;fpwhu;. mtu;fs; ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhk;.
,UtUf;Fk; Kd;dhYs;s mg+ `dPgh : Kjypy; mtu; nra;j Fw;wk;
fjpiunahd;wpy; mg+ a+Rg; gw;wp ePq;fs; Nfl;ftpy;iyah?
mku;e;J nfhs;fpwhu;. ftu;du; : mJ vd;d Fw;wkhdhYk;
cq;fsJ gupe;Jiuia ehd; kWjypf;f
khl;Nld;.
ftu;du; : mg+ `dPgh cq;fis
tuNtw;fpNwd;. mg+ `dPgh : ftu;du; mtu;fNs
mt;thwhapd; mtiu ehd; ghu;f;f KbAkh?
mg+ `dPgh : <]h! ckJ gupthuj;jpdu;
vd;NdhL mg;gb Vd; ele;J nfhz;lhu;fs;? ftu;du; : (gf;fj;jpy; epd;w nghyPi]g;
ghu;j;J) mtid mioj;J th.
ftu;du; : mg;gb vd;d mtu;fs; nra;J
tpl;lhu;fs;? nghyP]; : jiytNu ahiu mioj;J
tul;Lk;.?
mg+ `dPgh : vdJ NfhNtW fOijia
mizj;jthNw vd;id ,wq;f tplhJ ftu;du; : vd;d cdf;Fg; Gupa tpy;iyah?
te;jhu;fs;. ,e;j tpupg;GfisAk; mJ rpiwg;gl;ltu;fspy; mg+`dPghtpd; mz;il
kpjpj;J tpl;lJ. tPl;lhd; vd tprhup. mtiu mioj;Jf;
nfhz;L vk;kplk; th!
ftu;du; : mg+ `dPgh! cq;fis
fz;zpag;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; mtu;fSf;F mg+ `dPgh : mtuJ ngau; M]pk; mg;Jy;
mg;gbf; fl;lisapl;Nld;. m]P];.
mg+ `dPgh : (tpisahl;lhf) mg+ a+Rg; ftu;du; : M]pk; mg;Jy; m]P]; vd;w
vOe;jpUq;fs; ehq;fs; NghNthk;. ehd; ngaUs;s midtiuAk; mioj;J th! Ngh!
Nfl;fg; NghFk; Njitia epiwNtw;wpj; nghyP]; : jiytNu! mt;thNw nra;fpNwd;.
ftu;du; : mg+ `dPgh NtW VjhtJ ntWk; ,ilntsp epug;gTNk mtd;
,yf;fpak;
Njitfs;....? tho;fpwhd;.
mg+ `dPgh : ,y;iy Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy. M]pk; : INah! ,khk; mtu;fNs mg;gb ehd;
my;yh`; cq;fSf;F ew;$yp jul;Lk;. ghLtij ePq;fs; Nfl;Lf;
ftu;du; : VjhtJ rhg;gpLfpwPu;fsh? nfhz; b Ue; j P u ; f sh?! ,dp N ky; ,e; j
mg+ `dPgh : ehd; ,d;W Nehd;G tifapy; kPz;Lk; nra;a khl;Nld; vd ehd;
gpbj;Js;Nsd;. thf;FWjp mspf;fpNwd;.
ftu;du; : ,d;W ePq;fs; Nehd;G mg+ `dPgh : ,y;iy! mg;gb eP kPz;Lk;
gpbf;fhjpUf;ff;$lhjh?!
11
nra;ayhk;. cdf;F my;yh`; mofpa
mg+ `dPgh : ,d;W Nehd;G gpbf;f Ntz;b Fuiyf; nfhLj;Js;shd;. mjidg;
Vw;gl;L tpl;lJ. gad; g Lj; j p eP cdf; F fpilj; j
mG+ a+Rg; : jiytNu ,d;W mtu; Nehd;G ,iwaUisf; fhl;L. ghLfpwha;
gpbf;Fk; ehs;. vd;gjw;fhf cd;idg; gpbj;Jr; nrd;wpUf;f
mg+ `dPgh : (fz;bf;Fk; Njhuizapy;) KbahJ.
mG+ a+Rg;! M]pk; : Mk;! ,uhf;fhtyu;fs; vd;id
ftu;du; : mg+ `dPgh! mtiuf; fbe;J mjw;fhf gpbj;Jr; nry;y tpy;iy.
nfhs;shjPu;fs;. 35 tUlq;fshf ePq;fs; mg+ `dPgh : mt;thwhapd; “cd;id
jht+j; (miy) mtu;fisg; Nghd;W xU ~~mtu;fs; mope;njhopa tpl;L tpl;lhu;fs;||
ehs; tpl;L xU ehs; Nehd;G gpbg;gJ vkf;F vdg; gfpuq;fkhf mtu;fis eP Fw;wk;
njupahkypy;iy. rhl;Lfpwha; vd epidj;J gpbj;Jr;
vdNt ,e; j ,isQd; VjhtJ nrd;wpUf;fyhkh?
rhg;gpll;LNk. M]pk; : ,khk; mtu;fNs ,y;iy ehd; kpf
mg+ `dPgh : ,g;D <]h ,tu; mg+ a+Rg; Nkhrkhdtdhf ,Ue;Njd;...
ehd; Nehd;G gpbf;Fk; NghJ mtUk; mg+ `dPgh : (,ilapy; FWf;fpl;L)
Nehw;ghu;. ehd; Nehd;ig tpLk; ehspy; mLj;jtu;fs; FHMd; XJtjpy; MWjy;
mtUk; Nehd;G Nehw;f khl;lhu;. fhz Kw;gLtJ Nghd;W eP ghl;Lg; ghLtjpy;
(nghyp]; f hud; ifapy; tpyq; F ld; MWjy; Njl Kad;wha; - ,jidj;jhNd
xUtid mioj;J tUfpwhd;) ,g;NghJ nrhy;yg; ghu;j;jha;.
nghyP]; : me;jg; ngaupy; ,tiuj; jtpu M]pk; : ,y;iy ,khk; mtu;fNs ehd;....
NtW ahUk; ,Uf;f tpy;iy. mg+ `dPgh : (,ilapy; FWf;fpl;L) M]pk;
ftu;du; : mg+ `dPgh ePq;fs; Nfl;l kWf; f hNj. gpioahd ghl; L f; f is
mz;iltPl;lhu; ,tu;jhdh?
.
ghLtjw;F gjpyhf cdJ mofhd Fuyhy;
mg+ `dPgh : ,tuhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f FHMid XJjy; my;yh`; cdf;Fg; Gupe;j
Ntz;Lk;. mUSf;F ed;wp nrYj;Jtjhf mikAk;
ftu;du; : Mr;rupakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mtiu vd;W nrhy;y cd;id re;jpf;f ehd;
ckf;Fj; njupahjh? tutpUe;Njd; vd;gJ cdf;Fj; njupahjh?!
mg+ `dPgh : mtuJ Kfj;ijj; njupahJ M]pk; : (njspthfTk;> cWjpahfTk;)
mtuJ Fuiyj; njupAk; ,khk; mtu;fNs ehd; kJ Fbj;J te;Njd;.
.
ftu;du; : (Mr;rupaj;Jld;) Fuyh?! mg+ `dPgh : M]pk; mJ vdf;Fj; njupAk;.

mg+ `dPgh : Mk; jiytNu Fuiyj;jhd;! M]pk; : mJ cq;fSf;Fj; njupAk; ?!
mtu; xt;nthU ehs; ,uTk; ghLthu;. mg+ `dPgh : Mk;> ngha;iaAk; ngha;iaAk;
vd;id mtu;fs; mope;njhopa tpl;L eP ,izj;Jr; nra;fpwha; vd;W vdf;Fj;
tpl;lhu;fs;> njupAk;. M]pk; Mdhy; eP my; FHMid
vj;jifanjhU ,isQid mg;gb tpl;L Xjpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwha; vd itj;Jf;
tpl;lhu;fs;?! nfhs; - mg;NghJ eP kJ mUe;jpf; nfhz;L
Jujp\;lk; gpbj;j ehis mDgtpf;fTk; XJthah?!

M]pk; : ,khk; mtu;fNs me;epiyia tpl;L vg;gbr; nrhy;y KbAk;?!
,yf;fpak;
my;yh`; ghJfhf;fl;Lk;. (mOfpwhu;) M]pk; : (mOJ nfhz;L) mg+ `dPgh
mg+ `dPgh : VdOfpwha;? ehd; cd;id K];ypkfspd; ,khNk vdf;F ePq;fs;
fz;bf;f tutpy;iy. vdJ md;Gf;Fupa ,d;ndhU cjtp nra;a khl;Bu;fsh?
gf;fj;J tPl;lhNd! cd; epiyia fz;L mg+ `dPgh : M]pk; nrhy;Yq;fs;.
NghfNt te;Njd;. ,utpd; ,Ul;by; cdJ .
M]pk; : my;yh`;tplk; kpfr; rpwe;j nray;

mofpa Fuy; vdJ jdpikiag; Nghf;fpaJ xd;iw nrhy;Yq;fs; ehd; mjidr;
nfhQ; r ehl; f shf mjid ehd; nra;fpNwd;.
Nfl;ftpy;iy vdNt jhd; cd;idj;
mg+ `dPgh : ckf;F f\;lkhf
NjbNdd;.
,Ue;jhYkh?
M]pk; : (njhlu;e;J mOfpwhu;) ,khk;
M]pk; : Mk; f\;lkhf ,Ue;jhYk;.
mtu; f Ns vd; i dg; gw; w p eP q ; f s;
tprhupf; f pwP u ; f s; > vd; i dg; ghu; f ; f mg+ `dPgh : M]pk; my;yh`;tpd; ghijapy;
tUfpwPu;fs;> xt;nthU ehSk; ehd; [p`hj; nra;jy;.
my;yh`;Tf;F khW nra;tJ cq;fSf;F M]pk; : mg;gbahapd; \`PjhFk; tiu
njupe;Jk; $l! my;yh`;tpd; ghijapy; [p`hj; nra;Ntd;.
mg+ `dPgh : M]pk; ,J ehd; gf;fj;J mg+ `dPgh : M]pk; eP kidtp kf;fs;
tPl;lhDf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba flik. cilatu;> mtu;fs; tplaj;jpy; [p`hj;
my;yh`; kl;LNk jdJ mbahu;fs; nra;j nra;.
ghtj;ij tprhupg;gtd;. tpUk;gpatu;fis M]pk; : ,y;iy ehd; my;yh`; ghijapy;
kd;dpg;gtd;> tpUk;gpatu;fis jz;bg;gtd;. [p`hj; nra;tij kpfTk; tpUk;GfpNwd;.
M]pk; : ,khk; cq;fSf;F vg;gb ed;wp mg+ `dPgh : cdJ kidtp> gps;isfs;
nrYj;JtJ vd;W njupatpy;iy. vdpDk; tplaj;jpy; [p`hj; nra;tJk; my;yh`;tpd;
ehd; kpfj; Jha;ikahf ghtkd;dpg;G ghijapy; [p`hj; nra;tJjhd;.
Nfl;fg; NghfpNwd;. mg;NghJ cq;fsJ ftu;du; : M]pk; Ngh> ehd; cd;id
gf; f j; J tP l ; l hdhf ,Uf; f ehd; tpLjiy nra;fpNwd;.
jFjpailNtd;. M]pk; : jiytNu cq;fSf;F my;yh`;
mg+ `dPgh : M]pk;! my;yh`; ckf;F ew;$yp jul;Lk;.
gufj; nra;al;Lk;. ,g;NghJ ePq;fs; vdf;F ftu;du; : ,y;iy ePNa ew;$ypiag; ngw;Wf;
ngupanjhU cjtp> cgfhuk; nra;J nfhz;lha;. mg+ `dPgh vk;ik re;jpf;Fk;
tpl;Bu;fs;. ey;tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; je;jha; my;yth
M]pk; : ,khk; ePq;fs; vd;d nrhy;fpwPu;fs;. mjdhy; jhd;.
ePq;fs; jhd; vdf;F cjtpAk; cgfhuKk; nghyp]; ,q;F ftdp!
nra;jPu;fs;. nghyP]; : jiytNu vd;d nra;al;Lk;.
mg+ `dPgh : mg;Jy; m]P]pd; kfNd nghW! ftu;du; : M]pKf;F Mapuk; jpu;`k;
xt;nthU ,uTk; my;yh`; cdf;F nfhLf;FkhW nrhy;. M]pk; gpbgl;l
topfhl;l Ntz;Lk;> cdf;Fg; ght ehspypUe;J ,d;W tiugpbgl;l
kd;dpg;igj; ju Ntz;Lk; vd ehd; vy;NyhiuAk; tpLjiy nra;AkhWk; nrhy;.
gpuhu;j;jpj;J te;Njd;. cd; Fuy; vdf;Ff; mg+ `dP g h : ed; w pfsidj; J k;
Nfl;fhj NghJ ePAk; rpiwg;gl;lha; vd;W my;yh`;Tf;Nf. <]h ePq;fs; vkf;F
mwpe;j NghJ ehNd mwpahj VNjh vd; VjhtJ cgfhuk; nra;tjpy; cWjpahf
ghtr; nray;fshy; jhd; vdJ gpuhu;j;jid ,Uf;fpwPu;fs;.
mq;fPfupf;fg; gltpy;iy vdg; gae;Njd;.
,g;NghJ eP my;yh`; vdJ gpuhu;j;jidia ftu;du; : Mg+ `dPgh vdJ tho;tpy; ,J
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;> vd; kPJ mtd; vdf;F kpfTk; re;Njh\khd ehs;.
Nfhgkhf ,y;iy vd;gij vdf;F mjw;fhf ehd; vdJ tho; ehw;fisNa
czu;j;jpdha;? mg;gbapUf;f eP vdf;F tpw;whYk; ehNd ,yhgkile;jtdhNtd;.
cjtp> cgfhuk; nra;a tpy;iy vd;W
gj;th gf;fk;
Nkhrkhd tplaq;fisr; nra;a XJfpNwd;. mjid XJtJ
Kaw;rp nra;jy; flikahFk; epiyapy; mjid ehd;
Xjtpy;iy vdpy; vdJ njhOifia
tpdh : - vdJ cs;sk; Nkhrkhd ehd; kPl;bj; njho Ntz;Lkh?
nray;fis> Nkhrkhd thu;j;ijfis
nra;AkhW> NgRkhW $Wfpd;wJ. gjpy; : - JMcy; ,];jpg;jh`;
vd;whYk; ehd; mjpfkhd flikahd xd;wy;y mJ Rd;dj;
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtw;iw MFk;. cq;fs; njhOif
nra; t jpy; i y. thu; j ; i jfshy; rupahdjhfNt fUjg;gLk;. vdNt
ntspapLtJkpy;iy. vdNt ,jw;F mjid Xjtjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;Lq;fs;>
vdf;F ghtk; fpilf;Fkh? ePq;fs; njhOifapy; Eioe;J Kjy;
tpsf;fk; vd;d? jf;gPu; fl;bdhy; Jmcy;
,];jpg;jhi` XJq;fs;. mjpy; gy
gjpy; : - egp (]y;) $wpdhu;fs; JMf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
~~epr; r akhf
mtu;fspd;
vdJ ck; k j; j py;
cs;sq;fspy;
?flœ̂?„?Õˆ»
Ê ?„ ?Â?··« ?fl ?‰Û«Õ?»?”
epidf;fpd;wtw;iw mtu;fs; mjidg; ,e;j JMitahtJ XJq;fs; ,J
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vdf;Fg; Ngr KbahJ Ngha; tpl;lJ. vdJ epiyahd mt; Tyfpy; vkf; nfd;d vQ;rg;
kidtpia re;jpf;f gpd;Df;F NghNdd;. NghfpwJ vd mtH Nfl;ghH.
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tho;j;jp tpilngwTk; mtHfsJ MrpupaH epWtdq;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jhH. jdf;nfd;W
u[pKj;jPd; mHgfhDf;F vdJ ]yhj;ij xU tPl;il mtH fl;bf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
mwptpf;FkhW NfhuTk; NghNdd;. mtUf;Fk; filrptiu $yp tPl;bNy tho;e;jhH. mJ
mtH NjhoHfSf;Fk; gpupahtpil vspa jsghlq;fisNa nfhz;bUe;jJ.
nfhLj;Njd;. ,e;j Mo;e;j rNfhjuj;Jt jdJ Ntiyfs; midj;ijAk; jd;
re; j p g ; G ck; u h Vw; W f; n fhs; s g; g Lk; iffshNy nra;J nfhs;thH. vt;tsT
vd;gjw;fhd milahsk; Nghd;wpUe;jJ. gzf; f\;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;l NghJk;
2. gw;ww;W tho;e;j NguwpQH `kPJy;yh ahUila cjtpiaAk; Vw;fkhl;lhH.
Muk;g fhyg; gpuptpy; jdJ ngupa
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1908k; Mz;L mtH gpwe;jhH. Muk;gj;jpy; Ntz;bapUe;jjhYk;> jd; Ma;T
i`juhghj; jhupy; cYhkpy; fw;whH. Ntisfspy; %o;fpg; NghdjhYk; mtH
rl;lj;Jiwapy; fiykhzp gl;lj;ijAk;> jpUkzk; Kbf;ftpy;iy.
vk;ViaAk; ngw;whH. n[Hkdpapd; nghd;
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYk; gl;lk; ngw;whH. vg;NghJk; nrhe;jkhf Ma;Tfspy; kpfTk;
mj;NjhL gj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l nkhopfspy; <Lghl;Lld; ftdk; nrYj;JthH. c`J
mtH Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhH. mg;NghJ Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ,iw JhjH (]y;) vq;F
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kiyapy; ,uz; L Kiwfs; Vwpg; tpUk;gpNdd;. mjid mile;J
tuyhW
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rup a hfg; Gup e ; J nfhs; s xUKiw Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;GfpNwd;. ,d;\hmy;yh`;
kf;fhtpypUe;J `_idd; tiu ele;J mjid mila Ntz;Lnkd vjpHghf;fpNwd;.
NghdhHfs;. ,d;ndhU Kiw fOijapy;
NghdhH. 4. c kH ,g;D mg;Jy; m]P]pd; cwtpdH
mtuJ ifahy; 30>000f;F Nkw;gl;l xUtH 1000 jpH`j;jpw;F xU Nkhjpuj;ij
gpuhd;]paH ,];yhj;ij Vw;whHfs;. 88k; thq;fpdhH. mjid mwpe;j ckH mtUf;F
taijaile;j mtu; ukohd; khjk; jdJ gpd;tUkhU fbjk; vOjpdhH: ePq;fs; 1000
KO gpuf;iQiaAk; ,oe;J ~~Nfhkh|| jpH`j;jpw;F xU Nkhjpuk; thq;fpajhf
epiyia mile;jhH. MapDk; 4k; ehs; vdf;Ff; Nfs;tpg; gl;lJ. ,f;fbjj;ijf;
tpopg;G epiyf;F te;j mtH czT fz;lJk; mjid tpw;W 1000 ViofSf;F
cl;nfhz;L njhlHe;J Nehd;G Nehw;whH. 9 cztopAq;fs;. ,Uk;ghy; xU Nkhjpuk;
tajpypUe;J Nehd;G Nehw;WtUk; ehd; ,J thq;fp mjpy; ~~jd; juj;ij mwpe;j
tiu Nehd;ig tpl;ljpy;iy vd;whH. kdpjDf;F my;yh`; mUs;ghypf;fl;Lk;||
vd vOjpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
mtH jdJ 94k; tajpy; 2002-12-17 ,y;
mnkupf;fhtpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
mtiu njhOtpf;f epd;wtHfs; 60 NgUf;F
5. ep
u hfupg; g hsHfSf; F kj; j papy;
cWjpAld; epd;w ngz;:
Nky; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
uk;yh vd;w ngz; mg+ Rg;ahdpd; kfs;. mg+
,g;gbahd mw;Gj tho;T nfhz;Nlhuhy;
Rg;ahd; Muk;gk; njhLj;J ePz;l fhykhf
jhd; ,d;W tiu ,];yhk; capNuhl;lj;
,];yhj;jpw;F vjpuhf epd;wtH. vdpDk;
Jld; tho;fpwJ. mj;jifa caHe;j
uk;yh vjpupapd; tPl;bDs;spypUe;Nj kpfTk;
kdpjHfs; etPd fhyj;jpYk; ,y;yhky;
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,];yhj;ij Vw;whH.
Ngha;tpltpy;iy.
,J mg+ ]_g; a hDf; F ngUk;
3. c kH ,d;W mg;Jy; m]P]; (u`;) gpur;rpidahfTk;> ,];yhj;ij vjpHf;Fk;
mtHfspd; MNyhrfH u[h ,g;D à+M kf;fhtpd; jiyikfSf;F Kd;dhy;
nrhy;fpwhH: ckH ,g;D mg;Jy; m]P]; 6 mtkhdkhfTk; Ngha;tpl;lJ. uk;yhit
jpH`j;Jf;F XH cil thq;fp tUkhW khw;w mg+ Rg;ahd; vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; vJTk;
gzpj;jhH. ehDk; thq;fp te;Njd;. gadspf;ftpy;iy.
mjidg; gpbj;Jg; ghHj;j mtH ey;ynjhU uk;yh `g\hTf;F `p[;uj;Jk; nra;fpwhH.
gplitjhd;. Mdhy; nfhQ;rk; kpUJthf mq;Nf mtUf;F ,d;ndhU Nrhjid
,Uf;fpwJ vd;whH. mJ Nfl;L ehd; fhj;jpUe;jJ. mtuJ fztd;
mONjd;. Vd; mOfpwha; vdf; Nfl;lhH? cigj;Jy;yh ,g;D [`;\; fpwpj;jt
mg;NghJ ehd; ePq;fs; ftHduhf ,Uf;Fk; kjj; j pw; F khwp tpLfpwhH. ,g; N ghJ
NghJ xU cilia ehd; 600 jpH`j;Jf;F uk;yhTf;F fztNdhL thoTk;
thq;fp te;Njd;. mjidg; gpbj;Jg; ghHj;j Kbatpy;iy. kPz;Lk; kf;fhTf;F jpUk;gp
ePq;fs; ey;y ciljhd; Mdhy; nfhQ;rk; FLk;gj;NjhL thoTk; KbahJ.
fLikahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;wPHfs;. ,g;NghJ
ePq;fs; fyPgh. 6 jpH`j;Jf;F cil vdpDk; uk;yh cWjpNahL ,];yhj;jpy;
thq;fptUfpNwd;. nfhQ;rk; nkd;ikahf epiyf; f pwhHfs; . me; j [p`; u j; j pd;
,Uf;fpwJ vd;fpwPHfs;. mg;NghJ ckH g+kpapNyNa tho;fpwhHfs;. ,j;jifa
,g;D mg;Jy; m]P];: Nrhjidf;Fl;gl;l ngz;id ,iw Jhju;
(]y;) kzKbj;Jf;nfhz;lhHfs;.
u[h vdJ cs;sk; rhjidfs; nra;a Gul;rpahsHfs; c];khd; (uyp) tPl;ilr;
tpUk;Gk;. fyPgh mg;Jy; kypfpd; kfs; #o;e;J jz;zPH> czT NghtijAk;
ghj;jpkhit jpUkzk; Kbf;f tpUk;gpNdd;. njhu;r;rp gf;fk; 26 ...
vk;kplk; tpw;gidf;Fs;s VCD fsJ tpguk;;
nghJj;jiyg;Gf;fs; #uh tpsf;fTiu
01- kWik ehs; (tpQ;Qhd Mjhuq;fs;) 1- my; ghjp`h - 02
02- ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fs; (Xh; mwpKfk;) - 02 2- me;E}h; - 02
03- murpay; gpur;rpid 3- me; egc - 05
04- FLk;g tho;T - 04 4- me; eh[pMj; - 02
05- jpUkz xg;ge;jk; 5- my; m/yh
06- gpj;mj; 6- my; fh~pah
07- tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; 7- my; /g[;h;
08- i]apj; FJg; rpe;jidahsUk; NghuhspAk; 8- my; [py;[hy;
09- Md;kPf tho;T 9- my; Mjpahj;
10- mt;ypahf;fs; vd;Nghh; ahh;? 10- my; fhupM
11- ~Pahf;fspd; nfhs;iffSk; fUj;Jf;fSk; - 02 11- my; m];u; - 02
12- ,khk;fSk; kj;`GfSk; - 02 12- my; `{k[h
13- jpl;lkply; Xh; ,];yhkpag; ghu;it 13- my; /gPy;
14- Nehd;G - 02 14- Fiu~;
15- me;epaUldhd cwT (,];yhkpag; ghu;it) - 02 15- my; khCd;
16- njhOif - 02 16- my; ft;]h;
17- my; fh/gp&d;
`jP]; tpsf;fk; 18 me; e];h;
17- rNfhjuj;Jtk;> Kf];Jjp 19- my; gj;`; - 02
18- nghJr; nrhj;J 20- khpak;
19- ngUk; ghtq;fs; nghwhik>tWik 21- me; ek;Y
20- ,iw ek;gpf;ifAk; mjd; jhf;fKk; 22- my; [{KM
21- <khdpd; Rit 23- mu;u`;khd;
22- tho;Tf;fhyKk;> kdpjMirfSk; 24- my; md;ghy;
23- mkhdj; 25- my; Kdhgp$d;
24- 07 NgUf;F epoy; nfhLj;jy; 26- mu;u/J
25- gy;NtW ed; elj;ijfs; 27- Maj; my;Fu;]p tpsf;fk;
28- mj;jf;tPu; (tpQ;Qhd tpsf;fk;)
26- fshfj;u; ek;gpf;if 29- m`;]hg; 72-73 (my; mkhdj;)
27- Rd;dj;jhd tzf;fq;fs; 30- My ,k;uhd; 102-107
28- egpkhu;fspd; gzp 31- md;fg+j;(1-7)
29- ,];yhkpa rl;lthf;fk; 32- mg]
30- cly;>mwpT> Md;kh 33- ,d;gpjhu;
31- ek;gpf;ifg; gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa 34- Kjg;gpgPd;
fUj;J NtWghLfs; 35- ,d;~pfhf;
32- K];ypk; cyfpd; 36- jhupf;
,];yhkpa murpay; Nghuhl;lk; 37- `[;
33- gy];jPd; Nghuhl;lk;
34- my;yh`;itg; Ghpe;J nfhs;sYk;
35-
epidT nfhs;sSk;
cyf tho;T gw;wpa ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk;
thuk;NjhWk; ,lk; ngWk;
36- ,iwj;J}ju;(]y;) Njhw;Wtpj;j r%fk; - 02 c];jhj; M.A.M. kd;#u;
37- ,iwj;J}ju; (]y;) mtu;fspd; jpl;lkply; - 02
38- m`;Yy;igj; - 02 (esPkp) mtu;fsJ ciufs;
,iwj; J}ju;(]y;) tuyhW - 03
VCD fshf
39-
40-
[p`hjpd; gy;NtW tbtq;fs;
,we;jtUf;F nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs;
ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd
41- Md;kPf ju;gpa;aj; vd;gJ vd;d?
42- mj;itjf; nfhs;if
43-
44-
45-
m~;mhp kj;`g; - xU tpsf;fk;
my;Fh;Mdpy; ngz;fs;
gpuhh;j;jid
MIIR
46- clw;Rfk; gw;wp ,];yhk; 400/6, Waragashinna,
47- thupRupikr; rl;lk; - 02 Dunuwila Road,
48- [p`hj; (nghUSk; nfhs;ifAk;)
49- ,];yhkpag; nghUshjhuk; (rpy fUj;Jf;fs;) Akurana.
50- #dpak; -Xu; ,];yhkpag; ghu;it-
51- rpYit Aj;jk; Tel: 081 7910410
52- ,];yhkpa FLk;g mikg;G - 02 077 0648987
53- Nehd;Gk; Md;kPf cau;Tk;
54- K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzk;
55-
56-
gpf;`{j; j/th
,f;yh]; xU VCD 60/-
38
ngupanjhU... rpwpanjhU
Nghuhl;;lk;
mg;Jy; t`;`hg; kpi]up
ejPk; mtDila miwapy;

cl;fhu;e;jpUe;jhd;. Ehu;>
ah]pu;> yuPg; tPl;bd; Nky;
khb tpuhe;ijapy;
mku;e;jpUe;jdu;. Nrty;
`]d; nfhq;uPl; fl;by; Vwp
NkfksTf;F cau;e;Js;s
fl;blq;fis MtNyhL
ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
fl;blq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; VjhtnjhU fij $wNtz;Lk;> vdf;F
ngUk; kiyfs; fijjhd; kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;.
njd;gl;ld. %tUk; mtu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; thf;Fthjk;
mk;kiyfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,Wjpapy; xt;nthUtUk; xU
jhd; #upad; mkpo;e;J fij tPjk; $Wtjhf KbTf;F te;jdu;.
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. Ehu; : fij $Wtjhf cld;gl;L tpl;Nlhk;.
vd;whYk; ehd; jhd; Kjypy; $WNtd;.
Vnddpy; vdJ fij kpfTk; mofhdJ>
epr;rak; cq;fis Mr;rupaj;jpw;Fs;shf;Fk;.
ah]pu; : KbahJ> ehd;jhd; Kjypy;
$WNtd;. fij $Wtnjd;w fUj;ij
xl;lfk; yuPg; : mofhdJ... tho;f;if nrhd;dNj ehd;jhd;.
vt;tsT mofhdJ! xl;lfk; yuPg; xd;Wk; Ngrhky;
ftu;r;rpfukhdJ... thdk; vt;tsT ftiyaile;jjhf cl;fhu;e;jpUe;jJ. mJ
ftu;r;rpfukhdJ ! $l jd;Dila fijiaf; $wNt
ah]pUila kdk; VNjhnthd; w hy; Mirg;gl;lJ. kPz;LnkhU Kiw
f\;lg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. jkf;Fkj;jpapy; ju;f;fpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
ah]pu; : Va; ftpQNd! vq;fSf;nfhU rpWtu;fs; `]dplk; nrd;W jkJ
ftpij $wkhl;lhah ? gpur; r pidia jPu; j ; J itf; F k; g b
EhUk; Vnjh xU fhuzj;jhy; cs;sk; Ntz;bdu;. mJTk; jiyairj;jJ.
nehe;jtshf ,Ue;jhs;. `]d; : mypg;> gh Xlu; gb ngau;fis
Ehu; : “~~NgRtJ nts;spahf ,Ue;jhy; thrpf;fpNwd; yuPg;> Ehu;> ah]pu;.
mikjpahf ,Ug;gJ jq;fk; Nghd;wJ|| yuPigj; jtpu kw;w ,UtUk; ,f;fUj;ij
kWj;jdu;. Jz;L FYf;fpg; NghLNthk; vd
yuPg; : ftiyfisAk; f\;lq;fisAk; ehk; Nrty; `]d; ,d;ndhU Nahrid
xU Gwk; itj;J tpl;L xt;nthUtUk; xU $wpaJ. rpWtu; f s; rpwpJ Neuk;
ftpij ,aw;WNthk;. rpe;jpj;jhu;fs;. midtUk; xNu Fuypy;
Ehu; : ,y;iy... ehk; kpA]pf; Nfl;Nghk; “~~,J kdRf;Fs; gaj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ||
my;yJ xt;nthUtUk; xU ghl;L gbg;Nghk;. vd;wdu;.
ah]pu; : Ntz;lhk;> vq;fspy; xt;nthUtUk; %d;whtJ Nahridia Nrty; `]d;

$wpaJ : tajpy; rpwpatu; fijia xU rpwpa rpWtd;> rpwpanjhU kuj;jpd; fPohy;
Muk;gpf;fl;Lk;. tajpy; $batu;fs; mwpT mkh; e ; j p U e; j hd; . xU rp w p a rp W kp
$bau;fs;> mtu;fSila fl;lk; tUk; tiu mtdplj;jpy; te;J kuj;Jf;F fPohy;
nghWikahf ,Uf;f mtu;fshy; KbAk;. mtNdhL Nru;e;Jnfhz;lhs;. cs;sk;
Jbf; F k; . ... fz; ,ikf; F k; . ...
ah]pu; rpupj;jhd;.
mstpyhd rpwpanjhU ghl;il gbf;fj;
Ehu; KOikahf ,f;fUj;ij kWj;jhd;.
jPu;khzpj;jdu;.
mtNd Kjypy; fij $w Ntz;Lk; vd
tpUk;gpdhd;. ah]pu; ,ilkwpj;jhd; - fz; ,ikf;Fk;
Neuk;! cs;sk; Jbf;Fk; Neuk;!! ,J
Nrty; `]d; : mg;gbnad;why;> mjw;F
fijah my;yJ nehbah? jaT nra;J ehd;
khw;wkhf nra;Nthk;. Kjypy; ngupatu;
$Wk; fijia mikjpahff; NfSq;fs;...
fijia njhlq;fp itf;fl;Lk;.
rhjhuz tsh;j;jp nfhz;l xU rpWtd;
Ehu; rpupj;jhs;
rhjhuz msTila xU kuj;jpd; fPohy;
ah]pu; : ehd;jhd; Kjypy; fij cl;fhu;e;jpUe;jhd;. rhjhuz tsu;j;jp
$wNtz;Lk;. nfhz;l xU rpWkp te;J kuj;jpw;Ff; fPohy;
Nrty; `]d; : ngz;gps;is KjypYk; cl;fhu;e;J nfhz;lhs;. ,UtUkhf
njhlu;e;J Mz;gps;isAk; $wl;Lk;. rhjhuz ePsk; nfhz;l xU ghl;il
gbf;fj; jPu;khzpj;jdu;.
ah]pUk;> yuPGk; kWj;J epd;wdu;.
yuPGk; EhUk; FWf;fpl;lhu;fs;: “,J
`]d; : mg; g bnad; w hy; Kjyp y ; fijah my;yJ buhkhth? V ah]pNu! ,yF
Mz;gps;isapypUe;J njhlq;FNthk;. gLj;J> f\;lg;gLj;jhNj!
Ehu; kWj;jhs;. rpWtu;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; fye;Jiuahbf;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. xt;nthUtUk; ,Wjp
Nrty; `]d; fisg; G kp F jp a hy; tiu fij $w re;ju;g;gk; jug;gl;bUe;jhy;
thdj;ijg; ghu;j;j tz;zk; rpe;jpj;Jf; jdJ fijNa kpfTk; mofhf
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ejPk; Vnjh ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vdf; $wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
Fog;gkile;jtdhf mjd; gf;fj;jpy;
nrd;wku;e;jhd;. Nrty; `]d; Nfhgg;gl;ljhf “Ff;F $$
vdf; fj;jpaJ.
xl;lfk; yuPg; ahUila mDkjpAkpd;wp jd; rpWtu;fs; jha; mtu;fis miof;Fk;
fijia $w epidj;jJ. rj;jj;ij Gupe;Jnfhz;lhu;fs;. mg;NghJ
khiy g+kp i a %bf; n fhz; b Ue; j J.
yuPg; : ngupanjhU rpWtd; ngupa el;rj;jpuq;fs; jdJ rpwpa jiyfis
kunkhd;wpd; fPohy; cl;fhu;e;jpUe;jhd;. ntspNa Nghl; L vl; b g; ghu; j ; J f;
ngupa rpWkp xUj;jp te;jhs; - kuj;Jf;F nfhz;bUe;jd.
fPohy; mtNdhL Nru;e;J cl;fhu;e;J
nfhz;lhs;. ,UtUkhf Nru;e;J ,uT rhg;ghl;bd; gpd; Foe;ijfs; fPo;khb
ePz;lnjhU ghl;L gbf;fj; miwapy; fisg;gile;jtu;fshf
jPu;khzpj;jhu;fs;. ghl;L %d;W cl; f hu; e ; j pUe; j du; . Nky; khbapy;
kzp j ; j p a hsk; ,UgJ ep k p l k; VO ele;jtw;iw Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.
nrf;fd;fshf njhu;e;jJ mg;NghJ... xUtiug; ghu;j;J xUtu; rpupj;Jf;
Ehu; ,ilapy; FWf;fpl;lhs;. nfhz;lhu;fs;.
Ehu; : ,J fijah? ,y;yhtpl;lhy; nra;jpj;
njhFg;gh? vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; ,J ejPkplk; mtu;fSf;fhf rpwpanjhU ghl;il
rfpf;fKbahkypUf;fpwJ yuPg;! gbf;FkhW Ntz;bdu;. ghl;bd; ,ileLNt
jaT nra;J ehd; $Wk; ,e;jf; fijiaf; Jhf;fk; mtu;fsidtiuAk; kpifj;jJ.
NfSq;fs;. midtUk; kyf;Ffs; Nghd;W Jhq;fpdu;.

`jP];
“
~~kdpju;fNs! my;yh`;tplk; jt;gh nra;J ,];jpf;ghUk; nra;Aq;fs;

ehd; xt;nthU ehSk; 100 Kiw jt;gh nra;fpNwd;|| K];ypk;
,e;j `jP]_f;F nghUj;jkhd jiyg;ig NkNy ,Lf.
kdpju;fs; nra;Ak; ghtq;fs;
kdpju;fNshL njhlu;Ggl;l ghtq;fs; my;yh`;NthL njhlu;Ggl;l ghtq;fs;
my;yh`;NthL njhlu;Ggl;l ghtq;fSf;F 3 cjhuzk; jUf.

1._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
kdpju;fNshL njhlu;Ggl;l 3 ghtq;fis vOJf.

1._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
? my;yh`;NthL njhlu;G gl;l ghtj;jpypUe;J jt;gh Nfl;f gpd;tUk; mkrq;fs; g+u;j;jpahf

Ntz;Lk;.
1. Fwpg;gpl;l ghtj;jpypUe;J KOikahf jtpu;e;J nfhs;sy;.
2. Fwpg;gpl;l ghtj;ij vz;zp ifNrjg;gly;.
3. Fwpg;gpl;l ghtj;jpw;F kPskhl;Nld; vd cWjpg+Zjy;
? mbahNdhL njhlu;G gl;l ghtj;jpypUe;J jt;gh Nfl;f gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; g+u;j;jpahf

Ntz;Lk;.
1. Fwpg;gpl;l ghtj;jpypUe;J KOikahf jtpu;e;J nfhs;sy;.
2. Fwpg;gpl;l ghtj;ij vz;zp ifNrjg;gly;.
3. Fwpg;gpl;l ghtj;jpw;F kPskhl;Nld; vd cWjpg+Zjy;
4. Fwpg;gpl;l kdpju;fsplk; kd;dpg;G Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.
? gpd;tUk; nray;fSf;F vt;thW jt;gh Nfl;gJ vd;gij FLk;gj;NjhL my;yJ

Mrpupau;fNshL fye;JiuahLf.
1. nghwhik nfhz;lhy;....
2. Gwk; NgrpapUe;jhy;....
3. flidf; nfhLf;fhkypUe;jhy;....
4. fQ;rj;jdk; fhl;ly;....

cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh
1. ,Uk;G JUg;gpbf;Fk; NghJ mjd; 10. raNuhf Nehia Kjyp y ;
epiw 03 klq;fhy; mjpfupf;Fk;. fz;Lgpbj;jtu; - mGy; fh]pk;
m];]`;uhtp. ngupak;ik Nehia
2. Mq;fpy Mz;bw;Fk; `p[;up Fzg; g Lj; J tjpy; Kjd; i kahf
Mz;bw;;Fk; ,ilapy; fpl;lj;jl;l 11 jpfo;e;jtu;. ngupak;ik Neha; Fwpj;J
ehl;fs; tpj;jpahrk; cz;L. ]`;uhtpf;Fg; gpd; Kjd; Kjyhf
Ma;T elj;jpatu; Nkw;fj;Nja mwpQu;
fpwp];jt Mz;L - 365 ehl;fs; gg;uP$]; - 1603 Mz;L.
`p[;up Mz;L - 354 ehl;fs;
11. rpWJzpf;if> ngUJzpf;if
vdNt 32 fpwp];jt Mz;Lfs; 33 vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; K];ypk;
`p[;up Mz;Lfs; MFk;. ,g;D egP];
3. Kjd; Kjyhf nts;isj; Jzpia 12. xspapay; (optics) gw;wp Kjypy;

NehahspfSf;Fk;> jhjpkhUf;Fk;> fz;Lgpbj;jtu; ,g;D `{idd; myP
itj;jparhiyapYk; gad;gLj;jpaJ mugp
mwgpfNs. nts;is epwNk
Nehahspapd; cs;sj;Jf;F mjpfstpy; 13. rj;jpu rpfpr;irapd; NghJ
epk; k jpiaf; nfhLf; F k; vdf; Nehahspfis kaf;Fk; Kiwia
fUjpdu;. Kjypy; Muk;gpj;jtu;fs; K];ypk;fNs.
Kjy; rj;jpu rpfpr;irahsu;
4. xl;lfr; rptpq;fp rg;jkplhJ. m];]`;uhtp.
5. mwG nkhop ~~yhjpd; (÷) nkhop|| 14. ig]hj;jpa Nguurpd; jiyefuhf

vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> ,Ue; j nfhd; ] ; j he; J Nehgpiy
cyfpy; Ntnwe;j nkhopapYk; ,e;j K`k;kj; my;ghjp`; ntw;wpnfhz;l
xyp mikg;G ,y;iy. mwG nkhopapy; NghJ ~~,];yhk; Nghy;|| ,];yhj;jpd;
khj;jpuNk cz;L. epyk; vdg; ngaupl;lhu;. mJNt> fhyg;
Nghf;fpy; ~~,];jhd;g+y;|| vd khw;wk;
6. ggpNyhdpau;fNs xU fpoikf;F VO ngw;wJ.
ehl;fs; vd tFj;jdu;.
15. rpq;fkhdJ 20 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
7. kdpjdpd; ,jak; ehshe;jk; Jhq;Fk;. 04 kzpj;jpahyq;fNs
fpl;lj;jl;l 12000 yPl;lu; ,uj;jj;ijg; tpopj;jpUe;J jhd; rhg;gpLk; czit
gha;r;RfpwJ. Ntl;ilahbf; nfhs;Sk;.
8. tl JUtk; njd;JUtj;jw;F Kd; 16. capupdq;fspy; kpf mjpfk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ nrtpkLf;Fk;> ghu;f;Fk; ty;yik
nfhz;lit XdhAk;> jPf;
9. rpye;jpf;F 30 kPl;lu; ePsk; nfhz;l NfhopAkhFk;.
Ehiy cUthf;f KbAk;
4 ngz;gps;isfSk;...
1 i]dg; (uop) : mGy; M]; ,g; D ugP c it jpUkzk; nra; j y;
gps;isfs;
ckhkh myp
K`k;kj;
a`;ah
2. ghj;jpkh (uop) : myp (uop) ia jpUkzk; nra;jy;
`]d;
`{i]d;
Uifah
ck;K Fy;Jhk;
i]dg;
3. Uifah (uop) : c];khd; (uop) ia jpUkzk; nra;jy;
mg;Jy;yh`;
4. ck;K Fy;Jhk;
Uifah kuzpj;jjd; gpd;du; c];khd; (uop) ,tu;fis kzk;Kbj;jhu;.
egpatu;fsJ ghy;Fbj; jha;khu;fs;
1. Ritgh
2. `yPkh
jei
; japd; rNfhjuuf
; s; (rhrr;hkhuf
; s);
1. `hup]; 4. ]{igu; 7. opuhu;

2. `k;]h 5. `[y; 8. mg+y`g;
3.mg+jhypg; 6. myPKft;tpk; 9. mg;gh];

egpatu;fsJ kidtpkhu;fs;
1. fjP[h gpd;j; `{itypj; (uop)
2. ]t;jh gpd;j; ]k;mj; (uop)
3. Map\h gpd;j; mgPgf;fu; (uop)
4. `g;]h gpd;j; cku; (uop)
5. i]dg; gpd;j; `{i]kh (uop)
6. i]dg; gpd;j; [`;\; (uop)
7. [{itupah gpd;j; my;`hup]; (uop)
8. ck;K `gPgh uk;yh gpd;j; mgP]{g;ahd; (uop)
9. ]gpa;ah gpd;j; `{ia ,g;D m`;jg; (uop)
10. ck;K ]y;kh gpd;j; mgP cikah (uop)
11. ik%dh gpd;j; my;`hup];(uop)
egp (]y;) mtu;fsJ Gjy;tu;fs;

%tUk; rpW tajpNyNa kuzpj;jdu;
1. fh]pk; 2. mg;Jy;yh`; 3. ,g;uh`Pk;
Gjy;tpfs;
1. i]dg; 3. Uifah
2. ghj;jpkh 4. ck;K Fy;Jhk;

mkhdj;
vkJ ,sk; mwpQu;fs; - 03
xU ez;gd; jdJ rf
ez;gndhUtdplk; rpy Gj;jfq;
fisf; nfhLj;J mtu;fsJ xU
ez;gdplk; xg;gilf;Fk; gb $wpdhd;.
rpy ehl;fspd; gpwF me;j ez;gd; jhd;
mDg;gpa Gj;jfq;fs; fpilj;jdth?
,y;iyah? vd tpdtpdhd;. mjw;F
mtd; : Mk; xd;gJ Gj;jfq;fs;
fpilj;jd.
ez;gd; : ehd; cdf;F 10 Gj;jfq;fs;

mDg;gp itj;NjNd. gpd;du; ,UtUk;
jdJ kw;w ez;gdplk; Ngha; kw;w xU
Gj;jfj;jpw;F vd;d ele;jJ vd
tpdtpdu;.
mjw;F mtd; : mJ xU rpwe;j Gj;jfk;

thrpj;J tpl;L gpwF jUtjw;F jhd;
itj;Jf; nfhz;ljhf njuptpj;jhd;
ez; g d; : mJ ,]; y hj; j py;

mDkjpf; f g; g l; l jy; y . my; y h`;
my;Fu;Mdpy; nrhy;fpwhd;
~~<khd; nfhz;ltu;fNs! my;yh`;

Tf;Fk;> JhjUf;Fk; Nkhrb nra;a
Ntz;lhk;. cq;fsJ mkhdj;J
f;fisAk; kPw Ntz;lhk;||
egpatu;fs; nrhy;fpwhu;fs; : cd;dplk;

ek;gp xg;gilj;jjd; mkhdpjj;ij
epiwNtw;W. cyfpy; ahu; Nkhrb
nra;fpwhNdh> mtDf;F eP Nkhrb
nra;ahNj.
,g;D]Pdh
Ehw;whz;by; 16
jlitfSk; > 16 k;
Ehw;whz;by; 20
jlitfSk; yj; j Pd;
nkhopapy; mJ kPs;gjpg;G
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Gfhuh gpuNjrj;jpy; `p[;up 370 ,y; ,g;D ]Pdhjhd; rj;jpurpfpr;irapd; NghJ
gpwe;jhu;fs;. jdJ Muk;gf; fhyg; gpupit Kjd; Kjypy; kaf;f kUe;ijg;
mq;NfNa fopj;jhu;fs;. mf;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpatu;. mNj Nghd;W
Gfhuh gpuNjrk; mwpQu;fSk;> kdpjdplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
ftpQu;fSk;> ngUk; thrpfrhiyfs; xl; L z; z piaAk; Kjd; Kjypy;
epiwe;jjhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jdJ fz;Lgpbj;jtuhthu;.
gj;J tajpNyNa Fu;Mid
kddkpl;lNjhL nkhopiaAk;> tapw;Wg;Gz;> Gw;WNeha;> ru;f;fiu Neha;>
,yf;fpaj;ijAk; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. jhaplkpUe;J rpRtpw;F ,uj;jk; flj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gy Ma;Tfs; mtUf;Fz;L.
gy tifahd fpNuf;fg; Gj;jfq;fisf; mNj Nghd;W kUe;Jtiffs;>
fw; W j; Nju; e ; j hu; . rpWtajpNyNa clw;$w;wpay; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; mtUf;F
kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; Nju;r;rpg; ngw;whu; gy Ma;Tfs; cz;L.
ngUk; itj;jpau;fs; mtuplj;jpy; te;J
kUj;Jtj;ijf; fw;Wf;nfhs;syhapdu;. mj; N jhL jj; J tk; > ju; f ; f tpay; >
mJ NghyNt NehahspfSk; vy;yh ,yf;fpak;> thdtpay;> ,aw;ifapay;
,lq;fspypUe;Jk; mtiu ehb te;jdu;. ,urhadtpay;> tpyq;fpay;> jhtutpay;>
,J kd;du;fisAk; mtUld; neUq;fr; ,ir Nghd;w JiwfspYk; <Lgl;Ls;shu;.
nra;jNjhL mtu;fs; ,g;D]PdhTf;nfd
jdJ thrpfrhiyia jpwe; J k; murpaypYk; <Lgl;Ls;shu;. ,U jlit
nfhLj;jdu;. mikr;Rg; gjtp tfpj;Js;shu;.
rpiuapyilf;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;. nfhiy
,g; D ]P d h fzpjk; > thdtpay; > vr;rupf;ifAk; tpLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,aw; i fapay; > jj; J tk; > ,ir>
kUj;Jtk;> ju;f;fk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; VjhtJ mwptpay; gpur;rpidnahd;iw
jd; i d <LgLj; j pf; nfhz; l hu; . Kd;Ndhf;fpdhy; gs;spthriy Nehf;fp
,j; J iwfspy; ngWkjpkpf; f gy tpiuthu;. f\;lj;ij ePf;fpj; jUk;gb
Mf;fq;fis ntspapl;lhu;. mtuJ Nfl;L njhOthu;.
Gj;jfq;fs; yj;jPd; nkhopf;F
nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ - etPd epiwa ,];yhkpa ehLfSf;Fk; gpuahzk;
INuhg;ghtpd; vOr;rpapy; mit Kf;fpa nra;Js;shu;. mtUila Ma;TfSk;>
gq;F tfpj;jd. Gj;jfq;fSk; Vwf;Fiwa 276 MFk;.
mtuJ kpf Kf;fpa Gj;jfq;fspy; xd;W
jdJ 22 tJ tajpy; kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; ~~\pgh|| vDk; 18 ghfk; mlq;fpa
~~ my; f hDhd; || vd; w Gj; j fj; i j Gj; j fkhFk; . mjpy; ju; f ; f tpay; >
vOjpdhu;. kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; kpf ,aw;ifapay; Nghd;w gFjpfs;
Kf; f pa %yhjhu Ehnyhd; w hff; cs;slq;fpAs;sd.
fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ epiwa nkhopfSf;F
nkhopngau;f;fg; gl;lJ. fp.gp 15
#wh k]j;
mg+y`g; kw;Wk; mtdJ kidtp KWf;Nfwpa Úœ ?”?„ ?‰ˆ„
,UtUk; Nru;e;J egpatu;fisg; mopal;Lk; ? ?»?
ngha;g;gpj;J> Nehtpidfis ,Uiffs; «?
œ?Ì
nra;jikf;F fpilf;Fk; jz;lidiaf; gadspf;ftpy;iy Ï?‰̇¤Û√ «?„
$Wjy;. mtDila nry;tk; Â ı·
? «?„
my; y h`; ~~ ckJ neUq; f pa mtd; rk;ghjpj;jit ?»?”Ûfl «?„
cwtpdu; f is vr; r upg; g P u hf|| vd; w Eiothd; ÏÛ·?’?Ì?”
trdj;ij ,wf;fpaJk; egp (]y;)
mtu;fs; ]gh kiy kPJ Vwp ~~ah ]gh`h neUg;G «?
—«?‰
mjpfhiy Mgj;J|| vd cuj;j Fuy; nfhOe;Jtpl;nlupAk; Ú ?ÂÛ·? «Û–
»
$wpdhu;fs;. mg;NghJ kf;fh efu kf;fs;
egpatu;fsplk; te;J xd;W $bdu;. gbg;gpidfs;
gpd;du; egpatu;fs; ~~,e;j kiyapd; 1. Kjy; trdj;jpy; mg+y`gpw;F
mbthuj;jpypUe;J cq;fisj; cyfpYk; kWikapYk; mopTk;> e\;lKk;
jhf;Ftjw;fhf Fjpiug; gilnahd;W Vw;gll;Lk; vd;W gpuhu;j;jid
Gwg;gl;L tUfpwJ vd;W ehd; cq;fsplk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
njuptpj;jhy; vd;id ePq;fs;
ek;gpapUg;gPu;fsh? vdf; Nfl;lhu;fs;. 2. mg+y`g; vd;gtd; egpatu;fsJ
mg;NghJ kf;fs; ePq;fs; ngha; nrhy;tij rhr;rhf;fspy; xUtu;. vd;whYk; mtdJ
ehk; Nfl;ljpy;iyNa! vd;wdu;. egpatu;fs; epuhfupg;Gk;> khu;f;fj;ij kWj;jikAk;
~~mg;gbnad;why; fLk; Ntjidnahd;W fhuzkhf me;j ,uj;j cwT mtDf;F
cq;fis neUq;fpAs;sJ vd vr;rupf;if gad; jutpy;iy.
nra;fpNwd;|| vd;whu;fs;. 3. xU kdpjd; khu;f;fj;ij epuhfupf;Fk;
mg; N ghJ mg+y`g; ~~ckf; F K\;upf;fhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mtdJ
mopTz;lhfl;Lk;! ,jw;fhfj; jhd; nry;tk;> Gfo;> gps;isfs; vJTk;
vq;fis xd;W $l;bdhah?|| vdf; gadspf;fhJ.
Nfl;lhd;. mg;NghJ my;yh`; ,e;j 4. mg+y`gpd; kidtpahd ck;K [kPy;
#whit ,wf;fp itj;jhd;. egpatu;fis Jd;GWj;j jdJ
mtDila kidtp fztDf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jhs;. vdNt
?Â?Û√—??„« ,UtUk; eufpy; ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
Rkg;gtd;
Û…Û·«?„?Õ 5. mtu;fs; ,UtUk; eufpy;
tpwF ˆ»Ûÿ?Õ˙·« jz;bf;fg;gLthu;fs;. mjpypUe;J
,y; Ìˆ› tp L glkhl; l hu; f s; . ,J my; y h`;
nrhd;dJ Nghd;W epr;rakhf ,lk;ngWk;.
fOj;J ?œ Ì̂Ã vdNt ,J egpatu;fsJ egpj;Jtj;ij
fapW
Ò·?»
?Õ cz;ikg;gLj;Jk; Mjhukhf mikfpwJ.
khu;f;fj;jpd;
gbj;juq;fs;
H];yhk;
X ,izitj;jiytpl;L ePq;fp my;yh`; xUtDf;F kl;LNk
fl;Lg;gly;
mtd; ehbatw;iw nra;jy;
jLj;jtw;iw tpl;L tply;
,];yhj;jpd; Jhz;fs;
fypkh> njhOif> Nehd;G> ]fhj;> `[;
<khd;
X cs;sj;jhy; cWjpahf ek;gp> ehthy; nkhope;J>
cWg;Gf;fshy; nray;gLj;jy;
<khdpd; Jhz;fs;
my;yh`;> kyf;Ffs;> Ntjq;fs;> w#y;khu;fs;> kWikehs;>
fyhfj;u;
<khd; : fl;Lg;gl;L ey;yky;fs; nra;tjd; %yk; mjpfupf;Fk;>
ghtq;fs; nra;tjd; %yk; FiwAk;
H`;]hd;
eP my;yh`;it ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gJ Nghd;W mtid
tzq;Fjy; eP my;yh`;it ghu;f;fhtpl;lhYk; epr;rakhf mtd;
cd;idg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;

நகர்வு - இதழ் 08 (மே - ஆகஸ்ட் 2010)

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நகர்வு - இதழ் 08 (மே - ஆகஸ்ட் 2010)

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Nagarvu

K`u;uk; -ugPcy; Mfpu;

m\;n\a;f; vd;. vk;. wprhl;

[h`pypa;aj; 07. ,];yhkpag; nghUshjhuj;jpd; eilKiwj;jd;ik ............... 24

efu;tPuhf 08. ,];yhj;ij tpl;Lk; Jhukhfpa ,];yhkpa rpe;jid ................. 27

,];yhkpag; gzpapy; mbg;gilahdJ

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 3

cgNjrpg;gtu; - (thapy;) - cUthf;fg;gLk; kpff; fbdk; . ,e; e piyapy; jhd;

,yq;if epyKk; ,];yhkpag; gzpAk;

FLk;gq;fs; kpfg; ngUk;ghYk; ,];yhkpag;

thupRupik rl;lq;fSf;F khw;wkhd xU kuG cj;juthjg;gLj;JfpwJ. khwhf capUld;

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 8

mtu;fs; ckuplk; mtuJ kfd; kj;jpapy; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;f KbAkh? vd;w

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 9

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 10

n\a;f; my; f];]hyp

ele;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw jkpopy; : m`_ckH

,f;fl;Liu c];jhj; ckH mgPj; `]dh>

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 12

tpisT> gpugQ;rj;ijg; gbj;jtHfs; mjd; rpy NghJ r%fk; kuzpj;jtHfNshL

FspuhdjhfTk; khupfhyj;jpy; itj;jpau;fs; Muk;gfhyq;fspy;

Fu;MNdhL... (13 k; gf;fj; njhlu;)

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 23

,];yhkpag; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk;

my; y J Cfq; f sp N dh mbg; g ilap y ; egp (]y;) mtu;fSila ]{d;dhtpYk;>

nry;tjhFk;. nghUis my;yJ cupj;jhftpUe;Jk; mJ

tuyhw;wpy;... (37 k; gf;fj; njhlu;)

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 26

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 28

i]aJ FJg;> kh[pj; ,u;]hd; ifyhdp $l midtUkhf xd; W NrHe; N j

ehk; fle;j ,jopy; gps;isapd; Muk;g gy;fiyfofq;fspy; ,j;Jiwapy;

* nkhj;jkhf xU rkepiyahd MSik mile;jdu;. ghlrhiyapYk; nkype;j

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 31

jdf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; mtiug; ghu;f;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.

ftu;du; : (Mr;rupaj;Jld;) Fuyh?! mg+ `dPgh : M]pk; mJ vdf;Fj; njupAk;.

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 33

M]pk; : my;yh`;tplk; kpfr; rpwe;j nray;

ghHj;jhHfs;. `_idd; Aj;j epiyia nfhz;Nld;. ,g;NghJ RtHf;fj;ij mila

ejPk; mtDila miwapy;

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 10

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 09

~~kdpju;fNs! my;yh`;tplk; jt;gh nra;J ,];jpf;ghUk; nra;Aq;fs;

,e;j `jP]_f;F nghUj;jkhd jiyg;ig NkNy ,Lf.

kdpju;fs; nra;Ak; ghtq;fs;

kdpju;fNshL njhlu;Ggl;l ghtq;fs; my;yh`;NthL njhlu;Ggl;l ghtq;fs;

my;yh`;NthL njhlu;Ggl;l ghtq;fSf;F 3 cjhuzk; jUf.

kdpju;fNshL njhlu;Ggl;l 3 ghtq;fis vOJf.

? my;yh`;NthL njhlu;G gl;l ghtj;jpypUe;J jt;gh Nfl;f gpd;tUk; mkrq;fs; g+u;j;jpahf

? mbahNdhL njhlu;G gl;l ghtj;jpypUe;J jt;gh Nfl;f gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; g+u;j;jpahf

? gpd;tUk; nray;fSf;F vt;thW jt;gh Nfl;gJ vd;gij FLk;gj;NjhL my;yJ

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 08

3. Kjd; Kjyhf nts;isj; Jzpia 12. xspapay; (optics) gw;wp Kjypy;

5. mwG nkhop ~~yhjpd; (÷) nkhop|| 14. ig]hj;jpa Nguurpd; jiyefuhf

1 i]dg; (uop) : mGy; M]; ,g; D ugP c it jpUkzk; nra; j y;

2. ghj;jpkh (uop) : myp (uop) ia jpUkzk; nra;jy;

3. Uifah (uop) : c];khd; (uop) ia jpUkzk; nra;jy;

Uifah kuzpj;jjd; gpd;du; c];khd; (uop) ,tu;fis kzk;Kbj;jhu;.

egpatu;fsJ ghy;Fbj; jha;khu;fs;

1. `hup]; 4. ]{igu; 7. opuhu;

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 06

egp (]y;) mtu;fsJ Gjy;tu;fs;

1. fh]pk; 2. mg;Jy;yh`; 3. ,g;uh`Pk;

efu;T - 08 ,yq;ifapd; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;fhd Ma;T rQ;rpif 05

ez;gd; : ehd; cdf;F 10 Gj;jfq;fs;