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s /PTIMIZED SUBSTATION AND ELECTRIC ROOM LAYOUTS
s #ABLE ENGINEERING
s )NSTALLATION ENGINEERING
s %ARTHING
s ,IGHTNING PROTECTION
s 0ROCESS AND STREET LIGHTING
s &IRE DETECTION AND PROTECTION
Substation s #OMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Layouts
a tio
n s !IR
CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION
til
Ea
n
Ve
rth
4HE CORRECT DIMENSIONING SMART POSITIONING AND
in
g
ADEQUATE TECHNOLOGY CAN HELP TO SAVE ENORMOUS SUMS
Protection
OF MONEY NOT ONLY IN THE INVESTMENT BUT ALSO IN
Protection
Lighting
OPERATING COSTS WHERE AN APPARENTLY MARGINAL SAVING
Fire
ADDS UP TO A SIGNIl CANT ENHANCEMENT OF PLANT ECONOMY
Co
OVER THE LIFECYCLE
m
m
un yst
ic em
S
at s
io
ng
n
hti
Cable Lig
Engineering
2
Substation and
Electric Room Layout
Smart positioning saves money
The location of the electric rooms and substations is the
l RST VITAL DECISION 0OWER LOSSES EQUAL OPERATIONAL COSTS AND ARE
DETERMINED BY THE AVERAGE CABLE LENGTH BETWEEN ELECTRIC ROOM
and consumer.The shorter the distance to the consumer,
THE LOWER THE LOSSES 4IMELY CONSULTING OF AN EXPERIENCED INFRA
STRUCTURE ENGINEER WILL SAVE INVESTMENT AND ENERGY COSTS
DUE TO INNOVATIVE DESIGN OF THE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND SMART
POSITIONING OF SUBSTATIONS AND ELECTRIC ROOMS
3
Earthing and
Lightning Protection
(ERE ARE THE MAIN PURPOSES FOR EARTHING AN
ELECTRICAL NETWORK
s 0REVENTING VOLTAGE TO EARTH
s 0ROTECTION OF PERSONNEL AND PROPERTY
s 0ROTECTION AGAINST TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES
s 0ROTECTION AGAINST STATIC DISCHARGES
s 0ROTECTION AGAINST THE EFFECT OF LIGHTNING STRIKES
s 0ROTECTION AGAINST STRAY CURRENTS
s #REATING DEl NED NETWORK CONDITIONS
FOR PROTECTION AND METERING PURPOSES
4
4HE MOST COMMON EARTHING PRACTICES IN INDUSTRIAL $AMAGE CAUSED BY LIGHTNING STROKES CANNOT BE
plants are: COMPLETELY PREVENTED EITHER TECHNICALLY OR ON ECONOMIC
GROUNDS BUT THE RISK CAN BE REDUCED TO AN ACCEPTABLE
s 2IGID EARTHING OF (6
INSTALLATIONS EG SWITCHYARDS LEVEL ,IGHTNING PROTECTION ALWAYS INCLUDES AN EARTHING
OVERHEAD LINES system.
s 2ESISTOR OR IMPEDANCE NEUTRAL EARTHING TRANSFORMER ! DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
EARTHING OF -6
INSTALLATIONS LIGHTNING PROTECTION
s 3OLID EARTHING OF ,6
INSTALLATIONS 4.
#
3 NETWORK %XTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION COMPRISES ALL DEVICES
ACCORDING TO )%# TERMINOLOGY located outside, at and in the protected installation,
FOR THE PURPOSE OF INTERCEPTING AND DIVERTING THE
&OR ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND CIRCUITS A SEPARATE ELECTRONIC LIGHTNING STROKE TO THE GROUNDING SYSTEM EG OVERHEAD
EARTHING GRID IS OFTEN AN ISSUE PROTECTIVE WIRES EARTHING OF STEEL STRUCTURES ETC
)NVESTIGATIONS AND PRACTICAL TESTS HAVE SHOWN THAT
SEPARATE GROUNDING SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL )NTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION COMPRISES THE MEASURES
INSTALLATIONS CAN LEAD TO VOLTAGE DIFFERENCES IN THE TAKEN TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECTS OF THE LIGHTNING STROKE
RESPECTIVE EQUIPMENT DUE TO THE RESISTANCE OF THE SOIL CURRENT AND ITS ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC l ELDS ON METAL
ANDOR THE GROUNDING SYSTEM 4HESE DIFFERENCES CAN CAU
ASSEMBLIES AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS EG SURGE ARRESTERS
SE UNCONTROLLED SWITCHING AS WELL AS ELECTRONICS DEFECTS !T PRESENT THERE ARE FOUR METHODS OF DESIGNING LIGHTNING
7HEN PROTECTIVE AND SYSTEM GROUNDING ARE INTERCON
protection systems:
NECTED INTERFERENCE SUCH AS LIGHTNING CAN BRING THE
ENTIRE ELECTRONICS SYSTEM TO A HIGHER VOLTAGE FOR A short s 4HE LIGHTNING SPHERE METHOD FOR HIGHLY INm AMMABLE
TIME .O DAMAGE IS CAUSED TO ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AREAS STORAGES EG OIL GAS
SINCE THERE IS NO VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE s 4HE METHOD ACCORDING $).6$% FOR ALL OTHER
PROTECTIVE GROUNDING ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT HOUSING BUILDINGS
AND THE ELECTRONICS EARTHING SYSTEM s 4HE ,INCK 5NIVERSAL -ETHOD LIGHTNING RODS AND
! SEPARATE ELECTRONICS GROUNDING SYSTEM CAN EVEN OVERHEAD EARTH WIRES FOR OVERHEAD LINES
RESULT IN ADDITIONAL RISKS AND IS THEREFORE RARELY USED s 4HE METHOD ACCORDING $).6$%
anymore. EXCLUSIVELY FOR OUTDOOR SWITCHYARDS
5
Industrial Lighting
,IGHTING SYSTEMS TODAY ARE OFTEN DESIGNED FOR THE WORST
CASE IE FOR TROUBLE
SHOOTING PURPOSES .O ACCOUNT IS
TAKEN OF THE FACT THAT PURELY FOR LIGHTING A MEDIUM
SIZED
CEMENT OR MINERAL PROCESSING PLANT REQUIRES AN INSTALLED
CAPACITY OF ABOUT K7 $URING THE NIGHT LIGHTING IS
SWITCHED ON BY AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM USING FOR EXAMPLE
photoelectric cells.
)NSTALLATIONS OF SUCH DIMENSION CONSUME A CONSIDERABLE
AMOUNT OF ENERGY 3INCE ENERGY IS A PREDOMINANT COST
FACTOR IT IS WORTH CONSIDERING LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS IN
THE PERSPECTIVE OF AN ENERGY
SAVING CONCEPT (OWEVER
THE CORRECT DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS
IN AN INDUSTRIAL PLANT REQUIRES PROCESS KNOW
HOW AND
EXPERIENCE
6
Illuminance levels according to ISO 8995 (2002)
Activity zones LUX
Buildings:
%NTRANCES CORRIDORS RESTROOMS ARCHIVES STORAGE
3TAIRWAYS AND ESCALATORS
Canteens 200
Conference rooms 500
Plant rooms, switch gear rooms 200
7ORKSHOP
Precision measuring rooms, laboratories 500
Control room 500
Process:
Process area without manual intervention 50
0ROCESS AREA WITH OCCASIONAL MANUAL INTERVENTION
Process area with continuous manual intervention 200
#ONTROL PLATFORMS LOCAL CONTROL ROOMS
#RUSHING GRINDING
Preparation of materials, work on kilns and mixers 200
0ACKING AND LOADING AREA
!UX ROOMS EG PUMPS CONTROL STATION SWITCHBOARD
3TAIRWAYS ESCAPE ROUTES
Walkways and walkways along conveyors 20
Platforms and passenger subways (underpasses) 50
-AN SIZED UNDER m OOR TUNNELS CELLARS ETC
Outdoor:
Main roads 20
3ECONDARY ROADS
Storage areas 20
Petrol station 50
3WITCHYARDS OIL WATER TANKS
,OADING AND UNLOADING RAMPS
High-efficiency lighting
5TILIZATION FACTOR
!CTUAL POWER SAVING K7
#AREFUL SELECTION OF LIGHTING EQUIPMENT 3AVINGS PA AT HOURS K7H
IS ANOTHER STEP TOWARDS SAVING ENERGY 3AVINGS PA AT %URO K7H %URO
0RACTICAL EXPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT THE
USE OF HIGH
EFl CIENCY LIGHTING EQUIPMENT