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CA 94132-0207, USA
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(2)
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=uiSef;&dyfatmufrS cspf&dyfcif&dyf t=uifem&dyf[laom avmuDtaiG@touf xHkr$ef;onfh
awmifilacwf/ awmoHawmifoH vl@b0. v_yf&Sm;¶kef;uef tm;rmefygaom wsmcsif;oH/
tdkifcsif;oHwdk@ xGef;um;vmonfh anmif&rf;acwf/ ppfoH c&moHESifh "m;vSHazG;azG; ppfa&;
ppfobif ppfAsL[mqifcJh=uonfh ukef;abmifacwfOD;u vuf0JokEN&/ pdE Wausmfolponfh
rsKd;cspfZmwdrmefaw;oHrsm;ESifhtwl vla&;vl&m tjzmjzmudk us,fus,f0ef;0ef;
zGJ@qdkvm=uonfh aw;uAsmrsm;.&oudk pm;oHk;cGifh&cJhonf?

jrefrmuAsmonf ukef;abmifacwfwGif a&mifpHk,Sufoef; v#yfpD;v#yfyef;vufouJhodk@

tzufzufu xGef;um;vmcJha=umif; trsm;todyifjzpfonf?
“uAsm+rdKifwGif ay:vmqef;ouJhodk@/ n‡mtcdkif,Of av#mf&myef;” wdk@ESifh erf;r0 qGwfr0
cdkifvHk;!$wfusvmbdouJhodk@?
odk@ESifh u|efawmfwdk@ uAsmcspfolwdk@rSm OD;ykn/ tcsKyfwef;q&maz/ vd_ifxdyfacgifwif/
OD;wdk;/ OD;=uifOponfh pmqdk}uD;wdk@. vuf&mrsm;. crf;em;qef;jym;aomtvSudk 00vifvif
aomufoHk;&$ifcJh=uonf? uAsm. qDOD;axmywft&omudk auseyfESpfoufpGm cHpm;cGifh
&cJh=uygonf?

(6)

jrefrmhordkif;onf yk*HacwfrSpI ukef;abmifacwfwdkifatmif udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;

aevmcJh&mrS 1885 ckESpfwGif ol@u|efb0a&mufcJhonf? wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;vmcJhaom acwfopf
a&pD;tm;udk ya'o&mZfacwfa[mif;wGif wGef;vSefEdkiftm; r&Sd? t*Fvdyf udkvdkeDb0odk@
oufqif;cJh&onf?
odCFwefaqmif bkef;awmfarSmifcJhav+yD? ukef;abmifaerD; xdefxdefrnD;Edkifawmh+yD?
xD;okOf;eef;okOf; +rdK@okOf;okn okOf;oHk;0ESifh =uHK&ojzifh jrefrmwrsKd;om;vHk; pdwfESvHk;
n‡dK;csKH;um “oknacwf0,f/ jzpfvm&av/ wdk@wawGonf/ aoaomfrSwnfh/ a=omfaumif;.”
[lI wufacguf&if; vufajr‡mufcJh&avawmhonf?

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 13

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

xdktcg jrefrmhuAsmtoHonf rcsKdr+rdef? aygufuGJoH/ cHjyif;oH/ rmefwif;oH/

[if;csoHwdk@jzifh pDpDnHaeonfrSm rqef;yg? ¶_ygbd?

“jrefrmawG pnf;urf;azmufvdk@/ xD;eef;aysmufjzpf+yD? rSD;jirf;axmuf topfudkrSDonf/

npfyvDvlrsKd;? rdypfvdk@ z˜a¶SmifaoGonf/ *GaumifawG acG;jzpfayghAsKd;?
jrefrmcsif; ºuGm;=uwm/ "m;jyumvlqdk;/ ukvm;jrif ol@tarGpdk;awmhrvdk/
ckajrv#Kd;ykef;a&Smif? rdkufraemf jyKra[;wdk@u/ ol@yaxG;awmh acG;odk@ra[mif?
ajym&m[Jh &mZ0ifajymifatmif/ pmZifawGOD;csvdk@/ yvl;&ajy;usKdŒcgcg/ acG;odk@yrm?
awG;rdwdkif; t¶dk;emw,f/ trsKd;ygqJcsifayghav;”

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

udkvdkeDacwf a&mufcJh+yD? pmqdkwdk@vnf; udk,fhbk&if udk,fhocifudk ar#mfrSef;aom

aw;uAsmrsm; oDusL;=uonf? twdwfedrdwf wabmifrsm;wGufI ¶dk;&m,Hk=unfcsuft&
udk,fhxD;udk,fheef;udk wrf;w=uonf? oHa0*/ edAŠdENaw;rsm;zGJ@qdkI jzpfjyefysufjyef
avmu"Hudk qifjcif=uonf? rjrJaomw&m;oabmESifh¶_jrifum avmuudk +iD;aiG@=uonf?
nnf;nL=uonf? [dkt&yfu rif;avmif;ay:Edk;/ onft&yfu rif;avmif;ay:Edk;ESifh
u,fwif&Sifudk ar#mfudk;=uonf? 0rf;enf;oH/ a=uuGJoH/ pdwftm;i,foHwdk@
v$rf;rdk;csdefyifwnf;?
udkvdkeDacwfOD;wGif xl;jcm;aompmqdk}uD; 4 OD; &Sdonf? refvnfq&mawmf/ v,fwD
q&mawmf/ armif;axmifOD;ausmfvSESifh ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;wdk@jzpfonf? refvnfq&mawmf
onf ydÉuwfESifh jrefrmpmayusrf;*efwdk@udk ESH@pyfwwfyGefaom q&mawmfjzpfonf?

“ol r‘wdk@’ avESifh/ ol‘wdk@’ v#if wu,fjrnfwJh

+rdKŒrmefvnf a&$pnf}uD;yguGJ@/ wD;or# zdrfhzdrfhwkef”[k oludk,fwdkif aºuG;a=umfcJhonf?

“rmefrvkyfcsifvdk@/ rmefvkyfcsifvG,fonfomy/
i,frnfrSm e udkowf¶HkyJ”[kvnf; a=ujimcJ@onf? rmefvkyfcsif&if tvG,fuav;yg?
i,femrnf ‘armifrm’[k ac:onf? i,femrnfudk ‘e’i,fowfvdkuf¶HkESifh
rmefwufEdkifygonf[k qdkvdkufyHkrSm ESpfoufzG,faumif;vSonf?
aemiftcg okwya'om pG,fpHkynmusrf;}uD;wql wHcGefxlEdkifaom ‘rCa'0vuFm}uD;’
udk a&;zGJ@cJhonf? tvGefxif&Sm;ausmf=um;vSayonf? txl;ojzifh rdef;rwdk@.

14 rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

tjypftemtqmudk wpfwpfcGcG jynfhjynfhpHkpHk zGJ@xm;aom ysKdŒvuFm}uD;jzpfaoma=umifh

avmu"mwfwcGifrSm ajymprSwfwGifaom usrf;wqljzpfvm&onf?

“rdef;r[lbd/ xdkÁwˆdum;
r&Sdraumif;/ &Sdraumif;wnfh
raygif;vnf;cuf/ aygif;vnf;cuf.” [lI rdef;rwdk@obm0udk zGifhjycJh&m
tkwfatmfaomif;wif; jzpfacsawmhonf?
v,fwDq&mawmfum; Ak'<omoemjyK tausmftarmf pmayusrf;*efwwfu|rf;aom
q&mawmftjzpf xif&Sm;¶Hkr#ru 'DyeDusrf;aygif;rsm;pGm jyKpka&;om;cJhaom tHhzG,fq&mawmf
jzpfonf? cufcJeufeJaom Ak'<.a'oemawmfwdk@udk pmrwwfayrwwf vl+ydef;rsm;yifv#if
em;vnfvG,fatmif &Sif;vif;a&;jyEdkifaom q&mawmf[lI ausmfapm.? wynfhwyef;
&[ef;oHCmrsm;udkarG;jrLI wuUodkvfausmif;wdkuf}uD;ozG,f v,fwDwdkufudk
wnfaxmifcJh&m xl;c|efxif&Sm;aom wynfhaumif;rsm;ajrmufjrm;pGm ay:aygufcJhacsonf?
om"uqdk&v#if aouQsawmif(opfcsawmif) q&mawmf OD;wdavmu/ ydÉuwfawmf
jrefrmjyefq&m}uD; v,fwDOD;0g,r ac: q&m+rdK@/ v,fwDy¾dw OD;armif}uD;/
v,fwDOD;aum0d ac: yky`g;OD;ausmf&if/ v,fwDOD;0Àpdwac: v,fwDOD;vSwif ponfjzifh
wynfhaygif;rsm;pGm arG;zGm;cJhaomyk*~dKvfygay?
xdk@a=umifhvnf; t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHu 'D/ vpf ac: a'gufwmbGJ@/ t*~r[my¾dwbGJ@rsm;
qufuyfjcif;cHcJh&onf? vef'efygVda'0D. tar;ykp>mrsm;udk ajz=um;cJhonf? oD[dkVfu
t&Sifokr*Fvmomrd. tbd"rRwˆ0dbm0deDÉDum ac: ÉDumausmfusrf;udk a0zefonfh ÉDumarmf
usrf;um; ydÉuwfusrf;*efwGif xif&Sm;vS.? jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk; vufoHk;jyK=u&aom
ÉDumausmfusrf;udk qpfqpfydkif;ydkif; eufeuf¶d_if;¶d_if; a0zefoHk;oyfxm;&m
rcHr&yfEdkifavmufatmif vufoHajymifvSaom[l.?
xdkq&mawmf/ tESDq&mawmf. pmayvuf&m pum;ajymta&;tom;um;
aumif;rGefvSygayonf? aemuf aESmif;ynm&Sifwdk@ pHwif&avmufygayonf?
u|efawmfum; v,fwDq&mawmf. *rBD&uAsmwdk@udk zwfrdaomc%Y ‘Tyk*~dKvfum;
uAsmt&mrSmvnf; olrwlatmif xufjrufvSygay.wum;’ [k OD;r!$wfbJ raeEdkifacs?

“wydkif;a=umif usufpm&¶HkESifh/ cufygvS oabm^m%f” paom aw;xyftcsKdŒudk

jrnf;prf;=unfhumr#ESifh v,fwDq&mawmf. uAsm^m%fudk cef@rSef;EdkifzG,f&Sdonf?
urf;&dyfurf;p jrifumr#ESifhyif tÀ0gyifv,f rnfr#tajymus,frnfudk qdkzG,fr&Sd
odEdkifaumif;yg.?

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 15

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)
OD;ausmfvSum; ¶kyfao;pmqdkjzpfonf? ydÉuwfyifv,f ^m%f}uD;^m%fus,f &Sd&Smrnf
r[kwf? awmifol,mvkyf "m;rckwfwdk@. tv,fwGif ¶kyfao;¶kyfi,f ycHk;xrf;I w0rf;wcg;
ausmif;&&Smaom yk*~dKvfwnf;? ¶kyfao;pifwGif pmqdk¶kyfudkudkifum vufwef;udkifI
wr[kwfcsif;&Gwfqdk&aom pmqdkynm&Sifjzpfonf? usrf;}uD;usrf;cdkifem; ol roDtm;?
ydÉuwfyHk pmwdkufyHkem;wGif tudk;taxmufawG r&Smtm;? olum; ol@v#mzsm;tm;udk;ESifh
t&yfpum;±dk;±dk;udkom oHpOfajyacsmatmif qkd&&Smoljzpfonf? olonf vlxkxJupmqdk
jzpfonf? vlxkpum;udk olem;vnfonf? vlxk.yJhwifoHu ol@ESvHk;a&$&ifudk ¶dkufcwfonf?
vlxkb0/ vlxktawG@t=uHK/ vlxk. tawG;txifudk ol odjrifonf? &yfoabm &Gmoabm
aemausaeaom pmqdkjzpfonf?
¶kyfao;pifvufwef;uav;udk udkifumudkifum oludkifpGJaom pmqdk±kyfav;udk
v_yfum&Sm;umjzifh a&$yGJvmwdk@tm; &GmtwGif; vufiif;jzpf&yfrsm;udk pmzGJ@avonf?

“t&G,frSm tpG,fusKd;+yDrdk@
uG,fudk;&efray:bk
n‡dK;avsmfavsmf zdk;ausmfvSiJh
udk;arSmf& ^m%f0dZ…m” [k pifay:u [pfvdkufv#ifyif vlxky&dowfu cspfavonf?

“urBmwGif jrefrmrsKd;wdk@
"rRwmtrsKd;trnf zsifyifeDESifh
qifxrD wbuf=urf;wdk@udk
&uUef;wGif vGef;ysHxdk;ygvdk@
yef;qdk;um udk,fpD0wf=u&
rdk;pGwfESifh aeylcH” [lI rdrdwdk@ &uUef;Adkif;0gudk rdrdwdk@bmom&ufvkyf=uzdk@
v_H@aqmfvdkufv#if yDwdwa0a0ESifh vufcHonf?

“rdef;rawG t+idrf;rae=uprf;ygESifh
&ufuef;rSm Adkif;0gtvkyfudkjzifh
trsm;wumudk tm;remvdk@ r[kwfygbk
toGm;tvm cg;Avcsmrpkwf&atmifvdk@uG,f
tm;xkwfzdk@aumif;” [k OD;ausmfvSu oHcsKdjzifh pnf;¶Hk;vdkufv#if vlxky&dowfu
vG,fvifhwul vufcH+yD;jzpfavawmhonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh OD;ausmfvSonf vlxkcspfaom
pmqdkausmf oHcsKdq&mjzpfvm&onf?

16 rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)
vlxk. ta&;udpPrSefor#onfvnf; OD;ausmfvS uAsm^m%fusufpm;&m tajccH
jzpfvmonf? aumufpdkufr&SpfOD; aumufpdkufcjzifh a=u;pnfvSL&onfvnf; OD;ausmfvS
oHcsKdzGJ@p&m ta=umif;t&m? udkuH0if;wa,muf xef;&nfuav;aomufvmrdI
r,m;jzpfolu jiLjiLplplvkyfaomtcg &yfausmf&Gm=um;jzpfrSmpdk;I zHk;zHk;zdzdvkyf&&Smaom
ta=umif;onfvnf; OD;ausmfvS pmzGJ@p&m?

“ncsrf;tcg r*srf;wmu uvdjyefawmh

xufq&m cufygbd&,fvdk@
yg;pyfrzGmygESifhat/ &yf&Gmuodcsnf&JŒ
zHk;zdvdk@xm;” wJh?

&yfol&Gmom;wdk@. omr_ emr_udpPrSefor# OD;ausmfvS.E_wfzsm;wGif oHcsKdzGJ@p&mcsnf;

jzpfcJhavonf?
Todk@jzifh jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;&Sd vlxktv,fwGif OD;ausmfvS±kyfao;pifrS [pfvdkufaom
oHcsKdrsm;udk &,fumarmum &GwfqdkumESifh =oZmanmif;cJhavygonf?

q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if; ay:aygufvmaomtcg pmqdkr_e,fy,fonf tus,f0ef;qHk;

jzpfcJhonf? jrefrmha&S;a[mif;&mZ0ifavmu/ jrefrmhacwfopfEdkifiHa&;avmu/ jrefrmh
tpOftvm,Ofaus;r_avmu ponfwdk@wGif pmqdk^m%fusufpm;cJhonfjzpf&m acwfopf
jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif t}uD;us,ftxGef;ajymifqHk; pmqdk}uD;/ trsKd;om;pmqdkawmf}uD;[lI
armfuGef;xdk;&avmufatmif crf;em;wifhw,fcJhonf?

1919 ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&;twGufta&;qdk&ef jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,f}uD; 3 OD; vef'efodk@

oGm;cJhonf? xdkta&;udk -

“a=omf æ ajytr_ayrdk@
aZ,swkyguGJ@
oajyEkcsdef wif&efyef;awGuvnf; rsm;ygbdoeJ@
az-yk-&Sdef t*Fvefeef;ajroGm;wdk@udk
tm;ajrmufzG,f=uHvG,fzefvG,feJ@
tE W&m,f &efpG,farmif;ygvdk@
jrefe,fudk jyefvG,fa=umif;&,feJ@

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 17

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

qkawmif;um ywˆemqifcJhwJhjyif” tp&Sdonfjzifh r[mav;csKd;uAsm}uD; zGJ@qdkI

tm;ay;cJhonf?

&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonfhtcgwGifvnf; -

“ta&;}uD;v#ifjzifh/ aoG;eD;&mygpjrJrdk@
q&mvJuGm yxrt&ifOD;qDu
xqifxl;udk wjrnfjrnfoifcJhordk@
xDrxifausmif;awmfom;awG&JŒ
trnftpOf acgif;ay:tzsm;wGifjzifh
rif;¶dkŒq&mudk pm&if; ‘wdk@’umxm;ayawmh” [k wwyfwtm; yg0ifvH_@aqmfcJ@onf?

1929 ck *VKefq&mpHacgif;aqmifaom v,form;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:aygufvmaom

tcgwGifvnf; -

“&*HkpH cspfp&mwynfhwdk@udkv
OHKt&[H opPuwdawGeJ@
*VKefo&%H *p>mrd=uayawmh” [lIuAsmjzifh tifwdkuftm;wdkuf axmufcHcJ@onf?

1936 ck &efukefwuUodkvfu ausmif;om;or*~OuUX udkEk (aemiftcg - 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek)

ESifh udkatmifqef; (aemiftcg jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)
wdk@OD;aqmifcJhonfh ausmif;om;oydwf/ 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk (1938 ck) acgif;aqmif
Adkvfatmifausmf paom e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJrsm; ay:aygufvmaomtcgwGifvnf;-

“aemifodk@tvSnfh
atmifzdk@wynfhawGeJ@
armifwdk@&JŒ wuUodkvfocifausmif;” [lI cGyfa'gif;atmifvH wvlvlv$ifhaeaom
ausmif;om;wdk@udk aoG;opfavmif;ay;cJhonf?

1930 ckESpfaemufydkif; wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;u ocifv_yf&Sm;r_ ay:vmaomtcgwGifvnf;-

“yv†y[dk&faysmfwEd_if;[lI ZrŠLordkif;aysmfp&mhtajc

18 rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;&,fvdk@ vlwdkif;ac:=uap” [lI twdtvif;a=ujimum

ocifbGJ@cH,lcJhonf?

a&S;acwf jrefrmrsKd;cspfol&Jaumif;rsm;ESifhywfoufI Zmwdrmefxufoefatmif Todk@

zGJ@qdkcJhonf?

“+rdKŒvkvifomwJhuGef;qDodk@
wdk@ocifpmzGJ@vdk@ !$ef;vdkufruGJ@
(auom&,f) 'geJ@vGrf;=uayawmhuGm” [k tpcsD+yD; æ
“awmifwref;+rdKŒ aevESpfaqmiftn‡dK;wGifjzifh
atmifqef;wdk@ a&$va&miftzdk;” [lI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.tzdk; e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;
ol&Jaumif;}uD; rif;}uD;a&$va&mif OD;acgif;jzwfI towfcHcJh&yHkordkif;udk vGrf;qGwfa=uuGJzG,f
zGJ@qdka[majymcJhonf?

q&m}uD;udk,fawmfrd_if;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ usqHk;pOfuvnf;-

“aomif;jrefr&%mprkcfrSmawmh
csKyfoeJ@ ,if;tvdkwGif
(atmifqef;&,f æ) a'gif;vHyk0gtkyfygvdk@
usKyfjzifh o+*Kõ[fcsif” [lI idkaºuG;cJh&Smonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHonf 1948 ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonf? vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;r=umrD

jynfwGif;ppfrD;}uD; avmif+rdKufavawmhonf? q&m}uD;onf udk,fEGrf;pdwfyef;jzpfum
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdatmif udk,fwdkifudk,fusvnf; wEdkifiHvHk; vSnfhvnfa[majym
pnf;±Hk;onf? av;csKd;uAsm}uD;rsm;a&;zGJ@Ivnf; wdkif;jynfudkwifjy today;onf?
om"ujy&v#if-

“,ciftcg xrf;ydk;wnfhwnfhxrf;cJh=uwJh
pdk;eJ@oef;udkvJ/ wrsKd;uGJ@vGrf;olq&mzatu/ rmygapomygapqkrGefawmif;wJhjyif
urBmat;apwD'g,um armifa&$EkudkvJ
atmifaZ,swk æ atmifaZ,swk atmifqk!$ef;vdkufuJh” ponftm;jzifh
olykefacgif;aqmif ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;wdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&acgif;aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyf

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 19

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

OD;Ekudkvnf;aumif; ESpfzufpvHk;arwWmydk@I olrem udk,frem+idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;xkwf

}udK;yrf;cJhavonf?

jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udpPrsm;udkom q&m}uD;tm;xkwfonfr[kwfao;?
urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;udpPrsm;udkvnf; q&m}uD; OD;aqmif}udK;yrf;cJhavao;onf? “pHa&$jynf
ZrŠLjrefrmysufwufwufpcef;qDrS/ [Ha*&Dbl'gyufeef;qDodk@”ajcvSrf;um
urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf? ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;odk@vSnfhvnfI
+idrf;csrf;a&;w&m;rsm; a[mcJhonf? “ra[mft&nfwE_ef;uJhodk@aom/ armfpDwkef;wdk@pH&m”
yDuif;urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH}uD;odk@ wufa&mufI xdktawG@t=uHKrsm;udkvnf;
uAsmav;csKd;}uD; zGJ@qdkcJhonf?

q&m}uD;rd_if;onf autrfwD w±kwfjzLqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:vmaom

tcgwGifvnf;-

“wjynfom;e,fcsJŒtpGef;&efudk
wu,fwuJh wGef;vSefzdk@u ra0;+yDrdk@
ta&;}uD;v#ifjzifh aoG;pnf;+yD;
udkif; æ xxºuGºuGESifh/ 0dkif;=uayawmh” [k wrsKd;om;vHk;udk owday;wyfvSef@cJhonf?

“aumif;usKd;taxGaxG&,feJ@ c|efap jrapapm?

a'gif;tdk;a0&,fvdk@ wGefap uapaom” [laom ol@pmqdktwdkif; ol@uavmifudk
rsKd;cspfZmwdrmefuavmiftjzpf toHk;jyKcJhonf?
Todk@jzifh q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;onf ol.a&$a'gif;awmifuavmifjzifh
jrefrmEdkifiHudk apmifha&SmufcJhygownf;?

(7)

jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmhtawG@t=uHK/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ESifh jrefrmh"avhrS aygufzGm;vmaom

jrefrmuAsmonf udkvdkeDacwfwGif OcGHa[mif;rS OcGHopfodk@ toGifajymif;pjyKvmygonf?
jrefrmhtaiG@touf/ jrefrmh&eH@wGif t*FvdyfuAsm. taoG;ta&mifa&mvmonfudk
awG@&onf? xdkacwfrSm &efukefwuUodkvfvli,frsm;u 1930 w0dkufwGif
vrf;opfcif;vdkufaom acwfprf;pmayv_yf&Sm;r_yifwnf;?

20 rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

“ajrtkwfwdk@+ydKav&m ausmuftkwfwdk@jzifh wnfaqmuftHh” [laom *Eˆavmur*~Zif;

pmayysKd;cif;rS zl;opfa0qmvmaom acwfprf;uAsmrsm;onf *Eˆ0ifvrf;±dk;rScGJxGufI
wacwfprf;oyfaomuAsmrsm; jzpfvmonf? “vrf;±dk;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif”vm=uonf?
&S,fvD/ *|efud/ bdkif&Gef/ 0gh0ghofpf paom t*Fvdyfpmqdk}uD;rsm;. tawG;tac:/ ta&;tzGJ@
=oZmrsm; wpdrfhpdrfh0ifa&mufvm+yD;v#if jrefrmha&cHajrcHESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGvnf;jzpfaom
pmaytqifwefqmopfudk qifjref;um yGJxGufvmavonf?

odk@ESifh aZmf*sD/ rif;ok0%f/ wuUodkvfarmifoef@pif ponfh acwfprf;pmqdkwdk@

xGef;um;ay:aygufvmcJhonf? uAsmzwfy&dowfuvnf; a&S;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;aom
acwfprf;uAsmrsm;udk vufcHzwf¶_ ESpfoufpjyK=uonf? acwfprf;wGif *Eˆ0ifjrefrmuAsm.
ta&mif/ t*Fvdyfa&mrefwpfpmqdkwdk@.ta&mifESifh 0HomEkrsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf ta&mif[laom
ta&mifoHk;a&mif [yfvsuf&Sdonf[k acwfprf;pmqdk acgif;aqmif q&maZmf*sDu
!$efjycJhzl;ygonf?

rSefonf? *EˆavmuysKd;cif;rS xGef;opfvmaom uAsmopfwdk@onf ajrprf;I

c&rf;udkpdkufysKd;onfqdkaomfvnf; ajcajcjrpfjrpf cdkifcdkifrmrmESifh wifhw,fa0qmvmcJhonfudk
awG@Edkifygonf? pum;wefqm em;wefqm[laom 0pemvuFm&udky,f&Sm;I
rdrdwdk@apwemoufa&muf&m/ tawG;^m%fuGef@jrL;&mudkom wdusaom t&yfoHk;pum;jzifh
zGJ@qdkcJhonfudk owdjyKEdkifygonf?
om"uaqmifygtHh?

rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfudkv_H@aqmf&mY xda&mufaomjyuGif;jyuGufESifh vdktyfonfhpum;udkom

uspfuspfvspfvspf zGJ@wwfyHkudk ‘aZmf*sD’ . ‘a&S;acwfyk*Hjynf’ uAsmwGif¶_?

“armifwdk@=um;ukefavmh æ
r,fwdk@=um;ukefavmh æ
a&S;zsm; yk*Hjynfrsmjzifh æ
jrefrmwawGrSm &wema&$aiGtaygif;iJhjyif
rif;aumif; aemf&xmwJh
armfp&m [dkwacwfudkjzifh
^m%fopfum w&$if&$ifESifh
b0ifrSm tjrifrSef;umy

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 21

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

wrf;wI =unfndKyg æ?
————————
————————
vmprf;[Jh arhom;
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ppfom;}uD; vHk;vHk;
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a=umjcifu oHacsmif;
wESpfwGif;rSm
csufcsif;yJ ajymif;a&mh
aumif;vdkufayh arhom;
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anmifa&oGe;f avmif;
jynf}uD;&Sif tEdkif&vdk@
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ae@wdkif;yJ awmif;&w,f?
tr,frr æ/ om;vSwGufwm
aemifrsm;jzifh ylygeJ@
yk*HrSmarG;/ yk*HaoG;rdk@
tav;rrl/ toufyifvSLcJhaygh
jynfoloufpGef@
vuf±Hk;tif onfwtm;eJ@
b,fwdkif;jcm; 0Hhrwkef; æ wJh?”

q&mrif;ok0%f. vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkaomuAsmoHrSm jrefrmhedrdwfyHk oajyyef;udk

wifpm;IzGJ@qdkxm;&m vlxktzdk@ tm;rmefjzpfay:vmaponf?

“ol@acgif;rSmwJh oajyndK
ig@acgif;rSmwJh oajyndK?
wdk@ajyrSm wdk@arurf;ygwJh

22 rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

oajyndK a&$bdkyef;[mu
vef;vsufygudk”

q&maZmf*sD. yef;awmufyef;uAsmwGif vlom;.*k%fudk zGifhqdkxm;onf?

touf0ifatmif zGJ@qdkEdkifpGrf;&Sdojzifh xl;jcm;vSaom uAsmjzpfonf? ukef;abmifacwf
pmqdkawmf OD;a=umh. ydawmufyef;ESifhrwl? wrlxl;onf?

“rcl;csifprf;ygESifh
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acgif;ºuGum qma0a0eJ@
olvaJ v avmuDom;vdyk
ºuGm;csifvSayvdrfhr,f” wJh?

“vd_if;uav;oif” uAsmwGif vd_if;uav;.aumif;aom trlt&mwckjzpfaom

=urf;wrf;onfh yifv,fc&D;wGif tawmifanmif;cJhaom pifa&mfiSufuav;rsm;udk
ausmxuf0,f azmifozG,fo,faqmifcJhyHkudk csD;usL;0rf;ajrmufcJhonf?

“aepmvH_I
vl@bHkavmu/ Edk;cgpwnfh
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TrSmajrjyif/ jrpdrf;&SifESifh
aumif;uifrdk;0,f/ eDvmjc,fESifh
tdkb,fvlom;/ ESpfa&mif=um;0,f
cef@nm;aypG/ cef@aypG”
[l jruf&dwform;vlom;. wifhw,fcef@nm;yHkudk zGJ@cJhonf?

t*Fvdyfpmqdkwdk@. t&dyf=oZm[k qdkEdkifrnfxifonf? TwifjyyHk/ awG;ac:yHk

enf;emedoswdk@onf jrefrmpmay tpOftvmESifhrwl? wrsKd;wbmom qef;opfavonf?

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 23

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

(8)

'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif acwfprf;uAsm.vrf;onf zHkzHkcif;+yD;av+yD? pmopf uAsmopf

rsKd;aphwdk@ &ifhoefzl;yGifhcJ@av+yD? jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&onfhtwGuf *Eˆ0ifaESmif}udK;rsm;
ajyavsmhcJhonf? a&;[efawG;[efrsm;vnf; ydkrdkºuG,f0cJhonf? EdkifiH.
tawG@t=uHKrsm;uvnf; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmcJhonf r[kwfygvm;?

udkvdkeDxrf;ydk;atmufu ¶kef;xGuf&aom tawG@t=uHK/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;/

'Drdkua&pDESifhqdk&S,fvpf0g' vd_if;*,ufrsm;/ jynfwGif;ppfrD;v#H/ w±kwfjzL EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmfr_/
ppftm%m&Sifpepf ponftm;jzifh vd_if;av=um;wGif vl;aeaom avSi,fyrm
tawG@t=uHKrsm;pGm &&SdvmcJhonf?

pmayopf/ jynfol@pmaypaom pmayoabmw&m;rsm;vnf; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@

eufeuf¶d_if;¶d_if; aqG;aEG;vm=uonf? ppf+yD;acwfwGif wm&mr*~Zif;onf vli,fpmorm;
uAsmorm;wdk@twGuf rD;±SL;rD;wdkifjzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;acwfESifhtnD ay:xGef;vmaom
trsKd;om;pmay,Ofaus;r_opfjzpfonf? xdkpmayopf uAsmopfv_yf&Sm;r_ukd uAsmq&m
'*kefwm&mESifh ol@&Jabmfrsm;u OD;aqmifcJhonf?

'*kefwm&m/ Ek,Of/ aiGwm&D/ =unfat;/ rif;,ka0/ a'gif;EG,faqG paom

uAsmq&mrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHopf. xif&Sm;aompmqdkrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk@onf
jrefrmpmaytpOftvm. t&dyfomru EdkifiHwumuAsmwdk@. t&dyfESifhvnf; ruif;acs?
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a=u;rHkOD;aomif;/ *sme,fausmfrrav;/ '*kefwm&m/ jroef;wifh paom yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;
jzpfayonf?

txl;ojzifh jrefrm@qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD[k rsufESmzHk;wyfxm;aom ppftm%m&Sif

tpdk;&vufxufwGif pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&m/ uAsmq&m}uD;i,frsm;pGm

24 rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;jcif; cH=u&ukefonf? udkudk;u|ef;odk@ydk@I ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;jcif;

cH=u&ukefonf?

xdkacwfwGif uAsmrsm;pGma&;zGJ@=uonfhteuf q&m}uD; aZmf*sD . ‘0d'l&'kuQ’ uAsm

txl;xif&Sm;onf? Ak'<.jzpfawmfpOf Zmwfawmf}uD;q,fzGJ@teuf 0d'l&Zmwfawmfudk,lI
q&maZmf*sDu acwfopfcHpm;r_ESifh,SOfum zGJ@qdkvdkufaomuAsmjzpfonf?

Zmwfvrf;tESpfcsKyfrSm e*g;rif;}uD;. =uif,m 0drvma'0Du bk&m;avmif; 0d'l&

trwf}uD;.w&m;udk emvdkonf? ,if;odk@w&m;emvdkonfudk wdkuf¶dkufrajym? 0d'l&trwf.
ESvHk;onf;yGwfudk pm;vdkonf[k ajymonf? xdkta=umif;udk orD; Á&E<oDu ol@tm;
ydk;yef;aeaom ykÀuewfom;tm; ajymonf? ykÀu u aum&Asrif;}uD;xHodk@ oGm;onf?
rif;}uD;ESifh aºuGtefupm;onf? Edkifv#if}udKuf&mudk,lap[k uwdjyKonf? ykÀu
aºuGtefEdkifonf? 0d"l&ynm&Sdtrwfudk awmif;onf? rif;}uD;vnf; uwdtwdkif;
trwf}uD;udk ay;vdkuf&onf? xdktcg qifjcifwHk^m%fuif;rJhaom ykÀuonf 0d"l&
trwf}uD;. ESvHk;onf;yGwfudk&,ltHhaomiSm 0d"l&trwf}uD;udk jrif;+rD;wGifcsnfapvsuf
awmifpOfckepfc±dkif pdkif;avonf? trwf}uD;um; rao? aemufqHk;wGif 0drvma'0D
rdzk&m;xHa&mufrS ta=umif;&if;rSefudkod+yD; 'kuQtaygif;rS vGwfajrmuf&avonf?

Tta=umif;udk,lI q&maZmf*sDu rsufarSmufacwfjynfolwdk@. 'kuQudk

uAsmzGJ@cJhonf?

xdk@aemuf q&maZmf*sDonf ‘aA'gvrf;’ uAsm&Snf}uD;udk av;eufaomb0tjrifjzifh

zGJ@qdkcJhjyefonf? acwfopfjrefrmpmayordkif;wGif xl;jcm;aom uAsm}uD;yg?

“ay: jyefvJ roufom?

acsmif;tqG,f ajrmif;i,fxJu
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bJtkyfrSm w&mESpf&m
aA'gu wyifxJ?
t,uftuefcHvdk@
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yef;yefvsufyJ”
rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 25
 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

q&maZmf*sDuJhodk@ xdyfwef;pmqdk}uD;jzpfaom q&mrif;ok0%f. ‘ysOf;rikwfwdk’

uAsmuvnf; tvGefESpfoufzG,f aumif;ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf ab;&ef'kuQtaygif;rS
vGwfajrmufI jyefvnfpdkajyvmapaom apwemt&if;cHjzifh zGJ@qdkcJhonfhuAsm jzpfygonf?

“xdkyifikwfwdk/ ysOf;rtdkonf
ppfudkvnf;=uHK/ jctHkvnf;jzpf
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avjynfxJwGif/ i,f¶kyfqifonf
toifa,musfm;aumif;wum;” wJh?

b0tm;rmef tEdkifrcHt¶H_;ray;aom owWdudk zGJ@qdkjcif;aywnf;?

(9)

TwGif u|efawmf. udk,fydkiftawG@t=uHKrsm;udkvnf; tenf;i,f wifjyvdkygonf?

u|efawmfonf 1960 ckaemufydkif;wGif uAsma&;zGJ@olwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
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aw;qefqef uAsmzGJ@qdkoljzpfygonf? tn=wzefrD;tdrfuav;ta=umif;udk uAsmzGJ@I
pmtkyfxkwfa0cJhygonf?

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oloef&mrS/ Tavmuudk
tvSqifvdk[efwum;” [lI zefrD;tdrf.*k%fudk zGJ@qdkcJhygonf?

“zdk;vrif;vnf;
ol@tqif;ESifh tvif;ESifh?

26 rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

rD;wdkifi,fvnf;
ol@t&G,fESifh tpG,fESifh?
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obm0v#if
tvSudk,fpD/ pGrf;&nfudk,fiS
vufaqmifi. S ?
tvS0efwdk/ rjiif+idKESifh
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1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk; vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:aygufaomtcg vlxkacgif;aqmif

a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifaom 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk}uD; ay:aygufvmygonf?
xdkvlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk axmufcHaomuAsmrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@wawG a&;om;
zGJ@qdkcJh=uonf? vufurf;pmapmifrsm; xkwfa0urf;vSrf;jzef@csdcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh e0w
ppftpdk;&u uAsmq&mrsm;udk ppfcHk¶Hk;wifpD&ifI axmifcscJhygonf? u|efawmfvnf;
axmifeef;pHuAsmq&mtkyfpkwGif wOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhygonf?

xdk@aemuf jynfajy;uAsmq&mtjzpfESihf uAsmrsm; a&;zGJ@jcif;/ toHv$ifhjcif;/

pmtkyfxkwfa0jcif; ponfwdk@udkjyKvkyfvsuf&Sdygonf?

1962 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDt&yfom;tpdk;&udk tm%modrf;I jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf

ygwDtkyfcsKyfaom ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif uAsmq&mtrsm;pkonf axmufcHyg0ifjcif;
rjyKcJh=uonfu rsm;ygonf? =unfatmif/ armifpGrf;&nf/ armifoif;cdkif/ atmif+cdrfh paom
uAsmq&mwdk@onf ppftpdk;&ESifhyl;aygif;jcif;rjyKbJ EdkifiHwum vlrsKd;pHkaoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;
uAsm0g'udk udkifpGJjcif;/ acwfay:uAsmtzGJ@tEGJ@rsm;udk EdkifiHwumrS jrefrmjyefqdk
avhvm=ujcif;/ ,ae@acwf.toH[kqdkEdkifaom um&efrJh&pforfuAsmrsm; prf;oyf
a&;zGJ@jcif;ESifh edrdwfyHkopf tvuFmopfrsm;udk tm;xkwfa&;zGJ@jcif;wdk@ jyKvkyfvsuf&Sd=uygonf?
pmaypdppfa&;[laom qifqm"m;csufatmufwGif uAsmonf toufiifvsuf&Sdygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmuAsmonf jrefrmvlxkESifhtwl owfIraoEdkifaom
cGeftm;w&yfjzpfygonf? zdESdyfr_udk wGef;vSefI atmifvHxlEdkifa&;twGuf

rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 27

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

}udK;pm;vsuf&Sdygonf? EdkifiH.tem*wf xGef;awmufvmonfESifhtr# jrefrmuAsm.

tem*wfonfvnf; taESmiftzGJ@rsKd;pHkrSvGwfajrmufI wrdk;aomufvmOD;rnf[k
,Hk=unfvsuf&Sdygonf?

wcsdefu u|efawmfonf ‘{nfhonf}uD;’ [laom uAsmudk a&;zGJ@cJhzl;ygonf?

“aq;vdyfvnf;wdk
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ed*Hk;csKyfyg&apawmh?

AHk}uD;oHESifh }udKvSnfhyg

(u)
c&D;onf xHk;qH+rdwfESifh
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a&$jynfawmf a&mufEdk;Edk;eJ@
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28 rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf

 jrefrmhb0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

a&SŒqufvdk@csD
ta&SŒqD/ a&mifeDu ajy;ajy;?
yef;w¶Hk v$rf;yHkqifh
yef;yGifhu ar$;ar$;?

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a&$bdkol ndKjymnufuJh
aomufa&cGufurf;?

aus;Zl;wifygonf? ?

wifrdk;
14/ 7/ 2002

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rdk;rc rD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJŒu pDpOfxkwfa0onf 29

 rdk;rcrD'D,m u xkwfa0cJhonfh pmtkyfeSifh rSwfwrf;rsm; pm7if;

1? rdk;rc a&'D,dk = wifrdk;eJΠ12 v&moD cHpm;r+rsm;/ toHoGif;tifwmAsL; pkpnf;r+rsm;/ 2004

2? rdk;rc a&'D,dk = 2004 ckESpf tywfpOf tpDtpOfrsm; toHzdkifaygif;csKyf/ 2005
3? Zm*em = oD;av;oD;eJŒ aq;a&mifpkHt_idrfh = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2006
4? rdk;rc rD'D,m = vpOfowif;v$mrsm; 2006 aygif;csKyf = yD'Dtufzf pD'D/ 2007
5? Zm*em = 1990 o}uFef oHcsyfrsm; = pD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2007
6? 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH "mwfykHrSwfwrf;rsm; = yD'Dtufzf pD'D/ 2007
7? 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH trSwfw& aw;oDcsif;/ uAsm rSwfwrf;rsm; = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2007
8? uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 1 v jynfh/ zvfrD;tdrfodkΠtvGrf;pm pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2007
9? uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 6 v jynfh/ pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ txdrf;trSwf = pmtkyf/ 2007
10? rdk;rc rD'D,m = a-u;rkH OD;aomif; (atmifAv) uG,fvGefjcif;/ trSwfw& pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2008
11? oD;av;oD;eJŒ aq;a&mifpkH t_idrfh/ uefawmf}uD; ar#mfpifu|ef;yGJ 2007 = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2008
12? rdk;rc rD'D,m = a':atmifqef;pk-unf 63 ESpfajrmufarG;aeŒyGJ a':rmrmat; *k%fðytpDtpOf = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2008
13? rdk;rc rD'D,m = [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif ESifh pme,fZif;aqmif;yg;rsm; = pmtkyf/ 2008
14? jrefrmwdkŒtwGuf tar&dueft*Fvdyf pum;ajym avhusifhcef; toHxGuftpDtpOf = toHpD'D (2009)
15? wm&mrif;a0 uG,fvGefjcif; trSwfw&pmpkrsm; = atmif'if pkpnf;onf (2009)
16? qefz&efppPudk ab;{&d,m 2009 ckESpf pmaya[majymyJG ±kyfoHrSwfwrf; 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG (2009)
17? t,fvfat =2009 ckESpf pmaya[majymyGJ ±kyfoHrSwfwrf; 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG (2009)

,ck
1? jrefrmhobm0/ jrefrmh0ef;usif ESifh jrefrmhuAsm (wifrdk;)

qufoG,f&ef = rdk;rc a&'D,dkeJΠrD'D,m/ pmwkdufaowWmtrSwf 320=207

qefz&efppPudkòrdŒ/ u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;/ ,ltufpfat/ 94132=0207/
tifwmeufvdyfpm = rdk;rc a'ghuGef;
 a&$jynfawmf a&mufE;kd Ed;k eJŒ
wrd;k awmh aomufjyef_yD
a&SŒqufvŒkd csD
ta&SŒqD/ a&mifeu D ajy;ajy;?
yef;w¶Hk v$r;f yHq
k ifh
yef;yGiu
hf ar$;ar$;?

wifrdk;
(AH}k u;D oHEiS hf }uKd vSnyhf g === uAsmrS)