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Without loss of gererality we can assume that c is parameterized with respect to the arc-length, i.e.
We assume r(u) > 0, u ∈ J. Rotate c around the 2-dimensional plane Oe1 e2 we have the rotation
surface M 2 in R4 given by:
X(u, v) = (x1 (u), x2 (u), r(u) cos v, r(u) sin v); u ∈ J, v ∈ (0, 2π).
Hence
E = hXu , Xu i = 1, F = hXu , Xv i = 0, G = hXv , Xv i = r2 .
The second partial derivatives of X(u, v) are expressed as follows
a = 1, e = 0,
b = 0, f = 0,
−rr00 −r(x01 x002 − x001 x02 )
c= , g= .
κ κ
1
Rotation surface is minimal surface if only if
a c (
=− κr − r00 = 0
Ee Gg ⇔
=− x01 x002 − x001 x02 = 0.
E G
Associate with (0.1), we have system of equations
p
00 00 00
(x1 )2 + (x2 )2 + (r00 )2 r − r = 0 (1)
x01 x002 − x001 x02 = 0 (2)
(x0 )2 + (x0 )2 + (r0 )2 = 1
(3)
1 2
0
x01
- Case 1: If x2 6= C, (2), we have = 0 hence x01 = C1 x02
x02
• If C1 6= 0, we have x1 = C1 x2 + C3 . Associate with (1) and (3), we have:
p
2 00 00
(C1 + 1)(x1 )2 + (r00 )2 r − r = 0
(4)
(C12 + 1)(x01 )2 + (r0 )2 = 1 (5)
x =C x +C
1 1 2 3 (6)
s
1 − (r0 )2
Since (5) hence x01 = ± (−1 ≤ r0 ≤ 1).
C12 + 1
+ Consider (r0 )2 = 1, i.e. r = ±u + C0 thus x1 = C00 , x2 = C000 .
+ Consider −1 < r0 < 1, then
r0 r00 (r0 r00 )2
x001 = ± p 2 ⇒ (x001 )2 = 2
(C1 + 1)(1 − (r0 )2 (C1 + 1)(1 − (r0 )2
2
– With r = au + b, associate with (8), find x2 we have:
p
x2 = ± (1 − a)(1 + a)u + C5
x2 = ∓ cos(u + C4 ) + C5
The solutions of this system are similar to the solution of system (7) - (8).
Associate with two cases considered, we could conclude system of equations (1) - (3) have two solutions:
• The line
x1 (u) = au + b
x2 (u) = cu + d (unaccepted)
r(u) = ±√1 − a2 − c2 u + e, a2 + c2 ≤ 1.
• The circle
1
x = ±√ cos(u + b) + c
1
2
a +1
a
x2 = ± √ cos(u + b) + d
2
a +1
r = ∓ sin(u + b); a, b, c, d ∈ R,
Conclusion: Suppose we rotate a smooth curve c in a hyperplane around a plane P also in this
hyperplane, we have a minimal surface if and only if c is a part of a circle or a circle, or a line
which is perpendicular to P .