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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
1. (a) We find the partial derivatives of both sides of F (x, y, z) = 0 with respect to x. By the
chain rule, this gives
∂x ∂y ∂z
Fx + Fy + Fz = 0.
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂x ∂y ∂z Fx
Since = 1 and = 0, by rearranging the terms, this gives =− .
∂x ∂x ∂x Fz
∂z Fx (1, 0, 1) −8
∣ =− =− = 4.
∂x (x,y,z)=(1,0,1) Fz (1, 0, 1) 2
2. We have ∇f (x, y) = (2xy+3y−6x−4, x2 +3x+2). We solve ∇f (x, y) = (0, 0). From x2 +3x+2 = 0,
we have (x + 1)(x + 2) = 0, and hence x = −1, −2.
For the critical point (−1, −2), we have fxx fyy − fxy
2
= (−10)(0) − (1)2 = −1 < 0. So
(−1, −2) is a saddle point.
For the critical point (−2, 8), we have fxx fyy − fxy
2
= (10)(0) − (−1)2 = −1 < 0. So (−2, 8)
is a saddle point.
3. For the interior points satisfying x2 + y 2 < 1, we compute ∇f (x, y) = (6x2 , 4y 3 ). We solve
∇f (x, y) = (0, 0) to get the only solution x = y = 0. Thus, (0, 0) is the only critical point.
1
Now, we compare the following images:
√
1 3 13
f (0, 0) = 0, f (0, ±1) = 1, f ( ,± )= , f (−1, 0) = −2, f (1, 0) = 2.
2 2 16
It is clear that the global maximum is 2 (attained at (1, 0)), and the global minimum is −2
(attained at (−1, 0)).
since s2 + t2 = ∥u∥ = 1.
(b) No. Note that ∇f (0, 0) = (D(1,0) f (0, 0), D(0,1) f (0, 0)) = (3, 0). If f were differentiable,
Then
Du f (0, 0) = ∇f (0, 0) ⋅ u = (3, 0) ⋅ (s, t) = 3s
for any unit vector u = (s, t) by proposition 2.6. This contradicts with the result of part
1 1
(a). For example, the directional derivative at (0, 0) in the direction of ( √ , √ ) is
2 2
1 1
√ ≠3⋅ √ .
2 2 2
(c) This means we need to minimize f (s, t) = 3s3 −2st2 under the constraint g(s, t) = s2 +t2 = 1.
We have ∇f (s, t) = (9s2 − 2t2 , −4st) and ∇g(s, t) = (2s, 2t) ≠ (0, 0) (unless s = t = 0 which
is rejected). So we solve
9s2 − 2t2 = 2λs,
{
−4st = 2λt.
The second equation gives t = 0 or −2s = λ.
If t = 0, then from s2 + t2 = 1, we obtain s = ±1. So (s, t) = (±1, 0) are two solutions.
If −2s = λ, then the first equation becomes√ 9s2 − 2t2 = −4s2 , i.e. 13s2 = 2t2 √
= 2(1 − s2 ).
2 13
This implies 15s2 = 2, and hence s = ± . Correspondingly, t = ± from
15 15
s2 + t2 = 1 (where the two signs are independent).
Now, we compare the following images:
√ √ √ √ √ √
⎛ 2 13 ⎞ 4 2 ⎛ 2 13 ⎞ 4 2
f (±1, 0) = ±3, f ,± =− , f − ,± = .
⎝ 15 15 ⎠ 3 15 ⎝ 15 15 ⎠ 3 15
Therefore, the global minimum is −3, attained at (−1, 0). This means f decreases the
most rapidly in the direction of (−1, 0).
5. We have fx (x, y) = 2ex−3y + 2x and fy (x, y) = −6ex−3y + 3. So fx (3, 1) = 8 and fy (3, 1) = −3.
The linearization of f (x, y) at (3, 1) is
It follows that an approximation to f (3.1, 1.1) is L(3.1, 1.1) = 14 + 8(0.1) − 3(0.1) = 14.5.
2
Next, we compute fxx = 2ex−3y + 2, fxy = −6ex−3y and fyy = 18ex−3y . By Taylor’s theorem,
there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that the error term is
1
E = [fxx (3 + 0.1c, 1 + 0.1c)(0.1)2 + 2fxy (3 + 0.1c, 1 + 0.1c)(0.1)(0.1)
2
+ fyy (3 + 0.1c, 1 + 0.1c)(0.1)2 ]
= 0.01(e−0.2c + 1) − 0.06e−0.2c + 0.09e−0.2c
= 0.04e−0.2c + 0.01.
Thus, we have ∣E∣ = 0.04e−0.2c + 0.01 < 0.04 + 0.01 = 0.05 since 0 < c < 1.