|



 

 
÷
:
M Conservation of species in their natural
habitat
M E.g. natural parks, nature reserves
V
:
M Conserving species in isolation of their
natural habitat
M E.g. zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

÷
 co  o
?etting up wild life
reserves is not just a
matter of building a
fence around an area
and letting it grow ³wild´

Without grazing animals

heathlands which contain
a number of rare species
will revert to woodland
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 

 
 o 

M mirst the area that is suitable for the
creation of a reserve has to be identified
and delimited
M This requires surveys to collect data on
key species
M Property may have to be expropriated
M A legal framework may need to be set up
to control human activities in the area and
in it¶s immediate surroundings
M Policing the area may also be necessary

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 w


   

^
^







 

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS


 

 
 o 

M ÷f part of the area has
been degraded due to bad
land use it may need
restoring
M Alien species that have
penetrated the area may
need excluding or
eliminating
M Constant management will
be needed to maintain the
habitat of the species
being conserved
M This may mean arresting
natural succession

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 
 
of

 co  o
M The species will have all
the resources that it is
adapted too
M The species will
continue to evolve in
their environment
M The species have more
space
M Bigger breeding
populations can be kept Wordpress.com

M ÷t is cheaper to keep an
organism in its natural
habitat
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
 Õow


ob
M ÷t is difficult to control
illegal exploitation
(e.g. poaching)
M The environment may
need restoring and
alien species are
difficult to control

?ciencemuseum.org

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 V
 co  o | 
b 
M The Hawaiian goose was
practically extinct in the
wild
M 12 birds were taken into
captivity
M A population of 9000
was released back into
the wild
M The experiment failed
because the original
cause rats had not been
eliminated.
M The rats eat the eggs State Symbols USA

and the nestlings of the

geese
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
 ^


cc
o
f
M Pere David¶s deer was a
native species of China
M ÷n 1865 18 were taken
into zoological
collections
M Meanwhile it became
extinct in the wild
M By 1981 there were 994
individuals scattered
through zoological
collections America Zoo

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 V
 co  o
M Captive breeding of endangered species is






M These species have already reached the
point where their populations would not
recover in the wild
M ÷t works well for 
 


 





  but more specialised
animals are difficult to keep (aye aye)
M ÷solated in captivity  




with their environment

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Î
  
  
M They have a very small gene pool in which to mix
their genes
M ÷ 
  is a serious problem
M Zoos and parks try to solve this by    

  or by artificial insemination where it
is possible
M ÷
 

  and fostering by a closely
related species has even been tried
(÷ndian Guar ± large species of cattle - cloned)
M Even if it is possible to restore a population in
captivity  



 
 


 
 in the wild
M ?pecies that rely on this much help are often
considered to be  

 
 
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
 uo  c
 
M Botanical gardens show the same problems as
captive breeding of animals
M Originally the role of botanical gardens was
economic, pharmaceutical and aesthetic
M There range of species collected was limited
M The distribution of botanical gardens reflects the
distribution of colonial powers
M Most are found in Europe and North America
M But plant diversity is greatest in the tropics

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 
b 
M ?eeds can be maintained for decades or even
centuries if the conditions are controlled
M <5% humidity and ±20°C
M Not all species are suited to this treatment
M ?eeds need to be regularly germinated to renew
stock or the seeds will eventually loose their
viability
M ?eed banks are at risk from power failure, natural
disasters and war
M Duplicate stocks can be maintained
M ?eeds kept in seed banks do not evolve with
changes in the environment
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
 
  
 
  

BBC
Bergen Nat Acc of Arts
    o 
 c
M |÷V


 
|  


÷ 






V  



M ?et up in 1988 to control and
encourage the   


 
  of species
M The C÷TE? conferences
determine the status of a
species and whether or not its
exploitation requires
regulation
M ?pecies are placed into |
S
different appendices
depending on their status
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
 | ! 

M › 
 Total ban on exploitation
M › 
 wimited exploitation subject
to quotas
M › 
 ?pecies requiring protection
in certain states only
M ?pecies are reassessed every 2 years

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

 ££
£o
£
 
fo

 

fo
£o
£f
 

M ?et up in 1961 as a 
 
 



  
M m 
  for
conservation
M w 


   for
conservation
M uns  




M Provides  to
government conservation
agencies
M m 

  on
conservation issues WWF

© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS