Value of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is crucial for human existence on Earth. Its conservation and sustainable use are
key elements for a green economic model and sustainable development, minimizing the
impact of human activities and recognizing the value of biodiversity.

Evolutionary Patterns

Patterns of evolution, defined on a large scale, are often visualized in the superficial traits or
characteristics of individuals. This includes both the fossil record and past diversity. It is
essential to study all biological aspects associated with these patterns, as they can lead to
invasion, offering better resistance and reproduction. Such individuals can become introduced
species, often a result of human activities. Examples include:

- The common carp, introduced on every continent except Antarctica, is a good protein
source but ranks among the world's 100 most damaging invasive species. It affects vegetation
extermination and increases water turbidity.

- Africanized bees, known for their high aggressiveness, were experimented with to create a
genetic development program. They have since spread throughout the continent, causing
attacks on farmworkers in Ecuador for over 20 years.

- Abandoned dogs forming packs can exclude themselves from human settlements. In the
Cayambe-Coca National Park, areas with wild dogs witnessed the absence of four out of the
ten studied native mammals. These species can carry diseases like parvovirus and rabies,
posing a threat to wild populations.

- Eucalyptus, introduced in 1860, aimed to combat aridity and provide wood for energy.
Despite its negative effects, such as soil erosion, it does not offer suitable living spaces for
local fauna.

- Barley, opening a wide range of products, is primarily used for beer or whisky production
and as animal feed due to its high nutritional properties, regulated by internal policies in
countries.
- Pine was introduced to Ecuador in 1925 for its rapid growth and adaptability. However, it is
not resistant to fungi and insects, hindering the development of other trees due to insufficient
light reaching the ground.

**Significance and Impacts of Biodiversity**

Biodiversity holds paramount importance in the economy, society, and the global
environment. In Ecuador, being considered mega-diverse, it can be leveraged for economic
gains through tourism and the sale of natural foods or medicinal plants. Socially, biodiversity
provides fresh air, food, and medicine. Environmentally, it supplies oxygen, maintains habitat
order, and sustains animal feeding, allowing for cultivation.

Despite understanding the benefits, human activities such as pollution, overpopulation, and
industrialization have led to the destruction of nature.

Proposals for Addressing Biodiversity Loss and Conservation

The Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, part of the Conference of the
Parties, proposes conservation plans for ecosystems and habitats. Inclusion of species like the
Semipalmated Sandpiper, the Canada Warbler, and the Common and Giant Hammerhead
Sharks aims to develop regional and global action plans, protecting ecosystems, habitats, and
breeding areas to prevent extinctions.

Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity

Biodiversity is not immune to the effects of climate change, along with deforestation,
resource overexploitation, and pollution. Changing temperatures, precipitation, and
environmental variables impact various plant, animal, and ecosystem species worldwide.

**Chytridiomycosis**

Chytridiomycosis, caused by the aquatic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is

associated with amphibian mass deaths. This disease interferes with amphibians' skin
functions, affecting circulation, water and salt maintenance, respiration, and their role as a
first line of defense. Recent studies aim to characterize the immune response of amphibians
to the disease, seeking resistance and immunization strategies. Caution is essential due to the
genetic recombination capacity of the chytrid fungus, requiring careful handling of mitigation
strategies.

Conclusion
In conclusion, biodiversity stands as a fundamental pillar for human survival, providing
economic, social, and environmental benefits. However, human actions, characterized by the
introduction of invasive species, deforestation, pollution, and climate change, pose threats to
biological diversity. The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are essential to
maintain balance in ecosystems and prevent irreversible species loss. Adopting measures at
local, national, and global levels, along with raising public awareness, is crucial to preserve
the biological richness of the planet and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.