Harmonic Reduction

In A Single-Switch, Three-Phase Boost Rectifier

With High
Order Harmonic Injected PWM
Document By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com
More Papers and Presentations available on above site

Abstract
 A Traditional three -phase controlled
rectifiers draw non- sinusoidal
currents from the source, the power
quality of the distribution network is
greatly deteriorated, resulting in low
efficiency of utilities.
 Switching mode rectifiers have
gained greater attention as a good
solution, since they draw perfect
sinusoidal currents from the power
distribution network.
 Among switching mode rectifiers, a
single- switch three phase boost
rectifier is an attractive topology
because of its simplicity, low cost
and high efficiency.
 In this project, a single–switch three
phase boost rectifier is studied and
simulated.
 A single-switch three- phase boost
rectifier cannot be pushed to high
power levels due to high total
harmonic distortion (THD).
 An approach employing high order
harmonic injected PWM is proposed
to meet the IEC 555-2(A) standard
for 5-10KW power application.
 In this approach, the sixth order
Harmonic is generated and injected
to eliminate dominant 5th order
Harmonic and also to decrease the
THD.
I. INTRODUCTION:
Basically, two topologies are most
popular among Boost rectifier
topologies.
1. A Six-Switch full bridge boost
rectifier.
2. A Single-switch boost rectifier.
The Single-Switch boost rectifier is shown
in fig 1.It uses six diodes and only one
switch to control the input current and
output power.
Fig 1- A Single –Switch Three -Phase Boost Rectifier
The phase currents for this rectifier are
non-linear functions of their phase
voltages, yielding several low frequency
harmonics.
The phase currents for this rectifier are
non-linear functions of their phase
voltages, yielding several low frequency
harmonics.
There are two types of switching PWM for
rectifier
1) Variable switching frequency,
2) Constant switching frequency.
In Variable switching frequency the switch
is turned on immediately when the
rectifier dc-side current falls to zero
However, this control scheme suffers from
a serious defect that the fs is load
dependent.
At lighter load, the increase of fs results in
high switching losses and the large
variable fs range complicates inductor
design, device selection, and EMI filter
design.
In this paper, a single-switch rectifier using
constant fs with harmonic injected PWM
(Fig. 2) is presented.
gain, which is defined as: M = Vo/Vlp ,
where Vo is rectifier output voltage and Vlp
is input line peak voltage.
From above equation, the THD and
harmonic contents for different power
levels can be calculated by Fourier
analysis.
The lower the M, the higher the current
distortion.
In Fig. 4(a), the THD is plotted with respect
to M.
It can be seen that in order to meet the
THD<10% requirement, M should be at
least 1.7, or the output voltage should be
larger than 900V with 3X220V input.

Fig 2- Single-Switch Three-Phase Boost Rectifier

With Harmonic Injected PWM

II. HARMONIC REDUCTION WITH

HARMONIC INJECTED PWM Fig 3- Harmonic Contents With Constant fs PWM @
Under balanced and undistorted input 3X220V input/800V output

phase voltages are:

The proposed constant fs with harmonic
Va = Vm sin(ωt) injected PWM scheme uses sixth order
Vb = Vm sin(ωt - 2π/3) harmonic to modify the duty cycle D:
(1)
d(t) = D[1 + m sin(6ωt + 3π/2)]
Vc = Vm sin(ωt - 4π/3) (3)

The average input current over the (0, π/2) Therefore, that the THD can be reduced to
interval in a single-switch rectifier with meet the requirement and the harmonic
constant fs PWM is given by [3, 6] contents can be optimized to meet the IEC
ia = Vo T2on sin(ωt)
standard, where m(0<m<1) is modulation
(0 ≤ ωt ≤ index.
π/6)
Since the fifth order harmonic is the
2LTsw √ 3M-3 sin(ωt) dominant harmonic with constant fs PWM,
ib = Vo T2on M sin(ωt) + ½ sin(2ωt - the three phase currents in Eq. (2) can be
2π/3) approximately expressed as
2LTsw [√ 3M-3 sin(ωt + 2π/3)][M - ia= I1 sin ωt + I5 sin (5ωt + π)
sin(ωt + π/6)]
ib= I1 sin (ωt – 2π/3) + I5 sin (5ωt - π/3)
(π/6≤ ωt ≤ π/3)
(4)
ic = Vo T2on M sin(ωt) + sin(2ωt + /
ic= I1 sin (ωt – 4π/3) + I5 sin (5ωt + π/3)
3)
2LTsw [√ 3M + 3 sin(ωt + 2π/3)][M - Where the initial phases of the fifth order
sin(ωt + π/6)] harmonics are obtained by using Fourier
(π/3≤ ωt ≤ π/2) (2) analysis. Substituting D in Eq. (4) with the
variable duty cycle defined in Eq. (3), and
Where, Ton = DTsw, D is the duty cycle, Tsw ignoring the presence of m2 (m2<<1)
is the switching period, L is the input terms and high-order harmonics (n>7), Eq.
inductor and M is the rectifier voltage (4) becomes:
ia= I1 sin ωt + (I5 - mI1 ) sin(5ωt + π) - mI1 sin Compared to the result with constant fs
7ωt PWM, the THDs are improved.
ib= I1 sin(ωt – 2π/3) + (I5 - mI1 ) sin(5ωt – π/3) -
mI1sin(7ωt - 2π/3) Now the rectifier voltage gain M can be
designed down to 1.45 in order to meet
ic= I1 sin(ωt – 4π/3) + (I5 - mI1 ) sin(5ωt + π/3) –
THD<10% requirement, or the output
m I1sin(7ωt - 4π/3) (5) voltage can be designed as 780V with
It can be seen that for each phase, the 3X220V input.
fifth order harmonic is suppressed by sixth So select “m” to meet the following
order harmonic in the duty cycle.Even equation
though the seventh order harmonic is
I5 – mI1 = 1.14
increased by the same amplitude at the
same time, the THD is improved. mI1 0.77 (9a)
Obviously, the following inequality is or to meet:
satisfied:
m = 0.4 I5 (9b)
√(I5 - mI1 )2 +(mI1 )2
I1
THD = < I5 / I1
(6) Where 1.14 and 0.77 are the fifth and
seventh order harmonics limited by
I1
IEC555-2 (A) standard. The harmonic
If 0 < m < I5 / I1, where I5 / I1 is the THD of contents with these m values are plotted
the currents in Eq. (4). in Fig. 5.
Then to minimize THD in Eq. (6), we can It is shown that the rectifier now can be
let pushed up to around 10kW power level at
∂ THD/∂ m = 0 (7)
the designed condition: 3X200V
input/800V output.
and solve Eq. (7), we get the modulation
index m
m = 0.5 I5 / I1 (8)

So if m is selected as Eq. (8), then the THD

in Eq. (6) is minimized.
So by injecting the 6th order harmonic and
selecting m as
m= 0.5 I5 / I1.

The plot between THDs and rectifier

voltage gain ‘M’ is shown in fig. 4

Fig 5- Harmonic Contents With Harmonic Injected

PWM @ 3X220 input/800V output

Expected waveforms

Fig 4- THD As A Function Of M (a). C.F: With

Constant fs PWM (b). H.I: With Harmonic Injection
PWM
 Table 1. Harmonic Currents [rms,A] In
Fig 6- Current Wave Form Without Harmonic
Injection (m=0)
Experiment

Modulation index From The IEE Paper

m=0 m=4.6%

THD 12.7% 9.5%

5th 1.15 0.71

7th 0.07 0.41

11th 0.06 0.20

13th 0.03 0.15

III.CONCLUSIONS
The proposed approach, sixth order
harmonic injected PWM, simply realizes
Fig 7- Current Wave Form With Harmonic the injection concept at the control circuit
Injection(m=4.6%) so that the cost of the power stage is
reduced.
By using harmonic injected PWM, the THD
in a single-switch rectifier is improved,
especially for lower M values.
To meet THD<10% requirement, the
rectifier voltage gain can be designed
down to 1.45.So an application with
3x220v input/800v output becomes
practical.
To meet the IEC555-2 standard (class A),
the output power can be pushed up to
around 10kW level for the rectifier with a
3X220V input/800V output;
Fig 8- Frequency Spectra Of The Currents Without
Indeed the single switch three phase
Harmonic Injection (m=0)
rectifier is a high efficiency rectifier.
REFERENCES
1) Qihong Huang and Fred C. Lee,
“Harmonic Reduction In A Single-
Switch Three-Phase Boost Rectifier
With High Order Harmonic Injected
PWM”, Conference Record IEEE
1996, pp. 1266-1271.
2) Prasad, P. D. Ziogas, and S. Manias,
“An Actives Power Factor Correction
Technique For Three Phase Diode
Rectifiers”, Conference Record IEEE
Fig 9- Frequency Spectra Of The Currents With
Harmonic Injection (m=4.6%) PESC 1989, pp. 58-65.
3) L. Simonetti, J. Sebastain and J.
Uceda. “Single-Switch Three-Phase
 Power Factor Preregulator Under
Variable Switching Frequency And
Discontinuous Input Current”,
Conference Record IEEE PESC 1993,
pp. 657-662.
6) Ismail, R. W. Erickson, “A Single
4) Kolar, H. Ertl, and F. C. Zach, “Space
Vector-Based Analysis Of The Input
Current Distortion Of A Three-Phase
Discontinuous-Mode Boost Rectifier
System”, Conference Record IEEE
7) Mohan, “A Novel Approach To
PESC 1993, pp. 696-703.
5) Gataric, D. Boroyevich, and F. C.
Lee, “Soft-Switched Single-Switch
Three-Phase Rectifier With Power
Factor Correction”, Conference
Record IEEE APEC 1994, pp. 738-
744.
*****
5) Sedighy and F. P. Dawson, “Single-
Switch Three-Phase Power Factor
Correction”, Conference Record
IEEE IPEC 1995, pp. 293-297.
Transistor Three Phase Resonant
Switch For High Quality
Rectification”, Conference Record
IEEE PESC 1992, pp. 1341-1351.
Minimize Line-Current Harmonics In
Interfacing Renewable Energy
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APEC 1992, pp. 852-858.

Document By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com
More Papers and Presentations available on above site