THE UNITED STATES

ST RATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

THE STRATEGIC AIR OPERATION

OF
VERY HEAVY BOMBARDMENT
IN THE
WAR AGAINST JAPAN
(TWENTIETH AIR FORCE)

FINAL REPOR1'

MILITARY ANALYSIS DIVISION

ARMY AND ARMY AIR SECTION

Dates of Survey: 10 October 1945-29 November 1945

Date of Publication: 1 September 1946
 /

THE UN !TED STATES

STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

THE STRATEGIC AIR OPERATION

OF
VERY HEAVY BOMBARDMENT
IN THE
WAR AGAINST JAPAN
(TWENTIETH AIR FORCE)

FINA L REPOI?T

MILITARY ANALYSIS DI VISI ON

ARMY AND ARMY AIR SECTIO N

D ates o f Survey: 10 Octo ber 19 4 ;-29 N o vember 19 4 5

D ate o f Publicati o n: 1 September 1946

UN I TED STATES
GOVE RN ME NT PRI NTI NG O FFICE
W ASH I NGTON : 1946

PH

--------------.........
 ~
"
II

Thi s n'pol'i \'"a:-i writil'l\ prifll:,rily for ihc u~e of the l l. S. St- rnl cgil- 1.1.
HOllluillg :--;"n",') i ll tilt' prepal'ntion of further r ep0l't-s of a Ill0l'C (,C >I II preht"tlsi n ' fe
nat ure" Any (o nc11l sions fi r opinions expn·sscd ill tltis I't-'port mllst 11(' c"on ·
.J"
sidE' l'ed us iilliited t.o thp ~qwl"iHc IHatt'rial co ,"e rcd :Iud a:-isubj ett. to flirt her iu tel'· rei
pJ'ptation i n tilt' light of fllrth t- I' :-;Inti ies c"nllduett·d by Ow ~III'\" P y" '1'1
1'''

'II
Jail S,
t:tl'y

1\ ,' .
 j;'OLiKWO.ItIJ
Tilt· Un itl'd ~j a (t '!i S I rall·g-i c llvnJiJi IIg SII IT !',)"
pstabl i:..:hed by III(' :-il'crctal'Y o f " ' ;\1: Oil : j Xu-
" "<1 :'1
,"cmbe r ] 044, purs uan t t o a Dircclive fro m th e
lat c PrC'sident R OUS('\' l, 1t. It !-. nJi:.:s ion Wli S to COIi -
duct all impa rt ia l ;Inti expe rt study of t ho dl'cci s
of 0 111' ae rial a tla c k o n Germ any, to be lI s e d ill COIl -
Il i..' dio ll with on Japan a nd t v c:;lablish
:t i l' fllta c l\ :-.
:t ha :-; i:i fill' c,-;tiu ati l1 g' ti l{' iI1 1 p o rl:lll ('t~ alld p u l ell -
t ial i lit':": u f ail' pu n-l'I";l S :.t1l i ll ~t l'UIll (' n t o f military
stl'tll('g-y. 1'01' pl :ll l llillg th e f ui lll '\.' dt 'H' ]u pII1L'll l
the U nited :-;tfl tr s n l'lll l'c! -f(J rc·('~ . and for d l' t l' l'lllill -
i ll ~ futul'c economic policies wilh res pect to the
IHlt iOll nl d c- fe lisP. .\ H llllllla !'.'" rcport alld :-'Ollll'
:200 SlIpporti n:.r l'l' pol'l :-; r(J nLl i ll i ll~ thl' {jlld illg:; o [
til · kll r n .. y in Cil' t'lllal l.\' ha\'p 1'('\'11 pu b li ~ h cd.
On ] rl . \ J lg ll St 10 1.1, Pt'e~ id en i 'It'lIl1la n rt.'qlll·sted
tlwt tiH' Sur n ·y C()ll dlWt :I :-- ilililar ~ tlldy (If th e c f -
f(·ci:o: of :t Il t.r l )( ·~ o r a ir at t:t ck in th e " -:II' ngilill:O:l
Japan , submitting reports in d upli cate to lhe 'ec-
l'ela l'Y of W a ,' und Lo t he :O;eCl'e[a l'Y u l' Ihe Navy,
T ilt· " niL-tor:, o f t ill' :-i Ut' rl',r (l ul'ing its .I :l I':l III·:-i1'
p l. a ... t · Wt' n ':
Fr:t ll id ill ]),Ol ipr. ('11:l i n lln ll .
I'aul ] I. 1\ itzl'. lh.·l l t"y C. :\I (-:\:<lI It!I-r , Vin -
Ch'liJ'lllell .
]-JHITY L . IJO"'tr"l:l ll , J. ](I-llnet ll ' i.llhntitlt .
He n~is
L iker t, IIra ll \, .\ . -~ rCXa I Jl('c, .1 1'.:
Fred ~c a1'l s, J r., .\1011 roc E . S pa g ilt , Dr.
Lew i:; H . TItOIIlI'SOI1 ) TI H~(ldf)rc P . " ' l' i ~1 If •
D in 'd o,,::;,
Walt er Wild s, Sec relary.
The S li ney' complem ent lJro,·id eel £01' 300 oi,·il-
ialls, :330 ofHeel's, an el :'00 enlisted men. The mili -
t nry !;('glllclil of tlt e org:llli z;l tio n was drawn from
I he A I'I lI y to th e l-xt -lit c,( 00 Pl' I'I'l! lIi , :Illtl frolll the
;\:"·Y ( 0 I he ex lell t 0 1' 10 pe rcen t. Jloth th e _\ rill,)'
a lld il ll' X;t\"y g-arc tile S IIITt·,Y :III po::=:sibl e :tsl"ist -
ali Ce. in fUl'ni !;hilig I1I CI1 , suppli es, transport, and
i llfo l'll wt iOIl . Th e Sll l' n ',Y ope l'a ted from hl'lld -
Ijllarl t' r :-; c~ta b l i :; !tl\ d in T ukyo l'lIr1yill SeptcllliJl'I'
1!1-1:i . with s tluh cadqll:ll'tt' r:: i ll Kn;,!uya. 0 ·a ka.
Il il'oshima. fi nd ~HgaF: nki , and wilh ll10bi le lcams
flpl' l'atill~ ill ulhl- " part s o f .J apall. the i:;lallds or
Ht: I li t' Pat il-ie, null th o A sinj"ic Inu iliialld.
[ t w a:-: po :--:;; i l li c to 1'1'l'()It!' tl'lIri Hll1 ch o l' w: ll'l i m e
.Ja pall e!'c lu i I it it 1',)' pl :l1l II i ll,!!; alld l'xCI..' lltioll. cng ng e-
111(' 111 by p n~a¥f'I11 (' nt. alld c:tlllpa ig'11 hy cailipaig-II,
and to ;o'('CII I'(, I'(' :t ~o llllh l .r :l tl' IlI'at l' slati ~ti cs on Ja-
pa n's cc:ollom.,- a lid wa I' p l'od ud iun, pin nl by plant:
:I III I illdl l:-, t ry II." i lldll:--tI'Y . J il addjt iOIl. stwli cs
wc n ' l'c'mtiuclI:d fin .J nplll1 :~ I)\'(' r -all strat eg ic pia liS
and 111(\ 1l;l(' lq.!TOltlid III' IIt' I' ('n t l',\' i li lo the war. the
illleJ'l l:ll d i s{, ll ~si on s fllld negotiati ons leadil1g to JIl'I'
;ICce.ptHll ec uf uncolldil"ional SlIITCllclc l', t h e COli r St}
cd' Itl':tith ,t lld 11101'.d" :l lIlu n;..! lltl' \· j,·ilian popula -
lioll. lite (-fl't-d i\' f' IH':";s o r jitf' .Ja plIl\t"st~ cirili .lll tlt·-
I\-II:-'l' OI·;..!:l ll iz:t t illll , :lI ld tlte (· I1\'(·ls of 1I1l' :t1Ulllic '
bOlldJ:': . ~ e p:1l';tto I'(' porl s wi l l be i ~~ II (!d cu n.:ring
(',H ' II plt nse o f Ill e HI Iid y .
Tlt e' SI11'\'C'Y int C' J'rogated nltll·t· I h:lll TOO Japa -
II t':-il' 111 ilitary, gow·l'lInH'llt. :1 lid indu strial o lli c ial :o:.
It :lI so I'cco,-crcLl and t l',lllSlatpd mall Y doc uments
\\"lti"h 1101 Old y h:I\'I' Ilcf' 1I IISt'f'l ti t o the Sun'cy ,
bu t .d :-ill will rlll'lIi ~ 1t data \"d llaldc f ut' otli C'1'
:--tlld it'!'. AITflll g t-IllCllt :o: h:l \"c 11.' (, 11 1I1 ilde 10 1111'11
on~ r lh ~ SIII'H' Y'S fil l':-\ i t) tite C"nl!':I] Intell igence
(.il.'oup: thl'otlg"1t ", hidl th ey will be anlilah le for
flll'1 hl'l' "Xlll ll ill :di nll ,1IHI r1i :;tl'ihu l iOIl.
It I
MILITARY ANALYSIS DIVISION, ARMY AND ARMY
AIR SECTION, THE STRATEGIC AIR OPERATION
OF VERY HEAVY BOMBARDMENT IN THE WAR
AGAINST JAPAN

TABLE O F CONT EN TS
Purpo... p
f ll lrocillC liulI
Part I:
t. T he Hii lUI! jU11 ~ 2
2. T h~ ' M i:-(..; iutl __ _ 2
3. OI'~:ud)\111 iun alld C UlIlha.! Eqlliplllt'I IL _ 2
4. Am'ornp li:'l hll1 cllt5" .-.
:1. All riliulI:lt Cf):'I :-< n
n. Th e Air O,wnll iOlt 7
.'\ , TI l(' Twclilil'lh 1\1111 11 1('1' CIIlIllII:lll d ( 1II( Iia-Cl l ilttt. Upera ! jull ) 7
H. Th(' 'I' \\"('1I1,\'-lir.,;: , Botulin CUltllllltlld (:\ t nrinn:ls Ope ra t ioll ) !l
(I) Ph:L.. P 0111 ' III
(2) Pha",,' T WH 12
(II ) J m!! 'll diar.\' A t tad:,. nil P rillt' ipal l ' r-IIIMI J mll l:' 1rial Ar(,:1." II
(h ) 1111'f'lldi:11'Y All!1C·k ,. n rl SIII:dl el' lI r1ltl'l I lldlP·dl'i ftl Ar·C'tL :' __ Ul
(d li i,l!! l ":x pln:<i\'C A!tad;,. 011 I'l'il!rily I lldll:'lriat T:l I'~(,I :-: _ Hi
(d ) Tal'li(':11 Opt'ntliulI:' ill Sllpp!)r! fl f O ki111~\\"n I l1 v :I"..:iOlI_ 17
«(0) ~ l illillj.[ Opl'r:uiulI:' 17
(0 T IH' :1 1:'1 II WillJ! _ I '
(,I.{ ) T ill' Alnllli(' Bill II " Opf'nll iu ll 1;0;
(II ) ~ I 1:'('f'lIalll'oll :' 0pl'mllulI :-. • In
7, Pus l· \\'ar UIICl"alil)ll :' In
I'un II :
J, EIlI't!! y Oppo.-: itil)ll atld COIJU It ' l' tll( ':I:'tl t't ·:-; 1\)
2, Barllll' 21
3 , l \\"o,J ill1!L 22
4, A.ir Sea IlP" ('II P 23
:l. l\ I UlliliulI :' __ • 21
G. Ba.-:c Or~ !l nizalioll ._ 21i
i, Ohs tadt·:- a1ld I. illli lil l~ 1-':11'1("':- :W
A. \\" C:J.l liN 2()
H. T nClie!ll ll:lI q,(p uf Iht, Ii 2U AirpJ:w c 27
C. Tar!(CL Allal .\'sl:-- !Inri T :~l'g{,t :\ 'l nll' ril~1 27
8.
I) . 'i' l'ainillJ!: 27
E. A1I x iliary ('ulIlllat Eqllipme lJl 28
F . Bn lio (If ('r('w:- 10 A i l Cl'IIfL 28
G . 1"\- 20 :\ l c thllll1t'nl'l'1'0 1l1111 '" 2$
I I . G Ollllllllllicnt iOll:O: 2~
I . Supply 2n
,I. Ph oto BI'C'Oll1l ui;o::-nttc{' 2!\
K. M i:--('('lIallt'IH1:o. O]lC' rat ioll:-:_ 20
f:iu ll1lllury _ _ 30
Appendices 33
v
 CHART I NDEX

('I mrl 1\0. I, V1I B Org:lllizaiion 011 1 l\ l llrch ln45_ . .... .... .. .. '... _ . .- ..
Cha rt. No, 2. "liB Orgflllizntioll 0 11 15 A llg , lM 5
(,:hnrt, No.3. Aircraft. IInr\ C rew Sl re ll ~\h •• ___ . __
Churl, 1\0, 'I. Bo mb 'I'O IlI1 :1gt' hy W ing .
( ' hMI, K"o. 5, G ro wt.h ill Opcrnt,illll al ( 'H]lnhilit,'·..
"
;,
i
( ~ hl\r t :\0. G, Aircmft and (' re'w Mc mlw r At tri tioll 7
Chari :\0. 7. '\'we'lltiC'lh Ho mbe r Commallil Area of OpcrniioTl:-l ( 1IIfiia)_. 8
C hart. 1\0. 8. T\\'('nticth Bo mllf'r Com mn nd .'\ n' :I of O pc ra i i on~ (ChiTln.) ... n
' hart No, n, '!'\\,('IIt y·fir:-;1 Bomilf'r C'O llllllllllt! A nou or OpC'ratioll :-i ( i\ l aria11:I:-) . 10
Chart No. 10, l 'l i1i za.tioll of H 2ft A ircraft and ('n'w:". 13
C hart. No. I\. E ne m y 1 " i~hll'f n (,:lI'1 iOIl . 19
Chart 1\0. 12 . .I :l.p n ne~c Ai rtrnrt Lo,.:sC',.: 20
C hart No. 13. l hu t Ie D:unngc 21

VI
 THE STRATEGIC AIR OPERATION OF VERY HEAVY
BOMBARDMENT IN THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN
PURPOSE
The pllrpo C uf this n 'p,,,.1 i" to oUl liliC hrien,"
the Illi ss ion, organizntion , ncco l tlpli shl1lcnt ) alld
altJ'itiollHl Ctl:-ts o f Yt' J'Y he;I\')' bOll llmnlnu.:! lIt
(V]-In ) Hlld t o di :-;cIJss i ll IJI'id tenHS its elliploy -
llIent, :-<0 alle mpt will be mad e her e in to prese nt
II detail ed :Ilia lys is u f t he upc l':d inn o r al lY o f its
i'h il ~t:S . bill :-; illlp lX t v -late a!-: COIl t; isciy :1S pU::isible.
what UIt..' B-~ !I organ i",a t illn wa S 1:ult 1posed u f :
,,-ha l it ~et out to do, what il aCTu tllpli sli cd . :llIil ill
ge ne ral ho", ils ope ration WlI :-i (:u lltiu d l'(l. PaJ' t I
of the repu rt prese nts Lricfly th e slur,)' as o utlin ed
abo"" , l)aJ'L I I Ji Sc.: US:-:l'S :-:t'\'I' ral :-:ign iticllJlt fa <:-
lars whith a ll'l'ctcd co ndu ct or ail' u l'c l':d i O Il !'" and
of wl d eh !:.UIIIC 1Il u.1cr slnndillg is required to gain
it J'('a~oJl llltl c appl'i.:'c iatioll of tile !'-t ra lcgic a il' p ro -
~I'lllll , Th e da llla gc a:'Sl'S:-'llIcnt f-ig ul'cs liSP" Il c!'cin
iln' bil se d on dula oblain cd fr um al'rinl photo-
I!'l'nph s hll.;('11 {luring th e oppl'a i ion and IIi Udificd
ill . . ll fal':l s p()~~ iuLe by poshy;!1' finding:;;;,
INTRODUCTION
,\. !,('\' it'w o f the n :- ry he;I\',\' l)onliJ;t l"dnlcnt st l'a-
!l'gi c nil' <::lIl1paig n n ga in~t tb l' homeland of Jnpnll
brin gs t(1 lighl ycry fu re ibly olle int e resting f ac!.
The all lu·ks on Japan 's it ld ust r ill l prutlild io ll ell -
pacity and on li e ]' will Lo cUlltillllt' the \\'ar w(' r('
l'ill'l'i ed out Ily onl y a ~ IIJlIlI pad o [ tiL e la rg e B - 2!)
fO l'ce whi ch wa s ll l.'~till ell 1'01' IIlt i lll ;ttc a tta t k 011
the hOll1e i:-.; lallll s, All houg h 2 1 o f iil c uitilllat c ;J:)
('o mbat gro nps Wl'!'l" ellgagt'd ill a tl i\'{~ tOl liba l up-
frnti on s at the l'l osc of Ilu ' war. m a ll )' of til.,s.·
groups li nd only r ecentl y Hrrived in th e th eate r,
DUl'in g th e 1.4 rn onths when the ~ro wjng B-2D
foree WII S attu cking th e Japan ese . th e :I\'c ra ge
Illon t h IY f ol'ce n nl j In b l e was DIl ly 10,3 groll ps. The
job f fll' V.I-£B Wil S don e wit II I (;.i.OOO tOil S II f bomhs
alld min ('s, pIll S 2 atonlic bonlbs, ,\ pp rox illHd cly
00 PCI'Ci..' lI L o f this t onnage WiI , lh' li\'c l'cd durin;,!
the finnl .i months of the war, Du r il1g- thi s pe ri od
the' 13-20 ·fol' ('(' opernt rd a t ('ollt-iIlIlOIl S 1I1i1xi ll lUI11
1
l:<lfJ:lhilit y ill all c l1'ol'l. t o kn ock Japan 0 111 of Ihe
wal' h...·fol'c ilH'a :,ion ria." ,
The dose of th o \\" '" f ound I he 'l'\\' 'IiLicth AF
j llst 1J\.~l' o nlillg flllly opc rati o nal ami init illl \Init ~
of th e Eig-ltth Ali' moving into positio n in th e
R Yllk,\'u; \\'ith il s fil 'Rt cOlliba t strike sch ed liled fOl'
IlIid -,\u g ll. l 1!J.t:i, D eli,'ery o f th e 10:.,000 tOil S o f
he1111 II:; ;I1Hl Ill i ncs whi ch till' ullit::; uf the g r owin g
TWt'IJiiC'th ,\.F !tad dl'l..I Ppcll 011 .J apall':; clilpil'e
.... ollid ha\,.' bl"'11 I'PIWlIlt'd ill l ess t hall 3 Illonths fol-
lowillg th e cio!'ic o f t he "'lIl' by th e forces then opel'-
at iUlla\. Thi s Sallle tOllllage I'l'Vl'eselits less than 2
muu th::;' eapal)ilit .Y of tilt! COI1Jbill cd TWclltieth 3ml
Ei{!hth _\ ir F OI'l'I'!'i when fully dt.' l'lo,Y('d and op ~
l'rat io na l. Uy th c clld o f ihc \\':11' , ill addit ion t o
tilt' 1\\'0 Yl-IH oq.!:tlliziltioIlS, three additiolla l nil'
fllrC t'~ m. i ll;.! ut il I..' I' a ir wl'apo ns Inul citllt'r taken lip
lite aHa('k 1)1' \\'l']'(llllorillg iuto po:-;ition to initiate
atta t' k 011 till' hUIllt, i:.:llIlHl s of JaplIll.
Yet d e; pih' Ih e fll ct thill' nllh' II t"I(p1I force of
a il' hnd hl'PIi f' lIl ploycd , a el'omp l i sh i n~ its 1'(' -
pO\\'I ' I'
:" tllt !'l by operating g rr ati." in {' X l'{':'~ o f lIormal sus-
tained t.:apnbiliiy, :I nnlTo\\' nmq!in of on ly 2)12
1110111 11 8 l'('nlili l lt'll bd wcen .l ap:III':, ~ lllTl' l lllt.~ r al l<1
til p <laiC' r;.:lahlisll rd f o r OUI' f o n'p:-i to a s~ allit h pr
:,ilol't,S,
'1'], (' illlJ"i~'at illli i:, ob"ioll:':, 'J'II H ('ul'a l)ilii y or
\'i..'I'Y he,I\'} IJolilbanlment was ne\'(' I' fllll y l'ecog-
nizl,d and W:l S not: gi \' C' 1l adl"quat e weight in th e
1'1 ;111:-; t':--tal ,Ji:-;hh l for l'O lldlll:1 of 1111' war against
.Japan , The \'11 B "illilpaigll a:,!";lillst .Japall was
(·II IH'l:i \'. ,t! i ll , ' ITl'l,t as a III l'an ~ t o all t' IH1. nn lllely
i m 'Il!o. i()lI. ratl, e r Ihall ;1:': 11 tll'('i sin' fo rt.:l~ within it-
!'il'lf, rt is Iloi i ll tt'lltlcd 1(1 illl!,ly that II stl'lIi.c:.ric
air-UOnlhal'cllllcll t prog ram sholiid be planned in -
(JC'p<'lldrnt ly o f a ll utlJrJ' oppra t i o n ~, ] t is illtended
til t'lll ph<l ~ iz.', \towl' \ ' ('1' , t ha i a fl PI' a lI:d yt ica I dcfin i-
t ion II f the d ('si l'pd objrcti \'C. ~Jn il eg i c :Ii l' bOlnbing
:-.llIlIlId be gi \"en ample till1r alld oppol'tullity to
exploi t jts clipaLi lity, and , \\' hel'e possiLle, 10 fOl'ce
::'lllTe ndcl' p ri or to iaunehin g all ill\'Jl sion,
 PART I
I. THE SITUATI ON to ll ur 111t'l'c h :11I1 shippin~. :lml l'ol1lpJ te Sl" 'crance
flf Ilir ~ l1ppl." lilll' to thr . . onth W:l S impel1d ing,
\\"JWll th e HI':-i t "t'!'\" hen n - hombard m('ni fUl'ce On!1' :jJ)()1I cO lldml :Ii l'l'l'aft wrl'C di sposed in lle-
;.. j l'llc k Japa n ill .I llIIl: I!'+I. 'th(, wal' had a :;:;uIl1t·d Tense of the home i!-' llllllh;, and Ih e l(um ikaze had
a 111:1l.!'nitudf' whi ch fnllud tilt, .Jap ilH'ilpahle of ht-·l·n bill'l l. .TilP:lll('~t· i nilll:"tl'.". thuugh sl i ll pro-
pl'o \·j; l i llg i1 11 hi:- far -fllln:! 1'0]'(,1':"'1 \\' it Ii illlt -qnat:.' d Il e i li t! t lao \\'( 'n P Oll :"; (I f W:l1' :1 t n II i;.d I 1'01 t l' o f Ollt put,
w(lapo]l!; illid :-iupplir:-l. Il i:-- 111('I'('il;11 11 :-: hipl' i l\~ 1'00rlld itf-:C' lf in 1l10l'C !-'trillg'{'lli cil'culilstances ;tlld
!tail \)I.'t' llblll'ply ;l , I"quntl' til IlWI' 1 tlw dplIl i lll cl s o f ill ~OItIP ill :-:t:III Cf-'S \\':1 :-. p l'od lll,: it1~ in Il' ~~('!' quant i-
i ndll ~ ' n ' lit til<' IIf';,!illll ill;,! of tlll~ \\"al'. alld til<' 1't'ln - tit,S, du c to tilt" It!ol'ka d{·. Til t' Will' \\'fl S still dis-
lIalll :-:; ,,:(, 1'(' !lO \\" 111,\)(· ll·:--:ly l'Il~; I:I("d ill I'll IIl1 i II;..!' tht- 1:1111 1'1'0111 i llt, 111':11'1 Ii, alld tllf' wi ll 10 l'oll l illll r
t..... l1Il1 tl t,. of ail' HIIII :'1I1J111aJ'illl' al l :It ' \.: i ll all (· (J'orL 1't'1I 1:lilll'd :-Ollh~taliliall." ililad ,
..
~ ;t
in ll l a i ll1 :lill tll p :· mpply lillt' 10 I hp :-:()lItl1t~ J'J1 1'(' -
:'011 n 't's a I'l', !. \ r t' lin d f l e h ip\,(·d I 'lIni!" !' :-III p,' r iol'il y 2. THE MISSION c,
tliat- I Itt.'
; H l d W(' IT' ('(lIdidt'llt ill till' 1{ 11 0 wil·dgl'
f til(' .Ia 1':1 111':'1' FIt,t,t \\"1111111 lit· fll 1'1 lit,I' n ' -
lIalll :-; 11
J't'III -
.\ :-; :-;tatt,d ill '-Joint ('hit'f:-. of :-it al!' 'j"·I,:.! l:t. tlw
,',
b,
dll ced w!Jpn c \'t'1' J.(. dlO~r 10 t'illilinil tllt ' III , ~\ prill l:t I'Y III i!-':-o ioll of t Itt· ' l\n'llt it'I h .\ 11', tl1(' first
("(
:-- uh:-taIJtinl plll'l of till' fil'~ t lillt, fi:!J.lill:,! :-;tl't'll.;!th \'I'I'\' IlL'H\' \' 1llllllb:ll'tl lllel1t 1I1',;!lIltizatioll ('ullimiit ed
III ~' H l ld)(t;, \\, :1 ~ til IH: lli{' \'I ' till' C;]l'IirsL po~sible
U
fit' both ti ll' .J ap'lIlt'~p . \ 1'1I 1y 011111 :\ 11 \'." .\ il' F o l't ·~·:-:
qll
hOld 11('(' 11 pxpt' ll dt'd al o ll~ 1111' CillH lllt' l'f'd or II,\' - IJI'O;!I't· ~:-: i\'(' d i:- lo t'Ht inll of I l it' .) ;l\ )itIH·:'l' l1Iilit ary,
Ii,<
pn ~~t'd pC'l'iI11ptl'l'. and of g l't'; d :-.ignifi t';llIcr \\'a :-\ Iht· illd l1 ~ tTiHI. alld \'l'onollli (' s y :-. i PIII :-\ alld tn lIllder·
fad tilnt t ili:": iltil'ili OIl had al "'o l' la illl{'d .. (,{ 'I1 ~i dt'r­ IlI i rH' tllr 111 01';]11' of I Ill' .Tap(II H~:-i~· pl?op le tn a point
al dt · pal' t III' II If' I ' X IH-'l'it·II (·t·d p i lot ;.; i ll tIll' .L \F. \\·!tPl't ' Iltl' il' eap;ll'i ty alld wi ll ttl W:I,;!P \\·tl l' WilS
eh
'fht' il1du:;t rial ht'art or .Inpan had IlIlt lu·t'li tOll c'lll'lI dl' cisi\·ply \\,l'a kl'lIl'd . Til t' :-'l'\'OI1t!;tI'y I lli s~ iott wa!'
.J ''I
fi ,',
hy I)(HlIII:- ( exn' ptll,\' tll t· l )IIt1 littlp l11 i:-~ i()ll ) alld tilt-' 10 oJlt'I't"lI(' ill :-.IIP I'01'1 of Pal' in( · tl pc mtioll ~,
('Olt
hC:I\' Y i lltlll ;o; tl'Y hiddt' ll f1\\'ilr ill :\ralll' huria had 1 11 tilt' i1 ('{'ompli shttll~ l1t or
it:-. pl'illl1ll'y Illi ~.. ioll. (,I, i
IJf'(· II 'lIlllllnlp:-l:·tl. 111 dl1fell:--:' of Il i:-: hlJlIlI'ianrl. IIII' til(' 1I1d in -Cilillit -IJil i-('d B-:.!!I ~ :dht ckl'd hl':I\·." ill'
I iOI
.J ap 11,1(1 di f- p0:--l·d on' l' :2,(iOO t 'on l ll:1I a il'l'l':d'i o f dll ~ II'Y (i ron <lilt! :-itt't,1 \\'01'1.;: :-;) Hild nin'l'aft JlI'O'
.'iI ,,,
n l l'it'd iypt·:-. \\·i l h -1:.0 Illlln' dd\·ll1lill;.! OI '('lIp it'd dtll'i'l ':-\ ill .I ap' l lI il :--t'lf ;llId h l 'a\' Y i l1tltt:-\II',\'. oil ill'
.Is
(, h ill:t. :Intl ;llIoilwl' ~,;O ;.;tfltiol l Pd ill d .. f(' n!-'r of :-; 1:tI1 Ht i llll ~. ain'l'afl plitll t ~ . l1it\'al ill st:llla litlu:"
'1' \\' (
.:H :IH('lllll' i a. 'I'll\' l\ 1 :lri : III :I~ \rt' I'(' Il lI dt'l" :I ~~, ttllt by a nti t I'llllsportati on ill " ;tlll'hlll·i:l. O'Tltpird Ch ina, The
()1I 1' :lllIplli IJioll :-; fl,I 'l'I':-; : Bink hnd fa lkll to 11:-0 011 ihr F tlJ'lIli1fo: i1 . BtlI'Il IH. illid ~I H I :t,,'~ i : 1. '1'11 1':': " attack. . 11 t<l II
rlliltl' to inra :--i lllt or tIlt' P llil i pp i tH'~ ' En'l'- \\'(' 1'1 ' ~IIPldl'lItt ' lltt'd 11." :Il'rill! Illi l l i ll;,! of ritallllll"
of se
ill l' I 'l'lI ~i ng' R lippl i l'~ (If Wl'apllll ~ hI till ' P:lt' i fi (' hOill 1,01 'S :llld shipp i l1~ lall {'~ fl'ollt P II\ Plllbnng to
ba se~
I-Il(' l' l1ilt'd SlIdt,:-; Ipf1 11 0 IiIJldlt I h.1i \ \ ' t · \\'/JI II !! lIt' ~hal l ~ hil i. T I IP :\I ill'iillla :;- h<l :-, pd B- :.!!1s at 11I l'k~1
cl eplt
\\,(.1\ t·qllipP f·d to (·olllph· tt· jilt' war a,!!a i ri :-.f .-1 "1':111 . lIlt' ai lT l'art i lldll :- t l'Y (If .T:l I';111 ililt l the urban ill, 1?1"
\ \'JU'II the ) l aJ'i· l ll<t ...:- h;I H ,d H-:.!!I~ illitiu ll·d op - dll ~ 'l' i; d : 11't'iI ~ ;I :-: t-ol' prioril." , . \ ~ th t· rH B a!-
Jl 0111 ('
(" ral inn :-: ill XO"f'llIlu'l' 1!)1--~ the .\.. \li e''' IIfl't' llsivp t:It,1i: pl'ogTP~~t'tl. ti ll' Il lillill~ (If " llt' lIt ." had,n!'... allli
a:!ain "': l .'<lpall \\':1:-: in filii ,"; Wil l g', F.x(,ppi fIJI" 111-
tn ck.
S(':I iI!'IH 'na <: III'~. :llIti :-\1I'iIH'!'i ;lg';lill:-i1 :11'I1l :-i ali(I Ilwnt
t'al fo: ltn 't'~~C':-, i ll China .• Iap 'II I':-- II(~;-;t I'lr\l l'l ~ h!ld 1'1'- 1I l l l1l i lio ll ~ p rod llt,Pl';o; "'l'n' itlil iat pd, alld dtll'ing l'l'll(.:ll
:-; 1I1t ~d ill a ~l'l' i f':; nf rI (' ft-';d ~ , :lI tll ill(' tl,· fl'Il :-iI·nf till' tilt· n lla l ~ Ia :,!t· ~ (If a!ta r l ~ . oil il1Sla ll atio ll!' ami d Oll S I
Ph i l i ppillP:-\ \\':I F: Ill'l" Itl:ljOI' (' 0 11 1'1'1'11. TIlt' ],,,t I1r II ' il ll ~ JlO l' t nlioli \\'p l'(, I'a i:-\\'d I n hi,.!!h pl'i"l'ity, rile
t e L'I 'ail
1'01' Leytl' \\'a ~ r :l;,!ill;,! :lilt! i ll\' <I ~i oll Ill' ~I illdol'o fi 1':-:1 a II at"!.; fill a II',t 11:-. 1)flrt :11ion t :Il'gl't tit k i Ilf! plal'e cluse r'
alld .L u zoll il1lll1illl' l1 l . '1' 111' In:;1 Ill' Iht-· .J :IP:lllt·:·.:[' j 11(' l a ~1 day Ill' hUlllhil1,.!! 0Pt· !'; t! i ()n ~ ,
fa c ilit i
t,:.llTit' l' a il'('I':lfl had IWPII Inlllll'lwd :llld t'limi -
PClldi l:
Il ai rd .' F v l' Ilt e· [ilia I (!t·j't·Il :--C' of tli l? Phil ippillt,!,> 3. ORGANIZATION AND COMBAT fO l'ce \\
,,' PI'C ('0 111'111 ill ('(I, a g'!'t· ,tf pari of hi ~ 1'l 'lI1airlilll.!
EQUIPMENT to test
.\I 'IIIY nnd '\' .1\-." _\ il' Fol'ct's. " -\wi I'C'I II a i 11('(1 o f
sOll ll e l ,
the .la p'lI h,·:--1' fh'r j ('otl llJ liftt'd ill d( · I'f'II ~l~ \If til t, To il t·j ·fl l tt p l i:-. h HH' s tI'Hip~i l' IlIi :-.~ itJl1
of reI')'
ope,." 10
I' hilippil1P!'I wai- ill nighl toward I ht' 11I !lll1,lflllti , III':!".\' I lflll l hanll ll f' l lt. ill e T \\'t'lltit'lh .\ F \\'u~
th e log
~111J111i1 l' i n c :llId ail' :ll r ill '\.: llad ('x adl·t/ a flll'tlu-. I' ('!'l' afl'd ill .\ pl'i l J!)-~-I to fllll C' tilll1 din·d l." ullcler

~.
2
~ . 0,:1(
th e J oillt Chi,'I', of S t"ff ( .J C~) , Th p he"Iiqu" l'- \\"onld en tail. Th e T wcn t ieth B om1;(' 1.' COll llnn nd
t(' ]'~ W:l :-: (·:-:tahli :·.:Ill'd ill ,,'a:-; l lillg! OIl , D . C .. with ~lll d th e F i fty -pigh1h\rill g \\"t' I'f' 10 p l'O vide ihi s
0" 11, II. JI. .\.1'1 10111 ill l 'u lll lll a ll d. H L':-;)lO ll:-;iIJi li t y ..':-;:-;I·lIt i: ll ill fOl'lll;] t i OIl ,I lid / ill.' deci sioll \\"ilS I'ea citell
fol' Ingi;;:t ic ~ IIPpO ]'t :l~ "'I' ll :1:-; t t'lt:1in ad ill i l li :it-ra - t u 1) \l CI":t te 1hl' vll ~h C h illa"
ti",' I't'spollsil d l i l ie:-; Wt' I'I' nosl,'d in t he the at el' T hr 'J' \\,i'llt it'l h B ()Ill bl' l' Comma lid Opt' I,;!tt'd f m ln
('OIl Jll l ill l dl' l' . T ltl' T \\"l' tll i l'l h .\F \'"as cOI llpo:-:etl llf ill(l i,"idll:ll gl'l Hl p I,<I :-- t':-i il l .I l1 riin :l l ld thr'Hl I:!'1! a<l ~
( we) I)/md ll ' !' CHltll ll:l ll ti :-;. til l' fi l'4 to ue deployed Y:l II .....·" sta gi ng- IJ:J ses in C hill:1. silH.:e tlt e ,"uJ ne l'a ·
bl'i ll,!! t Ill' Tlitl iil -C h j tla - l ); l ~('d '(' \'"t'll t iell! BOlldwr lJil i t y Hf. :IIHI d i fli t ult y of log i stic all y sli ppor/'ing-.
C OIi I ItI:ll ld a nd i lH ' ( Ith"I ' llt' i ll,!! til l' :\ial' ia ll :l s· lms(' d tI ll ' Ch ill n IJ :t :-i~'s \\,: I!i :-i l l .."h as t tl pl 't'~" lll d e tlwi l" de -
T W('III," -fi l':-: t iloll liw l' ('tl lllt llilll d . .\ s t"he wal' n' loplllPIII fI :oi 1H'I'IlI:t tll' nl h :I SI ':O:" Th e Pl'ujcc-If',l
p rog l'l's~{,l l t hl! T n-t' ll l-i('I l! HOIu h,, !' ('0 1l 1l 1l:llld w as o l"g:l lliz:ll ioll til' i Il c T \\'c nt y - lil's! B onJiJ(' r ('(, 111 -
ill a f't j,';tlt ,d. ti ll' T Wl' l l 1y - lil'st B n lldll' l' ( ' OIl ItIl: l 1Id 11I:ll ld ill \"nh"l'd :I cUllsiderabl e l:li<lllge j'J'l1Il1 th is
IIb:;!! !'i)t.' d it:-: Ull ifs all d \\' :IS n·dl·s i;.!'Il ,!t l, d l \n'll t il'th a nd util l' r O\' t'l':-iI':l S a il' ·fun:c:o;. The limite,l la nd
.\F wi l lt hl':nhp w l'tt,l':' O il (;11 :1111 . " 'i tlt '"hl' l'VII- 111:1 :-;:-: il \'"i l"IJIt' fur IJ:t:oiPS i ll th l' J\I :II'ialltl S i l ' d to th e
Clll:,:io ll .. d' til e EIIl'41!'P:l1l \\":1 1' i li(' d('('i:.: iull WiI :-i d t· ... i:-:i (J 1l to t'st:Ju lif: h illd i\"idl la l wi llg 1);1:0;('5 each
1'1':1t' It lid to ('O llrt' r/ j lit' E i~"!ld II "\ F to \"PI'.\' hp:I \"Y o f \\" 1I i...! 1 wU ldd I](JII:-:c u\"(> 1' 12.000 t:UllJ! li l t all d
lJon!l l; tl 'tllrI Plit ;l lll l t o 1"(·tlt 'pl oy it 011 O k i l1 ;1"";1. T o sl 'I'\"in' I It' I':--nl 11 II..' I altd prO\"i dr fa ci l il i ..,s I'U I' 180
(,1)llil'lI l alld l' 4141l'd i ll al l' 1"I 1"':--l'I""41 \ ' IIB a il' f r l]'('(·:--. B- :!!':-i" Tht · \r i ll;.!,' HQ \\"a :o; l':-ibb l i ~l H'd :I S the
U ll ih,d ,"';bl tl':' .\ I'II I,Y ~t l·: lh' gi\' .\ i r For\,f' :-i "l h': ld - rlolll i ll ;t llt upl' I'n i iug e lll i t)" it ;'; 1'011 1 I":t :"l"l.'d wi th th e
~ lIa"le ,. s (USAST .\ I,) W:l S ,,('( il',lI ed :1 11.1 " s(a G- :o:qlladroll 0 1' UOlllh g n lllp. a nd Iwe: lIl s..' 41 1' t Ite t'l'it i-
lishl'd nil OWl II!. ... :11 ~ h () I ' lilg" III' t'tjll ipllli'ltl :J lld slIppi ies .i 1l all cate-
A t th e l i ll ie the T \\'l'nlil'l h "\F \\' :l S CI'l':d l'd ~'I )j 'itl:O: . il " "iIS Il ..' l· ... ~sa l"y t o I'fl'('4: t II wx.i l r llllll e,'OI1 -
Chjll il ntl\ 'I 'l,d t h ... o l ily i lllll ll'd iak l /il:--t':-i froll l wli ieh UIlI Y 1,.\" illtt';.!,Ta t i ll g' :-;l' l"\" ic~' flll1 t'l i u l l ~. Th us.
.fa POl ]} i l :-'l,lf could b... lI t t:w k ... d, T I I"' I',,·-[on' . th ... :"upply :t ll d lI J;1i llt~ 'l"I all n' flJJ U' t. io ll :-i uf til l' sep:ll'ate
lil'!-'t \ ' Hlllll l it ~ 1I 1 ~~ 'I' \\'I 'liI il '! Ii l~ u lld )t' l' ( 'OIIIIlI:lI ld, :-:t' n ' i('p IIll i l :oi \n' I'I' l'l' l ltT :Jii ze d as \\"' ill g I'll lId iOll s
('o l1 s i:;t i llg" of OIl C' l'(jll iba l \\'i l lg. \\"t l !i dt' pl"Yl'd i n I hI' \\"i l lt :-O IlJt' :-jl ..T i lil"1' of I ht' i l l/('gl' il y uf Lh e un i ts.
CI, i"a -B""" ".-I"di ,, (C I1 I) Ih":ttt ", OI';.',, "j":I - The ]\/ " ,.j"",, s I jll ,cl"Gl e "JI'" llI"de it appa l'eJl L
fi on a nd l l'ninin g o f till' B-~!) Ilni t;" ] i ll 1hi' t; llil t'd lha L \\'" itl t a ~ l ig hL de la y i ll t hc U llii cd S ta tes, the
:--;tllr ... :; \ \' e l'e gl'<l l't 'ti til t lip B -~! ) (ll' nd ll tli r)!l li ll t'" :--;~' \·"' Id y - thil'd \\,ill,!! r..; ould IJl' d l' pl u'y t'd 0 11 ~ il ip ,\11
"\ $ pl ;lll ning :ll ld 11I\,dll diull pl'u;. .!1'e:-::-:ed: til t, l':dlwl" thl1ll ill C 131 <1 :; or ig i llall y in l clldl'd. T he
'1\\'"(' n ty - fil'~t 13ollllJe l' CUIlIn lili id "":1 :-; :l l'li n d·,,'d " i l' l l lIOII :-: CII:lI':Jd l'l ' ot 1111.' :;!a;,!'i ll;,! (Jpt' n t/ i ons o f lI e-
Th e Join t, Chi ef :; of SLI!I' COll lllli l t,,'d t lli.' ('0111 - .. '('~:- i L 'y ('O lldlld J,d hy ti lt> F ifl y -p ightlt "\r illg ful'-
Innndel'- in . . C h ie f. Pa ei f"ic O ('t':l1I . \] '('iI. tu th e t ask 1111'1' "dd, ·r! jtl t he ('IIJ I\' i t.: ii l ' ll Ihn t n ... h:ll ig e i ll t he
of se"' lIl'i llg th e :\l:ll' i:l llii S 10 pruyi de tl'Oup:; :;t agi tl g IJl" ig ill:11 pl :ltl " "'us hitdll .y d l's i l':llill'. Tltr Se\"l~ nry ­
iJil ~es. ncer l.Jf1 ~"':-: , :11 \1 11111' 1 J;1:-;4'~ fo l' fUJ't:1w t' \lTH j·lt i nl \r i n;..!' \\" :I ~ Ilt"J 'I ,f ol'e tnltl Sf"' ITl'rI fl'!Jln th e
dep loy mellt, T \\"~' 1I1 i ..,t h Rt tml ll' l' Cu mmand to t hl' T WPl1 t y - fil'st
From the l\lal'i:III :J :oi. d ie Ilt'ad uf the Jap;IIl f>Se ill Ih e 1\Ia-
BOIn IJPl' ('Ollllll :lIld ;I lld \\" :l S dl' pl nycd
iIomcl;ll l(] cO lll cl l)c ul'vug hl u nd~' I ' d il"l'(; tB-~!1 aL- l'i:l ll a :- dul 'i ll~() d {)h ... ralld K on' llIi)(, l'uf
JU-I··1-. Th e
Lack. Furthel', t he pr i lltipa l ' "C/'." hea\. . y l)o Jllual'd -
Thl't'e 1-llllIlil'l'" ,Hid Th irt een t h a nd T h l'ee l-! UIl -
Ilwnt cfl'ol't f1'Olll (' xist illg' II:I :-:t's i ll Ch inn ('lIldd Ilol
d red an t! L.'tl lll't f'f'lIth \\'i ll ~:oi hud bec n actinltcLl
I't'lich th e hc'.IIt o f J, Q): 111 :l ilt! i l l\' u l n,tl it tn' Ill C' IJ -
,Hid ',(' 1"(' n o\\' in t l"a ill i ll~, an d til e T hrl:c JTu lld l'cd
do us l ogi~t i c effo r t U\"l' l' II :-;"Ti io ll o f l h(, "OIl !,,!l lPst
a ll d Fi i't"l'l'llI" h ",r i l1g,,,"' it h st. l' ipped H - 2V:=i <~n d
iC I'J';li n ill 1"11(, wo rld , Ii :t lso I'ecog ll ized t hai th ~ '
illlPI' U\'i.:'ll 1·:Hbr. \\-a s fO] ']lI i llg.
clu ser th ese IIl1 it -; Wl' l"e t o w:lte l' tl':JlI:- PUl"t fl t iol l
facili t. il's, Ll IL' InOI"C J'eadil y ('(lul l! t"h('y be s up plied . ~;J rI 'y i ll JO--!-:I tlip dl'('isil il l \\" a ~ 1I Iilt!f' to tl';tl l::rh,! l'

Pellding ('onqu est o f i ~ I :J lld b:'l sf':oi 11(J\\"l'\"cr. a B- 2!) till' F i ft y -pi g l11 h ,r illg " "i t I1 :tll i ts t"o nllJat alld
fo rce WlI S I'end y ;ll ld \\-as to 11(, cOll ll nitl ..,d t o cnlll bat :-:"' I '\'"iL"~' till ir :-: t tl Lit ..· T \\"('lIty -li l':--t Bun tlJ(l 1' ('o lllll1:JJl d

to lest tlte weapo n ib·:t'lf. tli . . . l l"il i l li llg' of l"ill' pt' I'- ill t l l(, ;\In l'iilll:t s. to di :-- I);I lId hl' a t!ejll ,IJ'1 CI"S o f til e
SOIlI H..J as J'eflected by t hl, i l' :dJi l i t y t o tll aitilaill :1l1d 'i' \\'(, I Jli P I I I Hf JlII U... I' ('U II I IlI:lll l L ll lt)\"i lig Pl' I'::;II IlIlC l
opemt e the we; 'iJtlll ill ('Oll liJll i. and to ddl'l'lllill(' !lif' l'pof to Oki ll;] wa as the II1I CIclI S fU I" a ncw VCI',)'
the logisti c su p po rt. f:l c:io l':-:. ~ lI ,,' h ;111 opel'a tion hea\'y hOlll b al'l11l11.'111 a i l' -f o J'c e ( C hurl 1) "

3

VHB ORGANIZATION AS OF
I MARCH 194'
(' H Arr!'!
III July and Aug1lst I!H."i ceri :lin IIIi1jur organi -
zation!!1 challges took plat<', The Tw e lily - fil'~t
Bomber COlllllland Wli S redesig-lllIted HIP T wt.:'lIti cth
AF, The Sc \'ellth Fig-htt'r ('Ollllll<llill located ill
Iwo Jima, fllld the (ill,llIl Air Depot, both for-
merly under cOlllmalid o f till' Dl'put)' Cnll1l1lfllHlrl',
Twentieth ,\ F. wen' pla c.: t'd lIudt,!, (:oll)lIlalld of the
Twentieth AF ~ i n lll Uall t'OI I :-- I.r witlt tltr elinlilla -
tioll u f the 1-IQ of Ih" DCi'"ly COIIIJ"iI"dl'l'. The
net I"eSllltof tllPse eh:lliges W:IS tllat the '[ wl'ntit't11
AF with headqual'lel's at (;U"III had ulld el· its
cOllllrtulI(l (h'e \" cry IH':I\'.'" bOll lhanll1lt'lI t- \\'illg:-;
with" total of 20 combat g l'o"ps. Ih., F i,·c ]-["" -
,h ·c,l and Nillih Composite (: 1'0"1' ( Atomic), the
Seventh Fighter ()(JIllIllHml with foul' figlt ter
groups: alld the 011:1111 Ail' Depot. Thp U nited
States Anlly Strategic Ail' Forces. aet ing Ill1del' a
directi ' ·e h om I he Joi III Chiefs o f S I" ff, wa Sl'sl "L-
lished at Guu m to cOlltro l and coordint),te opera -
tions of the Twent ietlt and red eploying Eight h Ai I'
Forces (C ha .. t 2).
The WCUpOIl which had iJt'l'1l g in'lI 10 the
Twcnt ietl! .:\ F waS the first ,'ery hell '-Y bOIl I1)OI',
the B- 2!), Of COIH"clltionai lIlid-wing tlesigll, jl
required an ] J -mall crc\\- to fill it s combat sta -
tions. It wa equipl"'c\ with th e latesl "i .. h" .... e
I"fldnr and a system o f rClllOl cly l:Ollt roll ed lIulo-
mali c g U_1l tUITcts known :1 5 t Iw ce nt 1':1 I fil'P -colltl'o i
system ( CFC). An 1I ,1,litional and mluable f ea -
ture was the clibill PI'('s:':illl'izatioli S.r~tC Ill whi ch
maintained fa cahin presslIre COll i parabl e t o .000
feet whil e flying at ao,ooof ect. With IIII·ger, 1I1 0"e
powerful engi nes thnn had been used befol'r , t1H~'
initial problems focused on detcl'minntion of
powe), settings to obt:l in the most economical use
4
of fuel. 'V.iLI! (' 1 · tli ~ iJ l g s peeds in excess at 300
Iniles pe l' hOlil') a -1,GOU-liIil c lacti cnll':tdius of fl C-
li on, and:t Inaximulli carrying capa city o f 10 lons
of bonJi1s, till' 13- 20 COll st it IItcd n ne w and puwedul
wuapUll,
The 13- 20 pruvided " stabl e platfo rm f o[· (lie
1\ord ull hOlll bsig lll ll10tlllted in il s nose, The CF C
:-.ystem COlllp l'ised fi\' (" ~ i g lltillgstat io ll s : in t1l c ta il.
nosc, ri g hl alld k'ft 1'£':11', an I tipper rCaI', These
:-; tati(lll ~ l' lIl1tl'ulll' ll fin' ttll'l'ct~ . f 0 111' with t \\"ill 50-
CHI. gliIiS. and :111 uppl'r fOl"w:ll'd tUlTct with IoUI'
.ID-cal. '''\Ins. C Ulli rol o f th e tu r l'cts was to a de-
g ree in{"(~ l'e han ge a,hl e betwecn gunnel's, perm itting
t he s hift ing of fil'c PUWt'l' t o IllCl't de\-clup ing at,
ta c ks 1'C' ....!!urdl e~~ of tll t- il' o r i"in
c ' En ch sifThtinN
0 eo
stillion wa s prur ided with a computing ight in
whi ch PI'OPPI' I'ralllillg' :111 (1 i rfl l' ki ng- o f the target
W:t ~ o[ paralll(lll ll t i ll l p()rlal l(:~, The radar sct.
].(1l0Wll as the AN/ A P (~- l 3 , presen ted a l'fldll l' o
pi cture t!troug h :_ WO" to till' radal' Op Cl'ilt Ol' in the
n~ :1 1' of th c air plalle a lld to th e na,\"i g:llo r on the "
ilightdC't k tltroll g h:t 1'(, lIloteS('o pc. \I
A n - :20 ro ntl,:lt group cOlllpl'i sed l ltl'cc squn d- ('
rOilS witlt lell B- 2!)s p(' r ~qlladro ll as tlll it equ ip-
1I1(' lIl ( UE ) :lirc\':IfL :I lid fh e B- 2!)s ill enclt S(luad-
1'011 as !'l'SC tT e . A s SOli II a:-; pl'odu d iUII permi tted,
;dlllllii s w 're provi d ed wit h l lll' it' I'CSt: rn.! aircraft
:llld ~' rc w:-;, whi ch ga\'e each group..J.j ll- :Ws and 00
(' 1'1 '\\'5 as it s stl'i t.; i Ilg f oret', "'\ Vit It fOil r SII l"lt g roups
ill (',wit ,r illg', lli (' total ('ollilm t ~ tn'" glil hec:lIne
l HO B- :Ws find :l-lO COIlI!J" t e l't:'Ws. ~ \ s pmduciioll
Jlrogl'(-'~sed. h(I\\'en'l'. (':I c· h f!I'OllP was g i\'cn three
IlHlI"e B - 2!ls ( I pr l' SQll :l<i I'DII ) , wh ic h illcrcased the "
aircraft st rc' ng,th In JD~ » CI' w ill g. Th e "at io of
tTC\\"S t o uirc rafl ill C HI \\-:1 :-; I ll'\' t'!,;t tilllit infr fa e-
. e
10 1'. S IIl CC l o~ L.. t ic:- prt' n ' llit-d 1Il iliz ing ti lt' force to
VM B ORGANIZATION AS OF
15 AUGUST 1945
B-.
je· . ' ''''''1 0' s u n
p- ~
8
p-,
B- 2
TOTAl
C B_'RT 2
its ll1aXi lllllll t op(!r:liiollal capauility, J II th e 1\l ;t -
rinn ns, ho\\"O\'c l', with a ('o mbai tOllr of 3;) Illi s~io ll s.
it becamc apparent that the sorli c rail' established
in "M arch find Apri l co uld noi uc IIh l. illtained :Llld 11 -------- -----
~t l'O llg I'ctOIlJl IlC'IIt1:ttion wa:; :-UUlI.1iUl,d to inl' l'c;l1'- l'
tltl' tl'l'\\' r at io to :I.:-~ i ~ I H' d ai l'cl'i,i'L f r Uin 1.2.i lo 2.0.
.\ dd i t iull a I t· n ·\\·:-. IJ('gllll ill' r i r i JIg in .J 1I nc 1I nder I "i :-
- - -- - - - - -1- -
ap p L'o \'cd :.t lIgllH ' llti.l.t ion a Ittl t he t 11 1'C', dcncd crew H CCO 20 T H A I R F O R C E
BO M B TO NN AG E BY WING
~h o rtugC' W;I S :l 11 1,,·iitj ('(l. ~ \"i n ' l':lft· and t r eW
~t l'c ngl h i n t ill' l'Lt rialla ~ ill cJ'ca :-'l~d with the aI' - [J . "' ~ ~ ,-,
l'i ,'a l of cnd t Ill'\\' will~ fl'om ;t Il tl r ig-i ll:tl st l'l'llgtll IJIIll ". h *'_G
of lJ n " i I'CI'"l'I o112·1 )lul'eml ", 1' In·I·~l oV GOIl hfl11Ll ~ I" • • "G
',n 1·1 .,\ lIgu, L lV!5 (C hn I' L3).
. lOh ',0 0 ~~ G
H~O~
.
T oolJla in photo n.'CtJlI I H l i ~"; ;.tt l ('"C rot' ta rge t ill liil y -
* ,.. ,
:=l is fi nd da ma gt' :t~Sl'!--S lI lf'H l, oll e sq lwd r oll or spe-
ci all y r~ ll ip pcd " " ",d ul'l" Ihc 1'- l:l5. wen'
IJrO \'idcd, "\Vith the en..' I ' l'xpanding" r adills o f
ope rntion :;:, \\,(';1111(,1 ' I"l'(' IIIIII:ti ~~nll( '(' W:I S (' alTiee"!
1ceo ~------_ _ _ _ _ +:fjlJl!
out by (,lIc h Wi l lg w.,i ll g spC'ci ni 11- 2!ls Cfl llipped
\\' it Ii t ill' III t(':- L a i "horne lll('tC'ol"oi ogic:l.! eq 11 i pille 11 t.
Fig htl' 1' e~col't and indC'pr l1 th'lI i figilt('1" ::,Wl'l'PS
\"ere con ducted II,\' II l1ih~; uf 111(' ~l'n·ltt!t l "i1!l!. lt·1"
CO ll lll la lld I,as l'd: d -l wlI.J illlil, J nitialllnilRmm'C'd

AIRCRAFT AND CREW STRENGTH

(' II ,\ll T -I

i llt o .1 \\'0 .l itH:!. du r ing .1l al"clt a ll d t hL' Hl'sl escort

II li ~:-.j ll l l \\'as cil l'l'il'd Oll t vII T ~\ pril I f}!j , The
st n'lIgt lt li t tlt t· ~cre ll tll F i;.rlit t, 1' C UIl l llt :lll d It I'C W
h om ] !)..J. in ,\Ia rch to 2(i0 ill. .\ lIglisl.
011(' I'N:(l lI llni:-.~ancl! sq ua d rOil equipped wit h :t..J.
F - j ( I'-;l~) Iyl'" " il'el''' ft \l'as pl'O\' ided b uL " I"
I' i\'(~d ill t he thea ll'l" lou I;ti c to pa rti t' ipat c i ll CO ll i -
bili opt· l'at ion:--.
.n tI,

.. . . . ...." ... .. .. ..".. ''',

' HI t'" , J" , JII ' I II' r,ol tU, !
"
6 -2 9

F-1 3
G~

"
..
,ro I tCO ' ntl

"
" .. I 8" , U,' 14t ,

,'" ,
",.,. ,on °
'"
n,
" H I 4. ACCOMPLISHMENTS

P-51
•
..
" " '" " .1
'"
'" ,
n '
,,~ o "" 0 " IS n o, no o
(, \ ppcII,lix c\ , il, C. )
Tn UH·i r Hi lIlonth s of operat ions aga inst J upan
.11.
.... ,,'" .
'0,_ ' 0' °
P- 4 7
.." ur.

" . ,, '
' 00 4 d II r i ng" t I I ~' IH' I'iud J·UlIC .1 V-I-I t o 1\ ugll.!:it IV-W, VB B
IIlli t :-: o f Ihe ' l \n'lIt id lt .\ 10' Ilew O \'C I' J 00,000,000
6-2 4

,., ~
"
" "
" '" OL.
,n ......". Ill il C'~ tint! dl'op ped I G.i,OOO tons o f bombs and

..,.",. ,. IllIlIC:-i ( Ch "rl ·1) . Th ese ope ra tiu lls J"cPl'cscl l. i a

C-5 4

TOTAL
'"II
...
III'
, .. ,

" .
4

I
.n , ,.1,.
10' • . '0 11
l or .
101 I
."". °
' '" 0
" " "
IO U '
" "
!fOO I
,.1' I 'n ro " Ot
11 100
•
lut,, 1 of ;;~~I;I ~ t' o ll ibal ~()I"ties :t gn ill:-:t ubject i I'e,
whi ch Wl' I'(, ord illa I'i I,)' ill CXCC!2S of 1.GOO miles fl'Oll1
thc poi II t o f 1" kc· o ff, IL IS poi nted ou t th at Lhe
('IUI:T :1 fil ii VJIB fu rce \\' iI ~ lIC'n'!' i.l.ntila lJ le 10 Ihe CU IlI -

; ..-E"
. , ,
1I1:l lIdt'f, By I ,\ u;..!'lI :-i W I.I . i ' H'l' J.;: S lx'fofc 11i ('
t'tll l flf l ite \\":11', tilt' 1;1 :--1 IIlIit s had :tl"l"in..' d ill Ih l'
lIu'ah'l', I IU i had lIu i I H'I'O IlJ() fli ll y IIIWl"atiotl:!!.
.\ :-; n J"l' ~ lIlt td' H-~ ~) :-,ll" ik t,:,:, iII'IJl'uxilllntl'I'y I HI)
!-IljlWl'l' 1I1 11l':-> o f .J"p"I It':-'I' 1Ir1l11tl itl dll st l'i n l an' [l
('oldaill('d ill li(i ltilljol" cit i,':-- " ' j[iI II "rl' hUIlIi,ill,!.!
pflPllla1 ilill of O\' l' I':! ! Il li ll ioll 1'1 '0 1'1" . by ill 1"1 Ji 11:--,
.\p pl"tlxilll:llt'ly liOO i'litiol"il'''' idl'lIl ifi pi.! ii," ill tel -
li;!l'llcl' :--olll'n':- ;( :-i t'1l ;!:!;.!'!'11 ill \\',11' pl'udllct iOIl \\'l'I'\'
dl':-t !'1I."l'd (I I ' :-I'n,' J'( ' I," d alll 'I;!('t!. TIIi :-i illd ll dt,:; :!:"
IIlOljol ' iJlI'(' I':tfl fa l' l lI l' i\'~ , "'" Illlljn l' ill~i:t l l;d io ll s til'
•Jap;III'S oi l si o !':! ,!,!I' , I'PriIH'IY. II lit! :':." 11111 1' 1ic' oil s,Ys-
11'IlI,"; , s i x IIla jol ' ill ':-"l l'II:--, 1 \\' 0 lig-Itt ll1 ei, t1 plan t:.:,
:tlld two tl' i!'ilPlhy lll'ati I datil :.:, ~o t i ll t' I IHh,d lIl'l'
Ihtlll :-nlld:-I} I' SllI:l11 ~ 1I1 )(,lIl1ll'ildt)l':- Hilt! Ih r ft'('d "I'-
Iypt' " 0 1111 ' ill dll :-;1l'il'S. wll id l \\'l'l'e d('siJ'o."l'd hy ill -
l'l' llIlilll'Y nttat"/;: . II lld IIpOIl \\' h il'h th e \\'111' t' tro l'l
dl' lH't ltl"d :'i(J he:l \' ily ,
Frollt I n .\ lIgll:o:1 I~III lli l'tll lgil J.I .\ Jlg-llst l!l l :i
\ ' (( B ;l i n.T'1ft of tIll' ']' \\,(' 1It il't II ,\ F l'ill'r il,d oUl l he
It IO:-; t l' x lt ,tl~ i n' ill'rinlltl i ll i lt;.!( ';J lllp; ti;!1l i ll h i!-t HI',V,
D lIl'ill;! Ihai pe r iod, a~ :-;tal l'd in ' I\\'l'll t it'tII .\ L1":-;
"P II; I :--(' . \. Il ; ll y~i~ o f th l' :--it I':ttt';!it.: ) l illi tl;,!' HI HC kil dt-"\
til' 11. (' .Ja p:tlH'st' EIUpi l'f':' 1.7 :-i:~ H- ::!H f1 i~,dll:- d l,li,'-
t"'l'd tI II II'(' t hall I:!.O()() nlll l'.':' hI 1' 11t' 1I 1." W: ll t'I':"
En'l'y IIlaju l' pUl'l iltl d :;ll i l'l'illg-i:tllt' in .J apall and
K IIL'l':! \\'01:' II l illl'l l. find ill ildd i tillll ulilll':; \\'i.' r~
pl n(' t' t! ill 1111' \\,i d ,' r s 11( ':11' !--illflngli'li. \T":t IIki II;,!,
:--iaigon , :--;i Jl ¥aplJl't·, :111 11 P 'l it' tltI"lllg, :E st i lJ101tl'S
ill d i(': llt' t hut 77:! ,OOtl 1011:-' III' Jil P : lIl l 'Sl' :- hip pin;!
\\'l' !'t' t'l l'l'l' l in'I,'· S lIlIk I :tnt.! all additio ll a l ·17;-".000
101\:': \\'(' I't' f'1'l'i nll:, ly dalll:tgl'd IJ,r 11 Ii lie:.:. 'flip hOIlI(.'
i)o: l:tlltl r; u l' .Japa ll \\',' n' "iri llil ll y :-e\'(~ rl' d rl'fJIII t ill'
,";()lIl'l"':- o f 11 1.' 1' W:J1 l'I"-IJOt'lll' sllJlpl it's o f "ita l fOlld :.:
11111 1 ra w 11I ;111' l'i nk ..\ 1 till' el. ):-:I.' (If t in' \\'111'. tilt,
.l apil ll t\:':l' :-. ll i llpitl~ \\'hi dl \\'11:0: aid e tl) 11I 0"l' hilt!
Ill'\' 1I !'l'litH'l'll 10 t Ilt' :-:I;IIIIS o f hlockol t! (' I'll II IlC 1':-' .
:tlld tlt e di,~e l ':", iot1 (If :-; liippillg' Inade il 11l()l'r \'111 -
Il e ra Ilk· to a I t lid,: hy u t 11l' 1' ilgt' lIt :o:, Tlt c clo:o:c 0 r tilt'
\\':11' J Oll nd !t ll~l' '111 :llIt i l il':- o f l.'tJ: tI ;tilt! 1'11\\' Ill a -
j {, l' i; ll ~ illt-l·lIlh.,lI Jur till ' \\':11' Itluc ili llC (I f ,1 ,11':11 1
p i led Ilip'h :I t tl l(' pn r t:-, o f ] \:UI'("I lWCilll:--l' o f tilt,
bl twk ndi' , ",hi lt, til l' l i tlll ' ra w IHall' !'i .. 1 Hild fOt)d
bl'ill;,! tl l, li\'l! n ,d 1..111 to hl' tl':llI ~ porlt'd lOl l;!: di !'l-
l a llcl!s on:" J'lnnd by 1'.lil 10 real'll Illp II ll irnatt'
('( I II :-; 11111 (' 1':-:.
" I' c oli Ii Ii IH'd II jlt> I'a I illll:-: II f I lot h B- :!!,s
• \ :- 01 l'l':-- 1I1t
:ll1 d "I'I'Y l Oll;.! 1':II I;!l' ( , 'LH ) f-i;"ddl·r:.:. (' lililtl ~
:-'c l'l'{' II l'd alte! Hl'l'l'u\'('1I II) I III' '1' \\,('11 1 i l'l It .\F ill d i -
t':l1l- a lufal of 1.!1l:; 1'llI'ltl y :l i t't'l'fl fj \\' t ' l'I' d l'bl t'O,\'I'd
~.
;t lld 1.::'tJI \\' , ' 1'1 ' dalllilged ill tI lt' :111" a nd 011 11I1"
g nll ll1ci,
111 :-; lIppol t of P ;ll'ifk tJ IWJ':tti olls. B - 2V :t il'l:I'afL
IJo l1ll )l'd F Ul'lllfl)o:il. -, \\'0 J i lll :l 1 Tl'lIk. -: \ftl l't ll s and
apprc l."\i ll wte ly ~ O IIlaj o l' aiJ'fit'ld!' on K } It !'i 11l1 :tlld
SlJiko l';l l. .\ pprOXi lll:ll e ly :!,IOU B- :W :-lI rt il':-: dr-
l in'l'ed 7.HIIII l Oll S of hOlllb:; 1)11 K YlI :-hu :Hld
~hik()ktlllidk' l d:-i ill d in'd :-:lIpl'tlJ'1 o f the Okill:lwa
i ll \·iI:",ioll. l)ItI' il lg t-Ia~ pC l'iod 17 .\ pl'il to] I )Iay
I!I-J,.-" 7,i p(' rc(' ld Il l' till' s tl'ai l';!i(' ai l' l'rro rt s o f I IJ('
YllB f OI TI's W(' l"e di" crf ed ill [it c !-mppoJ'i o f the
Ok i llH \\'" (':Ill Ip:I igll .
UOIJIJI-ill;! hl'; " ' il.'" ill tIll' d l':-, tJ'll di(l1i of tlw J ap-
, II Il':-'I' . \ il' F llt'(,p Wl'n' Oi'l'l'aiioIl S or long I'n nge
l-i;.!I"I·1" lI i l'l' I':ti'1 of t hl' St" 'l'lI t h F'i~hter LOIIIIlW lld
":I :-:rl/ ,Ii 'I \\'0 .J i In:t. Th l':--I' :t i 1'.'I'a fl f1<: w 1i.:~I M)
sor-t i('s 10 .-' :1P:l II PI'OPl'l' ill :l litt le (n'e l' -l mo nths.
i/I':, tro."in ;,! +!I,-I airl' l'a ft alld d: lll1a gi ng- " i'Pl'oxi-
IHal l' l." :i ti7 :I il'(, J'aft i ll tIlt' ili l' and 011 the ;!I'oll ud,
-' 11 "dd ilioll, sl:tf-i llg uf gl'Oll l ll 1 taJ'gets wit h IIHI-
chilll' ;!lIn illld I"twket l-il'e dp:.:t I'uycd or Il cnril),
(]alllilb!l'd l::H 10l'O ili 0 1 in';':. :~;, .1 I'ail road t:lI'S, 2:)4
SlId,t c(' '·c;.:st' I:-;. and III1IlH' I'fIII:; 1)( hel' ~l'olll1d tllq!cts.
XIII 1IJIl i i .\1 ;1I,,'h Itf I ~ )I'-) ha d i lw to tal B-:2Q
:-11't'lIgtll o f lilt' ' I\n'lI t iP th .\ F i ll('J'I' ascd to n puillt
",lt t'n, l l.\" l i ll 'l-!'~' :-:ril h, illrl'llll i;'Jl',\' opentliUIl:; could
IJl'i llil iatl,d, By Ihut l i llII'. :: .~rl U - :W s \n'I 'C un
ilatHI ill tI ll' .\I:tl'i:llla s. whit,1t \\":1:-; belic,'etl ~ 1I 11i·
(' ielll til :l c h i t" 'I' "'l't'd in' IIl'ball ill 'P i! Lil,:-:t I'IH:tioll
by illl'l'lHl in ry IIll'all:':, FJ'om n :\I:t n 'h unt i l 1.;.11'
;!II:-:t, iI l ittll' on' l' .1 IIlolltli:;. O\' C' I' 0-1-.000 l Oll S of
il1l'C'lldi ar il's \\'Pl'e druppcd 0 11 I1lajtll' urban indus·
I rial :ll'cas o f Ja pan. Priol' 10 !) .\J an·h 10-1 5. on l,\'
:!Jii")S tOll 1i of ill('P lldi ;ll'il':-: had IWI'II t.imp pcd by
A.
B - :Ws 1111 Ja JlHl 1. B y th e (,Ild o f th e Wtll' , the
T \\'l'nti(,th .. \. F \\'i.I ~ capabll' of dcli"c ritlg urer
r,(l.ono t OilS of I,olllb . . pe t' IllOlIlh on Jfl pan~
la rgeb «(;lIa lt 5), tile
pili
5, ATTR IT IONAL COSTS /" '(
t iOJ
TIII'IIU~,d l(I !t1 I Itt' 1'111 i l't' o Jll' l'ali t)J1 1'1'(1111 (' IH allli In
till' ,fa r ia IIl1S ! he T we ll! i,,11I :\ F lost 480 VJl B "ir, pi li
c t'lIH :l l1d i l:l rigirter:-; In 11 11 (': 1I1 5 (,S. _\ t utal of I i(1 1
::'0 II 1'lI llJ l"d ('I'PW IWrstlJ1l1l,1 "'l'n' killed OJ' listPG con·
:I :'" tlli :-;:-i llg' IIl1d :~:::! illjllrl'd i ll ('olllh:t t sll'i ke:;, pe ri
Ctlll!--id(' I' i ll~ th e -fil et tha i :::LO-J.-7 B - 2!> s(ll'tje~ Fol'
and li,:!7G fi ~ht"r :-)tlrt il'fi wen' f1 o wl! to J:lpall over p lac
\ '(' 1'), IO Il~ di :-:IIIII('t';O;. tllP lo:-;st,S illl'lIl'l'f'l1 al'c l'X' B
tn' IIIPI)' l o w , L p:;s thilll 1. Pl! l'CC lll o [ (,o lll bll t-C I'~W Wit S
I'CI':-;o l1l1l'l ail'IIII I'It l' 011 B - :!!J (,{JllrlJOIt ~ ll' iJ.::(':; wcre Tile
.lost 0 1" i lljll l't'd, Ex pl'essed <1:-; a Iw rc(,lltagc of Dall,
6
 all lfi .Tlln e, G B - 2!l$ Louk off n~:till ~ t Japnll
..10".u•• •
"0 "
pl"opel' ",il h th ei r tarf!et the ]m pel"ia l 11'011 &, Steel
1 0000 ,--,---,--,--,-.,---,--.-,---rc! - ,,' ol"k:-, i ll Y:I\\' , lt li 011 K .\'IH.:IIII. Th i:; ~tl" i"c i n-
.' il i:lt l,d t Ill' "liB :' 1 ],:tll~;.!i (: IIiI' :tll :II'" ag":lill ~ l til l"
. . 000 f---j--O'+,-'--'-'O¥-'-",,'-""-"-C"O!'-"-",,'¥O_+_+----,f-----j

, 0000 I---j--+-_j --+-+-+-+-+-'-+-----j

,.:' .I Hl la 1l(,:-iC 11 01l1e l:1 1111.
Opl'l"a ti ollal :llld logi:-ti('al ;t :- ped ~ o r t he '1' \\,('11 -
I il,t Ii Bn lldll~ I ' ('(llllllwnd Opl' l"at iO Il \\'{, I'P ~ 1I {' 1t as t o
r(,llIli.' r ~'x p IClit:1 i io ll of th e B -~!) 1:I ('t il'al capaui lily
j il l pt):-i:-. i Itil '. U II i L-. \\' .' I'P ha :-:ed ill till ' C"I(' u t t 11 n J'('"
illlt! :-tag-l'd throng-Ii :1.1 \,3 111.:(' 11:t :-f>:- ill (' hill;] , FIII·I
_~ -l\ / h 'l d t.) he IIl o\'f'd to :lc!"flnc(' ha :-:C':; I .,\' t:lnlier ai !'-

1\ - f-r:rF=f=:::::J
'
U ODD
IT ii fI fl y ill;! " (j\' I ' t' II H' 11 11111 p" I'" !'o ugh n' I'~' nd \'l' ]':-it'
'110 O'
.on .~tI ·
" , Ou I
10000 weatllf'l', J)ll.1illi c llill1cc <llld t'f'j1:l il' fa l.'i lil il"'R ill 1111'

"000 P-lr----i'---'+-
" bt----- flll' \\,:l nl an'a ,,' P I'I ' i lla lit'qllai l'. ' /" :l st prt' pill'itl ioll
had tn I ll ' IIIi1dl' 1'01' P;ll'h Il :njo l' ~ tt' i h' 1:IHlldl{'d
,.r fl'lIlt l Chilia ha sl's. :--i izl' ,[lid ft't'CJHl'lll ',r "1' ilttil t'k:-i
i'-"--If-,'-+--I~_j ...~+-+-+::;o•••¥ .:....t_--1 ..
.... - '- ' ..:..-
,0000
\\'l' l"t ' tlll'I'l,fort, 1I 1ailll:lilll'd at :t 11)\\' 1 ~'n'l. Ollly
\\'l':o: t t' l'lI ] 11111 :-:1111, ]' ,r ll!.:hll. ilild )lall l' lill l"i :1 f(, 11
oeoo I'-'---I:--+--+--,t+~-+~+-+-+-+-I
I ../ wi tlti n lit e striking I':Id ill~ o f t ill' B ~!) \\,hell
'- " r-"- -•.•.
.D. J'OC I " ... ". ... lillIlIl' ].l'" 1'1'11111 Chi ll:1 1,;1:-:1':': . TiI!,;!!.'j:-- illlh t· Tuk,ru-
);iI,!.!·(lya ·():-n k :l -.I' III'l' ,11'(, ,1 ('ol1 ~ i i tl l tpd t ll (> Illosl
- - _ au
.•.•••. • tOn .. tI
.""u"
_0_._ o _ v 10 . .. . .
. ' _0_' _' _ • 0.' .,,,,UD(
o .., AIRCRAFT AND CR EW MEMBER ATTRITION
~ , ....
.0 ." . n " ' 10
[PER CE NT Of AIRBORNE
O N CO MBAl MISSIO NSl

~ol'lil':-: "irli(lrlll' a~a j l l :,;j tIlt' 1'1 11' lll )' . tIll' 10:-:0: ]'i dl '
fllr H-~!) nil"l' l"1ll'l n n't'a;.!l~d 1 .:~1-\ pt ' ITf>1l1 anti fill"
fi;!hlpl'a i t'cl"nft,:2J1 Iwri.'Pllt (C hart fi ) .

6. THE AIR OPERAT ION

A. Twentieth Bomber Command (India·Chin a
Operation)
111 ,\l'l'i I alld .\1 a," of 1:1·1-1 i he Ii I'"t \ . H B 1111 it s of
tli C' T wen t iet h B on lbcr ( ' OIlIIlI:llId IlIm'N I ill tn
pla t (' in the I ll d ia -Ch ilia 'l"ht':I It'I" . . \11 ]los:-:i il1e
pl'l'~f' III" £I ha d bC'I'H i ll'oll~hj t"IWIIl" /Ill hlliliP }ll"odll " -
lioll :l11l1 tra ill ing- ng(' lIl'i l':-: tlll'S pt'd itl' d C' pl o,\' lIlt'lii.
10 fhe Ilimo::.: !. ~1'J "\"i ('(' tt':-. tiH;! ti l' til p B- :!n ,Iil'-
p lane and it s eqll iplllc nl W:i S l" Hll binf'd \"il ll OIH- I'II -
tiona l ll'aillil1;.! of illilial ('O IH iI:!t ul1 i l ~ :Ill"
('ond ucted (,0 11 (,III'I'(' lItl y, '1' 111' IJI'H ,Itld 1110st t'S -
pC' r ie ncecl pe l':-iflllll C' 1 :!\'ailahl to t he Ann,\' Ail'
F() r(: l' ~ \\' ithill t111' I'o lit illl' lIt:ll l ' nih' d St:tt C'~ WI' I'e
pl ;I('£'d ill th e H - :2!l oq!;llI iz:l1 ion:;:.
B y ea rI y J II ll t' , t li p T ,,"Pll t it.'l h BOil !lx' l' CO l li I! Hllld
"':I S ready ill ~ I:tri 0/1(' 1"<11 i(lll:O: a ;.!'lil1 ~ 1" 1"11 (' (, 1I1'lll,\',
Th e first st l'ik(' \\' :l S 110\\,11 oil ;) .'Ul h· IH+-t :I;!a i ll :o:t
B,lllgkok :I S a " ~ h:l "t!"- do \\" II " IlI i ~s ioll (eh:!!'1 I).

7
 "1f JUNE 1944-MARCH 1945

....>.,.,'" XX BOMBER COMMAND

.,.,.
,0 •• ' ..;,....... AREA OF OPERATIONS
(INOlA BASES)
O F OR MOS A
$12$ TONS
1720 SOR T IES

o
(
(
C H IN A SE A ,.
U
o J,
I(
Ii i
01

/"

IIIIL[AGE (lUU 'oIC,lL)

"0 .. 0

"'"
4 ' II \ 1: I 7
"

impoL'tan t st ra tegi c oujediy('s ill J:IPilll hilL were
outside the cfrecli,·c triking mdius (ChnrL8).
In genet'al , targets ~(' I cctt.:d fu J' in itial :-t l'ilH'~ in -
cluded ill sLalial iull s of Japan's iron and ~ tl't..' 1 pl'O-
duein rr syst em, u i l'cl':lft plal l t ~ . uil sto ra ge an d
refin er," plant s, urban illdu sll'inl :l l'eol S, LI':.IlIspOl't:t -
ti on nnd bhipbuild i llg and dod.;: I':tci I itil':-;.
" 'eatliel' ;11111 I 'HlIgC linlitations di cta tf'd taJ'g({
so lcelioll Lo a. large ex tent.
In micl-OctoLer jQ.l-l , IIl1ils of th e 'l.' wellL iet h
Dund)cl' Command :Ilin c:lmd th e Oknyu lIl tL Ail'
Depot nnd airfields 011 F orlll osa wh ich wel'u key
rnn intcnfl !l ce, l"C'lxti 1', :t lid sC' I'\'ic i ng i nsl n l1a {ion s.
TheRe opcJ'nti om; w(IrQ clo:.:rl.v coordinat ed wit lt
canier nil' strikes in :1 11 o " c l'~ :tll effort 10 intel'd ict
FU1'1Il0_il ;I S an e[ ('ctin; bfl sc .for operali unal Hil'~
CI'<lft. nllt! :lin.:l'a rt ~tl1 g ing- 011 thei r ,,'ay to :u :c: i:-t
in the defense of ilte P hi lippi ll('!-:'
The· fUllllalll l'1I 1al illJl' il' illl' ti l' hi~h alti i lldr
day·
li~hl pl't.'<'i)-'inll bnlllbi ll~ by 1'0 1'1 II a 1iflll wa s ('IIl·
pl"Y('d ihl'ou g-h ihc LO 1l 101l lh:') o f opel'at ion. The
:-qtladl'u ll 1'01'1 11 :11 iOIl (If fl'lIlll!) 10 I ::! ail' p l: 1I1('S COil·
!'> til tdt·d th e IJa ~i l' I,ulld ,iltg IIlli l , tllle p l'ill<:ipal
.. ig hlil1g' ('I1t'I':di tJ Il being' Iw d ol'lItl'd lIy the lend
:Iil'phlltl', ' 1'1) 1)('l'lIl it dily l ighL !'l'IIII' II S :11111 la nll·
illgs it wa :o:i 11('(:e~s:ll'y to take off fnJ llt fo r ward
Im sl's prio1' to daylit!:ld Ill! ~t l 'ikp!-- agai l1!'>t tll(' J ap
tlwitt/;Ind . F'lrlllai i ol J:' \\' (' 1'(' a:-. ... (·mb led l'lI ['ollte
If) th C' t:II';.!v L ,,'I'l'lI \\"l';dhp l' 1H' 1'1t1 i!led " jslInl
I,olli hilt ;.! 11 1t' ll l(1d:- , ,h't'lIra!'y \\"; 1;-, ~'t' Ilt'r:dl y guod,
illlJ)I'(" ' illg' tltnt(, l'ia ll y Io wa I'd the lati l' l' ptl l't of
lhe ope ra tion as it rC'su l t of i n c ]'ea~t·d C'I'CW expe·
l' il·llt·C' . ~ lit!IJlly I'l'dl[('('d !,f)lllbing ii'll iludcs, find
il1ll't l:-in' It'ad ~ l'l'('\\' f !'<I i n in.;.!' in:lugul'al ed uy Gen·
{' I'al L ,.l\l:! y. l )e:,p ill' tlu' t J'(' 1l 1l' lldoliS o b~ ti.lc l e~ illl'
p(I::-t'c..l by (h (', II ('1' l og i ~1 i <::"=. extl'clllo o pera ti ng
,....-.>'"
ranger.: . :1 new tYII(' o f <': ol1l lmt wcapo n, a lld ti lt'
limiled fo rce a vnil:tblc, t he Twent ieth Bombe r
CO IlHn and :-:tH,:n'cdt'd ill (':tITying the wa l' home La
J a Jl:l1t by tll'stl'o'yi ll;,! 0 1' :o:c l'iollsly d alliag-i llg- m alt Y
\'ilal itl ::it.d l:d io tls whil'h \\" (' 1'(' wit lt ill itr.: ~ t l'i k ill;,!
I'lI d iu;-;, illl' llid illg two lIiJ'(, l'a fL p lan t:-. nlll' Itt'a,',"
illdw. t I'Y. <lilt! 1I 1I 11I (, l'o1lS 11:1\',, 1 il\ ~ ta ll ;ttiflJl:-;. tnll\ :;:·
pOl'tali ll 11 t :t l'g-('t:o'~ find (Iii stol'ag"1' IIl1i t:--, I I fur·
IlIp l' prO\'i d l,d th orollgh l.'olt d,.11 :--e ITi c.:c t C:-jt illg o f
l it e B- 2D. allll prodtll,\·d illnti ua l de da ta tipOIl
whic h 1I 1:t 11,'" i l1lpo rtall i illl))J'(I\'t' Il U'lIt s al ld Iliod ifi ·
l'atiun s "'t'n' IWlde to prod ud ioll l i ll(' ai l'cl'flft. :l ud
fru ll t whi! ,1t :-;o llllll (, l' lIi :-;" cwdl'l'! ch;lrt:; ;\ 1111 ollll"J'
o)w l'aliuJl al data w('t\' dl'n! I ~JPl'll.
DIIJ'illg II IP periud WItCII tlt t, ' l\n,'lliietlt l hIl IlIJ..'J'
('0 11 111 1:111<1 \\,;tS i;t'cunJiIl;,! (')':talJli:-:IIt'd in Illd ia and
Chi lla alld Jl llIlI lI ill~illit i al il lll'r:ll iCJlIs.lillal pn.:pa ·
J'at iOIl:-- WI ' n' lJt'i ng- I"a d e 1,,Y C I ~ C P() , \. fo r as:-.all lt
VII tltt: ' Iar ial l:!:--, FullC1w ill;,! at'q lli!"it ioll of I IIl'S4'
jsi:lllds, il ":t ~ "b lllll'd II , l'OIl:-. II'ud, It Ll~:!,' a i I'La :-it' ~
i o l'l'Cl'i\'e t lte B-:2~ 1 L'o lttl " d II lli l:-; v f illl' ' l \n'lI ty -
li l'~ t H OlltiJt' 1' ('u llll llalld , \\,hidl wl'n' ill jll'o('(':-;:o' of
f)I'g"llIiza t i o ll alld I r;tillill;.,! ill Ih(, 1' lIi tt'l1 SI;Ii!':--,
I'J'Oci1lC'l io1l III' ail't!'afl IIt' i ll;.,! iltl' key fadCl !' C'OIl -
JU NI:. 1\t44 'JA NU AJt'f 194 5
XX BOMBER COMMAND
AREA OF O PERAT I ONS
l eNINA BASlE51
3623 TON S
1338 SORTIes
'/
p';
~ ' 1I ,\ I: !' ~
t.rvll ing: till' o l'ga ni;" ntio n and dt' ploy meni of com·
Ila t II ni t s,
Wit h t h" dee i, i" " to t r" " s fer the F ift y -ei ghth
W ing frol" the crn Th ea ter to t he M" r ianas,
o p t' I'nti o IIS f ro ll! Jll d ia Cl'as<'ll VII :$O M arch an d th e
1In it pl'c pal'l'd f nl' 1I1 0\'('IlH' nt. B y 1 :?tin y it had
Ill'l.,'Olllt' l':-tal,li:- lll'd at " rest Fir ld , Ti n inll. and on
:i ~I a y Iilll llt' lt ed i t:-; fi rst :-;il'ikc fJ'o m the :M aria nns
agai n:-;i til l' B iro XlI \'a l A il'cra ft P lant alongside
l'u tlt b a l IInit s o f tit£' Sr \'cnty .th iJ'(] ' Ving , The
I 1(>;lliqlla1'1t'l':;:, T W(,lIl"i ellt Bomb(·1' COlnma nd , wn s
d i:,iJan dcd :111 11 ils Jlt' rsolll lc i nbsorbed by the
E ig'hth A I' whic'h: fo ll owing' de rea t o f Ocr-m nny,
"'it :.: I'l'tiepl uycll fl' Oll 1 th e EIIJ'opea n Theater to
Okin a wa al I( I {"oll \'p r( N l t o :I Ve ry H envy B om·
IJa l'ti nlcll i .\ F.
B. T he Twen ry-fi rst Bomber Comma nd
(Ma r ianas Opera tion )
T hl' St:\' l ' lIt y ~ lltil'd " 'i llg'. f'i r~j o f tlte Mal'ianlls-
I,a:.:pt! B- :!!) II l l it ~ to bl'C-:lI l1 IP opt!ra t' io lla l. Hl'rivcd
I II tltc' t it l'at t'1' dUl'i llg- Odvbl! J' alld ~IO \, (, lIl bt! I' 1 944"
II \\'a:-l fal' t'il ",it It IIl1 iq uc pl'oblelils 1'(,~ lIl til lg f rom
I It t' Ilt" l'l'~:-i ly Il f \\'ol'ki ll g O ll t a ll t,f1 il,- icll t II lc t lt o d f o r
t ill' 1la:-:i1Ig- 11 l1d Opt'r:d iltg' of futl l' !Jomb g roups :l nd
fO ll l' ::-t'l"\'ic'p ;,!I'OIl P:-; 011 n singlt· ai n l l'ull1 t!,
En'l'." 1,f)'Ol' t wa s 1l 1ll clc to 1I1 (1 11 l1t and d ispatch
( hi' f'j I'st :-;t I'i 1\ (\ :I~a i II sl' ,I it pa II frulIl j he ~ I n r ia na s at
1111' c ;tl'l i l'~ t po~.. ibl t, cl a t£>, O n 2+ \' o\'C"ll lhc r 1944,
I II B - :W a i l'pi:II Il':- \\'(' 1'1' lIi rl lC ll'IH' rrom Saipnll
;t ;,!aill st 1I 1I f! of ,Ia pa n'ti laJ'g'est nil'crnfi eng in e
plan t s. th c ~ a k : l .i illia MlI sa ~lt i no pla nt 1I1' i\ 1' T ok yo,
Dlle tu dUlId ill ll'dl'I'('llce. Clilly 2-1 a il'('J'a ft bombed
t he pJ'ill l:l l',Y target whi lt' ,",!1 hOlli bed the 1I1'bnn in -
dllsirial il rea uf Tokyu hy rad a r, 'J'hi s mi ssion
11 t;ll'kpd t ill' o llt' ll ing of l it e ll -~!) :tlt; tck "fl'om t he
'\ [:l l' ia l l a ~. a ll ail' opl' I'al iuli wlt iclt ill nin e months
clp lin! rcd l :i:,.OOO t OIl :-: o r uombs a nd mil lcs on
,JapH Itl':-it' la l'gt'ls wh it,lt w (' n ' ord in arily i ,fiOQ miles
,>I" " ", r" I"r"," t l, e l'vi ll l of ta ke-o ff (C h" rt 9) .
Tltp o p t' )'at iolt of !ltl' T W(, llt.r-tir:4 13(1 111)1:'1' Com-
IILHlld d i" id l'S i t"':I., l f in i o two disti nct plt Hties :
(a) P hase 0 ,, ", 24 Noye mLJer J9!-t-9 M a rch
1!I+:"i , T lt i:, ph ase cOII I)J l'i sed a per iod o f t act icu l
C'X PCI'i ll ll'l da t ion itlt d adj ust me nt rl ur illg which
ti me I It(, eO tlllt la lld, ('o llllll i tt e d to l it e doctl'ine of
Iti;,!h a lt i t lld~' tla y light fo rm atiu n precision bomb-
iltg . soug it l III det el'lil inc the ope ra t ion a l ca p a bi li.
I i" s vI" tim B- 2!! ""d lhe best Illelhod v( uli lizi" g
I hesc cap a bi l it ies ill light of kn owled ge to be
 ~tl'ik ('s "'{'I'C' ilf!ail lst. Two J i ll ill ill D ecembcr to
a:-::-; ist ill 1l 1'lIll':ll iz ing th c CIH-'1lJY il irfh'l d nncI
d r fclI:-:<" :",
" 'i t-II Ih(' excc' pt ioll o f a sillall hnl'as:, jng night
alta e k n,!!aill ~ t T okyo til l' pia linin;,! d llrill,1! the
p(, l'i od \\': I:-i s ul J:ilall iinlly till: :-;arne {o" nil the at-
I-ad.:s fl,!!ain:-:t th e ilia ill land , Th e D- 29s took off at
da "-II fl'oll) i hpj I' b:1:--(',-:, \\'0111 II a ~... {' 1t1 h ie in sq1ladron
f Ol'lI)aliflll :-. ill tlll~ ~ I al'in n a s. :1\'oid ing t he intel'-
II lh lia l t, i ~,d:lIl\1 cliaill:-i. (' Iimh III bOlilbing alt itude,
lI:--1ollly :lrl.t'()O-:~ I ,O(jO fl 'pl. pl'ior 10 1'C':whing the
4
RTUKY U5 .l lIpallt':-'l' l'( I:I :-;I , IHlml, bl't\\'(' t'n 1·100 flnrl ]fiOO 10(':1 1
..
.~
linlt'. nI1l1 11l'O(;(-'Cr/ illdi"idllnll.r !Jil Ck to th(-'ir bilses,
1,1 lit t i Ilg- n fh ' I' dad.:, ,\ 11 i n/t' I'IIlf'd ia fl' ba St' for liSe
:1 :-; :1 II:I\-i;!: d iO llal :1it!. :\:-i 'H' II a:-i a l'(-'fll f' lin~ ami

t'IIH' I '~t'lt t 'y la l1 d i llg' ki St' . \\';1"'; Itig-Itl." d(':-:il'ablc

N OV , , 4 4 " A UG 19 4~
Ti lt, illflt'xihl,· 1.\'1'(-' o f OPCI':ti iOll dest l'il l(>d ahon'
XXI BOMBER COM MAND
AREA OF OP ERATI ONS WI1 :-; d id,d I,d I,y 1he t'X i:-.l ill ;,! t 111'1 it :!1 si tun t iOll, a lid
1 1('I'('~:--i l:dt.'d :I Itig-lit n~f Ill'll 0\'1' 1' \':J ~ t !oi t re t (' hr~ oj
155251 TONS 1I1Ii'J'i4'Jldly,\';II('1's, ,\ il'l'l'afi \\' lt k h '\'l'1'e fOI'('C'd to •
2705 9 SO RTIE S
d ilt' " id II i;.r" I ill t ht· 111" ' 11 ~(-' iI hcc nll ~e of' hattie v
dalll:!;!!' O J' Inel.: Ill' fllt'l \\'(-' 1'(1 confl'o nted ",i Ll I an
~ ,, " " I· ... . ,C ... ,

;. ~ :.0
t' xl n 'IIIt'I." IIiIZill'dOIl S .-: illiat io li. Rl'~c ll (, filt 'i lit ics "'I
\n'!'l' illa dl'qllat l' il nd l'(IIU1l1ll1li(' ai iOIl:-i problems
d
of'jI ' lIll1adt~ l'O lll:II" wi lh !lthl' J' a il'l'l':I/'t OJ' till' hOIl\ (-'
21
;!I'olllld :-.t :ltillll I'xl'p('dill,!!l." d illi{, III! , ]1 1 ;,!t'lieral
Ie
Oldy hi ,~.dl l,,~pl,,!"i \'1' /)(111111 . . W(' I't' ":I l'J'it'd , II SUillly ti ll'
e ll \ 11'1' !) !,OO- pi/lIlld (;P. ahhol1,!!11 ill ('l'lI di n r ieR \\'(' rc (':ll'l'ied
:lgnill:--! 1Ir1 ,nll :11"\ ':1 :-: , [Jlld II IiX t'd In:tdillf,! of high
g:li l l~·d o r I Ill' \,111"IlY 'S nllm·!';!1Iility :Inti dl'fl'tl ~in'
I'x plo!o. j\'l' :lI ld in('f'lldia1'Y uO l lll)~ \\,fl :-, C'lIl ployed
ta d ii's.
nga i 11:-i! :-;I" ' (, l'ill pI'P<: i :-. joll tn I'g'('j ~ ,
(b) P I];! :-t· T w o.!) ,\I al't ' ll 1\\.1 ;,- 1;, .\ II;!tl:·" I!j-J.;L ter
" -h i lt' I-lit' dndrilll' o f t hc' {'C)fllrn:llld dllJ' in~ lh is
J ) III' il'~ ,h i~ plljl ~\' I ht' l ' li'lIl't of jIll.' ('0 11111 1:111(1 W;1 1') ~' X
ph :I:'- t' " -il S th e dl'::; tl'lId iOIl o f tlJ(' p l' i nci pnl install n-
11<'\"01 1'41 II) 1"111-- applit':dillll of tht- latt ica l l":llowl - hy
, io n:-: of til l' . 1;IPiIlW !-'t-' ;tin'l'iI fl intlii st I'Y hy hi~h
l·d¥l' il ud l'x l't' l' i t'l H't· pl ·t' \· iHII ~ ly ;1(''1" i I'l'd . Til,· to
l"n'l dn y li ;.rht pn'l'i sioll ]m lltiI i Ilg', fl S 1.1 f:l cl iefl l ex-
dodr i l l!' (If llig!. ;Il til lldl' d a'y1i;.!'I1I fll rlll ,tliqll 11 11 1
1'1' 1';IIH'111 i hrf'C' Itiglt ali itllde daylig ht ill Ce l1diill'~'
hOlllh ill;.! o f I' itl l'flilll Iott'gt'l:-i Wi!:- IIlod inl'd to ill - l 'X(
:tllill'!.::-' lIlId (11ll" l1ig-ht I ni :-:~i oll we re l'xecll tpd
t ill d t· leln' altillld t' nigh t iUl't'lldia l'Y afi :,,·!,s Ina
:I,!!:1 i I I:--! 111'1):111 i "dll:' ! r ial 'H(,iI ~ . 1 he r(':-u it:-: o f which
H;!fl ill~ t Ilrl Hl 1i il ll l!! :-Iri:tl "!'t'n s :lIld 1I1t-·diHUI nIl i- ('xc
\\'P I'I' 11111 s ll n:l's~f lll d ill' j Of: ll1ill1ltlll i1ber o fn i l'cl';l ft
Indt- d.,y lig-Ill :-;il'ikl':-. T llnlllglioll l til i:-- pha :-j' a p:l l't it' i pni-illl.!' ill "'; lIl1i (' il'nt 11(11 11 1) j Oll lln .~ c , fllIll I)on
p\ \l icy (I f O p l' l':t till ,U i lt ~ l1 :-.l :ljllt·d I11:1X111111111 ucl'
\\'1':1111('1' d i!lit'uli i(· ... ('x lw l'il' lIl'l"d ill high alt itudes.
t':lpilh i lity W:I :-. flll ll) "'I'I!. fi'lH
l -' ll il .J 1"1'''1'11111'.'' , ", jlh on l,'" the S l" -ellt,,,-th il'd
"~ i lt;.r n:--s i,!!lIpd, Ih£' l'olll lll:lnd had iI,~ ailab l e nn t i lilt
(J) Pbase Olle, 2-1 NOIJember 19-1-1-9 Marcb
19-15
a'-tll'a~1' stl'PIl;!1 1i of a pp 1'U Xi li lH /ely 1:2.) combat
B- :l!1 a il'('I'uf! , 011 -I. Ft·llI'lIilI'Y. Ihe 'I'h l'ce Hun- "
I..'oll l
Th e nUa ek on 2-1 No n-' llI h(' 1' !;cl thl' pn l ll'l'n 1'01' dl't,d :llId Th i l' f t'l~ ntlt ''' ill ;,! jo ined \\'ith the ('UI1 (

th e ~ jl' i ke~ wl lit h fld lu wed, Of tlH' :l:lllllljOI' !lli:--- :'e w'ni y - I II i I'I/. :I lid 011 :l:} 1'1-' \'1'11:1 t'y f 'YO f!TOUPS of 1'[,011
sion s whi eh wt'l'r \'UlIdlldl,d priur to n .\1 " I'l' h. iii th e T h t,Pl' ]l" lIl1dl'ed :llId F OIII'H-'Pll t" " ' ing were <lillie
\\'1'l'e jl,!!ai llSI 11I'iol'iry till';.rel :-; of till' air(,l'a ft illdll!"- illili:llt'd illtl) ('Olllh:I1. ,\ il'I'I':lft ~ij'(' IIg'fh of the illh:,g
tT)' g l'OIIP , p:lrli t' nlll"'Y a il'l' r;lft cn,!! illl' Jl I :lllt ~ , ('01111111111(1 illt:t't':I ~\'d fruit I II! I ail'lTiI 1'1 011 ~·l ~-o­ whie
F OIII' 'Yl'I't.' :-:{,Il t a g:lill~t th e urhan il lllH :--trial al '!.'a.-: "PlldJl'l' In-l -I 10 Hrl.') nil U ".\[:lI'('1! ID·i.-" "-'fissions Extl"
o r T okyo, Nag-0Yll. :rlld 1\0\)(', I n add ition , 1\\'11 '\'l' re l'uIH.lII(,j l 'd P " f' I'Y 1'1)111'1 11 til :-;i xih cl u,": depend- 10 1
10
 Opcrat-iollH of th e T\\ enty· fi rst HOlldw r Corn -
II III lid dUl'ing tlli:; fil ,:::t ph:l ~t-- (24 N('I\'ellllif'1' ++ to
U MitlT h -J-[» 11111:'1 1 be rl'cug'lli:wd 11 :-; tllf' initial PI'·
fOl't of II Sililil I foret' I (I lila i Itt a i 1\ sl ra I t'gi t' P I'C':;SIII'C
:l::rtlill ~t tilt' ElllpiJ'P, .\.. lthllll;,!1 \ llll ie h \·lIll1al.lt, ex·
peJ'iencp ami dllta had l)l't'll g,tilled 1'1'0 111 tilt'
Tw entieth llOlllbl'l' ('O llllllll lid (IJ)eratiolt , 11111Ch I'l'.
11111 i 11('(1 to Iw 1('lI I'1H' d , AI :":l o,:-: 1I ppoJ'l i 1Ig' ~t..' r \'in':-:
Rll eh a s weatllt.'r 1 COIll11llllti l':tlioll. Hi r ·H'H 1'('::;(' 11 £'.
Inrge t and post ~tJ'il\e 1'(,l'lIllllai:->s:JI Wt' WI'l't' :Jlll'lI ·
g ag-cd ill bpCllllli ll'~ ('sta ld i:--lJi'd :Ind o l';.!alli zt'd ill :I
n~w thea te l' lIncle r opl'rHI-ili g ('ollditillll:-; hll'l'illfol't'
lint cncollnh'rctl. \Vhil e b(JlIlJ,illg t'fI't,tt iVt' lw!-'s.
I'esul t ing frolll th e fil':'O t 22 I1li1jor str il«':-> (' o lllpl'i :-;·
illg Pha se 0111'. wa ~ no t lip to PX IH.'thttitlll:-. IIPn'r·
lhl,j ess. 1111' ctllllplt~li o li of Pita sI' 0111' Id'l IHan y
n d lla ble t a t t i(':11 I(':->:--oll s It'a l'llf'd a 1I c1 tlH' (':-.tllil.
I is illllent (,:-:S{'III in II.'" (' t 1111 pl t'II'( I II I' tIll' lJ1J11 ('0J1 1i.Jat
Itllxililll'y s('n " i ('e~ whil' iI iln' ~o \"ilal 10 I ll l' t Oll ·
dll ct of all ;lil' oj)PI';ltion of t lli:.: Il:lllll '(', Tit"
.JapaIl CS(', ill 1'('( '()~llil iOIl of I ht· nll nl.'rabili ly of
hi s " itn l ind ll!-'ll' i(>jO:. !tnd ol'til.'l'l,d til(' il' di :-: jWI':.:i oll,
C4lllfll ~ ioll and la ck of ill tt'lligl"'llt plnl ll l ing- ff)1'
t!ti r-< di s rwl'sioll 1'(':-: lIlh·t! it! ill dll ~tri:l1 ('hao:; with
a cOllcontitallt lo::-s in ))I'odll {· t i\'i ty,
" 'ith th e clo:,;c of Pha :;,' 011(' . t ilt! blind alley:-
WPI 'P Jis(' losC'd alld thl' Il liljOl' " IJsI,tt' It,:-- \i ;ld bl.'ell
Ill1 c()n~ J' ed and :-; lIrlll t) unh~ d 10 a \;tq!(' ('XII ' ll t, ti l
it J'en l se ll Sl', t it (' l'Olllllllllld had C'1I 1l'q.!ed froltl t ht ,
difficult IWl'iod (If t'stnldi ~hllleliL orgaltizatioll.
alld j",tcti t :d de\'t.'lopl1ll'l l t and hy l'1Ir1y ~"al'c h
lU4-:'i hnd g'athe l'cJ it :fOl'c('s -for tltt' 1;: lI tw k · ollt
blows agl1insl Japan,
(2) Phase Two- 9 March to ]5 AIIgIISt 19-15
\I·ith 38,; 1I- 29s on hand in ca rl y M"r,. h. large
~cl1l e incendiary d('stnwtioll of Japan ese urbal1 -in·
dll:;tl'i al arCaS c(J\t1d lw illitintl'd, Th e Juw 1\'\"1'1
ni~ht incendiary C'blit,z " inil i:tfrd on the n ight
of 9- 10 ]\ ial'('h nitcl'4:d tlto ('nti)'(' ('oll )':--l' of til"
sll'ategic a il' wnr a~:ti nst .) np;tn , Tltr l'J'('c(' d i ll~
9 Jllonths bad sel'lI t-lH' TI- :!H ('ollllllitted ill ~l'l1 ('ral
t.o lill' dvctl'illl' of \'c ry high Illtihlc1 e ( o\'t'r ~ :; .OOO
fc(,t) pr(->{' is ioll Ilolllbing, j)PSi:,!I1Nl speci fic-:lll y
fol' thi s Iypt-- of operati on, it. wa ~ lu~i c:t1 and man -
datol'Y that ti.f' doctrill C' bl~ th orollghl y trird b(~­
fore it could hr moclifir(l. ]\fall'y Ja ctol's mi li-
tated :1I!ainst t"ltc nchi o\'t'1l1c llt (If t"hi:-; ohj ecl iVl' ,
alllong the fOI"l'1I10:-> t of \\' lti ('il \\"(' I'r in!illrlllolillt niJ i('
wen tlw r ol)sl:l c l e:o: , ~tJ'ain illlpo:;ed Oil eq ll ipllH'lI t
hy h igh altitlltlt· tlJ)el'al iull , in :'i llfli(' it'llt [on'l' , lo\\'
& SaB7
:,:uJ'l ie rah'. alld Ill\\' bun.!) load:-" .\.. dt'gl"t,C' of
:-; II Cl'e~:- had U('('II ;t (" itit'\'cd hy Iltc T wcll i irt h
HOlllbl'!' C ommand , bllt by Jall uI-I I'Y !!).J-:i the :ttl ·
\'all ce of ti lt' Japlllll.'~~ :l l'lIl il'!,) ill C hin a alld dim·
c liit :Ii I' lift of ail' :':lI ppl it':O:; O\"l' l' iltt' ]) 11111)) fUl'ced
t'\' :II.'lHltiOIl HI' tht, ;\l"':l 11('(,d Ila :-:t'~ [I III I l"Oli fi lll'd
Uli ::; (' fI\ l!,t tu :-.l lppol'l o f lilt' ~IIJlI"t'llle .\ II iI'd Com-
IlIillH h'r, ;-)o I11it t' :J st ,\ :-; ia ,
JI1 j ust J O days, t ill' I'nt i l'l' pit" tll ]"t' ('h a nged,
Fl y i l1g' in diyidll:t1ly. 1I(III1billg':1i nig ht 1')'011 1 alt i·
IlIti t'S a \'('),ilgill~ 7,tlOO fl,t, 1. I i.{' B- 2!1s UI II,IIt,ti a
P:ltit of dl':-tl'l ll'i itln througlt till' fllllr pl'incipal
"i t"il':-; of .' apall: :\;L :;qll,ln' 11 lilt's of thl' IlItlst pntel11
\\'11 I' i Ild lI:;t ry cO Ilc.:eJ1l nd iun s \\"\' 1'(' dl'stl'o."f'd, 1n
th t'Sl' 10 d ays. Ih e T \\'en ty -first H C)llIiJr)' ( 'OIl IIl IilIH!
wit h an :t'"t'I':lg'I' tli' :)~O :ls:--i~nl' \1 ai !' "J'nft HI.'\\" 1,.'I!J:) I'
SOI-ti l,:; ( 7;) jJt' I"t't'lil :IS lIla ny <1 :-) hnd h\'(' 11 fl lI\\"1\ I
i ll th e pl'Pcedillg :l, y:! 111011 1 Its) . ti('l i n :' l' i ll g !) ,::W.") II
tO ilS of illl,t' llfii al'Y bomhs ( I hn.'c lilll l'!') Ow tOllnage
d l't1pped ill I ht, p l'l'ecdill;!:~ t :.! 111 01 11 hs ). at :J t'o::;t of \I
U,!J p('l'celll o l' tilt, partieip;J tillg (; n~ \\";;:. tlte lowest
10:-;8 rate ye t attained.
TIll' t' ()IIl' III :->ioll to h(' d 1';1 \\'1\ rn 1111 t It i ~ .tl d it z." and II"
lit e i l1lpli t':Jt if)11S fur flltu l'l' pla nning \\'('I'l' ine:;· II"
("apahlt-, B y Iuwl' !'ing- t Ill' IJO lI lIJillg 'Iit iludl' tile
\,'1't'(,1in' l ll':--~ of (':I (' h ll- :w " '<I S ill t)'(': I:-;t,d 11'(,l1len" "'
\\'1
d OIJ"-d ,\'" BOlld ) It,a d ~ 11101'1: lhull dou IJit't\ ; lI :.:illg tiS
J'adu!' I)OllJlJ ill/! 1I11'IIIOd:o , I It t' \\"l';l tit C' !' t'l';i!it'd t o be I ll:
:1 :->t'l'ioll s fadlll ' : tilt' 1I1111dll'l ' of :Iil'(,l'a l'l tll'opping Il l(
HIl I ltt' pr illla!'y l:t q!C'1 !-.oal'l.'d 1'1"0111 :,H tn!):l p el" Le~
"'t'll t : t'll l'HI." rig-lllt'I ' op po:-;i t il)1I \\":1:': II l'gligibl(>j de· Ll'
t' I'I':I:o.l'd iJullI"i ll;.! alt i llldl' 11I1'ltn l 1t':iS o pcrating .1 ,'1
s t I'a i ll ,,"hi e !J addl,tl lip tt) IIIt JI'l' sort it,:;: )ll'1' air- IIIH
t" l'aft ; (' I'I'\\" IlIol'ak l'oSt' wi th each atia ('k: I \\'o "hi
. ' il ll;' IItJ\\' pruritled :I J't' fll/!l' for thc IJ1I Itic dam·
:l gt,d :llId thO:-.l' lo w Oil J'IIt ' !. ~ lIlJs tall t inlly reducing
HPt'I ':ll io llallo:--:-.t,:--" Of l'qu:t l illJ portalll't', Ja pnn's
1Jrillill illd ll :-:t J' inl ,"UI H"t' lit J'at iOlls !Jiltl Ilt' t'lI pI'/)\"cd
ll ig-Ill y \"1 111 1(' 1';1" 11.' to dl' ~1 1'Ild iun I),)' incC'lIdiu I'Y
:t t i :wk" fl. 1I
~\ fl t'r;1 n l I'pf ll I al1aIY:'ii~ of t ltp iJOl ll hill;.! 1'(.':.:u1l 5,
"Q U'
1H"t' )I<1I ,:ttiulI!'! " "(' 1'1' 1I1<1 t!(, illllll('<ii at ely l'u l' all ex-
tPI1:-;in.' ill tl'll tiial'Y (' !furt ngail1 !'-t lite 1'l'llIaini ng
illll'oriallt illdl l:-; tl' i:cl :tl 't' :t ~ of .J<lP:l11 witlt a \'iew
tow:!l'd fon: i11~' Itt,!' f' 1I1'1't' lI d £'1' prior tu illnl:;ion
d" y.
" ' it II :ii :-''1"111'1 ' IlIi le~ of kl'y ill tll1 :-t I'ia l ;11 '(':1 de·
,..;tt'oypd ill olll y 10 days, pri lllnril,'- hy r;IlI,,!' humb·
ill;.! JlII,jitod :-: tilt· "i l:ll i lllPtll'l'illll'e of p l't'ssillgthe
incC' ndiary pro~.!Talll bC<:: lIl1 l ' incl'ea singly nppal'-
(,li t. ''' Hit 0'"1' 1' :\ 7,; B-~!):":l till hHIIIl :lml all addi-
t iollal HOO ill t he pipe l ill(' Sunil to :ll'l'i\'(, rrolll
12
lIlt, Stalt':;;. th e plnn of t-Iw stl'al-c'¥i c ail' nlta ck
flg'aiu:o: t ,-b P;11l nnw in(' llldl'd till' dt':.:tl'lld ion of
11l'!' kp.r lIrball illdll:-;t l"ial f1rf':t :-i Ii)' ill t't'n diary
IIlf'HIl :-i CO IiCOIllilallt with th e pinprlin t dcstl'uc:Lion
rlf II~J' kl'Y Wflt" wC';lpo!ls- prOtILl cillg' indllstl' ies II}
high exp losi n ' altn e\.:,
.\ I IIIO:-;t l:un l: IIITPn tl y wilh the night ince lldiary
fI Hac-ks Ctlm e th e deci !-;i un to I allll c11 th e tl ay light n t -
h ick ·; agnill ~t I'rC'c i:-: io li l'i1rget:-i :lt medium ton high
allitlltl,·, ( 1:1.000 1020,000 fcet ) . Tho a,hanlng",
nf t h e~(' aHa ckRon'l l" Ille OI' ig-i na I n'I'Y high it Itit ncit'
". j ri\.: es we re at o nce appare nt. GI'C:ltCI' bornl,
Inncl s coul d be cftl'l'i Ct1. bo nlbin g ll t.'tu I'H cyilll -
pl'o\'t~ d.:I IIl'lh'l" t hull ee fu!' \' is l1al bombing exi sted .
gl'eill t' l' rilnge wa s fwai lnblC', Jes:; a d vC'l':;e effect' of
winti s lind ,,-eatlie r \\"fl S feH , ilnd all OVC'I'-a11 0 P01':1 -
ii o nnl fl cxihility :It'hit'n:-!! . Dlll'in,!! periods wh ell
tI le we;ltll el' fnl't'c:l st o f .JapHI I ilHlic;lted iI I'('H f;IH I -
ab le chillice o f ,' i ~ \I(l l IJOll1llillg ('o ndili olls, a ttn cks
wel'C' sclwdllled again st key indust l'ia l objecLi,'e:;
willt hi;!h explosi\'e bOlllhs :Ind , when yisunl
bombillg collditi on:; weI'(.' not indi cah·d by f Ol'eca st
wl'ath el' till' ul'ban industl'ial al'eas \H: I'C' attacked
with ince ndial'Y bOll1bs, eltlp loyi ltg" rada!' hombin,!!
Illeth od:-;. T11u s 11.1)0 para ll el sys tems o f ta rget s
were dC\'l.'Joped: the key illdl lsll'ial object i,'cs 5: ucll
il S ai l'cl'lift pIU ll t:-:, HI't;l' nai :-i, IlJa l's lta ll in g 'ya rd ~, oil
insta llatiulls, dc" as une system, and th e ul'ball
ind ustl'ial cO llccntTlIti ulI S as lite (lthl'l', 'ril e war
beg'<l1I to as:;III1l C "~ h o l't iel'lll" as pN' {-f.: , Gene l'n l
1..ol';\ lay lJl.' li e\'{,d thaL :111 out ni r ;lit:l l' k cOld.! fOl'ce
.Japall to Jo' liITl!lld l' I' pri o r to tIll' planlled in\'asioll
and, at the caltlilaled I'i.':i k of ex hausting nll t\\';lil -
able Cl'e ws: he COllllllittt'd the COlllllliind ,weo nl -
illg!.\' (C hari; 10) .
UT ILIZA T ION OF 8 -2 9 AIRCRAFT a CR EWS
'LY' ", T"' ( '(1 H$ 1G UO £ /e "'0 ~.( •
... , __-,""''-''"co'''-''cc'',",,
..,,,'-,-'''-''-''''''''-
' -,-""',,"-,-",,,",,'-,-'___--,
.,
'"
......
'"
" el llstl'." f-ystt'llI, J) l'stl"lIdi oll o f t ll C'sc al'cas wou ld
13
J n fl ccol'dfl tH'e with thi s plan , (,\'C I')' effo rt was
mnd e Lo exped ite tlt e sh ipnlC-'lI (; o t: laJ'ge quan t ities
of ill(,Ptlli ial'Y IIl unitiull S JI'OIl1 t he U nitcd Stutes t o
til t' ~lat'iallll s bll:--e ~, A lso, i nte llsi,'c t.al'get r CCOIl -
Ill! i s:-::I1 j( ' t' o f It 1'1><1 n a n' , I ~ ;\ tid pn' P" r,t! iOIl 0 [ ta I'gct
:rnatCl'ial wel'e carried out on a. hi g h pdo ri ty IJ:lsis.
11- 20 nUa cks haLi to he mOlln ted fl.t minimulli
inlcl'vn,l j e\'c l',)' c Jru l'L hatl l.o be Illilximulll,
_\ t l h is pOillt.,it :-:t't ' It IS appropriat e t o disl:u:-:s
11I"idly th e bnckg!'!JuIHl ,,-hi l.' h led to the d ec i ~ i o ll
of t ht· COllllli<lI Hh, 1' II) l'llIploy luw -lcxcl nigh t 111 -
('l' udi:lI'Y la t ti cs ,,"ith th e B - 20 ail'p1ane whi ch
was dl·:-:iglled ;ll1d uu ilt as a, hi g h Je\'el d ay light
pl'cl' i ~ i() 11 bulllUt'l'. .\ s stat ed pl'('\-iolis ly t he doc-
t " i ll c of Iligh - Il" 't'1 pl'f'c isioli day l igh t bombing
wa s folIO\\'l'd t'l( ':-it'ly thruugho ut Lhe first pha se
of oper:!1 iO Il ~ , H0l11bil ig J'e:;ult.., ,,'Pl'e ge nerall y
ulisa ti:-ofadtll',Y prilll:lri ly Iwcanse o f ext remely
lti,!!h willti:; ilil d pe l':; istt:nt doud co n w nge O,'C I'
I:l r gt..' t :1I"e:l :-:, ' r owilnl tIl(' end of LJhn se One, it
lJeclIllw ill (' rpa:-:i llf!"iy (lI n-ion:; that :t change in
tad iCid dod r illl' wo uld ll:l\"{~ to UC Illatlc_ B y
l\ fal'C' Ii H)·I.', J npa llcse fig-h tl' I' intel'cepti oll had d c-
C' l'c,lsed slI bsbllll-iall y_ Al so, by ~I:l l'c h the
:.:trc ngth of t-Iie Twcnty-fil'st. ilombcl' C0111111!111d
h,tcii lll'n'<t:-icd to lltree cOlllbn t. wing:, willi ;1 tutlll
uf appruximalely :\80 B-2D airplanes which was
:-'1tn-ieiPllt fOl'et· to c:ll'l'y out lal'ge sc ale incendiary
de:-:;trll ctiun ed ul'balt illrl ust l'ill l COll ccll t l'atio lls.
It wa :; ft'll tb e enerll j1 uppo;-.;i t iOIl wo uld be g l'eall y
I'l't..iu l't,d ill elft'di" t'II C':;:; by tl lC cOllduct o f night.
o pl'l'at ion:-:, E""n:ll lIlt ihldt's of ;\000 to 12,000
fl·t,t_ it wa :-; 1Jl' lic'-t'd t hat UtiI' fl tia t.' kill g ail'craft
\\'oldd not sltfrt' I' hCi\\-ily from the anti,tiJ'c raft fil'e
o f eil"ilt,1.' nuto lll1l1i c OJ' hell vy ",eapolls_
The hJl'get sy~ t.t' n l it:-:t, lf slip plietl n \' ital line ill
Japall 'R jnd u:-:t l'in l Cl l'gan izat"ion , wh ich de'peml cd
tu n large' l'x tt'n t u pnli t.:om lJincd pl'oductiun o"E
lli ousa.nds of Rillal l s lI ucoJlll'lI ctors, wo rksho ps
ltl1t lt ufileiuring C':o;R(,lIi ia l cOll lponen t pari S, (';ICl!
t'rllployi llg fI slllallllLltllbcl' of peo p le, Thi:-; indus-
t ry W:l S ci o!-;c ly JiIP.-: lt r d ililo II I'h<1 II f! 1'('il S thl'ough-
!lilt tT;rpaII :11 Hl wa::< nllllt'l'au1<' olll y to with'spr('ad
itl Ct'lIdi,II'Y clC'Hll'lld ioll, 'l'he g-I'cal fa cto l'i es whi ch
\\'('1"(' g l'il ill i ll:,! (JIlt W)l I' \\"(':l I )(III ~ find pl'odu cts "ita l
t u IIt'I' " Olll t' PI'O Il OIll." W(-'I't.' delwil de id to :I ('011-
:-; icl t'l'itbh' ckgl'f'e Oil ~ IIPpOl't from fhi :": slilall el' in-
ill ~o 1'1'.'1111 in c r.iLi cal di s lot.:i1 l ion /If t he Ja bo l' fo rce
elf bot ill a rgc llnd s inall illlll l!"= t l'it's. U l'bfln indus-
t l'ial ;lI'C;l S wel'e hi gh ly cungested and inflammabl e.
'1'111' pl'oblf' 1I1 was to deli reI' t he I'f'qui I'cd incenc1ia I' y
J
ItHln:1~I' 10 111I':-;t.· :11'(';1:-; i n a l'Ul lt(,lI trated pi·rind Id' ~:"o:-i(' /J ti a II,\' , ( irp P 1:111 \Y a ~ t u d l.'~1 ruy 111'1):11 1 i /ld liS-
Li 11I l', Il'i,1 1 '.I'ukyo. ~lI;!u.)' a ) O~:lk:J, 1\( 1)('.
:lnd , ' o l\l)hol11a
I 'IIII St.· '1' \\"0 of !lil' .\ i ari; lI l:1:-i H-~!' e: III1Jlll ign i:-i ;IS ...0(111 :t :-:i suppl ies :lnd b elital eU llditi oliS pe r mit-
t lral·,H: h'ril.\·d by s ix pl'ill('ipal type:; o f IJ Ia' r:lIiolls led. Due I v th e. ph ys ica l la,r-olli of Y oko ha nl:l
t'( I/Hltu' l t,d dUl' iH ~ lire pe r iut1:; illdi l.::d ed: it ,,"tl ~ dl.'l.' ll H'd :lc h -i:-;alJlc t o :llIa d. it du ring day-
( I ) r' ll·\'" d i:rry nl t:lI'k:; 0 11 p r ilic ipalllrlJ;J1I l it-rill. hUll r~ . (,Illploying' \'i~ lI : d 1)J'l'c i ~i(JlI-bulllbillg
illdll ~ l l'iil l a l'(',b- !) .\i aJ'c·h t o 1:I.Jllne I !)~- :l , IIll'illods to obtain ill{' rC't.(uircd dl';'!I't.'(' o f humbing
(:! ) i ll('t'lltJi: JI 'Y ntia t.'ks ( II I ~ l llil llt ,1' urb:1I 1 ,1{·(· IlI':I (,,r. By IlI it1· ' \ l'ri l. :,lI flicicllL illcen diary
induslr i al ,, 1'(':1 :--17 JlIlll' 10 1·1 .\ IIg-II :-f ]!)·I;I . 11I)lIlb:; w(l re Oil ha nt! to nlOll ilL three l:tq!C ~cale

(;q Jl igll ,'x l'lo:-,in' :t itack !i lIll ind us! r i:d
priority pIJj('d i\,t· .. fl"lllll IIll'ilill lll Hll itlldl'S-
• .\ pl' i 1 to 1·' _,\ lIgI1 sl 1!I ·~,i.
( I ) 'i':Il'l'i(,1l1 opt'ratiolls ill SlIpport 1)1' I lr l'
OkiIlH W:I ill\';I!..;iIlIl- li .\ pril in] l ~ I :ry 1D·1f),
( ;1) .\I i ll ill,!! ()pl'l'a l i ulI ...-~i l\ l.ilJ'(·1l til
.\ 1I~1I :-: 1 I !) ·I· ,~I,
«; ) Ti ,e 'I'll",·,· lI ""dl'eli a"d F ift ee ,,11I
\\, il1 ~ 0 Pt' I':!! iOIl-~( i .futH' tu 1+ . \ lI~II :-. 1 l!q ;l.
( i ) '1'111' :lI u/ ll it' hot ll!> IJI'",ralillll- (i lh t l)
!Ji li A ugll:-I I H·j.;.
Fro ll l Ih(' :!I)O\'''' it wil li it' Iloiptl Ihal t lil' ' ·:ll'i ·
0 11 :- t.'· Pt':-' (11' n p ('/'; II iOIl :-. "\'(' rl ;'I> {'n t' li 01 11l' 1'. IJilt ill
unlp l' to i:-..o lal P ;Jtlt! f'x pln in th e tad ieal prilwip lt':-:
I'l'(, lIl i:11' III t'n el!. fli p":!, "11{'ration:: wi lll)C' di~I' \I ~~t'd
illd i\·idtlnll.".
(a) h l-ce ndiary (lttack on priucipal urban indus-
trial are{ls.- Tll tl sl'l'utl d nntl I1l1 al phase (If Ill e
B- :2DuulI d ; iJ II .' ;qJ:ltllll'glln (III U .\ l a1'(:11 ]!).j.,i, wi l li
U IIf'W t: re l ic w !ti t'll :-:t' llt :n·l- 13- :2Ds ,Ig-a i nst 'J'uli:,ru.
:-; t I'i k i Ilg' Ht II iglit fl 'II 1l 1 1111 a \'('J'ilge all i ! util' of 7.000
ree l , alld d l,lin' J' i ll,:! l,fifi;, I ons uf ill <:(, lld i:II'.\'
hUlIlh:-; fill the Il lOs t h igldy inftlJllllllilble ~e(' l ioll of
Ih i:-i g'J'(';JI illli ll:-t l'i: d t'i l ,\'. Di rec tl,\' follo ",ing th i:-
:lI l ack , fOllr ;lI ldi lioll~d IlIi :-.... i()n ~ . P IlIPI ()y ill~ ... i l ll i ·
];11' b l l" i l'~ . W('/'t' 1111111 (, 111 '.1 agnill :-:t Xa~o."a , O:-:nka ,
:Il ld Kola' il l rilpit! :-: lI ('tl'... s ioll, ~\ s 11 !'l's liit oj' th t':-:t,
;1 1t:u· k:-.. On th e l:~th :tlld 1:i th of ,\ p l'il , t wo Il lflXi·
11111111 t'fl'( II '1 :-ll'ikt's Wl' re t1i spntched w hit'll IIl'Ii \'-
Pl'ed :J .Rf'.-I· 11,11:-. 10 lIudh\\'{' ~t T okyo :llld t he suuLh
'l'o1',Y0-K:J \\,:I :-:aki :JJ'('li S . dt'stl'uyi ll~ :20.8 ~qllal'c
IlJih ,!'.,
1+ Fo l lo\\' i tl ,l! j ht, ].j A Pl'iI :-it I' i 1\1', I Itl' ('0111111:1 IId ' ~ cf-
relit \\'II S din'l'l{'d fr ll nt it ... :--tr:JIL',U'i e IIl is~illll to tnc·
t i t' a I sll PI lor! of I ht· Ok i 11 :1 W,\ ill \';l:-; i ull. 'I I ti s .::11 p.
plll'l "' :1:-; cal'l'i t'll 0111 by :-:1ri k ill;! a;.!:t i list ,I i I'd rom es
alld a ir dt'lult:-: loclltl'd UII tI ll' K 'II11 ik:t l.c ~ i:l gillg
1'011 11' throl1:!h I\:YII shu ;11 1(1 ::;hil..:uku. 011] I ~ra.r)
/11 (' 1.:1 Ill lll la lid I'd 1I1'1ICd tIl t he s tJ'lll c;!i c prugnl ill di ·
rt'l,ti ng il ~ p r i l l1l1 l'y ,,(I'o rl Iow ai'll cOlllpl t' tio ll of
i hf' dl' ~ ll'llt'I iiJll 0]' 1ltl' l:.1';,!1 · IIl'lIall i IIl1u:-: tl' i:d ;11'(>:Is'
'By 1;, ,11111 (> lI illt, ndd i l illll :d 1I 1;IXi lll l llll l' I1'lIl't mi s·
:- . iot l:-i Ii rt c-d ~ 7 . !)-1:} tOIl~ 411' i ll( 't ' IHl i:t l' il'~ agaill:it
thl'sc tal't!'(' t :-: alld COIlIp ll'tcd 'tlie pi:1I11l t'd d {'~1I'UC­
t ion u f T ok,\'o, Y (J lw h,lItl:1. :\flj.!o,Yfl. Osaka : :llld
j \:o]w ,
'1'11 (' :-(I'\'t'II!f'PII 1;tI 'gt'-~l': Jl e ;111:t l' k:-:; I't'quil'f'd to I'C'
dll l't' till' lal'g'1' illdll s! rial H I't-'a ~ I)(,t \\'l' l 'lI !) )I an'h
a lid 1r; J" ne ill '·0 h ·ed a. lol a l o r G.UGO U- 20 so rlies
which l ifted .fL.i!):! lUllS o f iIH'{' IHl i al',\' \)( JlIlbs and
1':l 1.t,(l t n~ S'IlWl'l' IIt i ll';o; of ill l' 11 10:--1 1t\':I\·il.r ('olleen·
Iratl·d :lnd i lliportllilt 1Ir!J:l1I illdustrial :II'l'a ill J II '
pa ll , 1n ('flIHlu d i ll;,! t hl'~en' "t l"(,11 mi:-:-i l}JI:-. :I totll l
of 1 ;~1i H-~!) ail'pl ,lIlP~ Wt'I'(' 1 (J~1. an an:~ I':lgf' of 2, l

lin' :-,t rik{,:-, wllit'h ('x lWlltled sliustallli: dl r all ill - IICI'('(, ll t o [ Illf' airbol' ltc ~ (l' O I't.
I'I~lld i" ry bOllllls 1111 1111 lid ill I 11 (, ~I a I' in llil :-. :i~ :-Qll H!'t· T h l' fu llu \\' ill;,! tlllJJe illdi cat e:-; dlJllI:lg(' lu each
IIlih·s Ill' Irell\' i l," bll i lt -lip nrlmll i ll du ~tl'i ; d l'Oll - (·i ly;\ s l'('slIl t nf 11\(':-(' ;lf t :J('I<s :
(,pH I ra I iO Il:-i I a y i II I'll i 11:-:, Tltt· c lI:, l wa s :d 13- :2n
u iJ'c J'al'l . /(':-(:-: tlllIl l:! 1H'J'l'(,111 of Ihl' airiJul'll t' t' 1l'ul't. ,\rnl
'I'olul (l rlou !!
lIn'lI
Tltt' !'lIp id pa ('l' (If illt'l'll d i:lJ',V tle:-.tJ'Ilt'1 iU II t's lal).
li:-hptl II.\' IIIi s :"iI' l' il'S or (J tiad( ~ \\";I S tl.' lIljJol'lIl'i l y ''''llI llff /IIi/ra ....,"l1ft 1IIifl'8 Nil/Ute m/(u
di s('fllll illllt,d 1111 1i l 1111'nil'l' s tOt '1i: pilt-, ~ Ht' i ll('\·IH li · 'I'UI\ ,\ ' I) 110.8 fir, 56. 3
:11'." h(J lldJ~ cou ld ht, I't'plt'lIi :-;i. ed, " "hilt, n,,"ai tin g :\:lgIJ,nl 3!1. 7 IU 12. 4
Hll i plll l'1I 1 of additional i ll t l'/Idi;!r,\' 1II1I1I i tioll :-i. t lit, I': ubl.· It,. 7 7 8
so. R 20 15. 6
I'oi lloat l, Uor t or tht'COllllllill lil W<l S d ir('l'ied t OWil l'tI
(),,:I k:l
Yokult:llll!1 20. 2 X 8.9
d(·~tl ' lIdion o( I'a',\' illdH:-.i r i al target s IJY prl'ei:;io n
hombing" Illdhods l'lI lp loy ing high t'xplll:-i n ' TUT ' I. 2·1U. 2 IOU 102. 0
uomus.

14
 In f1dditioll tn n~dlll'illg' the I\('Y arl'il S of fiw'
I'l'illl'ipn I l'it il' ~ . tl,l' i\1a 1'l' 1I :-if' r ies Ilf nHa cks struck
II p netl'ating blo,," nt Jil pallC'S(' Illorale, Thl' wal'
hnd beC'n dr in 'll hOl1lc to Ihe p{'oplt', .\. f!'r(': d
Humber of slIlall SIII.K:Olltra do r:'i ,,"pre comp ldp ly
de~tro.'"ed ill add ilioll to th e imlu:;;tl'i ;1l (' ap;l ('i iy o f
lI1any Iilq:rc war indll ~ tl 'ie~, JTulldrt,d s of th oll ·
sands of pl'opl e W t'I'I' (' iI :-illl1ltif':-- o r W('I" C Ili :.: pl;J(:pd
fmlll thcir honll'~ jlnd \\"o l'k, SL' l" iolls IWflllll'lnS in
eillergr lley h ou ~i llf!. mr die:l l r a l'(', and food di s·
Il'ibuLi on "'Pl'e (' I'l'n tt 'd fol' the I) n .' l"l;lX('d ellPJrlY
gO\"{:'I"IIIIIC'I\! ,llId Illuni('ipa l ag-t'l lt"il':-i, The pro·
ducti"il ,v of. I1WII'y illdll stl'i c~, lIntom:hcd Il,v 1111'
bomb::;, \\":I:-i appn'c i:ilJ ly I'l'duct.'d IU'( ':lIISl' of lahor
di s pla l"(, II H~ I1t. di !-l l'lIpliolllllld dt'~tl"lIvtifln of 11":111 :':·
pOl'tatiun ;llld otlit'1' ~pn' i ("(' fa l' ilitil'~, .la p:nl ~ 11I 1 ·
<.It' llly wa s fa ced with iI \\"l'npflll whit'li \\"a s t";lpabl('
(If 1":lpid ly di ~ iIlIC~I'; dill g he r OH' I"·:1l1 horn e eCOI1 -
(lillY :lilt! ilgaill:--t which hllC' nJIIl d olre r 110 (' [ ed in'
111(':lns of de f n :-:(' ,
( b ) ll1 ceudiarJI attacks au snMller u,ban industrial
areas,- DlIring- IIH" p er iod 1'rulll n ~rf1l"(." h In )t,
.J lln e ] 0-15. whi l£' th e pr illl:I)".'" (' f1'ort o f Ilip ("o rn -
Illillld \\tl :-; he inl! din'(' ll'd l o\\"a rd the d e:-;t l" ll ct ion
o f Japnll':, fin ' prill{"i pflI urbnn ill(lllsn i al ('U Il ('l'll -
trllliOlls. il lId t o\\"ill'll :'lIpport- ill;,! 11111" llil\'a l ;l1 l d
ground fCII Tl':i opl'l"al illg :I~ilill ~ t OJ.:i n:l\\";I. fill px ·
t(' lI sin' ;1l'I 'iai r(>('()ll llni :-:~n l1 l' l' progralH wa s COli ·
dll cled 1'01' tIlt, plll'pOSP o r objilinill~ ph ofogmph :-;
of nI l ill q )(lI' j:1I11 Ilrilall :11"(':1 :0; ill '-1:1 p:l 11 , n:l sc d 011
Ilw:O:t' phnto:-i. alld Oil illil' lIi gPII("l' ~aillt'd fl"OlIl (II IIt' l"
:::Vlll"l"l':':, ("Hili inn illg 1II1:1ly:-:(' :-: \\'I?n' cOllduct ed to
l'\':l lll;dl' thl'!'l' taq!l't s lin lilt' i,a:-i:-: IIf th e 1'1) 111) \\'-
ing- f;\ ct ol"~:
The COIlg'I':-,j illll -i ll fl illlllllillJil it y fa ct 0 1',
T h£' i l H'id(,l H"l~ o f \\":1 1" jlldll ~ try,
TII (' ilH: idt'llt'l' or IH'y lalld ;111 .1 w:dt'1" i l ':l II :---
p01'1:1I i011 fl1 (" ilii ie!',
The Fizf' :llld poplilat ion,
Tlw adapiabi lity of the taq!et 10 I'lldill"·
hombing m e th od ~,
III \' jew of ihc limit ed illte ll i~('n ce il\'ail it\,h'.
t 11 rget n nn ly sis I"cqu i l"C'cl <I I rf'IllPllcloli S YO it II 11 (' ( I f
work b'y phoUI i lll el" p "l'la fioll ,11Il1 jnl"g't't lI11al.\':o-i:o-
personnel o f Iile COl1llllltlltl headqu:lrtl' l":-", Fill"
e:.lch larget scledet.1. II 1:I (" ti Cit! plal l (If :di:l ('1\ iJa st'd
0 11 ratlHI" 1H('lhl)d ~ \\":I S fflrllllllail·d , Til dll thi ~, it
WII S nl:-;o necessary 10 obtain r;1l1:11' :--I 'O P (, phCltll~
co\'crin:; \':l r i(lll~ aplu'liaelil's 10 tll~' target. ;-Sillt."(,
the enti l'e force o f ll-~Vti iI\' ailable W:I S not I'l' -
'1l1il'('d io clPFtrllY Illilny o f ill£' ~ llln ll (,1" urhall nl"rn ~ ,
lI1i:--:iioll p lnl1llillg' 1;('t"lIll1l' all t'xad ill~ ta :-:k ill\'lIh'·
i ll}.!::1 t l"t'IIH' IHloll),: \"(lllIllI l' of ~ t lld .'" alld 1111111 -1111111'''
Hfla l '(lI', FO] 'I'l ' l"l'qll i l"l'lIH' lli:-- \\" ' I'l ' c:ln ' fllll,\' t'o lll -
11I1It'd ;llId ),:ph'l'ti ClIl of fhe 1110:-:1- dft'l't in' 1.\'])(' 1,1'
hllillit W:lS ,!!in.~11 thorough Silld.'", Til :H ldit illll 10
dt'tl'J"l lI i llil1:; t hl' hC>llll, ill g ilpproa c h, tOlll lagl' n' -
qllil"l'd. ;lI ld I ht, Ill o~ 1 pfl'l'l'tin-, Iypp of 1Il1lllitioll.
l'llI"t'fllI pllI lll1ing" had to be dt'\'olt'd 10 ~l' lt 'l' l iolll)f
I hI" <l iU lill;,! poillt:-- :llltl h , lil t:' 1)I'\I!Jnldt> an 'a dt 'II :o- il Y
of IJcllllhs to lip t',x pt'd C'd ill l"oll ~ idl' riltitlll of tilt'
fHI"I'l ' :q 11' 1it,d 11 lid tilt' ;1 "('1":1;,[ (' Pl"o \);I 111(' l"i 1"l" 1I \;11 '
t' ITtll" 1Ij" I"nt.i:tl' II01lIiJillf,! 111l,t110cl :-- , T hi :-- \\"o l"k \\":1....
1'1 :11'1'.1 nll It i;,!"! I priol"ity ;ll ld ('ulit illl ll.:,d tlll'oll~h~)[d
till' pl'rind uf tht~ \\"ar. OIlIY:l 1"\'lat i\,,'I.r sll1nll
IIlllIlhl'l" of Il IPII Wt' I 'l' il\, .. i l:d ,I" \\"lIl"killg Illll;.! !Iulll's
Ililth' l" he:t \' .\" phy:-: iC"ill :-il I"a i II 10 kl'I' P pil t't' \\" ii h 1111'
rapid I !"l'lId of 1I1'(, I":1tillll :-:,
'" i 1h I ht~ :--1tI ,~ t a III i:t I dt':--I 1"\\1"1 iOIl II f tJ Il' Ii n' pri 11 ·
I' ipnl l"i til':-:, nlld ill ("\) I1 ~idc' l"ati {) 11 II I' lilt, lI i;.!1I til'·
g'I 'l't' III' t,frt,t'l in'1I1 ':'::-i with \\"hich 1111":--1' llti:-:--i ol b
\\"t'rt, t.":t I"J" ird IIUt. .)01]");1 11':-::-- 111:1111' /' n ' llIaillin;.! 11 1"hll 11
illdll:--tl"ial :lI"l'a :.: \11'1' 111111 ' ill t" l"l'a:-.ingl.\" "1 11III1IJI<· illld
nlill t.' I":lhl (', Tlu' :- tn'lI~th td' thl' ('O llll1 ll1l1d by 1
.flItH' IDl r) \\";1:': ill t'XCt' :-:-: III' 711i ) B-~!I:-- :!lIei \\"i lh
lIlt, :!pp lic:ttitlll uf thi ~ fU1"l ,t, til ill (; (> lll li: II '.'" alta d. ,
it :lIIPI'III"I 'd IIl't'l":tt il l\laJiy fl'i1 :-i ih ll ' 111 clt'~tl"lIy t' f-
fl'di,'"I,\' . J:l P:III'h 1"t'lliaillill,t! lIr1li1ll ill dll:--tri:d a!,\'i1:-.
"I' it ll\ lIlI' t nlH't' ill 11'SS li lilll t ltl'I'" 1l1HIl1h s cd' :-.11 :-:·
ln i llPd II1:l Xl lllltll l 1' 11'01"1 opt ' 1":lIi llll :-, " 'ol"king
I1lIdl'l' 11 1l' plnllllf :-i t I"il, ill ,!! kf'y ill till :-: : ll"ic:o; I,.'" \' i:-; II:t1
daylig'lti I'r{·t'i~iun 1l1C'tltlld :-: \\"11t'1I \\"t'athl'r 1'1' 1'-
IlIi ltl'll. IIl1d :-.tr ikillg' IIrl,:tll illtltHl'i al ;11"t';' :-: II.\"
rltcllll" i l h't'llIlial".'" II IPthocl:-; al 01111'1' l illll':--. i t \\" :1 :-,
plallllt'd thai 1'1'\1111 il) til K:I Pt'ITt'11i I)f I Itt' O \" ' I'· :tll
l'II I111II11lld .. fl'lIri \\"e llld 11(, din'I 'h ,d to\\"a l"d tilt' in ·
"1'1111 ill 1'.'" rac 1;11" p l"fI;.!TIIIII , '1' ], i:-: \\" ;1 :-- "lJlI:--illt' l"t.:'t I
~ lInh- i l 'll l III : tc'hil'n~ I ht, III 'j c't' l in',
I-'I'Hll l IlIitl · .JIIIII" IIlIti l IlI i d · , \lI ~II:--t. fldlo \\"ill;,!
c'o ll l plt'l io ll of tilt' i ll l"I' lldial'Y pl"O~ralll :t~a i ll :-: I
"1"01\,\'0, ~agH.'"a, O:o-aJ.:a. 1\0111' . a m i )"oko11 a ll1;1. II
Ifllalnr l"I.n1+ :0:111"1 it's \Yl'I"P :-"t' llt :1~:1iIl ~ t il pr iol' ity
).!TO llp of 1"111' 111'11;111 iUlhl slrial ,I1'P:!:-' wilit"h 1"1'.
11 1:1 i 111'eI ill .J it p:t II, T ht':': l' B,O1·1, :0:111"1 il':-- Ii I"t t,eI :;-1.1 K I
IIII IS n f i 1]("('1111 i :11".'" IJlIll ti,:-; a lid :-"lll'\ 'C'\'l I\,d i 11 cll':--t I'll.'"·
illg iii ~qll:ll"f' lllill' :O, :ICTlllllltillg' fill' Illl' :--ltI,:--I :tlltial
d(,:- IJ"U t liol1l1f :I:! c'ilit':-- Hlld 1111' p:1 I,t i :11 tll ':'Hl"lwl i llll
of (i :lCldit iOII :tI I' it it':-:, ,\ It ;1t'I\:-; \n'n' ("(llldllt'it'cI
.!!I' lI l'l'l tll.'" al l1i ,~.dl t I,y imli\' idll:tl :tinTa!"1 \lIllllhill;!
al alli lnd\':.: rall ,!!it1g" frolll :-:.\)00 to 1+,000 fN't.
H iH I:1 r h1l 11lhi II;! lilt'! hod :-: \\"t.~ h~ ('Ill pi n,n'd, 1':1 \\"a l :l
 '"
Pl'cl-clltcd fill I:!Xl'l'pliOIi til tJll~ g l 'lI (' l'iti a(taf,·k p l'O- Dltrillg Pha:-.c Twu: app l'oxi mate ly:2-2 pe l'cl' nt uf
('l'd11 I'C, 13 l'l: all ~l'!l f it:-; pllYi-i it :t 1 lay-old , YU" ' ,lta lht' COllll1IaI1 LPS cOllILa L effol't was dc\·ot.l'd to high
<: ull:-l l il utI'O iI dillirllil I JOlll hill~ pl'ol;lt.:lIl :111<1 I"c- l'xpl u::ii,'c uomuillg uf prio rity inulI!':I t l'ial tal'get:-)
qll il'f,~d att a(' k dll l' ill),! dayli;,d ll_ hOI II"~ l'll1l'ilJyi ll g uy da y lig-ht. f Orlli ilt-iUIi p l'cc is iu n IIlct lt-
gl'Ill' l'llll y
\.i ~1I111 P I'et' isi o n - UOIII!, i ll:!, lJ l'lll ~ 111:--, od s, T lt e prilltipal e lrod. UI' a pp l'oxilllatcly 70
l\fi s~ i()n plalllJit1;.! \\"H ~ dt·!'-i~ lIl'd thl'ulI;..dlolil to pl' l'Ct'nt. was d.·roh'" to jlocl'lIdia l'Y bornbing of III',
dt'j in'J' a,:.ra i list e:l (' 11 1:1J't!ci s nllit' il'lll I Ol1l1 :J !,!\' to ;1 :-. - I.an il1du str ia l .t I'CH S, :!C'lIernlly by ni ght J'adal'
~ III'P. ill so fu l' a ~ I Jo:-~ ihh' , ib dl':-.tl'l w l i(JII 011 I ltc fir:-lt IIIl'tiHJd:-:, '1'1 1(' I'l'llI ailld pl' of th c effort \\"u s ab, "
IJ
nlta (' k , Of ilw :-..~ \'i l"i l':-; :-;ll'lIl'k tilll' il lg tll\' IH'l'ind ~() dwd by s l r il.:t'::i :t;.ra im;t .L\ yw; h ll ilidi c ld ~, l!lining,
lllent iu llt'd abun>. o llly j had to he J'C'a ll :l(' k et! 1(' - :Ind ull lC' 1' o pPl'aiioll s i ll l pOrtant to n I f's~e l' dcp-I'<'e, "
;11
ra ll:'t' of i 1I ~ 1I rli Cif'l1t t a !';,!Cl d; lIlI ngl'. Tht-'~ L' fl'\\' Pr io r i t.r i!lel IIslri'll t cl l'gct S i IIcluded i nsf a lIu- III
m is~ io ll s t':lilc·d j )(,t ' all~t' ti l' " Pl' I"tli!lllnl cotldition:'. lioll:'; of t ill' ail'c l'aft jllt/ustl'.\'. fl l':sell ill s. oi l in stal-
I"
pl'illl<lJ'i l y tll l'get \\'t' atlll'l'. rat hl'/' tlialll'll'l'l'i i n :·lIt'f.:::' latioll:--, ehclllil'a l plot li b, Hllti. t o\\"a rd tite latl el'
of tilt, .J:I]I (11._'ft-'lIsl'S 0 1' Ii n ·-lig ht ill;.! 1I!';!a II iZlI t iUIl R. pari of lilt' pha:o:e. ill cU Il i-i itl el'tll i on of th (' sched uled
I"'
~[:H1Y ope l'a! jOlla l pl'lIl)lplIlS \\'en' t'II t.:OIlIlIt· l'l·d dah' for ill\·a:-- io ll . t'II('III)' I l':ln:,; pH l'iat ion in s-talla - g (,l
till' illL'l'lIdiuI'Y ('i Ii IIPHi~ l l, ~ 11 l' 11 iI ~: d(·jel'-
dll l'ill ;! t ions :'Illd j'a c i liti cs were gin~~ 11 to p pri o l'ity at day- 'I'll
11Ii lnd iun o f tilt' 111 0:-1 dl'pt l in· paltl'1'1I d f' lI ii il y fol' li;.rhl prec ision tal'~e t :-: ,
' 1«
Ya l' iUl lS type of ill c t'lldi ary I Jo ll l b~ : tlit, h<J z ;Jnll'l'I '- Japan dlll'il l ~ .J une
\\ ' P:1 t1Il' I' cOllditions O \'C I'
ill t ;
atecl by !:il·,' eJ'(' i u riJll lp lll 't' Ilf I 1I1' I'IU iI I ~ J' i:-;i IIg a hun.! Wt'n' IIl uch 11101'0 fa,·o ra l) le than had ueen ex pected, I 'ild
IJIll'IIillg arl-'lI ii : Ct)Ill I)l'f':-.:..: i ll ~ u f the :-. fr i k i ll~ 1'01'('(' alld ~ :i perce nl of litc JUli e ('(IIII UHt efro r t was tle- I H),~
in t i llie m ·l' I." th l' tal'gt' t , l'il', ~\ d\,:llljll;!e W:l ii lak l'1l \'ol"I'Ll /"l) aitnl'i-.: s Oil pl'ilH'it,r il1 d ustl'ial tal'gets. III,!!
of taei i(' al l c:--s (ln~ leil l'll('t l fJ'llnll' il t' lt :I I I aek by ('on - DUl'ill;.! thi s mOl1th : un' I':W k e,v ta r g et s wer e nt-
.. t"B tl y alllt'JI(l ill~ :111<1 imp l'o \'ill;! ll l(' L td il·. t1 dol'- lacked wi th h i,:.rh t·x pl osin·s. T o iUll~tl'a tc ilt e :1 1'('"
frill(:' and s ll l;~·w qll (, l lt. (·olllbnt o nlt'I':--. (,X ll' llt t u wilich the fo rcl) was spl'ead t o absorb III i:--:-
(r) Higb exp/osir'e at/flCks on. priority indust l'itl/ t he nJaxi llllllJl 11111 1lUCI' of t a r¥(>I ~ alld C'xploit. fa- pl.tl i
targets,- ,\ :-l (·."'l' la inctl pI'C,· iOU ii ly , th e po l icy u f "ora IJle \\'('at-heL' da ys, t ill' (' {fort l'xpcnded on the • \ 1'(,
liJ c(.'OInll lilltd Wi! :' to :'tl'ikc ]l l' i(l J' i iy il\d ll ~lJ' ia l tal'- 0 11(' li ;IY \.I f -2G .J UII!' i :-; uu lli lll·d 0 11 I he full uwing t I 1(' 1
~ds 11)1 ,·isH:! 1 JlJ't '\.'i~i ulI IIIClhlld :-; whell "'('ather I,ll" 1" : Ly ".
fOI 'I'Cil st :.: illCli t; dl'd II I'l' a::,ul1:1hl(· c ital lt '(' uf till' f:l l'-
t /i n (
,Upt I ll'ill~ lII10h:-:l' un·d II," 1'1011.1 :-:. Th t·:.:t· :d l 'lek :- o p e.-atiolls Co lid /l ctetl 0" 26 J/llIe 1945
I (' /(':-(,
w{' l'l~ t'OIHIII l' tt,d gt'lll'ntlly frOll 1 IlH·tlill ll l altitlldl.'l'-'I
dllJ'ing- th e st'('()nd ph a:--l'. tite ba r-- ic hOIlIUi llg' ullit , "" §c til l'g't,

bl'ing' til e ~(ll llldl'() n i'ol'lll:tt ioll of f J'O IlI !J II) -I I l t il'- !• li =-,-
••
~-
E~
;-.ight
til i II II
" r~~
plan f':;. Th e pr i ll !:! I'." s i;!h t illg- OP('I':t l i()1l \\'ilS I It.'J" -
TOl'lllc.] II." th t' i'o l'1l1a tioll iL'ad(' J' alld otll('I' ail' - ~ <, ~~ II Ij:-;:-:io
I :l1'g et
pl:I II{,R til'O]>ped 0 11 sl·{·i n;! lii s IJ()llIb~ fall .
f ht· \\'
By l'C'tiIH ,jllg til e bomhing- ;ill ill lt h ,:-; fl'OltJ hi~h SUllli\l)IIIV :\I('wl Cu .. (h:akll _ (isI1 22, 500 • 252, !XX)
OSlku :\J'IH ~' . \I' :-: ~ ' ] la L 11 2 23, 000 (') CJll p lo.'
10 m edilllJ1 le\"l·I:-;. th c 1111]1111 It)i\d ~ t lll'J'il'd Pt' l' B - i!J
h~aW !l :-:nki .\ircrurl PJ:l lli, .\ k:l,.: 11i :W 21 . 000 19 ,1, 080 (tI) :
\\"('I'C appl'ox illl:lt t· ly doubh·d alld hOI1JiJillp' lIl '('\I - (' hi g \l ~ a. •\ r ~c lI:ll, ;\ I 'w.ya _ :.IS 17, WO ] 5,jfi, 000 i'1l.1'lIsio .
1':1 (,,}' in (, l'c:J ~t-'ll f l'o m all : In'r;J~p Ilf I i 10 :~7 p{'] 'n'nt .\ tsn t a . \r ~ \, 1 1ll 1 ___ __ 1;\ aI 1- a' 00 { , ,165, n50 OlJ 1\ r
of uOlll h:; :-tl"il.:ill;.! \\' itltill l .nOIl ft'I'1 (1 f tilt, ;tillli ll;! ~ ipP()lL ' ·t' lliell ' ( 'IL (. n ~vy lt 'I 1282, 230
M,"'1'/;
poi lit, TillIS lit e o\'t'J'-a ll t' JrI·C l i \·t·l lt·:-.,... \\, :1 :-; tn'- :\ Iit :-o \lb i ~ h i ,\ il'l'rafl ('0 ., 1\:I,",!\nli-
g:lhal':t _ I j olt!', lit
me nd(lll s ly i l ltT~a:--C(1. TIIi ... cOlltlit iul1 n·dtl('(.'d 77 W, OOO 1 227, 000
.\ ich i .\ ircrlifl, EilOk1t _ Ii-J 11 , 000 1 173, i()() 1'"11" ",, ,
f orce rt-'(llI in'llI c llj ~ , tiH' reIJ,Y Ptl' lIl it t illg' a ~l'f'at(' 1' ;o;1tmi1oIlH) I hira hllilin ('II . , :JIi it I l dt'.
1111 11(1 )('1' of (Jbjl.'di\'t~:-i jt) Ut: ~t 1'11 (' ].;: 0 11 fill ' $ 11111' day, :-.r!\goy n ___ _ 3 121 , 000 1551, 130 ~\I i ...:-it
.\ I:-io t'nllil'iulltill;! i o illc l'ca:,t't] hUlllhill,!! HI ,(, UJ';J (''y Ka W ll~ :1k i .\ in' rafi. I'I:1 UI, J-i: :1g-
Jll' ~t' II i)',
\\'l'I'(': I(,lld (: I'P\r t r ailling condlwh'd ill til l' til l ' :lt e l'
:l rl l i )!tlhara :1222, 000 ] 357, SOO
I " ."ubi' Oil Bl'fiU t'I'.\', Yo k\.;:tich L _ 3·1 15, ;jOO 1 &·t5, 750 'S tal <', V
and ill('I'l':J si n g ('X IW I'i t'l1cr o f comb,,! CI'I' \\' I W I':'(1 I I - 17 Apl'il
ncl j d et' J"('il s (' ill l' lIerny fightel' Opp0!'i i l in ll j T UT\l , . .. '4 , 4n7, H O /)(' I'ifJ<! 01
fl'i l' ndl y lig ld"CI' l'~C()rt ; i l lljlI'U\'t'" tal'g"d iJl' il'f-il1g ~t l Ih ·1\:-- ;1;
IlJah'ri ;d: alld l,tlu'l' fa dul'~ of' 1t'::;:'l' 1' i lil Pfll't'llI l'I' , I UI'!'lrvYI't! ur :wrillus!r da Hlli~l'tI III ,H id; ,;,
I Hudur (lrop 110 UP llrI'ch,b]c dnlflllgc
tiJ e '1'0 /;",

16

..J_
 Vtll'illg" .Jul y, w(' ath e r (; ollditiollS oVe r .J ap:lll
Pl'l'llIittl'd j he :-.dtl'duliug" o[ ollly UIll' day l i~lt t
fO l' lI1 :1 t iOIl IIJi:-;fo;illlt. T his 1'I >l'1':1i iOII, ill\'u lr i ltg .J7T
a il' pl:tlIP:-. ,,-as dil't'Cl t, tI :It!:lill :-:f :--ix p r iori ty targcl:;
iJl tlte O~ak:l ~ Nag'lfyn aJ'l'a ~. Thl' Illi :-;:-:io ll "';I S 0111 ,\'
Pil l'll.'" :--III-l'l·:--~ftl l. l'1I("ollllll'rill;,! d01ll1 illll' d cl'e ll te
un'l' :-;\" -(,I'a ] I ff Ill e lal'gl'I :-:. Ei;"dtty -two pl' l'n 'nt
Ill' Illl' l,ff"I'! 11111'illg' .July W:I~ direct ed towal"l.l
night illVt'tllli:t I'Y dl':-.tl'lI dioll of Ill'h a ll inLlI lsl J'ial
1),I,\"lig-ltt foriliatiull !Juilihing W:l :-: :-;t'ltl'd-
an':I :,,,
"It'c! 011 ollly ~ : d:t,\"~ dllrillg ~\ lIgIl S t. Ih l' lill'ge::.t
I It:·ing tltl' la st day of oper:l. l ions " 1"1 ~\ l l glI st l!J.j.,'),
-III addiji(11l 10 thp d:l." l i ,~.d1l :ttta cl\::. agaill si
priority tilrgl't :--. Ilib!ht nli s:-: illll:-o agnill :-.I 1111'H' tilr -
;,!(~IS W(' I"l' :l 1:-:u l'OIU IIlCkd a:: 11 Inl'1it , :t1 "x lH' r i ll ll'lIt,
'(It t' fil':,l :il'ril's (I f t IIf'se ,titad:s dC\"l'II'ped fl'onl
t lit' :-.lIC('I':-:- (I f t Itt: ,\ l a n·1t 111'1,:111 <I!"l' " ill Cl' lld i:t I"Y
al t:ll'k ::, I t \\,:1 :-; IH1Pt'd t hai bY:l (; Olli l lin:dil)ll o f
l"ad ,II" IHI\"i,:.!'at ilill :lIl d t Itl' 1I ~4 ' of fin n ':; t u Iighl t 114'
tal';,!C' l . :I !"; 1H.:cl':-:~ fltl h iglt l':~~ p l(J :-.in' at l:t ck l'lllpl u,r -
ill;,! \' iswtl hfliltililig 1l1l'tltud:-: t'ctllld l,t' (':tl"l"il,d ulll
il g<li ll ~ t 1'I'l'l'i:-:ioll tlll '~'d ~ wlti,'11 lay Ulli:-:id (' 111(1
il l'('II:-. :-('I II'd llll,d 1'(11" i lln'l ldiary IJOllihillg, Fi\-e
III i:-.:-:i I Ill:: lilt :: lI i;,!ld:-o \\'1'1'(' ('II IHlu 1'1 4'd 1111d"1" thi :-i
plal l wi l h lll l:-nti:-- fadllry J'l' :-. ull :-, ,\ It ltough illt,
.\PQ- I:: rada l" nll dd Iwillg li lt" Ibn' :til'l' l'afl on'!"
tll(· I:t!';!'t'l. iIIHdli \' i\'11I il l ulllilLill ion " -a:o; p rll,' idl.:'d
by :I\,:t il:ll ll (' H;II'I':- 10 Pl'l'lIlit 11I1I1I1',II'dit, \,:- 10 Sl'e
tilll iaJ'gpj tll l"ough lilt' tlpt it's of the bnn dJs i~ltI
Il·!t':-:l'IIIH', T \\'Il i lt ' lIl ~ " -4' 1'(' III'l'dl'd: ,\ :-lIi !:l hlt,
ta q!'t't, 1I1:ll'kl'I' 1)01 111, :tlt d lilt, !'l' lI l'x ' YI,e hOl1lh-
:--i;"dll Olllit ":-,, JlIlI llrdi:il l' ~ I t''':- \\'I' I'C' t:dit'll to ob-
t:l ;n t ll('~c tol)l s, PPlldillg-tlll' ir :llTi\'nl : llt1 ftl l't lH'\'
IlI i:-.::i oll:- o f l hi~ ty pl..' ,,"l' I'(' :--l'Ill'dtdt'd, :tlld :- ill ('l' III)
till';!I't IilHr!\l'I'::i "'l' r p "I 'I'pi"I " ] I"'itl l' ttl tltt' t'lld II I'
the wal'. Ihis type of aUal'k W:l S 11('\' CI' :1I;:Iill
l' tI1 plo.\-etl.
«(I ) Tactical opel'lilions iu SII/J/JOl't 0/ Ukiwlwtl
i nl'flSio u .- T III':-.t' ol>(, l'<ltiOIIS op('IH'd \\"itll twu rail\:-'
ull 1\.." 11 :-; 1111 ail'iit' ld installatioll s oIl :! T :1lld ;: 1
~\l al'.-II ill :-111']>111'1 0 1" Ihl' nar:1I alld lalldill;,!oJll'I":t .
li ol l:-; at O \.;:in:I\\,:1. 'l'ltt, fil':--I .111;11,1\:-; I'P IH'C:'CIltCil
1'1I11 -:-'l'"II'I, jr"l't :-: II." t W(J will;!:-- :II t llt' \';:illg ai 1Iit'dilll il
nit it tlLle"
'\I i... ~ioll ~ aga ill:--t :tirfit,ld ... t hl'ollgh ",h idl .1<1»:1 -
III.-':-.t' lli l'( 'I':ll"t \n~ n' :-. tllgill~ 10 :dla rk i l ll' l "ltited
Sta l ,''': Flt'pl ill thl' H y lll<.\"Il :-. lJl'g:HI ill 1'1I1'I1(')oot (III
IT . \ pl"i l :tlld l'ull t illt ll,d through II ,\l ay, I II I hi:-
pl'l'iud "I' :l:, day :-;. till' \ ' 11 B fol'l't, l'lIgaged i ll !I:~
a lla l' k ~ :I;!lIill :-. t K YII :-;!JII alld ~hi lwkll airfil'ld:-i, :1l1d.
i ll Htldi l iOIl" WI 10 )I ;I'y iltt:lt'kcd fill'] I'\'S(' 1'\'I':-i ill
t hi' 'l"u I\: ".\"11 11 1;1 di :--i l" if l. ~ \ total o f '1 ,,1 0 1 sorties
17
we r e f1 UWlI " (;olllp l"i sil1;,! 7:1 i'l'l'cClIl uf th e unmhing
alld milling e ffort during tid :; pe ri od,
'1'1", "tt"cks 11"<'1'1' cUllci llclcd " I 1:;,000 t" ~ t ,OOO
rl'l'i. '1'''-0 ItlllIdrl'd alld firty -pound fragn lcnta -
t: ioll bllJlti )s "'l' l'e u f:il,d f(Jr lit e l' ad y IIl is:-;iuIlS. ulli i ll
( It t' li ~,dlt o j' pf)::t~tJ" i k c 1'1'l'(lllllai:-.~alll' t' photllgl'tI -
ph Yl t ItI' hOlllb londi l l;,! W:l S :tlll' J'l'd til gellel'al PIJI'-
P0:-:I' IJOItJiJS" Ita I f ",i t It dl' laypd fll s in~ o f f r om 1
to :Hi 1.f)I It '~ t o pru lllll;! l ilt' denial t o t1.t' (,Hemy o f
t1.t 'SI' kt'.\' aidi(' ld ~, Fixl'd installat.io lls ut lhcse
fit·lds we r e a l:-:I) attad;:ed a lit! rpnti eJ'('d ilJoperati ,'c
til it laJ';,!p dl'g ree"
Tlt es~ attar'l, s ~ lIl'Cl.':-;:,-fll ll y alTomplisl1l'd their
I'II I'PO:';t' , .A t ota l of on'l' :~f)O airc l"aft Wl're cs -
t i llla tcd d l':-.t I"oyetl 0 1" daI11l1;,!t'd 1111 thC' ~I 'u ll nd ilnd
'lOR in tltt ' a i l'. llIlt, ili on' ill l]lOJ'lIlllt t ltal! thi s ('o unt
" -:I S thl' t' lfl,l'l uf th e B- :w I'aid s O il th e encIIIY'.-
:tl li I i l 'y to aU il l'k t lt l' I ' ll ii cd ~t:lt .. s F h'et. The siz.e
:Ind fn'(plf'Ill'j' of iti)oo attal"k s t!4'('I"l'a :-:l't! ~ lIltst.tlnti ­
:tll y as lit {' lIidi(, ld i ll/ el"did i llil W:t ~ IIlailitaincd ,
alld t he J :IP W:l. S f Ul'tl'd to di s pcl':;c !ti s a ircraft'.
'1'111' l' l1Plll Y It tld ocel1 fOJ'('l,d io c'olltpnl himsl·1f witlt
a l'l'li ll (' I'd ~('a l \' of ul ll'l'al iOII!-:, and it wa s 11(1 lo nger
1)1):-::-;i "l(' jo 1:llIlIdl attiH'k ~ IIf ~:ttllJ'alitlll propo l"·
lilJll s from tl i ~ pl'\"scd pos itiolls.
(e) Minin g operllliolls.- )li nillg of .Japa lll'!-:(,
11111111' \\,:\ 11'1' wa s illi t i:d cd oy tlte Twt'llty - first
Hontlu:'1" 1'1lII II Il:tlid on ~ T ~ 1 :t l'c h 'I!'-i-:), 111had t hrec
1I1:li ll III,jt'I,tin's :
( I) To pn" -t'lit the illlpol"tatiuu of raw rn:l-
((' I"ials and fooll into J -lIpan .
( :n To p r('\'('llt tit \;' :-: lI ppl.r <llId 11Im'PUIl,'llt
IIf III i I it :t ry f o\'ct's.
(:q 'I'll di ~ rllpt :--I li ppi ll g ill t ill' 1111:lI lt l Sl'll.
I tt <III. -n; IIl i:-::-;ioIlS \\"t' rt' di l'l'ded i11!:t ill ,. ; t Japn .
111':-:1' ItHIIIl' ,,-ait' \'s wi i II t-Ilt' iute ntioll o r :
( I ) H]II(" kad illl! ShilJ lUllo:-ipki S t I' a it s
I Ilroll;,!!. ",hidl HO pen'l'lIt o f the .J ap 1lll'I'c !t allt
tJ<.t'i P:I:--::-I'll.
(:n Bll lt'l~ adiltg ul' li lt, ill du st rial :!ltd com·
1I1t' I'c i al PII!"t ::; ill lhl' I ll i;lnd Sl':! :Inti of T o kyo
alld ~al!o'y'"
(3 ) Inte rd ic t ion o f sh iJlJli ll ~ Letwe,," K o rea
Hlld .J a pall tlll'on;,!]1 I!l illin/! ]\:0 1'1'1111 ptJl't ~ as
\\"('11 :I S tll o:-;t' 011 t hl' 1111 1"1"111'1' 11 CUi1 st of .Japall .
l ":-:illg' 1':111:11' IIll' t !tutl:: o r IIl illl,l ayi llg ill ltigltt op-
l'ra ( iOJl s it i( lIdl'S 0 f :),000 to A.OOO fcel, :t i I"cl'lift
t :t It
I"I 'O l tl tht' 1'1" 'I't' rrlll1dn,d :tlld Thil't l.'cll tlt " r illg
dl'oP lll'd (I\"t '" I:!"OOO l!lilll'S" " 'Ilill.' it i:- i l1lJ1o:;:-.ib l(,
ttlI1H':t~ I1t 't' aI T llrill"I"" t h,' dl'Sl l'lIl'1iu lI illld dl l1l1 ng-t'
:1 t' iti l."H'd thrlluglt II tillill;!. it i ~ IIO\\' l'stlllJiisltet!
 Ihal 770.000 l Oll S f)f :-ilti l'p ing we re :-.1 111 1\ I hy Illi llC~
wit 11 all add il io na I 4 i N.OUO t Oil!' S(']" i() l1 :-i ly dnlll l1 g('1 1.
T he,:lm uli ll i o f ~ h ipp i llp" d :ly:" I f)~t through t ill' l' r4
f l'CI :-; 0f th e hll)("l\adl' CillIllll l· Iw ("1I11I\lu t l'{l. hil t i t
i:-i 1\11 0 \ \· " t ll:l t ~ \\'('I' l ti np" ra ci li li c':;:, \\"(' IT' i ll;ldl 'q lla l t~.
alld th at ill 1l1 :l1I.'" ill:-llI ll f'I':- s hips \\"('n' fOl'l'e-ill u ;lt
iP ll lpt 10 J' 1I11 th e IIlil H' Id flt" l\a de IWe: lll :-l' fir ill l'OIH 4
p1 ('lt, !'-wPI' p ill;!.
Th l' Co:-.I o r tl H'~I ' I.fil.-I IHilling" ~tJl"l it'~ i ll t(' r lll S
o r:lil"t"l";lfllo ~ t W:l S 1(,:-:-; 111 1111 1 \lpn·f' II I. a nd ill ('I"f'W
C;I :- lI tl lt j<,:-" n., P I' I"t.: I'n L
(j) Tb e Tbr ee i-IlIlldref/ fllld Fifteelltb If/ ing .-
COIIJl li1 t o pe- rati o1l:; \\'(~ I"P 11('gu ll hy til l' Til 1"('1..'
J 1111111 J'edt hand F i fl ('L'n l It " 'i IIg 41 11 :!fi ,I lil li' \\"11 1'11
;{rl a il"t"l"afl \\"t' !"(, ilil'hol'lI(, a;!'l i ll~1 tIl l' UI:--ubc R i n'J'
O il He{in,,]"y ill Yllld,.li(' lii . .\ i J'L" J'a f i " ' ('1'(1
IJlII ·111' \\·i lli : 11 1 an' nl;!I' HI' ll.fi:a pOlllld ~ II I' hO IIlI, ~
1111 Ih i~ illi l i:d !--l l· i lw.
Th l' TII I"e-I' lIulldl'ed alld F i fll 'I' ll t ll " 'i ll;.!; po:-'-
Sl'... :-;I·d :-: p <'c i:lli zed \ ' lr B :l i l"(' I'afL Thc I \\" 0 JIIlP!)I ··
l<lllt f :lt"t n /':-, d i:-: t ing"u i:--Ii illg- t 11 1':-;1' :l i/'(' l"fI f i \\"("'1"(':
( I ) T he .\I'Q- i ( E"l!le) ,." d" ,. ' !<'sil!llrd
i il" lliHl"l y fo r J'ad a l" IH lllliJ i llg" illl d 1I:I \·illg a PP I"H.X i-
Ill: d ply 10 t i lll (,.::j till' POWI' I" of I"P:--Ul ill i oll III' t ill'
~\ I 'Q- 1:J.
(:! ) Th c la ck of 1111 :11 ' 111;11111' 11 1 l'x!'!' ]!1 Ihl"l'I' .-)(J -
("II i. tai l g- lI n~ , IW l"Ill i ll i l1 g" rl g" n ·.dl y i nl"l"c,,:-ed
bomb IU:1I1 at fI !'-tlcl"ifh,C' of d{'fe ll!-;i\"l' fi l'p.
[11 ol'<1e l" 10 cll'l l' l'lll ine tlH ' (qw l'ilt iona l ei lpIl IJili 4
t il':; (d' i he !;IWl"i a I !":l da I ' I'q u i jltl H'II I ill t it i~ a i 1"l"1':I 1'1,
i l " ·11 :: dt'ei ti(.'d to di n 'd 11 1\' ,,-iug- 1I g"'li nti l fl S(> P:l 4
r:ll l' :-:(> ( of / :II·I;I·t :-.. Till' (I ii il1dll :-; j I'Y I·oll :-; t i tlli"t·d
:1 :-.,'":o; t l.'lIl o f pr ior ity targ"p t :-,o ",j l h th e add it io llal
:H I \" lI ll ia ~t' Ih:d ll lall." o f 11 1f' 1:Il"gl' l"\' fiI H' l' il'~
Ic)c:Ii (ld Oil 01" Ill' i11' t he J:ljJ:III('!-l(' (' lIl1 s t lind \\" I' l"e
1'('l.:tt i' ·(l ly g"ond l':ltI:l1' j ' lI·~I't:-'_ Tld :-- \HUrI" IWl'lll it
I'{'lld,'" '1 :-"'{,:--:-;II lt' nt o f t al';!t't da ilingt' .l lI d CqU i PIIH'1I 1
r frect in' II P:-:-;. Th e plu n fHI" tll ('~ l' 1l1i :-:-;j ll ll~ cnlll'"
Fo r lI ight hHmb il1 g l'nt il'l· l.r by 1":1 (b,,' :-in('(' 1111'
1:1(·1, of 1I 1'1I1i1ll 1('l d d id al"t' t! 'lgHi list d ay li;.!·h(
nttH ck s.
Bchr(,t' H :W .J III H ' :l11d 1-1 .\ 1Ig"1I 1-1. III i:- :-: ltJH ~
1.-1
\\"(' 1'(' {I owll ag:l inr-:t 10 ial"gl'I::i, a iu ta l () f I.:WO air·
c rn ft W('I'I' ai l'ho l·IIf' . of wll it· 1! :.!O \Yl' rc' au xi l i:ll'Y
il i 1"(" 1':1 H. :1 lid I.O!!:; o f I he bOll l hi Il;! a i l"l"l'fI ft iJl lIlIU('tI
t il<' prillllll'Y la rg"('t_ Tl ll~ lll is:-: illl1:- w (> l"r ali -II i;..!:"!
IIri:-::-: il)Jl!-i and n., IWl"el'nt u f llip hn ili bill g: \\":1:-; dO ll(,
IJ.,- I'nd ar wi l h II H' Il:--P flf th e ,\I'Q - 7 l'CJl li pll ll·n l:
!1,ilH I IUlI llh:-; " -l' l"e dl'o j1j1f'd o n I'l'i lll:ll'Y lal";!t'f":-- .
i-
1110:-.1 of ,,-h id l w a ~ l'l' pl'C'Sf' llil'd by .jOO -poll !Hl GP
110 III iJ:-:.
B ('eall'" II ,,· 13-~! IB , 1I'iPIWd a i!'tJ'aft we !'r able
III c<ll'l'y bClII!1 , luad ;;: ;!!'I':l lf' 1" 111:1 11 :Ill y o f t ll r othel'
w il1g:-. til e an ' I'ag"(' h011l11 11):111 inc l'l':lsed fl"flm
4
1-1·.fi:1 1 pu u nd :..; 11 11 til e fir~t IlI i:-:::::ion i o :!()J;·~S
poun d:- oil till' !-1 iril\p :1,.!!:l iJl:-. t ti lt' K i ppoll Oi l He,
fillt'r,)':11 .\ IIl :1 t!HSHk i 1111 !) Au g-utit. Duri ng its en-
t i n" Opt ' l'il l iOIl. the T hl"l'l' ll lI lI tll"l'd an d F iftl'l~ Il ' h
\ri llg" Iw . j· (lill y '" :l i J"{' l"afi , o r n.:!.) pcrcc nt o f the
a i rllo!" II I' cfJlld wilh {ii i d nma;.!"l,d. :lnd:!O ca~ufl lt il's.
011 1,'" Hi iltiad;::; \\"t' I'l' s lI :-t a ille-d fl 'OIlI (, IIt' Ill Y ai r-
("I"i,ft. d:tIlI:l g-i l1g" (J il l' B -~! I _ No d nim:;; (If t'1l1'1I 1Y
:1i l'I "I"il ft d t:':--t l'Oj"l'd W(' I't.' 11I illl t,.
Till' tll ';.; t 1'11("1ion 'Ii· h i(',-!'d 1. ,- I b i:-: ra il 11 I' hln ll billir
ni r - Wil S h(on ,·y. .\ (·oll ;.;i dt' l"iI ]lh: pu rt ioll of ,Japa;l ~
:-; tl1r:I ~f' 4 I n ll k t'ilJllI l' il y :1 ;0; \\"f' 11 ;1 :-: 10 Sl'P:I!'il l ,' !"yll -
I 11 C"l it" :l 1Il11'('f"illi ug lIu i t:-. \\'('IT' tll ';.. tl"l1yed (II' ileayi l.'"
d all l :J ~pd. T h"!'-l' COl1q )l'i:--pd :l II l:1j nl" p orti lm of
.I :ljHI I H':-il' (Iii "en l1 i ng" all d :-,to J'ilg-e C'apaci t y .
(g ) Tbe (ltomic bomb op erfll i oll .- O ll (; _\ lI:zust
1'",.. l !l"";). I ltl ' _ \ J1i(, ~ ' Ilf'w alit! :--t't'l"l' t \\"('a poll . i he ;tlolllic
11/)IIlJ.. " -n :-i l·ltlpl oYl'd H,.!!:I i ll:- t· ,Iapall. Tll is ntl atk
IIlId t hI' :-' lIhs"(I III~lI t II llt ' 011 U .\lI g ll si " .(' 1"(' the
('l1lnl ill:l l ill ll ti l" .'" 1": 11":-- 11 1'1"1' :-'1'01 1"1 ' 11 nll d IIIUII I"!'- uf
1':1 I"('fllllnl i l li llg . S II J'C)II,il', 1 in great !'l'C I"l'CY. t\tf'
F in' l-Il1udl'l· t! alld ·i \ ill th ('lIll l p o~ ile (i l'oll p had
fOI·nw d II lI d tTa ilw d ill j hl' dl's(, l"t o r rtnl l :lnd
1l10 \"( ·t! IJ\"PI":-;I'II:-; I n i l ~ I-l ali o ll. ~lIrth F it' 1t1 . Ti ll iall.
i ll Ill . . j\ l lll"i'I1 I:I!--. Fn HII Ihi s hn:--f'. i t had fi r!'t
tl o\\"11 Ill"aCI il'f' III i :-::--i, )11 .... I " ·PI" .I a I)-lI t' ll l i:-- Ililld s. I h (ll l
o n 'l" 111 (' Eil l p i n ' it:-.plf , 111'll ppil l;! T:\T-fil led
"IJl ll"~ wi th h.dli:-:l il":-: :-illi i 1:1 I" til tlw at t)!ll il' UU llI h
wen' fn ll tl "PI'Y hi;!h a ltit llcil' /0 ill l pl"(n-e lill' :H ·I·llI':H:~­
uf th e I )(Jlld )al'dif' I ·~ .
:llId f:lllli li a l' izC' th e nl'W c
i ho l"ollg"ld y wi th the cOll stli llf' an d t opog l"ilphy fl f
.Ia p:lI 1- 'f il l' lal";,.rl'i :-- fill" t ilt' :d Oll 1i c ho m hs hild s
hpC' 1l 1:1J';.!<'l y l'xc 'lud (ld frllm :Ill y ot h cL" ty pe of al- s
1:lck I,." :-:('C' !"I" d in ',·1 in' r l'olll \r n ~ hi ll~ t llll alld t ll\l~ fi
r on.. i it llj (,tI :r Ill''' ''' .'" 1I11 i"t IU l"llt'd p l'O\·ing g-rolllld
f(JI' lIl t' (\ 11 Iplll.'"111£'11 1 o f I 1t i ~ \\"(' aplll1_ By J A U1JlI!'t
"
Ii
I!'-I.i I he t 1":1 i II i 1I g' \nl S ("1)111 pl ('le :I lid t he- 1111 i t I'{'ndy. II
ii,
T lll~ .J o ill t (,hir f :-- o f ~ t nfr \\"1'1'(, ~o illfol"llIed ill;d
:11 1 OJ'dl·l· " -:1:" l'('(·I·in't! by llt) llIhl'lal' t c r :-. T " -l' llt iclh
.\ F j o d ispal (" 11 Ilw f"ir:-- t ],omb ng"ll i li st Il i l'o;o:hilllll. 1/1
J;'OIlI' Hlld :-:t ,,' PIl - t (' IlI It;.: ~q ll il n' !niles o f l-T iro:--hilllll. or
fi() p(l l"c(' n t o f t 11(' l·i ly ':-, lJll i ll · np :\1"(1. 1. l"om p r ising 10
Il Ji l it ill'." siol'r :-i tlll rlIH'IH!q llilI"lCI"S. a rilly {lppol ~ ,I\f'..r pc
.... h ip p i llg" :l lld :-;llIl't1 ~(, f ill·i l i i ie:-:. we l"(' de::.: tl'Or('d. PI"!
On !' .\ Ilg"lI st tll (, :o;pct) ll d :I tOIlIil' I)o mb WH:-: dro pj)cd. Ill .
IIl1t W1 til l' primfl !"Y l;" ·g-et. t he c l l1 ud -t.:o\"(.' l'cd e" I
Kukul ':\ 111':--(' 11 :,1 :lml III'hall i u dll~l l" i al fl l"('ilE. hul oll S ill
18
th e sccondn l'Y ta1'get·, tll r lI1'b,ll1 ind usi r i'll a l'e a.
o f ]\' ag n!"-": l1ki , ba re ly ,' i ~ i h l e to t he bom ba rdi cl.'
rhl'IlIlg h:l I'irl i ll t li e> (' lowJ s, 1-Icl'c ·1·1 percent of
t bl' IJi l i li - li p an' ,l. O I ' 1...J.,. Sfll lill'(, Ill ilr:-:, " ' ;I S iJllrn ed
lin d razcd . 1\ 0 l'i l:-: llil lt il':-: \\"(' I"e ~ ufl'e J"ed by t he
a jt; t(' king a ircra f t.
T hese atta cks Itad it ( 1"(, 1l 1(, 11I 10 Il s i llil J:lct l l pOll
J a pa n. <.:ollli lig nt a tim e \\'hl'lI tlte capa city and
wi ll o f tlw I)('o pl(> to c'o ll l illuI~ tIll' \\';] t' Ita d bc'ell
~lI bsia llti:1 l1 y rr,du cf'd. Till' l'api l ll l ill iol l 0 11t'1' w aR
1l1; lde on 10 .\ l1gIlSt. t'he day [0 1I o\Yi ng- th e ~l'con d
a t om ic' bomh ;Il t :tc].;.
(h ) AVscetl" 1J.eolls opel'tltions.- " 'o l'!·hy o [ 1llf'II '
l ion i ~ t,ll e Sig ll i fi cilllt" eff o l't wlii ch "'ns d i:.:; pat(' ll ed
011 I ll i ss ioll :':; I l th t,), t it a n COlld ,. !! . T llt':-'I' m i:-::-:io n:-!
\\"(' I'C' an e :-:~(' l1 l ia l \'11 111 l'ilJl Il i li ll t I l t]lt~ o n ' !";! I] CIJ Il -
d l H't u f tIll' ~tl": d q.!· i l ' a i l' U i H~ l' a t i oll, .\ l ob I o f
1.-1'/ 1';: so rt i ('~ i l l t !ti !-' l" tlh'g o l'Y. ,. IH' I,("f' lIt of t Ill' 101:11
('ffor l , \\"t' n' fl o w II i ll (' Oll lit 'd io ll " ,i t II : SI":I I"(· 1t IHi s-
~ i () n s f ol' 1H't":::rlll llr l dt l WlI 01 1 :-:\'11: 11 :1 \' igal i fJlIlI I ps-
to d ' (I ig hl s fo r H ~ht(' t" ni n': l":lft: \\'(,:l l lt el' 1"f'eOli lluj s-
Sa nee : \' i:-:ual :lIl d rada r n'l'o ll ll ili ~~;]I ](' (' : find pJ"I)pa -
gil nda 1L':1fi et 1l1 i ss io n;.:,
7. POST WAR OPERATIONS
" ' itlt 11ll' l'C':-::-:atio ll o f :11.:111,,1 h o:-;t i litil'~ on 1,1
.\ .lIg llsL the './" \'f'nt i t:' t lt Ali' we ill nil g r o lll id .d l' l't
" 'i i IJ 110 11 11) loads. II i n.'I'<I f L flil d c re ws I'ea dy f o l' d is-
Pil l"c lt on Ill ill illl lll ll Iltl l it t'. JI W;I S ut thi s t ime ,'hat
tIll' ]1 l"il j,'('t· fiJ I" Ih opping" II luch neede(lllll'd i('al alld
.rood ~ lIppl i p:, h I (;:).:100 .\.lIi L' l1 pr isoners o [ \\' 111 ' ,,'as
a:-;:,i,!!ll cd I Ill"', ' "lIB 1"01 '1..'(':-:, T ill' 1"l,r [ll i n : d l)J"oyi -
:-:i() Il S ,w' l'e p:lI' kf'd :fO I" p:ll':1l'IJllte d r oJl il ll d w er e di s-
p;I t<- IH,t! \111 1il :I ll know lI P J'i SO ll l' J' curnps had L ('<'ll
(' \':l l'll at cll. T hi s t,f[o r c cO II I ]Jri Sl'd 1.010 sort if's
",hid l ~ 1I t' \ ' ( ':-s r llll y d l"opPl'd 4.104 /011 :-; oJ supplies
ill i o ]..:t Pl" i:-;Ull l'l' (' ;1 I1IJl:-; ill ;1 l'I I ~t- o f ~e\'(' 11 ai rc r:rf t
lo,i.
'.11 \\.· :-:i:!!ll illg" 01" tilt' !-.uJ' rt'IJ dl'J' j ll T okyo Ba,\'. Hiltl
t ilt' oCT u p:d i l l" (I f o j Itl' r po i lit....; ill .J:l Pll ll il nd K ore:l
l1 l't·(':-::..;i l:l1 t'c/ ti lt' di :-: pa h 'h il1g" o f t lt rce :':-:Ilo\\' o f
fIJ 1'C p l ' I ll i ~:..; i()II :-: . \\, 11 0 :-:(' :1:-::-: igll ll ll'lIt it " ';1:-; t o patrol
t lt e a I"P:I ... fl"Ol1l \\' li it h trollhl e 11I ig lt t 11f' l' XpC'ct('ll
d Ilr i Il ~ i.I d 11:11 d i:-: f' 1rt 11<1 J'J..: i lIg <l nel i ll j( in i 0('("11 p:" iOll
I1 II 1\ ' ~' III C I1 ts.

PART II

1. ENEMY OPPOSITION AND COUNTER- l'On:-:till ti l 'c1 a :--:t'l' i o ll :--: tl lllt oH,!!h {(, Iu po ra!"y prolJlcllI ,
MEASURES i-: lll'lIl .' · ;lir opposi l io l l I't':lI'h ed its ]lpa koll:27 .J ;tI1 "11 ~
II I'S W lt t' ll : 1(; .B-~!):-; \\"l' re ~ u lJj l' L' fLo d to !)8-l: L' 1l (> IIl Y
~\Iltll y ~ i s I)f t lte (, 1I (, 1I 1Y uP Jl Cl~ iti o ll (' IlCOllll il' l"l'd fi,!!l lll'[' atta cks \\'h ic!J dl':-:h 'oYl'd !) R - :Ws, S C: '·Cll t." -
11." n-~!) cOlltl .. d IIll i l ~ thl'l)J lg1loll t til{' :-:tl':l t l'gic a il' :0:(, , ' , ' 11 l' II ,' III," ri gl lil' r:-: \\" 1' 1'\ ' d,':-:l l'oyetl (lI ' p l'ohabl y
" 'a I" ag-a in... t .h IP:111 ilidi l' il tC':o: th ill. al t lt o ltg- h ho :;; t i ll' dl':-; t I'OY(' (1. Fn l il l Ihi ~ d a l ~' . (, lll'l ll,\" j'ig-!ttt, [" nl l nd,: s
/'if!"h t C' 1' nnd fi nk illfli ded (,o tl!' itl (' I'nbl e (j ill n:!g!' to d l't"I"(' a ~{' d ~ l t' ; l di i .'" ill hilt II lll ll ll lw l"s :l ll d i1J tl' ll ~ i t .Y
0 '11 1' IIH it s 011 II 111111 1l1C I' of o('C':J SiO IlS, th e. 0\,(~ I'- : tll
c fi'P(' l i \"(' lW:-::-: II i' .Ja p d ef el1 sC's IIcn' l" COlI sli tll ll't i :I

:-:l' r io u:-; Ih l"C' ilt 10 t he flr('f1 l1 l pii ~ h ll l l\ ll t o r lIlt-, In i :-: -

ENEMY FIGHTER REACTION
:-: io n of strnl egi ' ;l i l' W;l rt'ill'l' , ] L is ;lp pal'C'tll' il fft'r
Sl l1 '\, l' Y t h il t p , ' pll had mo l'£' H l b:-il:t Iii ia I 1I 11111hl' l"s of
Hg-htf' l"s bpe n rlisposed in defense o f t1 w 110 11 1('
islan ds. the .l a pnnesc ai l' st n lteg," "lIll c Ol l c ept w a ~
di st ind ly linlit etl . lind litt le npp l'cciab lC' crrl'<:i •
wou l(l hH \'e ),(,pn fl' lt 0 11 1111' t' tnpl o.'"lll cnt o f ,'pr y
hf'll".'" bOlnba l'(lm eli L
'1' 11(\ 1l 10st s(' rel"e :1nd ill t e n ~p . J:l p: ll l e~l' fi gh te r
iutc' J"(:(>pti n ll O('l' tIlT C'c\ tl llrill;..!.' tl1l' fi r:-it :-~ ll }()ll l h.-:
fJf opvl'a li ull f ro ll l t li l' "i\I:1l' i: II1i1 ~ (:2-1. Ko n'lIlber
1n./..1-25 F elm, ary 10+r,) ((' harl 11 ). J) \l r in!! liti ,
pel" io L t he e l](~ m," \\'as :I ble to ('Ollee n t ra te It is fight -
e)"s in the llL' fl' Il ~(, (d~ a fcw kl'Y ;11'l' il S ill ",!t ic ll 1"1 It '
major ity of p r it lrit y illli ll st l' ia l h ll',!!f'b"i \\" 1' 1"1 ' 111-
('al (>d , li nd by :--: ]ll'(, 1" llulll lw l':-: .!l on e 'l g a i ll:-J t till'
small f Ol'el's (If B- :2Ds il\';li ia bll'. t 1ti ~ ill tprcl'pl io ll C HA WI' l l

19
 of ail;H 'k uni i l .j .JUIl\..' J!)·I-:j WIIC'11 t he Iil tit :dt (' ll l p t

<It,l"ITl'cti ,'p a ir oppos itiull Wi t S CtltO till tcJ'cd. On .., r---------------------------------------,

JDD __ ._ • • • • • ____ • ______ • __ • ____ ••
t hat d :llf', .1:''; :: B- :t!l:-. " ' {'J't, s lJ1Jjt'(' j I'll to fiii fi g ht!" ,
JAPANESE AI RCRAF T LOSS ES
aHill'k..... ~i llt· B - :!:I:-, W(' I'l' lost (0 l'II'..! III )' fink HllIl
'-i;,!'I II"('l's " 'hill· (i!1 Japa l!l':--e fi;:ld l' l'ti Wl'l'e I..' la i IIH'd.
' .. If· .. •• • .. · ................ . ....... .
Till' d i lil i lli :. dli t l ~ J-;l p:l IlP~l' i llll'I Tt'ptioll (ChurL
J I) Jllity lit· :Ii i ri hill I·d j I) jill' fflll0 ,yi 11g" fact Ul's:

o. Steadi l," in{'l'easi tl:,! 1Hlll l h c l::-i uf B-~f)~ W\'I't' n,

thl 'II WII itdfl t lt l' HiI' u ti'l' I1 :-.in· ,1\1J' in ~ Ft'ill 'U;IJ".".
M"rcil . ;\ j>ril. "lid M,, 'y of 10·1:;.
D[5I ~ DHD ,,!
h. 'r ho I O\n" l'ill~ uf bombinp- all it Utlll:- alld t he
im': l'l'u:-. il1 g n-~D f o t'ct' pf' t'Il1itt r d g n 'il tt· 1' nlll ~(, ,lilt!
o rrC'I'l'll fl wide'l' ~(' l t 'di HIl o [ taq!t·t s. Till' J iq )
('oLl ld i hl're fo r!..' I\u IOIl :,!l' J' l'O tl('t'lltr:il e It i~ d('fl'tl ;-:p ~
., ....... . . ... ...........,~ ........

ilt a [ ew point:.;. .. . . .. . ............. .

'"
c. _\. In I'gc p it r t u f Llll' n' lI l a in i tI ~ l'lIl' lllY n i ]' f Ol'n' ..,
w as ('x pcn dt'll during .\ pl' il il nd J\ I":I,\' i n a lh::' ltlp t s
10 itaH.HI C illnl ;-oiull oj' OJ.: ill llW a, ..
d. J:ll1a l1('s(' ai t'i'l 'il l'i pl'oduciioll had IJt'l'lI I 'e -

du ced.
(" '''iilt
t It a t a d c('isi otl
los::; il l' Ok in a wa. it I Jl'('lI l1ll' l'\'j( II' II I'
th e
Ill;! d e hy t Il(: .J;] 1);1Ilt,::-:(' to ':.!Tilll1l1 I
\\' :1 :-; "
n large ])1I 1'l uf hi:-i I'P llIa i ll i ll1-! ili nTilFt f ot' li St '
il ,!!;Ii I Jsl t lt t, tltn' ail' Ia'll ill\' fI !,,;j(}1l o f hi s Ilflllll'l.tnd .
f. Fi g l lli.' I' I':-ocor! fU!\ 'I':-; 11('I' itlllt' :Inl i l ,ti ,l e III t Ilt'
B-:!~Js 011 7 ,\p ril ,,·lte]) "(']'Y l(j ll ~ I'itll~'t' 'P-,-I I ~
b:t !-.t'd :ll Two .I illin e:-i('ll l't l'd :1 str ikitl;,! I'llr('I' III'
bOll lbl' l':::l to T ok,ro, Tl li:-; Ii 1';-01 I'~('v rl ItJl S~ II)t] to fi ;.t htl 'J':-i, ' l \n'lItY - llill t· (It Ill'\":"'1 w l ' n ' 111:; t t fll'(lllt -
PI ,tn'p( l i t :-: l~ trt'('t i" I'I1(,:->;-o \Y] 1I'1i t ht, In sl 1 \\' 0 fOI'III:I - Ililll'l/ d ;, IIJil gC I,," H;,!l dl'l's itl ll( fl ak.
t io ll:-. tI \"(';'1' t ht· tal'.;.!',' I . 1II IP:-il'O rit'II, l'cc('iH'll (i2 IWt'- '1'1 ", ~1I 1I 1 1t 'I ',\ ' ~,tJlli]lllI l' l l t- ill tli t, B-:t~) P I'\)\'p d tI,~·

{'(,Ill (I f illl l'II I'IIlY ;ti l;l l'k:-., I I i:-; P:-,ti ltliitl,d I hat jI"ll d;ilJIt, itlld Wit S 111;1 i III a i IlI' d wil h OIl! di !lit- lilt ,\'.
t'''{'o d I'i'd l h'l,d t' IH' l lIy i ldt' I'l'I'Pl i t1 1l I,y a ~ 111111,11 :t ~ 1.(':->:-; 1"11111 1 :t jlt--'rn'lI l nf al l ~· III1 S Wl'n' iIlO I>(> l'<lI i\'I'
70 1)(-, ],(;(,111. '1' 11(' .Ja p d id not ]ll't';';:-; att:t( ,k Illlde]' on' ]' tIlt · l al'~t ' t. wllic.:h bt'l t"I 'ed :111 ," n 'l.'o l'd fil l'
till' tlln'at of !lI t! P - ,-d :-. ,lIld til t, P - I-' :-i, " t IH' " 1.\'1><>' "I' " i r/",I'rr,· ;!III1,rr'l',I' '·'I rri !,rr ,rH !. T he
"K i~,dtl i llll'I'l't' p t itlll l)y lIlt, ') 'ljI:tll l';-Ol' \\' ;t ~ 1I1'\'('!, t' (, II {"t 'ill fin' -l'lntlreJ I :o-,":..:k Jl I \\' 11 ,'" IIH1!'t' ;l(x' ul'a h',
t,fft'di \'(', Tll l']'I ' "' , I ~ I I() l'\' i lif' I H'P n f t, rfl 'l' i in' a il' - t'a :-: it, ], t o IIjll 'l'atl'. Hlld (,:t~il' t' j il Illil i l l l; t i ll Iha l! all
1101'11 (' I'adar t'llIp lo,n ,d hy ilti a d :i ll;.." aiI T r ;tft. vqll i,'a ll'lI! 111 1111111'1' of IIIt' al] y L:ull tl"l1 ll l' d l UITl' t :-:, (.

l\ l vst itil' lItl;I('[..::-' (';tnlt' \\·III '1l H - :t! I:-i "' l ' l'l' i llllll li - TIll' '~I' \' Ptlth F i ~ltlt 'l' CII II )lIl ill ld asslIlI1cd its
w lll'd hy :O-I,;tI'C' ltli ,! !ltt :-; or ;.."1'011 lid fil'l'~, pln f't' ill till' "il' otl'l' lI :-:i n' 1111 • ,\ pl'il :tlld ill il li ttll'
T il e fo llo ",il);,! n"'tJl'd Wi t!" ,whi l'n,d 1)\· B-~ ! ) 41\" ' 1' I 1I11J 1l 1h ~ d(':o;II"I I,r,'d +!). t'IIl'lllY airc raft a11d
"
• g:I Jl ll1 t ' I '~ o f lilt' ' l \n'lI t'y - fil'~ 1 BOIIII II'I ' ( 'U;lItll;lIld , da llln g'I 'd ,~,Ii -;- t'III' III .\' i l i IT l'Hf! , Jl Ilt'st r lly cd 01' j,
F OI';t t tit 111 (If II,O:.!(i a I I ; jl' k ~ n ' ] ItJ !,! ('I I. :O:( 'I't't' II C'c/ it lid 1'1'111.;"11,\' d t':-; II'O,\'I-, d :t i li fl ill tll(, IIiI'
1'liP Ill Y a inT:t n
ilJlpro\'l\d l' 1" i 1lJ S :I Ci'Uli lltl'll fIJI' tit(' foll O\yill:,! allli :! In 011 (-hl' g l'lIlI lId , T hl' .)apalll':":l' d i~ Jllayt:d HI
( Cioill'l Ii ) : 110 11 I':'; i1'1 ' f i Ji ' ilt 'r i;.! I.' tliltimt with t he P - ,,)1s <l1ll1 .-.:
" - j·7:.; illl t! hid tlwi l' 'l it'(.: r ;lft so l' fl't'\'Lirt~ l y on the \\'
jl -+ l 'tH' lI1 Yail'{ '!'" f, d l" ... tru,\"(,d.
~TO lllld that stl'afi ng of ai ]' lields yil'lded l ittle HI
·J,~I(i l't H' IIIY "i],cra ft p r u lJ: ilJly dl' :-- t-ro,\'t,d,
1'1' j 111'1 1.
7j/j l'III' III,r il i t'l'l'af l d<l lll ilg't'd, t"
,\ ll1iain'I 'it ft I·il 'l' , altll()lI g·II :1I t i lllt,:-, il lll'll~l' , \ril i:: S II
F ur ("It,ll 1IIII l dn' d 1' llI 'll l\' a i l' illL :tt'k ~ PllctJlIl l- IlI r~ply i IH ,/1't'd iH' dll I' i II;! l' al'i y IIp(' t' ; dilll l~ at \'(' I'Y \\'1
it' 1'I'd , all ;t\'t' I'II~·l' o f II l'1I;'tllY ainT il ft \\'t 'l'(> dl'- higl l 11()l lIhil1g nlt i lll(]" :O: , alTtllJllt i n;! for IIlIly vne
:-:tl'o Yl'd Ill' [ll'nl ,al dy dl':-. tl'oyt'll, 0 11 t ilt ' tlt'hit Hi d!', kl lo\\, 11 I ()~s ti lll' i II;.." ~ "\.!'II I iJl'J'. I )1.'1 '1' 11 tl ll' l', .J <llttl a!',\', l 'n
Ihl'Uli gho ll1 ,a t ill,, ] of .j~ H - :!!):-:; "'l' r e 111:-:1 :JlldFelJl'u;try , , r il h the lo w(,ri llg of hombi ng iJ lI

20
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[III 0' ''(.

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B ATTLE DA M AG E

. ' lI t IU,rt IIlf flE DtIIIo'a GED

1''1tlijlll l t'lIt,

I' \' t" " 11111

fU IT l ':-'
I'all~'t ':-
.JatIIlI Jillg- I'lflJl'h... l'xrl' p l fur th c di ~­
pt·l1:-ii ll;'! o f ropl' til' l' halr. ,,'l'n' IlIIl at ((·It I I'LI·l!. ho\\,-
il t Itt' a i l' tJtI't'II:-:in~ IIJ:1II1I't·d alld
\\'('I' t'

til'
ilt' ill¥
. Jap I'Iltbl'
l' iLlp lflYl'd.
\\'l'ri.! tll'Il'rlJlillt'd
Tilt,
alld
:--iz:lblt,
fn 'IJlIl' II L'y
:I t llJi:-
,.~ r-------~.~.~.~.~.~.'~'~.'~.~'~~~~~'~~'.~~.~'------, .. .. ,'lI i lit. 1':11 Ia I' ('tJ lllltl 'I' IJJt.'a :-III 'l'!'i \\"l' I'l' 1l!'I,d :t lId pl'lln,tI
('f)',·t,tin·, :--i1'1'I'i al ;I in'l'a f l \\'(' 1'1' l'q ll ipPl"d wjlll;1
1'lIl lI l' ll' I\' ra ll;.!t· of I"Il'l'I I'olli, ' j alllillill~ d l' \·il't·:-, :lilt!
:--Ial io ll l'd u"I' r Ih £' t arg!'1 ;] J'l' ;] !'i dlll'i ll;! IIi;.!"! il l -
l :tl' k:--. ",hi ll' Il I IiI' I' (' Il"dl'tllli ~' j 'lltllllill,!.! "l(lIiPIIII'1I 1
WU !':) t' il l'l'i C'tl il\ all strike a irt J'flft. and II f: P( L dllrill~
dayli;.!/Il ,111 :\1, 1" , '1'1](' .J;l]) aPPHI'( 'll tly \\':1:'; \111 -
:IIJlo to t.:o lllli cra d del'i r ollit.: j:l lllillillg <llId fa i led
III (' 1'Htl ,! !t' fl'l 'qlll ' lwi{' :-- that Wl'l'l' IIt'iIl;.! jallllllf'ti.
OIl hil I" Ii~.dtli · r :-i ;ltlt! al1tiairt'l'aft al'l i li C' I'Y, I hl'
. I :tpall(':';t· 1'1'11\"( ' " \\,t'ilk, K"t IItdy \\'('I'l' I h t':-:l' til'·
(aUSE 0 ' aUltlUn DaMaGED
'''' H'
..
....... , 1'1'11:-:(·... i lllldt'qll:lh', IJIlt I.'l' r !;lill It·('ltllu lllgi Cfl l :lL1-

... (u .. ... 'e ... 1 ' OI.sn' \ ' ; 11 11"1';" 1I~I'dIly tlie (;l'I'III:111 :-' :llld Clll r :--l· " ·t'!oi \\" ( ' 1'('

.......
"0"'" , ~ ~u ",' UO IOIH

.... ""
11 111 ('\' id e' tll, 111 th l' 11111:.;1 ,·it a l I lt·l'l"ll:--i\"(· (' ffol'l ,
'"
.., ...'""
... Ihal :I;.!:t ill:-> I illI ' :lll:l(·k 0 11 Ili:- htlllll ,lalld , lit, faih'd .
...
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..
...'" ...., .
... . . .. . ..
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2. RADAR
,ou~ 10.' "0, TI ll' al ,i l ity o f tilt' H-:.!~) t il :- t l'ikt' .1:11':111 dU l'ill;!
all 11111' 111:1 1 1'lIlLll i l iOII :- III' wl'; dh~'1' ;..ran' Itl \'\' 1' ,\'
t ' 11 .\1:'1 1:1 ] 11'11\.' 1,\IIIII,:lI,tlllll ' 11I ;t d('g-I'l'I' "f bwli l..'1I1 I-lt-x i hility
\\ l,ii,11 111<1.11' I'II:-~ iltlt· l i lt' :lI.'('(IlIlpli :- "llIl'l l t' 11'1' (lX -
aliit Il Lil'S, lllun~ t~lredi\'e illltiain: ral'L w as l'1I - i('l bjr t ' dl':-i tl'U l' t ioll o f \\': t! ' iIH ltI ~tJ ',\' ill til l' lilil i tt'li
l: Oll 11 t el'l'd , I I 0wl'n ' l', dll(' 10 ihl' pTcn t l y illl: ]'('n :-;I·d p('l'i od o i' lillll' ,\\·Hi l:II,]I'. ~ \ i rltOl 'll1' radIII', \\'i t ll
11 U tn bel's 0 I: B ~!):-; :II t itl' kill;!. tile on~ I '- ali pe l'cI'n l U f whil'!J l':!f'h B- :.!! I \\':1:- l'flllipPI 'cl , IIl a dt ' t Iti :-: dt·;.!n'L'
B- :Ws d,IIlI:l.!.!I·d II," nnk \\' H :-i 11(1' i l ll' I'l', l :-:ed ( Chal't III' fh 'xi l ti lity t'llt'nd ifl ll:lll y jJo:-,:-ilJ !,'. \ V i l hll tll Ihi:--
1:3), ' Vith lil(' dl'I'l'(';J:-3C ill fil!ilt cl' inll'n:l!pt ioll , 1'1111 i plll t·td, B - :!! I opt'r:t! ill n:.: wlJu ld II<I \ ' P 11\'1' 11 1'1'-
/I<lk l'tJll:-- l illlit' d tilt, p l'inci pal thl'l'at to flln:l':-i :11 - ... ll'i('(l·d Iii day:.; whl'lI \\'t':I l lil' I' 11\" ' 1' .Jap:1I 1 IH·I'.
IIi C kill~ .Japa tl fl'olll .\I al'ch thl'(Hlg-h l ite 1'lId of Illitll'd TIll' ('IlI I'IIIYli11'lI t til' "i~ llill I1lHIII ,i ll g meLh -
til p \\'al', Tbt:' lI:1 k tlt-fl'lI:->l~:-' Wl'n' ~o di:-t rihtlil·d a:- Itti :-, :--il lt' !. (] ;IY:- \\'t· I'\ ' ft'\\, i,l 11111111,1'1', l)l' lin· ryor
10 ('oll:-it i lutl';t !hl'l'a! ull ly i ll \' il'i ll i! y of 1IIl' "rin - :I ,!!I't':lt I'tt l' t 11 1'1111'1,"1111, 11I11I1:I¥l' whic h ~t'ITI'd
t i p.d 101 I'.!.!" i lid 1I:-ll'i ill t'0 1]('1'1I 1nil iOIl:-.. .Ebl' w ht'n' III I'l'tllll'I' .Japan· ... i ntlll:-I r ia l (':t p;lt'ily \\' :1:- dil'edly
tlirough olll I III' Eilip i l't, olll y Illt' .. ,!.!t'l' 1I1'1'o:--i l illl! d t ' I'I'tltl<-1I1 fill th t' prop!'!' fUIIl't i tJll i II;! til' radar,lIllt!
1t1 ", 1 th t, B - :l!I:-:, 111'"11 1111' 1':1":11' ' tj ll' ratlJl'. w!to 1'0 11 :--1 itll l l' d a \' ital
Th rn' :I P I 11 ':11 '1·11 10 lIe littl e dfl'cl in.' u:-.(: o f gu n· li llk ill t I,l' l'Olld "d I' I'I'\\' t,h a i tl, Til IlIi:-,:..;i(11I pl llll -
laying' I':ldal', B :lIth, dalll:tgi' froltl lIak 1H' ~' :ltllt · lIill;! Hlltlllll' dt" 'l']ll l'llll'llt alld l,rotil1dit ltl Ill' i;J!'-
IIt>g l i;,!iblp WIIl' tl l'IIIIlI ,jII~' tlll 'lllIg" lIl l IllItll' ]'I':! :,t (II' ;.:1'1 IlIatt ·l' i:!!. l ·\' (' I'." ;1111'111/,1 \\';1:-: IIlalit· to t'x p]oil
at Ili~,dd ,,·!tI'1! IluL IImlt' I' ~1':II '(' hlighl illll llL ill:dillll. I II!' ": I!,a l,i] ity til' :l i dlurt lt., 1':1.1;11', .\ S :l1l :litl to
:-;I'lt l'c!lligl,t, dL·ft·IISI·;-'. li].;l' :tl lliail'(; I'lIh ndi llt,I'Y, Itll \·i;.! alio tl. r adill' 1'1'1)\' ('" ttJ Iw II I' 11 '1'll lt'l1d o ll s
\\' l ' l'l' (,OIH'l'IlII 'H i l'd itl dt,fl · II :"I' of H fl'\\' pl' illl'i l'al n il lU', ":", pl'l' ially ill Itlak ill g :1l'l' llmlt' IHtldf,dl Oil
al't'a ~ , ,\ I n:-.lt'1' l ig-Iil l') til' h igll i lltt'lI:--i!y O1Jl))I·: tl'l ·d lilt, . J ap:l1t\ ':-'I' IIHl i llla lll1.
III he dl'l'd in' l.r 1.'(ll1t roll ,," I ly radar, 1,111 t I,,· { 'Illi l :\1 :1." III' I~I-I:I . I l.l' I ," Pl' (I]' :li r bol'lll' I'adar
s ma ll c r 1110re 11 II 11 1(' I'OIlS f::('i1 ITl dig'hts flp pan'ldl,v :t\':li bld " 1'111' B-~ !) :-, \\':1:'; ilip .\ \' .\ Jl Q- I;~, '11 :-
W(' I'(' Itot . ('ady 1'1111' ill lilt , :til' II I)'PII:-.;in' :t;.!it ill :"l l' .Ja p:1I1 \\':l S
Fl' l' l,p t i'(llIip"ll'lt \Y;t ~ It :-l.' d t'xlt·ll:-in· I," duril1g l illtill·d It." I lit, fillion-iII;.! t':ld ill':--:
t.'ady OPl'l'lItioliS III ddt'd IIlid <' at.dlJ;,!lIl' the 1'1'\'- (II) .\ :-; a n·:- ult, III' :tcl.'l, h·ra ll'd 1I11t1 lintit t'd I !':Iin-
1/lll'IH' il':-> til' ;!ut l· la yill;! J'udal' alld ot iwl' co n ll'ul ill;.! ill I Il l' "[lIil l·d ~t ' lt l!::; , I'adul' OPl' I'ilto rs :t lTi"cd
r'
21
ill the tlirntpl' wilh ill:"'ullkielll tl'ainill~ to haJl(lI(' l h':-:tl 'twtilill of IIJ'bil11 :tn'a ~, Tlldil'n t iulls \\'l' J'(' that
:dlllsPl'd :-, or tlit'ir job, Th e-il' j\uility to \'\' jIlIl1l1l' I K p(,l'cent of bOllllJS \\'1'1'(' falling- withill ~.O OO
tli,' illfl1rllllltiOiI pOl'tl';IYI ,d Ilil 111\' I'ild,,!' :"'('o p~ \\' jiS rt'l'I, :)0 P( '1'('1'1I1 with ill -I·.uno fpf't. itlHI T.-I perc(,ll t
lillJitl'd pl'ililill'ily ihl'oll;!h ];wli: of tl'nil li llg nlld willlilJ (i .OO!) fpt·t oj' ililllil\~ pui nt ::;,
:wlllal t'XjH'I'it'l1l'I' i ll <IiI' 111l\' ig-atiPIL Tht'llil\'i.;.ra - Tilt:' ill l rllcllleti OIl of th e .\ NJ .\ )-l(.J- T ( Eaglt·)
IIII' (If 1 hl' en'\\' \\':1:-. tilt'l't'fol 't' l'l'qllil't' d . ill 1111):"'1 J'adilJ' ill :-- pt'I'iall y f'qllipI'f'd H- :!!I:-: d id 1I0t (>n·
l'<I:-.t':-. . 10 :l C(' ol1tpl i:-- it t'OlllpuLdion s II N'{':"':-;n I'Y to {'o llllh'r 11'1t' p:ll'ly pl'ul) lelll :-; whil'h had ('Ol1 rro ntl~d
hOlllhillg" .11111 thl'lIug-h d:lin o l ll;lillt'd
lIil\' i ,.!.!:t1liOIi llie .\ ;\ , \P (~- I :~
)'adill', T hi s II II it llild Irained
1'1 '11111 iI 1'I' lllldt, ]'ill]il!' :-\'Ollf' 111(':111'11 ill 1111' 1I:1\' i:ra - :-: pl'L'i fil ':l Jly 1'0 1' !light I'IH!nr IJO lllhiltg, T ilt, f'xpe·
10/,':-:f: (atioll, l' il'lIl'C' It ' \"I,1 of l""d :II ' fllwl'ato!':-, and rl l d:II' hombing'
(6) Tniti:1! ('olHil:d IlIi:-::-;iflIlS. bl'ill!! 1'011it:.11 /0 It':lIIIS W:I ~ exce ptionally h igh. silll:C' no time was
:\\'lIid I ht' .' ap · ltt,lt! i:--lillld:-: PII rolil e to till' hlllllt'- 111 'n'~:-:a l'y to dl "'ott' 10 fOJ'lu :t/iol) fl yill.! ! III' \' i;-ual
1;11111 ill IInl,,1' '0 ]1 1,(' \'(' 11 t ('ill'l.'" w;!I' l ling of t'1I!'llIy hOllllJill,!.!', Till' Thn'p ] LJllldrf'd ;Jilt! Fi ftel 'lIth
dl, t\\Il;"P:-;. Wl'I'I ' IIllahl l , til 11:-'1' tlIP:--1' blld ma:-.",:p:-i \r ill;! I'ljllip]Jt'd wi t ll thi s Ill'''' I'adll), IIlTi H 'd ill
n~ I'adill' 1l,I\' ig;diolml I' lit'(' kpoillt :-:, Tlti:-: IIH':lId t ltl' 1llt'atpl' dllr ill~ ~'l.ilY ;Iltd .JllIll' 10·1.1. ;llItl l'Vl tld "
that tlu' l'!' Wt'I'l' :-:1' \'1;' " 1t01l1'~ of lIyill;! on'!' walt-I' tllt'I 'l'fo l'\' lal.:t' iIlIIlIPdi;t/t· :It h ' aIIj ;l,!.!'l' of all ti lt'
wi/lt 1I(1I'hl'(' I.;poiIiI S 111'/'\'\'('11 lake-ofT 1I11d lal1 d fall. r:lda r 11':-::-:011 :-: pl't ' \' itlll:-: ly Il':lI'I Il'd thrullg-h tr in l and "."
(,.) lI i:rh al l i llldt's fl'Uli1 whi ch bOlltll i ll~ w:t:-. I' IT"I', " "hilt, IHilXitl1l 1l 11 I'illige l'C'ce pti oll Oil the II

('HI](ll lded 1':lIl:-:pd 2.-) ]>(' 1'1'1'111 of till' nirl'o l'l ll' 1':111111' t \\'o jypl':; o f I'j lllnl' {'olllj)al't' d \'PI'Y (' l ost' I,'" 1 hen'
in Illillflll idiol,. allli ill IJlo:--1 l', I ~l' S 1111' :-:igllil l:-; I'l'- Wl' l't' :--Itnrp dil1't'I'l'IICI.:'S, Till" , \ ~J , \_ I'Q- T po:;:- 1"
l'!' i n'l! 1)\'1' 1' land ill Ilu':-t'lI ll it lldt':-i WI'I\' ion \\,('ilk :-:I·:-.. .... d ;I fur ~I'l'alf' 1' d f',g-I 'I'{' or
target I't'Sollitioll "'
to Iw (I f :tIlY ~n' ill ntiu l'. 1111 till' l'ad :I\' ~ I 'o l h ';- ",hidl Pt' J'Il1 i tt l'd IIIOJ"l' a('('u rat e ill

(d) B eva ll:-.t· III' 1"11(' hi;!11 willtl :-. at hOlltiJ ill;! :t! . diJ't' d :-'Y 'H'hl'OIIt'll:-; l"ld" I' \)Olllbill,!.!', .\ 1thollg'11 the l'1I

titllde. ,tXt':-; of ;dt 11l'k WI ' !'t ' :It'llrl':1 l1 y lililitl' d to;1 . \ ;\ , \P(-J- I ;~ pJ'C'sf' lI h'd iI l'o lllpicte radar pidul'c III

dowllwind 111I11I11ill;.! I'UII. ,,'llil'h PI'l" 'I' lI!t'd w.. ill;,! thJ·olt;.!h :Jlitl ° :lI ld 'ntS thu s :I hettc!' n;I\'i g:dional Iii
rada!' 10 it:-. III i1xiI11 1lIlJ ('npalli lity. ~ illl 'l' t lit' iliOn' "id. llie f,1("1 '1i"1 Iii .. .\ X .\I'Q- ; 0111.1' I"',,,ellird ('0

(' Il':!I' l y t " ' filll 'l l 1':111;1 r a p])l'o:I1'I",:-; til I ht, /:l !'~I,j ill1i1grs tll!'oll~h (iO ( :;00 to ci t !tPt' side 01' th e ai l" li S.

I'o ldd ~elll()111 lit, 11:-;('11. ('raft·s h('adill,U) did !lot l i lll i t· it:-; t' 1I't'diH'Il(,:-"''': I'a

(r) ' V it itoll! I ht' ~I X-::·I-I 11I1 II tilill g 1, .. 11 I illite I'. :-. illc(' 10 n;2.'(' 1' hOlllb I'IIII S \\ ' {' I'\ ' I'llt in'l", fl' n:-:ihlc, ~ l'l

l'tTpdiq' bOIIl!!ill;! I ly l'ad' l l' of priol'it y ill ti ll!-:tl' ia l T hl' ;1\'(' 1''';2.'(' 1!OIId, 1'1111 fil l' i lit' ,\ ;\ ,\ PQ- T \\,:1 :: 1'01

/;tJ';,!·t'/ ~. II:-iill;! II E 111I1Idls. I'Huld lIul lit, pXl'l'dt,d
II,'(': III:--l' o f :U'I'II I'; I\'," lilli ital iulI :--,
])lll' i llg- P ha :--t' Ollt' III' IIjll' rnl io n :-i . rallal' did
n:-;:-; i:-;t II I.til'l'iall," i ll (,1I" ldill;..!: 1Iit'tTnft 10 I'l'ilt'll
Ill' it, j'('d 11Ind f:'] 1 !Jllint :-., ill i'olllPlltil1~ lilt' willti:-. :d
1lOlllhill;.! ;t1iillldt,. ill lI;I\' i.! !;tiillg tilt' a in'1':Ift fin'!'
tht' i llil i;11 JlOill1 ( IP ) 111HI ;!t'liill;! it P!'Pllt'riy
aliglJpd 011 Iht, ilxi:-- 411' illt :lt'k ,
To lu ill':-' . ", Ilill' t h e bOll d l I'UII u:-.i ll,!.!' till' .\ X
, \P Q- I:~ I1l1ly a "l)I'ag'('1 I :~ : \ IIlilC'.-; . •\ n:tly:-.i.:- of
IltlllI l lilJg' l 'I':-.l lIt :-: \\' il-It Ihl ' ,\ X .\.PQ- T rC\'t'aletl
Ih:l t t':l J' ly PlJlp loYlllellL o f 1111' t'f)lIip JlH' llt IlaLi re·
Htlt pd ill ;111 eIlCO lll'ilf!'ill~ d('~I'(,(' of hombing fI ("
(, 1I 1'1I (,,\', Tell pC' l'cellt o f a ll hombs [l·1I wititin J,t)(X)
'"na
fl,!'t of tilt"' .\P. :U) 1)('1'1'.'111 within :l,OOtl I'( 'el, and O\'l'
:In j)t'l'n.' lli wi/hill ::,,-,()() ft'd, II ~ i

,,'i lll ill1t'lJ:-;in' tl lL'; Il(, I' r:ldal' traill illg of I)ot ll tel 'J
1'1Idal' (' pP I'al"r:-- ;11141 1I;i\' ig-;t!II!':-: . tltl' iltit iilliOIJ or 3. IWO JIMA p C' \'

;dla ck:-; pn':-:I'llit'd all 01'('1';1 ,

IfI \\'- h,,',, 1 ill('(' IHliitI'Y and
tilHl \\,(: 11 wi ihin tlte (':tpahilil il's of c rews <llId I \\'o .Jin lll lif'~ H]lp roxilliat pl.r Ill idway al ong' the Iii II(
routt' fl'OIH I 1lt' ,\ i adalla s blillld s t o T okyo, Its II IISI
f'i]lIiplllt:'l1t. Tlt i:'i PI' l'llIi l tt,d bOliti Ji l11! IISlIlg
(' ap I IJJ'e i ll ~r llJ't'1t I!),!:; by UIII' )f:ll'ines \\'lI S n rit:!1 sigll
dpa ri y Ilt,fi lll' " la lld , w: lI i' l' I'Hllt1"iI:--t I loill l ~ as
fnl'lll l' in l IH'I'I'H Si ll,!! tll(' (' 01l 1h11t e J.fpdi"('IIl':-s of (c
l'ilt'ckl'oint :-:, ,\ :-: rad a r .t/i1It' k :-. progn':-':-:I'd III tilt,
:-0111;111('1' inlin ... 1rial ('01 It't'llt I'a I illll:-.. la l' k of ~ ' IIPIII\' j\f1l\, iall:I!--IIH:--(, d B - i!) fnJ'cl')ol, . \ cqu i:;;iti oll o f this unit
df' fclI ~(,:-: IlIndi.' il I'pa :-:i l ,lt· t o 1!in' 1':111 ;1\' I't'qllin:. isla lid :llId L'c.HI :-. lI'U c t io ll tiJ l' !,p olI of Y HI3 and 111 0 \'

tll(>nts prillll' l'oll:-i idt'I',1I iolt ill IlIi:--~ ilJlI IJlalillilJ!!, fighi('I ' ail' 11iI :-;(':-; l't'slIIll,d III til e ftlllowjn~ ;I(h'al1' fig'ltl
:-i1 (, ;II I." i lll]lI 'O\'t' ltll'lI t ill o pt'r: ll ill;! ' ti'l'llIli(;1tl's . I H,!!f'S : II I;.!

1:1I'g't'l II t:J!pri"l. ;lIld IIli :--:-. ioll pl :tllllillg. J'l':-- lIitl'd ill (a) I'u termeriiate lalltii'u g POi1,t.- OIl .J ,\ [aJ'ch III is..,
lite "l'hil'n'Jlll'liI of illI atTt' p/ilhh' ti l';,!Tl'l' flf mila)' Ill·I:I. wh ill' fi~"till~ Cl II J \\'o JillJa was sl i ll in bn~e(
: with I'e fl')'c ll ce to illcl'lldinry )H'ogI'C:-::-:: the f-ir:-:l l!1l1C' !'gC lIl"y 13- :20 landing wa s POl o(
II L<lllj
22
Iliade t IlPn', Tlli :-i hcgal ! n :-eril's !.I f un' r 2,-100 prulect ion pl'o,'idcd by fi liI' fig"lel'~ FelTed to
l'llll' rpYlll'Y 1 ;llldill~· ..
by ll- :W:-, ilt thi :.: airhasc. in cl'l'nsp till' l'ollfit!elH't' ant! III Or :" £' uf B- 2!> ('0111 -
~l al1Y of th e:-'l' nil'c raft wun ld IIlI \'t' 1;(,l'1l fOI'l.:cd to tJ;lt ('1'(1\\' :-' , 111t~ l'l'hy I'C;-'IJil ill:; ill ill c n'a -;ed bO Il")ill~
/;11 [(1 ull t he opel! :-l'a llild }',"I) llut ()t'en :l,'nilable. l'f1i('il'nc .r,
Till' kllllwll',1W' Ihlll T,\,o '\' ; I ~ <I,'ailaull.' 1'01' t'IIIt'I'· (d) ElIemy "i,. tI /I (lcks (lgflillSI tbe 1\I(lriallflS,- Tlw
gf'lI t y I:HIllin;,! ~t' I " ' l'd Itljllt · l't · a ~l' inlllll';I:-'III':lhly ('aplul'l' nl' I \\'o l, li lllillated :111 illlJJOJ'tant l'nelllY
till' 11 II1I';ll l' ;lIul rOll fidl' lI t'l' of 1,'olld,;11 l' l'l'\\'~ "pel'al- ui l'iJ,,:o:e tltl'oll,Uh wl!it'li I he .Ja ps had :- t-agl'd 1I1<l1l ."
ill;.! iil('il' a i l'l' l'"ft un'l' I ill' ;~ .OUU IlI ill'S oj' (ll'c:!I!, ai l' :It tacks :I~':Iill st ti l(' M:ll'i:ll li1 !'i . Pl'iul' to tilt'
It St'l'\'l,d to add Ill'xil,il ity to Ilpl'J';dioll:-, .l>1I1'ilig ill"a ~ ioll til' T\\'o. l ' IIl'I",v bOlllbl'I':-i :Ind fi g hl t~l'!'i
JI(,I' i{)tI ~ uf IIIIC 'I ' I'i:lill \w:1filel' c Ollditioll s ill till ' :-.tJ'lIt'k ~aip"l1 f I'l.' q lit· II I I,' · :dtllllu,t!h 11(" ' (, 1' ill ¥1'C' ai
MIIJ'iall:l:o' :1!'l' iI, JlIi :-;-. ioll :-; \\'l ' I'C tll'lt'lI di ~l':ltclH'd fOI'l't" .Ia p :dl:ll' k ~ i" 11t, t"'Nlt,t! ill dt 'SII'oyillg I:?
tllldt~ 1' th l' 1)1:111 tllal 1'(' ("111'111 '1 1 :lil'('l'aft \\' 0 11111 bl' B~~!) nil'plull es vII till' g'I'Olll1d :Ii :--;;I ; P:ll1 , Th e
tiin.' l'tl'd 10 J ",o if ~\llll'i;II I; l i:I ba :-'l's \\'1.'1'l' tlo:,ed I,..,. ('( l n ~ lallt thl'f'nt of .hlp ail' :ltf:ll'k i:lIll1ch",d I'I 'UIII
adn'l':-e wl'alil,'I', Had Two I! ol beell :I\';l ilnul c, I wo had ;t Ri;,!lIifiC,;tllt Hlld adn't':,e r- f1't'd 0 11 1I11Jra\('
mall.\' nli :-.:-;illll:-: whieh Wl'l'l' ('Xl'l' lItl'd :--! h'l'l':-.:-: fully, III' (JUI ' tl'VUps. Fo ll ()will~ ":1( 11111'(.' o f 1\\'0 .Jillla l
('olild lint IIlIH' In'f'lI dis pnt l' hcd II ll d l'I' l'xi:..t ill~ .1 ;'1 ' :IiI' :- il'ikt, ~ agaitl !--i )1 :II'i: l1\a s b:l !'o f's ,n'I'I'
\\'l':11 11"1' l'oJ'('t' a :-i IS 1'111' lli l' ~lal'i ; lIli1 :-i :11'1';1, t' i i l" i ll:!tl,d ,
( b) NIIl 'igfltio'llfll rbeck. /10iJlt fl ud assembly (e) B-2 9 striking mdills.- Hy :-;tn,L!'ilig till 'lIll~' h
poilll .- Pl' io l' to th e t aptul'l.' (If I wo .J illl :1: l'ulI!"I"'1 1\\'0 .Jili lii. iile IIH.'lic:l1 opl'J':lt i l1,!! I'adius of B--:l!)
IIl1it :-; WCI'C' I'ulilni tu .Jnl'illl i ll Slll'll 111:111111'1' :t:- tu ail'l'l'afl W; IS 1t'1I~,!1h l'llt'd by approxilllili (.' ly 700
il\'oid pa~ :-.ill.~ on' l' 01' IIt';II' till' HOll ill :-i alld Yo 1- Illilt·s. Tal'gl' t~ ill ] l ukk:lid u alld l\: o I'P:l. b(' reto-
t allu l :o..lalld s to pl'l'n'lI t the pill'l", :t1('l't i ll~of .Jilp- flll't' 1'lIlh.:i ti l' l'l'd Ilt'yolld l'U'I'cli,' ,. UI JllILil1~ I'HIlt!e,
alll':-'l' 11 0111(> tlrfe l1 st~:-;, I n "dditi,," t o in(,I'l'a:-; illg' Ill'l'allll' \'11 11Il'l'il bit, wlll'll 1\\'0 \\' ;1:-; ;It'qlli l'ecl. Fa -
the ('Ol tlplt'xil,r o f tilt-' ull\'igat iUII:1I pl'oldl·lIl. thi s ('i lit-ip:-; :Ii 1\\'41 .J ill itl ('1' 1111 ':11 ,\ i l'f-irld \\'(Ire adl'-
('(lIlt/iLioll Sl~ I '\'l'd 10 fon't' iI dil."li~"t t:lkl'-olJ' :111.1 1111,,11' to :-i IlI'POI'I iii \: !'ot a~illg 01 Hlle l'PlldJ:lt ",iug'
i1 S,":il ' lI lbly o f l'u l'111al ioll "; ill lil e ;\bl'i HIIl\~ al't ' iI, p f> l'dilY , Thc' tavlil'a l sil 11:11 iOll, !JO\\'\ ' , ' l'I' , did nut
mUIC' I' thalllli,l.!lil In({p-off with 1'(l ndc>z ,'oll:-: alld a:-: - I'l'qllil'l' fl'l'ql1t'llt :' t : l~illg' of lal'~t' 1'11 1'4" ' ;-' IhI'OIl~ "
!'::l'J1lhly o f Ullil !'i ;Ii, SUll i e i;-.Iallli poillt alon g till' J \\'tj '-, i 11 1:1,
I'uute. nllylig ht tak c-ofT:-i 1'l':o'lIl1l'd ill nig-ili lalld -
ings with 011' ha z an/oil :' night dit c hing ,Il Ol't'll 4. AIR-SEA RESCUE
sea cIJJ1"f\,()lItill~' t1141S\! ail'(' I,:t ft whi ell \\' 1'1 '1' IIll ithl e
In I'e:l t' h )fal' iall;I"; im;;:ps hl'l':llI SC u:f fUl,1 ShIJI'lflgC', Tlil' illit i lllilll\ of th e B - :l!J al'l'i ;11 ol1" 'I\:;; i\'(,
11ll1t'hallieal truubl ",. (II' utile I' 1'('a:-:Ull S, \\, ilh 1\\'0 ;I~:l i n :-'t .Japall (lo!"-e d 1l1:!11 ,\' Ill' \\'
1'1'01111'1I1:-i ill lilt,
ill 0111' hands. tlli!" tT il iGti (:11 II d i t iU II \\':1 :-- :dl l'- l';-. tllh l i:--illll('lIt uf :111 e fl'l' e1 in· air- ;-'( ';J l'l':-'l' l h' lJl'f!'; II I-
"iatrd, E S:'l pnfially . ;il l flli s:-, itJlI!'i w('n,' I'Ulllt'd iZ:l1 iHI!. B I,t WI'l'll tiJ(' )1"J'illna ~ :t il t! .l np;J1l I:ty
o\'C !' I "'U :I ~ a ntl\'ig-:lt ioll: tI ('lwl' k-l'lfill t alld of tel! 1.;j(JO IlIil('s (1-( HPl'1I spa, IIP:I!'!y 1111 of whil'h \\';I:-i
a ~ a £01'111:11 i OIl " :-i~l~ III"I." poi l i t, Tilt· bJ.: e-ofl' pat - ('ullir"II~'d by th ~ elll'llly. illlt! (' lIllIl m\ ail't l':ln,
teI'll wa S tht~1I alh'rcd tu farul' take-oil' tlurillg tlH' :I n,,1' f:t('i ll ¥ illtell:-'t' l'IIt'III," 0ppll:-il ill 11 at the tal'-
IJl'l'iod o f midllighl to oauO with day l i~ht l'el lll'lI ;,!l'i. II:td III Ir,,\'l-'!':-t' I Ii 1':'t , !"il llll' l'lll' II I,\' -lhnll i ll:ttl'd
alld lallll illg, Th l' I'l'ill't e l', the rat<' of UpCII Rpa wa tt'I';-. lilt !'l'tlll'li lo t"~'IJn sl' :-;.
I" I!d i ngs dt·cl ined :-: It" rply, a Il<l the percelltage of By d il'l'd ioll IIf tIl(> .I C:--;. ai r -:'I'a t't·:--t ' Ill' rHI' Illl'
ullsu(:('css ful ntkllipt s al dit·cltillg' WII S l'etllH,t'd rJ'\\'l.'lIt,v- fir:-it HlJIIIUl'l' ('ollllll:.IIld alld T Wl'ntil' tit
s igni lil'ant Iy , .\.F \\'II S dt':-;igll:lll'd :! S :I till'al l' l' I'(':--poll siili l ity.
(c) LOllg "lUge esco rt figbters .- Hy (I:ll'Iy ~ \.. pl'il. (, ]~ (,PO ,\ dl'lt'g :lf('" thi ;-. !'l':-:pull sil;i lily t o Ihe
lIlIits of Iiii' :-4l~\' ~'lIth Fi ~il tl'r ( 'OI1I1I1:1 IHI had (\lllllllillldl' l' ]o'ul' \\,:l rd ,\ I't'a ( l:lt ,, 1' ( 'lllI lIlI:llId,'1'
1110\' ('11 into I \\'11 .1 illnt ;tilt! \\,l~I'l' n ':Hly 10 (,ollllnc-t :\1 a ri:ll!a ;-; ,\ 1'1' (1 ) \\' 1141 l'::; I:dll i:-.lwd lilt, )1.:1 I' i:lll:l :-i .\ i I'
fi:,!i1t cl' ef:'c o r t Ili issio llS ill I'I llpp nl'i or H- :?!l hUlIlb- ~l'a Ht·... I' II'· UI'OIiP to d i;-.t' lia1'!.!'l' Ihis 1't':-i Pflll:-, ii, i iit y.
ill~ at1':ltlo,. 0" 7 _\. pl'il 1U1 ,j tilt· fil':,t p:-,ror t 'I'll i:-: ,!.!TO III' 11;1( 1 t:l ;-.k 11 11 its 0 11 ;--::1 i 1':111 a II d l;t t l'r ] "'"
nli s:jioll \\'U :j HOWII , By til l' l~lld or Ill(' wal' . J \\'0- .Jilllil. :lI ld :I:.::-.lt lltl' d u pl' l'a tiulI:lll'l}lltr(l1 "filII a i l'
ba sed fi g hters had fl uwll U\'(: I' J,700 sOl'l ies ill SlIp - fal'ilitil' ~ 1I ~l'd ill :Iir-spa. I'l'SC II'~, Clltltro l HI' :-illl'-
pOl't of B - 2!) 1l1i ::5si o lls. III addition to savi llg fa ce ,'e~:.:cls \\':\s n~st cd ill tlte 1\ 1:ll'i<lIl:I S ~11J'f:l(,i'
1IH11l." H-~n:; I'1'UIII "Uat k by ellelll,Y ail'c!':tH, the Palro l alld .E.::;clJl'L OI'Oup. Lifl'glli.lnl :ml)ll w-

23
l' i tlf'S, opel'ftting north of Ihe ~f:lr i:lnn s .1n the' F Ollrt h F.1t"tf' r!-!"el 1c.r R{,SC II C S quadron . These 12
Comba t Zone WCr e Illl ~ jp l' opPJ'ati ona l ('olll]'ol of 0,1.- 10< w('re sll pp ll'lllellted on 30 A pri l by 8
CO Jnlllnnd f' r , ~lI hlll ;ll'iI W F ur n' . P ,lci fk Fki'L 11- 17:-: l'fjuipJlr d wit lt d\'oj)a hlt-. n-:::t' 1l C !HoLo]' b oat ~ "
f t wa s 1!\·i d('lIl- ill ti ll' hp;,!ilillill.l! th nL In r i-hod s 'J'll i~ SlIll:l111 "IJ II w a S pla ce'll Ulltl er Opcl"flt"iona l c o n ·
III·l·\"iollsly C" lllpl o.'"<,d fo l' :l i r -~t'a I"('SClI (, i n till' 11'01 0 1' tilt· ~LIl' i:t n:l s ,\il' -Sf';L Hl'sc llr GI'Ol1P, flnd
Europefln The.dl' l". :fot' ca l' rit't' s t J'ii.:es all ll Jor its "i n.,." r~ we re 11,ed 10 fl1lfill requ ests by Ihe
ntll("r I'l'ia Li"C'ly s hort -l':l llg:t' opf' rat iolls, ,,"o ul d T \\"entie th _\ F,
han' to Ill' t'xp:tndrd c (jll :-;i d C'ndlly to JlI C'ct The mag nitude of air-sen reSC ll e ope rati ons is
t li f' n'qll ir(,lll{'" t ~ I}/" 1 ~ -2!) o pl'l"nljoll :O: . l'1l1'1l1:il ly illd i("lIli'd by tlll' foll qwillg lif.;t of f acilities wh ic h
fl\"nil ab le for nss i;.!IlIlH·lll tl) ai l'-:o:t',l I'esc ul' dld ie~ \\"(' 1"1' in s tati on 1'01' tIl{' fil\ nl comhat I lIi :.;~ io n HowII
\\"('I'l' fl'(JI1I :~ to -I LI- SUll ll lill' i IWR. 1 to Sw'J'a C('a nn l+. A lI~us L l !)-:lG:
\"('sspls. :1 11 (1 fl lllllttlJ('r 0 1: Pl-f Ys. rH,IYs. and J-l Jifegua l't1 !-: l1blllal'iHC's.
B -l, ~\\"i t- h (lropflhle lIo;Ii :-;, Early op(,l':ll ion ~ 2 1. nnd
Dlllllb11S 11111l os ( P11Ys :\"d
i l ltl irntpl1 tllai I lw \ ,;tl1It' of fllt' ilHliy id ll,ll f acili - PB4Ys) ,
ties wa s ;,!I'l·;tlly I'llh:lnc('(l w hell t hey \\'o r!wd t"O- !) , 'l lj l{']'(llll nbos,
gopt hcr in il.'fllll S C"il ll lpo:;;ed (d' one Or tw o aircraft :i suria ('c ve s~c l !-;.
orbi ting a :o:ublllflt'inc 0 1' !-: Ildael' Ye'!-:se l. Th e
:o;l'a rf'h ing 1"1ICli11 R. "!.!Tl'a tl' 1" \' i !--ll :tl r:tll~ e , anel ('0 11 1- Til IItltlil iutl iitl'l'e wPl'e f.: lll'f,, ('C' (" ]';lft s!-aLi oned ofT
l11un i cnli olls' fa ci liti es " I' t Il(' :li]'(" ril ft d l'edi \'ely Ihe ends of ;111 1'U tlWilYS, 11:1\' -," pntr ol ai rcraft ci l'-
co mpl ctTI cn tl'(l the \' ('~~('l's ahi lil y j-o pick lip ~ lIr­ r ling in th e \'ic illity of take-off , and ol hel' aircraft
O il ~\"H l l nd alert- at Sa ip: lll nn d J wo .Jim n, Total
\"iro l's, 'Vith t"lI P~ fal"ilitiC's sja lio ll l'd along thr
r(' Sl' II B p (' r :-;o lllll'l in ;ti re l":l ft find \"essels actually
rOl lt('~ to .Ja p a ll . t It CI'(' W;1 :-, llO p(Jillt !lo l'11 1fl lly Oil
11)(' 1'('1111" 11 r !1lll(' tllil t- (;llll lil tlol be !'t'u l'h ed by ),I' S- Oil st:t t ion a 1IIIl lliti t' l l t I) :2 AOO Illell. Or' n pp]'oxi , (

It l: tl ply ~ ,i IW I T P llt" (If ti lP persu tln el e ll~,lged ill Ihe j

Cli O a in 'rnil with in :i0 nlinlltes flll (l b." I'e:-:c ll e YeR-
!-:c l wit hin 3 h O lll"~ .
" rh ile n o ft clHal r(':;; p o lI ~ ibil ity for ni l"-sr a r ('Sl' lI f'
I't' ll to tile ('Olllll l:l lldi nl-!" gl'lle rnl. TWl'llf",v-fil 'st
H {JHlbf'r C Ollllll il nd : it \\" :) :0; r ea l ized that t l1(' n - 2!J
pos~(,!='sf'd slllwrio r qllal ii it-s of sC'fl rching" riltlill:--
:l ll d IJi"lItpcti"f' fire pm\"l'i' \r lr icll ,,"{"I11 IL! C' Hflhlt-· jj
i n ass ist tll :t/I·l"ill ll ." ill ~pa l "(" 1tl's IIra r t1l(' Empi l'l' .
~ \ la rge jllld iu n of ,ti l'c!':]i't :-:e\'el'el.'" baltl e. d alll -
aged were being ditc'hC'd o r ailand nned cl ose to t il('
('o lllh:rt mi ssion itself.
Th e ufl :-;ic IIll i! i l ll ' I'\'aluat-i ng infol'mati on nris-
ing- from n tl i::.i n~:;:s iucillrn t-, and for requesti ng L
sf' al'cit 0 1' r esc llt" i'rol n Lite app rop r iate agencies,
wa s t he iJombfll"t..itllent wing headquarte rs. A il'-
"
T
:-:1' :1, l 'I':-;t.:I II ' uni t S ;l t 1\\"0 and ;";uipan l<e pt all o l"gall- II
iZ :1f"iol1 !=i ;jlh "isNl 1J'y SC" Hling nut nig ht ly state-
Illl'nt ~ ("o ntai ll ing tlt e res ult s of :tir sparches and II
H':ll'l"h illt e n/:o; fo]' th e f oll owin g d ay , itl

::ilio n's of ,Japill l, 'Yin:; (" IIII111la lltl f' I'S wel'e Ihel't' - Th e l,~ t:tbli s ltll ient or air-sefl - resc ue unit, Fleet
fo re gl'flntcd autho r ity t o ("otlcllld in d pp(,lId cll t .\ il' ' r ing O ne, in tho lly uJ.::yu s gare aelded CO\' ,
~l'a rc h('s 1'0 1' 11 1i:-:sing aircl";11"l us df'l"I1Wll Il N'essflt'y,
f' i"n ge t o IInits Il f th e comnlllncl opcmting OVOI'
K ." lI ~ hu or i n the Inla nd Sefl Area,
Th is decision Jell to th e ciere lopmelll 01' II",
" S llpcnlurnbo" - a J3- 2D equippccl esp C'c iall ,\' for
_\_ir-sen.-l'csc liC fn cili lies saved 500 nil' crew memo
;1it' -~f'1l 1"£'!-:('I1(, \\"( JI ' k \\"i 1"h atl tl it inll<11 l'il c1io P C I'S lJll - hers fl'0111 83 .11- 29s ditched , cl'"slled , or abandoned
ne! fi nd ('Cj Uijllll£,llL ('mer-gene,\" l'af ts\ rI"O\" i ~ ion ~ . dlll'ing nino month s of combat. A high degree
nnd d ropable J'nrlio~, T he SII cess of th e S lipe r- o f L:(JoIWl":ttiull " ' :I S m ;l ill tain cd b('t\\"el'n Arm y and
Na vy p (, l's(jnn c l o r th e II nits 1m'ob-ed. TI
dUlll bo I11ncicit ,t rnlu;\hll' f1 S...;"t to th e (I\"(:r-:l 11 aj l'-
~Ci l 1'C':';{'lIC or ~a t1i7. :tl ioll lind it" 1 )('('a ll 1t~ : : t:lndarcl
5. MUNITIONS
pl'o('(>dlll'C' 10 hfl'"C' j\\"u :' 11('11 "i l'('\",lfl 0\"(']' t'nel! of
Th e p rinci p;tI t-ypc:-; o r hif!h ex plosiye nnd in. an
tlt e l1ortlt e rnlll o~ i Hlblll:t riul's hy day alld nn(' by
I"('ndi ary 1l 1 ullit i on ~ lIsed by 111li t s of t he Twel1- La
nigh t: " 'i/-h f oul' 1'C' lif'f sllpCl'd llt nhos on ;,!l"o l1l1d
al ert nL 1 wo .J i ltlH, Til ~{'\'l'l':tl j l1 s I;J II I'l'~ . t"it l':-:P li .. tl , AF nl'P listed bplow,
13-~fJ~ {lm \'/' :I in' raft" ,IIHl ~ l1d , j(" (' (, I"aft
t df {' IW Ill Y 11 ;911 E Xf/losi,,'c n OJJt /M
wh ich we r (' nif Clnp t i ll.!! to :It til l' k til .. l i fE';!II:1nl
~ l lblna rinl's.
'I 'h GOO-ll(lU tHl GP bo ulh A N- i\i(j"1. (' I P
'I'he l.000,pountl G P bomh A~ - i\IG:i , h it!
On 2!1 ~[nl'(' h 10-1 .;. a\'ail;lb le fa l' iliti ps we i'll :lug-- T he ~, OOO- PO U lltl G P bomb .A N-:\I(iG"
(lui
menled by ar ri"n l of Ihe fir, 1 001101011 of Ih e AAF '1'11 (' 4 ,nOO-]lOl l1Hll igh f C:l~t' bomb A N- l\15G"

!~ 24
The:.!OO pOlllld fl'a,:!'IlU'litaliull hn lllh .-\ N - l\I S1.
The :-,OO-PUIII II I r nl~IlI"llt:I'ioll (,11 1:-:1 ,'1' "f :.!1)' !UIIIIII I
IIll'lIt:l l ilJlI "!lIIlIy.. ( TIE lt .
II/I 'f 'ml ;'/ 1'/1 nOIII lu
Till- lUO-II!llIlItI ~l'lIo, tI ~II:-:"lill" f al .. " w l li l. ' l .h" .. pil "I'''"~)
IIIImlt . .\ N _\1 -17,
'I'Ile li-lO!lllIId (Iii 11"11111 .\ :\'- .\hi!l,
'1'11(' ll)-ptll il itl IIi] a lld wllill' 1.1l"~llhtll ·l\lI;-: ]jj,ruiJ, .\:\'- :\17,1.
'flit, -I-PI)lIl1i1 . \ ~-)I :-,O I:qw 11lt'l'Iui l j-- mll,:!'lIt':-:illlu b""l h .
'I'll{' :-,00' ]10 111 111 j.!:I .."JiIIl' j.!t' IJ- lIIl1glll~:-: i llll l httllll ' .\":\'- .\170,
'1'I lI! till()-)1Plllld ('111:-:1" 1' /.f ·HI! Ih " I'llIiI " -llIa;':IH':-oilllll 11IIlIli1:-:
.\ :\'- :\1 17,\ 1.
'I' ll" r.o ll- p" llll t! ('111.""'1' Ilf :\1 ti!) IU'IIII!:-o,
T ilt- .-'()( I-p"11I1l1 1'111:-01('1' of .\1 7·' 11111111)",
Th o !)OO- puUlld ~\I -(;-I (; P b Oli lb was t he IIlfJ~ t
widf'i'y IIS(,ll hOlllh. II \\':l S t-Ill plo."ed Hgai llst oil
illsta ll:lt iolls. ra il l'oad ."al'ds. nn d ;t!1 illdtl~ lr i al
taq;t:' ts of :t \'lOI'uge l'Ol1~l l'lIl'f iOll,
T h,- I.OOO-I'Plilld ( ; )) bll H.! 1 wn:-, Ilut "Jl l i n'l."
:::ali :·;j'at'itIl'Y :-: ill t't' bOlllh hay dl"sig-II prC'\'l' IIIPd
{'('tlll(IlIli (' al It I,l(l i II,!!,
.\ f!ain st rcinfo rced CUIl<.'I'l'l e :lI H.1 Collier he,,\-."
:,l l'lI c t lII'(':;, (I!' s t I'II!'t 1I1'l-:O: ('0 11 t II i II i II;! II POI \' Y I II ill' h i 11 -
f' I·y. I"he 2.000- pUIIIHI (T P wa s II s('d n'!'y :-illlTl'~"" ­
fll ll y to IWIU'lr;dl' t-Il(, :-: 11 '1I(' tlll 'l' :lnd (' r a le r t ill'
milt·1t i Ile Iwds.
'I'l l,' -1·,OOI)- jJtlIII141 lig ht (' ;I '-':l' III)/IIIJ " ' it :- 1>l 11'( 'ly :t
bia SI 11 1111 1111/111 ;llld \\'1l:-. I'lll pi oyed pri ll l:tri ly
ag a i ll :-.f 1lll,di lllil :llId long :oi jJltn :--tl'c l :-:lJ'lIci Ur es,
LI was t'x t 1'('IIIt' I,\' :oi n ('I'l'ss fl!! hIli tltc- atl' r slIpply
lill titptl i t ~ li S" ,
Hoth th t, ~GO - p(llilld Jra g ll lent:diull IJut ll b :tlld
lite r,UO -polllld Jrtl g lllcn lal inn l'JII~ h' I' were II:-ocd as
'1IIli pl'l':-lJ l1 l1 t' l 1I01ltll:-' d urin;,!' i llt'l'lIdi<lI'Y :lIt lH'k:--,
Th cy \\,\..'I'e al:-,u II Sl.'d 1I1!aillsi ail'lll'oHlf's on ]\:YII ·
!--ltu ;\lHI :--;lIikokll. TI lt' ,iOO- PtHlIlll bOBlb :llld thi.'
-1.000-polllld lll lllllJ \\'C' I'(' both lI::ict! ",i tlt i1I:-i(; 111 -
lall('ou ~ :Illd jll'tl Xi l llit." f IlSI':-' a:- alitipC'I';--01tllt -1
lJ(JllIbs dur ing- illn.' IHii:tI'." ::it r i IH O~, TI II~ llIeihod uf
of loadillg
('lllp lo,Y 1I 1C'1t t l'UII :-i:...il'd a lilllilt'd 11111 11 ·
u(,1' of Ipatl in::r :l inT"!" witlt IhC'N' I,oll.l ,s wi th :t
rie\\' o f i nduci ng' til r pop" iat ion to t:l ke !-Ihelt pl',
I·OIl;!l';';]I -tl. ili flullIll lahh,
;11'(' :1 :0: , Tltp ~flillf' homh
fl':I::' filh'd witll \\'hi tl' phuspliol'oll:-i wa s II!-il'<l :t ~ 1I1l1i -
1)(' 1':-- 1lilliI' I 1lI lIlIitioll.
TllP ,iOO-polllld (' 11I ~h' I ' uf G-pollnd oil iJo ll lb:-i
wa s ,11 "0 I I~r-tl \ ' (- I'Y :;llcl'l's!--fl illy WIIl'I'I' \ 'flli s t I'Il r t ion
\\,;1 :-, light a lld ill rb llllllilble. In dividllal hOl Il I,;.; (If
t ili:, 1."1'1' had ('Iolil tail!:' w h il'h ~ lfI '\"I,1 tllt,iT' d(-~­
Cl' 11i l!t('!'l-b." P I'P\'PIJi iug 1111'111 1'1'011 1 Jll'll(·t I'ai jllg
ht-a\'." :-.; tl'lI cful't'!'.
T 1H' ('lllslpl' (,01l ia illill,!! i lH' 1O- l'tHllid oil a lld
\\'ili i (' phos pilo l'OllS uomb:-; wa:. . w~ed n.!!lI i ll:.f IIll'-
elilllli ('oll~ tl'll " l io ll , ]l ldi\,itlll:t1 blli llbs {If thi s
t,r pl.' d id not ha n' clot h tlli l;-- . l,lIt had I'l'infol'ccd
IW:ld,. .; " ' II it, ll fll' I'lIl i lh'd dl't.' IH' 1' pl'lll't l'alion ihilll
111 (' tl il-filll'd hOlllh. T he w !t ite 1'110:;1'110 1'011 8 \\' lI S
i'l'l'fjll(,ll ll.r ill co l'p o nd pd as all :til l ipt' l'~OIlIl('1 J't' ,I -
Illt 'l' to di:-'l'lIl1l'lI;,!l' fil'(, figlt i i llg.
T hC' :-'()()- I'"lI ll d ;,!:I ~()lin c ~l' I - IlIiI;,!Il l'~i llll l homb
had IJltll i:-;til':-; :-iilllil:tl' to Iltl' (;P and \\':l R IISt'd
:asilillidly ill 1I1ix('d IO:ld ill;,!S, 11 w as flll't1H-I'
tJ(' ...
PllIjlloypd :I).!:tillst he:l\'." ~ 11'I1 (' 1 1I1'l':... 01' I IIIJ~C' ('a ll ·
t " illin:,! 111':1\',\- 1l1:t chill cr.". :tlld \\' :1:... d l'oPPl'd hy
jlil Jidi lldp l':-> ill huilt -u p :HPfl R uf pOlll' i l :f1 :tllltlJ:tbil-
it." iI ~: 1 IlI ar!H'l', ~illl:(, it bll l'llr{i with" n'l'." bl'iglt l
(J fll'e JI 'IIIlI th e 1I1 :l;.!II f'!'i illll l. I t \\'lI S lIot it pupll lal'
hl/JlJb and IlOt lI ~e d t:x tl'lI ~ i\'('ly,
" ' :1 :-,
Til ,tnin fh{' lIla Xi mUIlI l' n'rt t tli!il
~ < i ll:-:t, heari l.\'
illdllst I'i a l izpd 111'1':1 :-5 \\' h ic h hud a Itig-h i lll'i(l(' lI t l'
II /' II lileiti1I t' l'y Ill' 1I t;l('1tilit' ttlols,.j O· pound c111 :"ll<'J'S
('u lil a ilJiIl;,! tltt' -I--polllld Ihl' l'lIlii . .-- 1I 1il¥ll l·si IIl1l bOlld,
\\,p n ' ll~ed , Th r:o:l' [IOlll iJs \\' \lllld PI' II('tl':ll(' !t eit\'."
:-:1I' I H' IIIJ'{'S ulld ~ 1 'll l ' l':d('illten'-':l' In'ill whic h ,,'ullld
fll sC' lI H'ia l ill 111 1' till'gl' t :l1'l':I, SOIlI C o f jJ w~e
h om bs indll d .. ,,, Ipl I',\' I ('xplo:-iin' IH';ld .. t o dele l' fil'c
lig-hl l' I"S.
.\1 til e' (' 10;--(- IIf t he wa r ; a I'(-;t!=.on a b ly ~ I a blc I':itt~
o f t'X I'<' lllli t lin' !t ad hN'11 C':-LliJ li;--itt'd alld 11I1I1Ii -
1 iOlls 01'11"1':-; for I Itf' T Wt'1l1 il'i It .\ F \\' ''I't, '-1\ 1'0111"
ill tilt' r o ll o\\'in~ I'atio;
D F: R (j1ll 1j .~

The !llnill fu rce \\'(J ilid tllt'li ('0 111 (' ill ,,-it ll t he ill - J-, n ·t'1I1
·10 rt<IO-]l!l lli ld G l' hUlll h:-o
ce nd ia l'." tUllllil ).!!', ~II il ppn'l'i aill f' ,li frt 'I'I'Ill'l' i ll fi 1,(11111-110 111 111 ( : 1' 1J00llbs
illl'I' IHlinl' \' I'PSIIH s " ' ;I S Ilotpd li S I'P:·adl 01' lI ~i ll).! : t() ::!.OO)-ll!l lIlI ti c r hlH!lhs
,llltiIWI'.... " ;llll'l 11t11l111:; 111 1 in(,C'lIciitlJ':'- att :I(·].; s_ :!() -I.I IOll-llflUlll l I .e 1J')lIl hS
La q!l' t llllll;l).!t'ii o f ill('t'll d in l'." boltlhs t lL'l i\,(~ I'(,tI ;j Il li;O:('I' t1:IfI,-uIiS al1d :-O)lC'l.'i<11 t.\'Jl\':-O
).!l'ncl',dly I'Psultt'd ill IH'lI fl'a lizill:'; tlil' t'II(-' l1 ly'l-\ fil'l' -
fil!lil illg e n'o rts. "(," '(' 111

T he JOO-pollltd gl'lIl' d 1!<I ~(Ililt(' homl , W:l S p r i ll - 10 11)['-1111111111 :"::1,11,,11 g-a solillC' i)nwhs
It) :-.00-1" ) 1111(1 t']u:-oI,- r s II( {i-pound nil :1111 1 IO-) III' lItt! flil -
cipally IIs"d h~' jllI tlifi llcit' I' fO l'et':-- silll'e ii had ,I
\\' l' bombs
high apl' li:Hll't' (-il'l' \':1111(' :l lI d l i t lip tllP :lI'I'a ~O :iOO-Pll ll lhl , ,111 ;0:1,,1':-0. t'"rli:liltill~ 1-I'"uIIII 1I11I~lIt ' :-oi llllL
qlliekl." , )j 1' 1'0\'1'(\ IIIl idC'1I 1 bUlilb fu r 11i':n 'ily 1>0 1111)5-;

25
 The I'at io bet wee n ince ll diaries ,Jlld high explo-
~ i \'l'::i
ha s IJe-C'1I p ruj l'clcll and e:-. ta bli shecl as follows :
1~ ,' r(' .· lIt
j',Tnll f lli y h
illr;" lIdiury t' J -J" IJ .~il'{!
bfHnb s b!)mb,~
_-\ l1gwSl ] :H ,' ~_ _ ___ ____ ____ _ _ t:o
______________ _
Sl' lJ h ' 1 11 111~ r _ 70
OctHI)Pl' _ _______ ____ ____ _ _______ riO
_ BU
Decem1)!'I' ________ _____ _ _ _ :<0
___ :W
J ,J nn;!I' .\' l H-HL _____ __ ____ _
'1'111'1'(' 'Y a :-; B II :-= hlldnge ill :-ilocks of Ili g h l'xp lo-
s in' bOlll hs d llri ll1! th e \\':1 1' l'Xl.:l'pl 1'01' the 100-,
:2.iO-. Hlld -LOOO- pound hOlllhs ",Il icll Iw cl nut bCl'lI
uI'Lil'J'cd il lit.i:dl y ill ~ lIn it:ieli t. quantities. I ll ce n -
diury s lf)(: I\ ~, itO\\-C'-t' J' , \\'(' 1'0 IIU l l'OIl,!"dll y dl'plelcd
;.;f' n'l'a 1 Ii 11 1l':O:, a illl a '-a i 1:1 bi Iit)" of the bWl lbs 1':11 hl'l'
Ih:ln Ihl' l)],l'l'l' ITl'd i"YJll' (lfll'11 d id aLed tlw LOJld,
IO:llli ll g'. II \\'i l !-- 1101 II II l'tl lll III 011 10 1I<1 ,-e in C'l' lldi:l r y
IlolldJS Il ll lo:lIled Jl'tH11 th e ~h i p ill I Ill' 11<1l'bOI' :lnt.!
tl 'lI ll :,pul't ed dil'('clly 10 th t' a in.' r:lf L haJ'll sbllltis 1'01'
l\Jad illg,
6. BASE ORGANIZATION
Tlw deci s ion to ('(J lIstl' m'{ Wi ll,!.!' 1,:I;';c:-; i n ihc
)[al'ia lla s ill l t'Odll('('d lInique pl'o l) klll f: ill ul'~illli ­
zal iotl" ~e \" e l ' lH,j'o re hnd th e A 1'1 II.\" .\il' Forces
attellljJi (ld { o l }() lI ~e OVt'l' 1J"OOU l H~op l c in une (;0 1'11 -
bat bn :--e a l l..! i ll :0:111'1'1 ,)", 1l1i l i ntnill l and opel'utc on' l'
I SO fOIlI' - C'lIg i I IC aiJ'lTj lH 1'l't llll a si llg le i linlrol llf'"
The " 'illg 1I1'a tlqu n t'il'J's, ill i llll llt'diat l' p r ox imit y
to I he fUll!' COI llb,1l g l'OIll'S alld [0111' ~e l' "i ce gro upF,
1)(,(,<l III P th t' t\ OIIl i 11(,1li. en t i ty I net ie n II .'", logi:...t i e a 11 ,v,
and in Il ltlint cIHlIl C'l'.
J\'fail1te'IIf1l1ce,,- Tn o]'d t, t' jq ;I ('\,i( " -(' t il t, IIla x irllll lll
L1 sag!' (If th e hi;. d d ,r !' pt'l'ia ii zt'd jt)oi s " equipnH-'Ilt- :
,llld 1'I.:'I'::ionn f' l requ i l'('d to IlI:Jillt-ain th e B -2!), ,\
l.qJe u [ ur,rra ll izat iull known as th e "Co llihill1\fa ill -
lc nan(:c Sy!-'tt' lIl" wa s in<ltlgllJ':llNi. Until'l' 1his
~'y:-1tl'IIl J :-qlwdl'OIl rnaintennll cc pc rsolllll'l we re
cOll lbi lWd Oil a ~,],O llP ba ~ i s wit h it l"l'~ ultall t. puul ing
of per su nll(' 1 :111(.1 eqlli pn ll'll i. 'Vith III{' pxcr pti otl
of jts slIlal\. perma ne nt Iy nss ig-lI C'd mflilltp ll <lll Ce
c l'ew: each aircl';lft was sC I.Ti ccd IJY g l'Ollp s peci tll -
i~ t ~ , I'egll i:J rI 'y n~s i glll·d t f) ~ pccia lizf'd johs ~ L1c h a:-;
pe r iodi c ills pect iolls alld ellgi llc chall g-l'" 'J'hi :-i COIl -
{1 ';l sl et! sharpl y wi dl tI m o ld Sy~h~ 1I1 ullti el' wh ich
e fl c h ;ti n ': !':J fI lli ld a lal'gc, f-i x{,d IlI:J i ll il' IW II I'l' e l'l"\'.
Ea c h g roup cO ll t l'ibuted pel'sutl ll l'l io CI' II I r:ll i,wd
:- hflpS. :-:i llch 11 :-: 1' IIgill l' l,uild -llJ> sh op:,,, which we l'e
o rgani zed o n a, wi ll g- ba~i :;; . T h is pr l'lll it lt.' d tlt e
estauli s\lment of P I'Odll ction li ne met hod s, l'eslllt-
i ll g ill :J III O I'C ecoll llnl ie:d employm enl 01 1I1nn-
pu we r: :I lid il ll adeqlUlte su p pl y u [ bui lt-up cngines
to IJ Il'd II igh Iy f1 tlcl WI ti ng de nl fllltl s .
~ra i Iii l' ll : ll lCl' p c I':-=O IlI1Clin Lilt, tlllll' SC I'\' ite gl'uups
\ ' ' 1' 1'1.' co ltd ,i lll'd illtu Ina ill tc nallCc l'ied i on s f or each
~u
t d' t \\' o :;(' 1""icC' c(,111('1':' . n nd i I1Cl'c;l scd fl ex i bi Ii I:y W:lS
:::U
,ll' lIicn'd 10 Illl'l'i (hl dll ilt i ng wOJ'k IUJ-1l1s bciwCl'1l
thl ' CHllli); 11 g J'O IIPS" .\ wing Illaintenance (;011-
'I]'oll e]' ""i lh 1""0 1 1 :-.~ i ~ i.;tlltS (,ool'dinni.C'd tl nd di-
reeled o\"l'I."- fl ll Illa illlclI:lIl(;l'"
SIIfJjJl y,,- TH IIlillillli zc th e Cll'l'l'i s of' in;ld('qllai-e
i ll n' 1I1 lJ ]'i e~ . pal'ti cl d:II'ly of pa l't s pecu liar Lo the
H-~a uin.' l'aft" t h e JlJ ll owing s tl'PS ,,-el'e lakl'll:
(0) Tlworigi nal plall fur a willg !-:upp l,ro l'gani -
z:li iUIJ wa:o: Cllilll:!l'd i{1 i nc() ]'po l':lte one wing :-iupply
i'll llt 1'01 ('l'I IIPI' wi t-II :-=lIppl ic:-i o f UH.,,' ~:l llI e killd "for
all III .!I :'; \\'a]'l~II(Jl I f;l'l l ill Ullt' h ll';d-j o1J :J ll d willi one
l'l'lltTall .r loc:ill'd ~ hll' k I'l'cil rtl p stal,li ~ llIlI e n t.
(/J ) Tight c u nll' (Jl ~ f o r i.1;;~ lI C of t r i ti l.::l1 items
'Yl' I'l~ p:-;t:Jbli:-;hcd ;If wing, ooml Jc l' l'U IlI 1ll;IIH.I : :Jlld
air-de pot Il,,'(' I:-; "lid s t:1I1dard QIli1l1til y lislti Wl' re
('olll pill'd ill 1('1'111::: 01 :;0 dayl'i le\"e l. S up el' \"is ion
\\'H:-- l'Xl' ITised loins ul'c that adC'qllat c uni L I'cljui-
sitiOlI:-i to 1ll:l i ll j:l i n thi ~ olJjeelin' '\-1.' 1'(, sulHllitted,
(r) Lt'l';t llllill lllJadu l'e. jlll p ru,·i:--atiull: and l'ec-
"JIllat ioll \\' l"I'f' 11 :-:(,\\ cx h.'ll ~ i n: l y a:-i !':OllI'CeS of
cll p!' I.\'.
(t! ) Pl'lIj ci..'li ulI of 1'('qllil 'C ll ll' lIi s Wfi S illitintcll
ha ~l'd Oil lla~ t L:U II :-= lItll pti () 1I arJ(l ;1I1l il'ipated sorlie I,
p trort , pC],lll iit illg a ll n::-; po llsi bl e agencies Lo flll - J
ti L:i pal l' ilnd lInn..; jll'lI ''' idl' fur f uture need s, T he a
-j :) pr l'tl' ll t il lc rp:lsl' ill opc]';Jti uIiS brgill1 li llg ill
)Jal'dl "';I S IIc ''' el.' ;d l'Cl'i.f' d by allY la ck of supp l ies,
lIlt/ugh Itla I';..!' i n ~ i ll 111 :1 II,\" i nsl n II ces Were pl'ec;tl'i·
\.
Oil : ':! .'" !=-; Iilll" In D ccclll uel' j !)-!-l ""i th '-Ill <t '-e l'age of
a
1-4-1-! B- 2ns a:O: -l igllcll , J 1,,:1 LWn'l' llt ""pr(-' g rounded fol'
II
pa I't:-:, wit ill, ill J·ld y " " .i I Ii 0:t5 B- 2!):-l :I fOs igned , on I)'
II
0.2 pC' l'cC'Il L we rC' g l'1 111n dpd {'Ol' i he s anl e ren son.
sl
I,
7. OBSTACLES AND LIMITING
FACTORS 81
P
A. Weather C(
"·"alli er tO li s l illiled tli e 11105t Se ri('HS obsta cle to ii '
Il0mLJill g opl'rati um•. l':-pcci lilly du r ing tlt e en rl ,\"
C(
[ll' r iod Wlil'lI th c d ocl rill e uf hi gh "ltitud l' dil ,d ight
"i :-- ll:tl I)OllllJi llg Wi l S foll owcd. :i\[j s~i o ll s \\"(' I'e fl'e-
III
qlll'lItl.r de la ,)'l'd f ur ::::e" C' l"ill daY:-:i awaiti ng faru/,-
10
aule fO I'('cast:-:" Al t\tollgli tlli ~:-- i()ll s wpre gPI1l' l'all y
di s palTlted III Il Il'!' wea lll(' 1' fO l'ecasts ,,-hi cit indi- e:'\
calcc\1I I'l'll sona ulc l: h:tIH.: C of "i:-= II ;l 1 bUIIIL)ill g, only Iii
26
:{O pel'ce nt of th e ail'cl'llft c1ispal cli ecL d uring Pha ~f'
On e of th e l\ f al'inl1a ~ ope l'iltioll wpre :lbl c ~ o bomb
pl'i mfll''y tfll'gc t ~, or thc:-i .... , man y bnln bed thl'()ll~h
broken c lo11d :-:; with un ly all uc(' a ~ ionn1 .f! liIlIP~C of
the t:1l'gcL or tilt' l'C' lIli1 ill in ~ TO pf' n :ent , t.h ose
I'each i ng t he t:l J'~e l n rca g cnel'fl ily I'i IIIIH.I t 11(' t il J';,!<"t
obscured b,v cl uud :.; find WCI'l' fO l'ced t o hOlllb :--ec -
onda l'Y JUl'g ,'b by l'a d:1I', 11l1l ddit iflll 10 pCI'~ i ~ tL' nti
cloud (,U" el'llge, lIttil(:l.;illg ainTI! I't C' lh:ollllil' l'ed
hig h wind s alo ft 0\' ('1' .J apa n, ~(, I H'l'ltl l y 1'1'01 11 100 t o
17;:; miles pel' h Ull 1'. }-[i;,!h wjlld ~ H' n 'cd to rpsi ri d
bUllll,i l lg apPl'lI:1 c' lu's 10 fh e d owll willd dil'ectioll.
wit h l'f'::iultan L h ig h g rolilifl :-: I H'I'd ~. On O Ii C mi :---
..:iO ll again st th e Xa \.:aji lll:l ~1 1l ~ a :-:hill () Bligi llt, plan L
nenl' T ukyo. H- 2!l f u r mat iO Il:-:. appl'o:1 cliillg dowlI -
win d ill ,I ~ I,)- Ill i l c will d, at t f' lIlptf'd to hOlllh Ihe
prillla!",'":lt rl:~:) l!lill'S Ilt'!' Iiollr. TIII'Oll;,!hu ll t Plla !-=c
(}tw. pl'imal'i ly uN:lI11:-ie u f \\"1'alh('l', bUllll lill~ ,[1'-
CIII'H (,,Y . and ~ l uoJ't,ful" c II/md,ing" 1'1-':-:1111 :-', "'l'n'
HII ~ilt i:-. f:l cto l"j',
13a:--.(-' lind r(luh' \\'l'n till'r did 1I0L l i lil it o pl'ra t iUlls
to :l ily Sip-llifil'alll ext ('lit al t houg h :l few IlIi ~:-- itlll S
\\"(' I'C d ehryed be(,:llI:--t' of ti ll 1':I\'tH'ald c ltWill l'ond i -
t io lls 01' th e PI'C':-:(' IlCl' or Si Ol'lliS HppJ'O:I(' h ill~ ty ~
phuoll i llt en:-:i ly alollg lite 1'01i it'. Th l' hi;,!1t inl'i·
dl'l lt"l' of Pt'J';-. i ~ tal\l fo~:;: un' J' 1\\"0 .I i llia dlll'i ll,!!
tlu,' :-, pl'ill,:! !i!H' W; :-'l' IIIi1dl' it:-.t'if f,,1t ill J"l,dlll" ; ng-
nil' li ght('1' t, fI'ort H"aii:JIJ ll' :lIld i ll jll"t'vllhlill,!! 1111'
1I ~1' (If 1\\"0 .I i ll l<l by B--:..!!I:-. a ~ :III 1'1I1l'l"gl'IIC'Y Ilil sP.
III CH I. Ih l' ~t'n' l' ity o f " 'l':dht'1" tJ\'l' !" "Ihl' llul up'"
:I :-i \\"('11 a:-. ill l t'lI :-it' :-:I':I:-:ollil l hl': ti al tlt l.' ( "di:1 Im :-:I':-:
St' I" 'l' d to l i lllit opt'rld iOIl:--.
H" ('illl:--C' o f til l' l illli tcd data <I":ti l ab lt' I'I'IJIII tIl l'
,'a::t tpITi l o l'it':-. (If C hilla :llld Sihl' !" i:l t o lite \\"I':o- t
Hil t! III1J'thWl':-:1 of JapillI. t li l' 1I1'0\)ll'llI of 1'111'1 '1':1:-:1-
i l ll:! wpailtel' ('l llldil io m~ on'!" J a pan pJ'un:~d to Ill' a
llHI:--.t dilli eult 0111 '. Tilt' fOI 'I'I':I:--till:,! Sl'ITi l'l! \\" a ~
s ITc l1~thl'lll'd t relll (, IHiou sly II.'" wI'at!tC'r dala 011 -
ta i l ll'd 'I.'" il l' l'ia l 1"t'I·ollllai:-i:--HI1 l'I'. BS Pl~l'i :d l y i ll -
r-t J'lllll l'lltal B --i l and n-:w
ai l'p l:ll lf';; W('I'(, C'1I1 -
played to cO " er iI 1:l l"gp :1111011111 Il l' tt' nitol'.\'. B- :!-I ;;
co n'l'l'd "J"l':t~ ",ilhin tiOO Illi ll':-i o f tli p )lal'iilll ;l :-i
whil l! B- 20:-- l't'a\'It~<I 011t U \' ~ I' .J apan. ]~()n':t , Okill -
n"~:t , nlJd ad jal"l'llt IIl'l'il ~ to ol.la i ll " 'l':ditl'J" da ta
l'onc{,ll ll'a tin;! 0 11 t l"iti cal lIlId qIlP!"Jli ulI :d Jll' :ll'l':I:-:.
Dli r i ng PII1l ~l' Olle of the )l:ll'i :lIl:t :-i u p(' l'ati un .
th e :t1JSl' Il Ce of 1111 iIlI CI"IIIl' diatf' 1:1 lid in;,! b;l ;;,e sC'I'\'ed
to I'c:o; l l'i ct tljlC'l'at io llnl fli:xillilit y III a ~ igl li fi l'ilIIL
l'x t ell L Di:-:t'II:--:-:i oll of Ilt i:-: llIatH'!' i ~ l'ontai llt'd III
the section o f thi s r epu r t Jll'lI l ll'd "lwo JillW'" ,
27
B. Tact ica l Range of the B-29 Airpla ne
From ilclnlllcl~ I ln~e:; i ll CIIiIl1l, B- :l!l 11llit ~ c011ld
l'plI ch K oren. }.tnn chlll'ia , th e \\"e:o:t CI"rI pl1l'l of ]-10 11 -
:--Itll. FOI'lIlosa. :lnd the no rth el'lI pa r t of K yushll .
Olli eI' It l'('a~ o [ .J npan \\' ,' 1'(' 11111 l'O Il ~ id C'l'('d to l ie
",it hill t,tr(~t·ti" e !'lIng-e. Th is ractor im po~l'd il
si:,!lIifi l'ilnl l i nlitalitJII 0 11 Opf'I';ltio ns o[ the 'l'wcn -
t iet h 1301l1\)er C Olllllll1nd .
Froll l _ M al'i ana :-- 1,;1:-;(':--. till' B- :W (" 011111 r cach :111
of Japan pro pl' l': I'X t"\'PI i tlllof J-Lokl.; nido. By stng-
illt! l hJ'o ng!' 1 \\'1) J i ll l:!. dur in g Pha :;:{' Two, :III,\"
tal'gl't ill .Japall alld ]\:ul't';t l'OI!! d lit' rcndlel l.
C. Target Ana lys is a nd Target Material
B('c all :--I'!lf i ll:--l lIlki t'lit pel":--olllll'l lin d illatll'qllilh'
f:l l' i l i t il';-;. a :--I'ri oll :-i pl"ouil'lll ('xi stt't! i n th e (-h'ld ti l'
tal',~4't :1It ,d y:-: i:'i anll J1t'otilll,t i oll uf tHl 'get 1l1 :ll l' rial.
'1'111' T \\,C' lll ." ~ fil"~ 1 lioilibel' COllllllill ll 1 was alltltol'-
iZI'(/ it hOll t Ita If 1'1I 0tl:,!" ~ p('l' i : d i ~l :.: IlOl"lll:d I." 1"1' -
qll i l'('d 10 halldit' tilt, ":l sl IIlllOlili t of ph,)jtJ i llft ,l'-
pl"l'Iat i lll l ant! la q!d :l llil ly:.:i:-:, Olle EII ~i l 1Cl' l'
tnpogl'itpll il'al l'Olllpall ," ill,,1 Olll' photographi c
Il't' lIlI i('a I tl l't IIt'I II 111' 111 W('I'e p l'tI\'idl'd til Ita lid Ie
t ('('II II iL- a I wo r k ill\'ol n ,d ill prtld llt·illg 1:l1";!('t
(·11111"1 .... photo;,! I'ap!t:-i. li t ho I lIo:--n i(':o;. PI'I':-- p t'di\"t~
(,lIill'l :-:. 1'1(' .. fot' j'i n, I,IJlHbardIlH'lIt \\" illg:-: . . \ 101'0.
,:!l"Ilplli l'ni l laftali o ll \\"11 :; l1 C'cdptl in addit i OiI to thp
photo I t'l 'li ullit Inli 1'''IIIt! Jlllt lIt' ollta illed. 0111 ,"
I,," :-- ullj l'l' t illg :I \"ili lal.!t, pe J":O-lIl1l ll'll0 lOll;,! and It'd i ·
011:-: It 011 1":-- (I f \\"01'1.; \\":1:-- th e (" Ollll tllll111 "lil l , t o :n 'oid
till' 11 f'(,I':.::-: it y flf t'llI'failing o jJt'!";t! ion :-: I I('n l ll ~l' of
i l ll'lllllJd dl' bq!l't data fl1" ilt:-:ldlkil'lll j at',:!t'~ lwi er-
il l,'.! 1l1:l1l' I·jll i.
D. Tra ining
or IIt 'l·l':o-,... it,'" . til l' t ra i 1til1;,! pl'O;.!l'illll of B -i ~)
('Hlltll:d I1llit :-: ill t hI' I ' Hitt'd Sl :HI';-; l'on :-:i:-il l'li p!" i -
IIIi1rily (If to ntl Jllt l 'I'l'''' ilt ~ ll"lldion , '1'hl' l i lll it rd
t'i mc fl ":J i lab le fill' OIh' I':lti o llal tl'lli lt i ll;,! pe l"llt i ll ('d
:ll"cCl lllpl ishlltt'1I 1 of 011 1." :I !- IIlHIl atnOl ll ll of IInil
tJ"jl i ll i ll~, Thl'l'(' fo l'('. 011 a n inll of cO lllb:!t g-I'IIIII':'
in thc th eat er o r npel"flli oll !-=l i t" w a:-: d l'CIlIt.'d 1j(:'C'('~­
:-:; 11'." t o dc\'ote froln :1 to -I. wc!'!.;s to !Ill i nt pl1 si,'('
p l 'o~ I '''n l of IIn i t tl':lillillg'. ilH' 1lid ill;,! fOl"lllalioll fly ·
ill ;.!, fOl"lll:li iOIl bOil d,iII;.!'. n'lldt'z'·OIl:-;. CUIllIlHilli ca-
l io l1 ~ . :Jlld :.re m·I'a l Th ell tC'!' i lldol'll'illat ioll . Th e-
:rI el' in<ioctl'in:diol) t r;t illi ng il H: ll1dl'd l:JJ'g'(l1 :-:t l1cl y.
Hil'·Sl' :t - I 'l'~C ll e Il t'(I{,l'(lul't's. t :.l eli cHI (Ioc t l'ille, et c.
GI'01lPS \\"cl'(' 1101 l"Oll llll i tted 10 (:lIlIlbai. on'l' Ja pan
.
11111 il Sitch t rai ni ng had bf'l~ n cUllIpl eteri .
 111 add itiu ll til IIlIit t l'a illillg dC'sc l'ilH!ll above, a
pl'ogl'iI II I uf lend cre w tl'aini ng-. (lt~si gllcd to pl'U·
d uce th c most p I'ofi cicllt fOl'llJ:lli oll h'''I Il' l's possi ulc:
was cO ll d llcted t hl'oug-hout th c period of ('llml,nL
opl' J'flti om:. Til e mORt. pruli lising" c rcws we rc :-'('.
led cd , hu sed on 1'l':;:- 1I1t ~ o f app l'() x itll atciy t i..' 11 CO lli ·
hat" missiun s, find g in'lI:t rn ollth uJ ::- pl.'t iai trai ni ng'
i n bOllJuillg. ra dal': Il:t\' igati un, i nt clIsi\"{:o t:t rg-cL
sluely: etc. C rews nol 1I1£':l S:: ll l'i n;,! lip Iv :-: tnnllnnl ~
wcre ciilllill:tlt'd from lead erew tl';lining anel nol
fl ssigncd to i ClId pu.'.:.iti o ll ~ . All ('ffor t waS Illlid c t o
maintllill-fI"Omnillc 10 j \\"l·I\·c it'llIi (TCWS pC I' group.
J\Iailll cll ,tIlCc·o 'f· profk il'IlC.\· tntillillg of all CO lli ·
hilt crc w pel"::'lI lll1e l also {"Oll:..t itlltl'd a Illajor part
o f t he o r e ndl tl'a inillf,!" p rtJ;.!1'1I1l1. ll t' I\\'cClt III is ·
sions Lo J apan , trai n ing f1i;.dtl s '\"l' re. (:undlll'led
locn lly. VI' 5=Pllt tu Tl"lIk OJ" :M al'l' lIs fOI" pr:lct icc
I,ombillg Hllti er l!lild cUlll iJat condil ion s.
A s nn indi(·tdi on o f til e flyin g' l· tl"ort dl'\'utl'll to
:1 Cl'Olllpli!o,hllt t? lIt of the (J"l'ra ll tlll':I(el" tr:lil li llg"
Jll"og r:1Ill. it. i:s puint ed O llt l !t nt. 10 pel'l·t·1l1 v f all
fl yi ng co ndudt,d by the ~Iill"i:llla s 13- 20 f orces, wa s
tlc "oted to trai ll i ng. Th is flllluullt ed to O,'er It 5,000
fl yi ng ItOllrs. In :ttldi( ion t o flyillg" I mining. hlln -
dreds of Ih o ll ~ :ll1d s of Illan · li(JIII·S wc re (lm-olell t.o
g round ~c hool.
E. Auxiliary Combat Equipment
T he !tI ck o f three it(' IlI~ o( (,fIU iplIll' llt prc \·('lltl·d
Ihe s uccessful flcco lilpiislll llC'lll uf lI igltt attael.; :-:
<I ('1I i nst priol"i!".,· p recisioll Llrget S by pi lI . pni lit
bomb ing Itt ctJ.od:-:. Th e:--e itf'llIs \\" (> I"e: t he ~ I X 3-1-l
l3olllbing' COIllPlltC'I' JOt' I-lie APQ- 13 radar, lit e
rr(lex opli es atfiH" III IIl'llt for tlH' ~ord e ll bom\)·
:--ig ht, Hild a Rttitnb le Iype o f target marker bomh.
D elin·ry of th e first t.w o it enl H \\'11 :-: :,tal'ied during
Ihe l aU e r part of th e fina l pion '" v f "pe rali o ll" . .\
1lI:tl'kcl" bomb Wa S Il C,'Cl" J"(·("(· i,·cd. lbll it
~ lIitnb l e
heen possible tn t(J lldlid lIi!!lI t p rec is ion hombing
al tacks un prio r ity i 1H111:;f rial j:1J";!et s, sma ll JOI'CC~,
ca rryi ng la rge loutl s n lltl bO lllbill~ at low Ic,'c ls
["oliid hal'c be,'n di ,patch ed.
F. R atio of Crews ro Aircraft
,,·jt J. th e. i1pplic:li iOIl uf :sustai lled IllUxi lllU l1i
,' ITor t du ring Ihe secolld phll se of th e ]I [n L" illll ll'
u pc l"nti on ~ I he endul"ance of 'olllbal crcw pcrsonn el
becamc n 1imifing faelol'. It wa s found th at the
airpia lH' cou ld he flow n 11I0 rc hUlIr pel" Illontli ,
II ncl eL" acceptablc rnai ntena n e slandal"d s, thun
l:oulcl cumbat (" r l'WS . ' Vil h stc:tl1i l.v improving"
II lai nlenUllcc " lId :- upply ClIlldiiiulIS. il a ppea red
fe" s ible t o operll te Ihe 13- 2D on a b" is of 140 hour,
per month pCI' ass ig ned airc raft. TL wns IelL tha t
{" rews cO tlld bc (I0WIl :I !O milch as [1,3 10 100 I!(JuJ':,
fo r peri uds of a few Il lomlis Ullt fOI" exten ded pe-
riods shoilid lIot be t-Iv\\,11 U\'C I' 7;; hOIIl'S per month.
Durillg Phase Two the rati o of as:--i ;!ned c rcw~ 10
;lin: rufl wa s npproxi ll iate iy 1.2;; tn J. 'Y il h ma ny
tTl' WS not H"ailablc fUI" combat 1'l'l"ll Use of Fllakc-
dlJ\\"Jl t willi llg , Icad c re w i n l inillg, sickn ess, etc.
tlte act ual rawo uf ;l\'ailnhll' crews assigned to ail"·
t"l"a fL WII S app roxilllalt'l y . 0.:.14 tu I. :Jnd an'mge
(lyi ng i imc prr 11 1011111 Pl' l" c re w :I !':--ig"lIcd rt ll lOunted
to 8.S hUll 1':;;. ]r,al the war COlltilltl cd : t h is rate
co uld 1101 1t ,I\'l' I,Pl'lI :o: u:-l;li lll'lI for many mure
111 0111 li s. 0" i li e l"eClIllllllclillatioll \)[ Gencral Le·
~' ra y ~ l-I Q• .\ .\F Iwd appru\'l'il :I ratioll rrf tw o
l"l"l'WS 1)('1 ' a:--!-'i;,!llt'd ail'craft. Additio ll;!1 t' l"e \\'~
"'\l ich had ; IITin:~d ill th e tllI 'afl'r wc re Hut COIll-
" ltlft·l.'" i lit/uti r i lIa t£'ll \\" 111." 11 t ht, W, II: rnll cll.
G . B-29 Mechanica l Troubles
.\l t lt ul lg-J. Inl'l'lwlIi ca l di fl icli ll ie!-i 'rC I "(~ experi.
e ll ced throu.¥1t tlte ell t ire ope ratioll . thi s trotlble
Ilm·Ct· cOllstitllh. d a :;;:1 ' l" iO Il ~ iilliit ing faci ol". Con·
~i dc ring th e fa ct t1wt (h'\'c1upnlclll' ilnd pl"lHllleti on
of t he 13- 20 wa s g n'lIl Iy att"c lcl"Iltl'd in order to get
thi s wcapon jntu th e l):t c ific Wfi r :t !'; (,;lrl y ilS pos·
, iulc. Ihe ol·e l"-IIII ("xl e lll· In I("hie h ",ech ani cal
f ro llb lel-- wcre cncollllfl' l"('d l-- itClll ld he d f'sc ri bcd ns
IllfJd cl'ntc a lld l'xpect-rt! . FI)I" a ~hol' t period of
t iute f nll owi ng a I"l'i \.:t1 0 f j he Fi fj Y-l·ighth 'V illg
in Indja , engi ne m'e rit (,lltinl! Hlill :.wiJ!-iC'IHcnt fail ·
II I'C cOIl:--i i l il ted a ~e l" iUH . lIa nd iCil l'. lim i t jill! opl' ra -
tions unti l modifica t iolls W (' I"C anlila l)lc.
H. Communications
Oll ly olle scrioll s obstacle Wil S encuuntc rcd in
I he fi eltl o f cOln mUllications wi lit h illterfered
with the cOlldllct of operati ons. During Decem-
111"" 1M! "lid Jail"'''·.\' WH, tlt e VHF md io tele·
type c ircuits uetwce ll GU'IIII. Tiniull, fin d Saipan
fll llcl iolled o lll y a Sll lHll part. or the t ill it'. Urgent
()pcrnt iOllu I mcssages were oftell delayed for ser -
1" ,.,,1 hou,.s. By mid -F eb ,.I1",.y th es<' t,.oubl es hnd
lJl't'li Ja l"gely O\·(> I"('O IlI C. Th e lack of \·ital air-
born e comlllllni ca tiu ns cfJll ipment i l l sufficient
qllantity such as rope, air lo air h om ing equ ip-
IlI cnt: V JTF c rysta ls, e lcct roni c jamm ing un its,
;tlld flux ilinry intcrp hones: wh iJe n ot Jimili_ng the
s ize or ~.:("npc o f opel'af'i ons, did impose hflnclicnps.
 I. Supply
In Ihe I ndia -C hi na Ihoatpl'. supp ly Ira s th e I'l'i -
1I1f1 I',V lilli i t i ng- fnctor. CO lll blit units Wl'J' b:u;('d
ill th e C aJclltla ;I rea nn d wpre sl nged j hroll;!h
ad \':lll cr hn ~e~ ill Chilla . III o rde r to se r vice ai !'-
crith at tlt r ;t ch ' ;lI l t(' ba:-:e:;;. HX('d and othel' ,'ital
:O; lIppl ics had Lo be tran!': ported by ail' 0 \'('1' t crri ·
tol'Y chanH:ic l'i zccl b~' exf l"(,lll eiy UII fa \"ol'flb le
weathe r and te r rain . )fon'lllcn t of the nlst
f(lI ilntiti es (If ~ lIpp l i ('s uj" ai l' iIlIPOSf'tI t n:~ rne ll d o ll s
p l'obl c m ~.Large se;d e co mba t st r ikes ngninst f lit'
e mp in~ COl lie! be IHolint ed ollly by t IH' :-; 1(1\\" :l lId
(Odiou s fllf·th od of fl y ing ~ lIpl'li cs O \ ' l' r " t he
Hlllnp·'. Th e IHlllli ll' I ' o f t rans port !;n J'i'i cs !-l owlI
hy B - :2fl:-: IIt' ....c:-:.;ary to 111011111 till' ::.n:,K l'OJllhal
bo ml,ill g' sorl"ies wa s :~ .-I·05. Th e ca pab ilit y (If
tll p B- 2!) :I.il'pla nc :I S a cUlIlhflt" W£>tlPOl1 COll id
ihcl't.' l'orc II IIt- be l'xploih-'d I'f'cil ll ~e of :-<ll pply
l i lllit:t ti on~. ]JlI rillg tilt· (> lI lin' upcl"atioli I!'full
C ililla · lll d i :l , the slIpply uf ga soline, :-: PH I't' pa rt s.
bonlbs, an d Iliaint C' lI:lnCC 1)l' I':;oll llel was Cl'itit:d,
Tn the )rnl'ian <l s, olll y I Wu p r iucipa l ~ lI p pl 'y ob-
~t a (' h~s imposed !'t'ri oll s limitat iUII ~ on til(' (,'fllld ilct
tlf opl' l'ali uns, Tl lf'f.:l' \n~ l' e :
(1) .\ (, I' it il'a l !"ho rl :lgc o f H-2U:-i :-- 1':11'(' pari i'
d uri n!! till' (jl':--l :) mon th ~ ti l' opt.: raliuns wh ell t ill'
;I\'C'I ',lgC pe l'cl'lI hlg't) (If "i l'c rnft (llIt- of ('nm ill is..~; i otl
f o l' pari s was .) .7 pt' ITI' Ili. with a h igh of 1 1.3 ]>£'1'-
rC'nt, t1 l1 l'ill~ thc IIlOlli1i (I f D Cl'entl.)(· J' W-I-k I I i ~
p:.:ti llln trd thllt ;1Il additiollal 1.000 tcJlI ~ flf bomb:,
('ottld lI ;tn· IIt·PII lift ('rI :1~lIill :-- t· .T'lpall Inltillot t hi ~
l'O lid it ion ex i t ecl.
(2.) A sl'l'i() lI ~ s horl:l:,!t' hI' iIH't'ndi:lI',Y 1lIlIlIilioll:--
foll owing th e ~ rarr h ~c l'i es of in n'n di :ll',\' 5trikt·:--.
lucre-ased bomb 10:lr1::; carl'icd at f"( ,du t'cd boml;i ll/!
nit it ll dt,S :Iud :H': l·c lt.' rflt ed schct.lulillg- o f mi ssiolls
I'('s ulted in the exhaust-in;! of ;\ \-:I ila ble stocks o f
incendia ry bombs in fh"e l:l l'g-e SCUl l' Ill iss ioll :o.
These stol'k:;; wel'e I'cpleni :. ; lied as soon :I S :-.lli ppil1/!
cO Il.hl be set lip 10 IIl cl't in c l'el1 ~('d l"('qllirenlcnt r-:. By
mid -April. suflicil'ld incend iary IJoJllbs had :lJ' r in 'd
to mOll li t t\\"o large ~l" al t' attacks . B y mid -1Vl ay .
the sho l'tflge \\"f1 S ('~[-:en l i ally eliminflt ed Lil t a vail -
f1bl e stocks Il C\"CL' pf'J'Init ted I li e p1:l11n c r :; [t -f l'f'l'
choice in tli(' tY lwS o f i licc lltii:ny hom hs to II'
em ploy ed.
J. Photographic Reconnaissance
011 pllUto rccunnaissance &1I.ladroll ' l·qllippcd
with Hi F - L3 type ail'c l'n f t (c'l)Ccia ll.,· cC( uip pcu
11-29-Lypc airp lanes) wa s I'lIl'ni , il cd initia ll y,,,
part o f the Twe nty -first Bomber Co mma nd Ol'~an ­
izo.lioll. Had Ihis squadron bee n supporl cd by
I hiI'd echc lon mninten an ce personnel, such as all
air ::;c rri ce g"roup (s pecinl ) , it cou ld have produced
:- : lIf1icil' ll t effor t to han~ met I'eqlli rclllents of Het'in l
ph utog ru phy. J-Iowc,'CI', personn el fin d equipmenl
for tiJird cchelon lrwin tennnce werc not provid ed
un t il neal" t.h e c lose of tlte wa l". As a I'esuli o f their
laI C "l'l'inll , t.he Third Ph oto Heco n S q"adron II' US
nc\'('" ab le to Ill a intnill a silnicientl y hig h rate of
a i rcnl ft ill ("o m 1)1 ission to met·t ClIl'I'Cnt uperationa l
l" e q ll i l"e lll e I Jt ~ . The wOl"k load impo:,cd on t h is
:--q ufldrull W:I S I'Xll'C l llt'l y hea "y, :I n addition to the
\· H ~ t :1molllll or tn rgd alld post stl'ikc l'ecollJlais-
:--:l llt'C I'eqllin·d Ily th e (." om lJill cd opcrati ons o f {he
wing-:..;, !"l ie :'1(11:11..11"011 \\":l S cital'gcll w i th mapping
()killi.l wa, .J apall. <l l itl 01 11 (' 1' : 1 1'l~a s in accordance
lI'ilh" ;Io illl C h it·f s o f Starf d ireclive.
Soon :t rt (' 1' t hc (Ipell iug or tilt' i\fa I'ianns ll- 29 a i I'
ope l'a tioll t li t· Ill't ,d fO I" a re<,:oJlII:ti s~Hll ce unit cquip-
pt'd with F-:1 uil'craft ( 1I lOdified P -3 a irp lane )
iJecarll(, llppn l'CllL L ow Ip"l·1 I"Pcullna issunce wus
Ill'N.h ·d to gain photo:; lIlid er low ant! rncc1 illlll In.\'-
I' I'S U r c lolld ~. An d al !-:u to uulai ll g-reaf cl' detai l of
la rgets t han could 1m ga ined by lIi (l"h altitude
JlllOt o~I'ap h y . S(, l'jous el l·lays jn obtni nin g post -
:-< tl'ikt, ph o t () ~raplty 0 1' major att acks we re o ften
l 'x!,('rit' ll ("cll whi ch i l npo~('d a scrious obsta cle on
IIli ~s ion pin lining-. Fol lowi llg th c 3 Jauua ry 19·):'5
hi;!h ali-itlldc illcelldial'Y attack on the rl o(" k~ and
IIl·ball indust l'ia l nl"Cll of NiI~oya. th e con nllnnd wn s
27 (1:IY8 ill obt ninillg ph olos of bombi ng I'(':; ult s
1ICC:Itl se o f ('oll:-;i:-;t('nt l' lulld cO\'CI'i1 gc O\'CI' NilgOY,L
T o IJI'o \'idt, 1()\\"· lcn :.' 1 photo I·('(·onnai s~nn ce. til e
F()rt .r - fiJ'~ t Het"" ~qlladl'ol1 (F- 5 type) was sent
10 th e ~{fll'ia lla ~. II- :tl'l"in~d , howe\-el', loo la te to
(' ll gllgC ill :l cl i" e fJ Jl(~ rn j ion s,
K . Miscell aneous Operations
'1'1 1(' lIt 'l'l':,,~ it y fOI" pl"o \' i di n~ ('olllbat crews and
ai rr l"ill't fil l' supc J' -t1ulIlbo : fi ghter na \-ig-ation ,
w(':IIIII'I', nnd ol hl'J' IlI i:':cl'lInll colIs II lissions rcdu ce4l
th e fort'(' :I \'ai l"bl e fur tO luha t st r ik es. ~ [o l'e se l' i-
o us t ha 11 til e I·('lluctillll ill a i I'craft ho,,"l'\'(,l' W:l S t he
III~s or Ih e l'olllhal ('l'l'w5 sill ce the supp ly of a n li l-
able tT C WS wa s (' riLi t'al. R e ·omllu·nd nti ons fOl" the
t'stllbli slHlll'nt o r specia l 1Il1il·s to I'epl ace t h e ('0 111 -
hat IIlIi L", III pCrfOl'lll illg tiH'SC t asks w(' ro not ap-
proved.
 SUMMARY
THE STRATEGIC AIR OPERATION OF VERY HEAVY BOMBARDMENT IN THE
WAR AGAINST JAPAN

A ('ll';ll"l'l' IIl1d (' I'shllldin/! of I Ill' "liB njJPI',dillll pbld, l hl~:I\'Y onlnalltl' p l:lnt. In:I\'al air tra in illg
11I:!y bt·, gained II." rel,dill/! it t o Ih e jll'lIf!I'(':-!:-i in' t' l' llh'I', and I l'<lill'oad yard . X"ot· iIH'lIH1"d in nlC
pha :-t's nf till' I3- :W sc alI..' (If l, {1'(ll't, to tll (' pot\'ntial ahon' \\",'n' IIII' i ll :-il all,r1i{)ll ~ :llld fa eili i ips of 17
c.:apahilitit'" ~d~ lll i :-i \\'('a jlllll in tltt, P:l (' ifi~ ' , I n Iltl' K yw·.;J rll :l lld ~llil.;ol';lI ail 'fipld :-: \\"hi('1r \\"1'1'£' efff!('-
pl'itll' ip.ri t,rPP:-i of :dtal'i-,: (' 01 III w:: t pd . ,llld t o tltl' t in'ly d,·~ tl"flYl'd Ily \'1-IB ,dlac ·k ill ~ l1PP/)rI 'If the
capabi lit ,\' of tlH' \, 1111 pl'Clg-l'alll fOl" (,:lrl"."iH/! Ollt 1Ia \' " I fOI T~ ...; at O ki lt:rwa, Th{'~ l' I'l'~ult :-: Wl'n' a ('-
it ~ a:-::-:i¥"llt'd IlIi s:-:-: io l1. c'olnp l i:-:hl'd III I\'~s t II<In fin' IIIOlit h~ d1l1'i ut!
\\-catilt'1' S('iI :-iotl ~ tllCl:-;t 1IItfa\"Clt'ahh·' fo t' pl'e('i sioll
Scale of Effort
IJ()lllbing".
In th e first· pl!:I ~I ' of \'1-11\ IlJlI"1':Itilill S. tl w B-~!) :-;
EXJlIClitill~ a i l' :--t lpn'nl:l( ',Y . H - :2!1:-i thll :-: 1l1'lItral-
o lH'r:ded IUltl! frolll I" ndi:t n ll d tir l'(llI;..!.'lr nd'-:l lll 'l'd
iZl'd lrIlIlH~ t'llll :-i \' ital lWlftllldioll Hllit :-o ill JapHll':-;
1 J;1 ~l' s in China ",hi ell \\"l' I'(' thl' ollly iJa!"'l'i'i ili l' ll
w al' ('COllom)", T"al thi :-: bombing- \\"it~ ('oll\' inc-
",' ailatJiI·' from " ' hi e-I! .) <l jlall it :-:plf ('ollle! bl' ai -
illt!:ly illdi (,Hfi\"e of till' d(' ~t l'll(." .. iulll1r:tll'(Jl dd han!
l:l l'k r ti, TII (, ~·;('a l l' of t, f1'o rl all d ("[Ioi cl' (I ]' tal'gl'l:-;
hl'l'll \\' rollg-Itt fill .1':1 p:1 11 \ra il :-:11(' (' 1t'('I I'cito ('ull l ill llC
ill ellr \\' t' I"l' ;!1"l' a11,v l'e:-;tri l' IPd II." l ugi:-:ti t,:, : , :-; til;!ill:.!
tltp \\":I t" lia s Ill~l'11 :dteqed III It)" he- I" h~ :tdl;'l'~ Sillf'C
Uppl"ltilln~. ,1I1l1 lit e ('11111 1);11 Ipst i ll/! of a 111 '\\'
,\'('apoll.
:-o UI 'I'f'lIdl' I', Til t-' dl.. . rnun :-: tr ':lf·io ll or jll'Pt'i:-:i ull hllllJb-
illg-.drol'{l l'd h," lilt, \\·:l r:lg-:titl~t .':l pall!l':rd:-: iothc
'f ile ~ p('n l1d pll:l :-:(' \)(-'~, 11l \"itll till' lit i li z;]1 ion oJ'
t'IIII"idillll tllilt illl' \ - II I ~ fot'{,l'!" \\'\,]'(' l'ilpall !p of
1':l SPS i 1l tile J\lal." illn:l!", JrotH " ' lti l'h t :II'g-l'ts ill th e
d I::.':-ii I'll." i 11~ III' 1It'1l1 ra I iz i II;..!.' nIl id €'11 1i f:i" IJI t' e:--~('l1t iii!
irp;ll'l (1f Jap:lll COllid ht' atta c.: k('{l. hIlt :.; t ill 011 :I
illdlh"lt·,r ill .In]l:lll witllitl ;t I'('a:-'ollably :-: il ol'l
:-'(";11(" I"P:-! trid t'd 11." ,tillll' n 'q1li l'pd III dl' \'clo p tI m
Pl'I'iod of litlH', A]jIrHtl~'h ollly 0111 ' nltill'k \\·n:.
l,:I :-O l':'l loIJlli ld 11 1' the :-ot l' i k ill)! fOl'n', ,lI 1l11 o 1)(, l'1lt i l
l<llIllc llt'd il~aill :-i l ]],(In:-oIH'I'i,diolt tal';!t't:-:, 0 11 tire
till' dl'n' I()]lIlH'llt o f {,fl't'di,'p tn etic:"
l:l ~ t ti:l y of l l lllilhill~ IIpC' r,dioll :O:. l'O IlIPllt,ll illll:- of
Th e thil'd alld fill ,1I I'ha ~l' f'x t4'll l h'" fro lll l\Lll't'h
fIJ1' ('P l"{'(pliI"Ptll(,1l11oi illdil':lll':-; lhill B- :l!I:-i were
Ill-t" to tht' cll d of ilrl' \\":1r, dlll' ittg " '!ri ch period
enp;]lJ lt, of illlt'n l it'1ill;! {·, n·p(· t in' l ." lilt, t'ssPllti,tl
\\'t'I'(' (! o\rJl !l\"(' I' KO pP I'l'e lrt of lIlt, total su l'l il':- fl owlI
1":tilt"llnd tra ll~ plld itl.lapilll, Tht-'~h~( 'isi (lI1I"(':tdl('(1
hy YlIB ail"t' I',IH itt till"> 1.1 llIon th s of opl'l';di()ll .
hy thl' .JilP:lIll'~l' 11ndt'I' t!tn'at of IIiI' nttad: to dis-
Of flrl' j"ob I uf H;;;.t)(I() hlll:-o IIr bomb~ and IlliIH~~
/It' I';-"(' t'I' l't,li ll :-:('g ll ll' l rt~ of "it,d ill dll:-: tl'Y adrlI'Ci
<ll'lin'l'l'cl IJ,r n - 20:-:, o\'t'l' !H) Pf'I'l't'lIt ,,",I S dt'<lpp('d ill
1I111dl III tilt, ('lI l1tl'i lJlltiotl III' tla' ~ 1J"ait~ gi (; IJlIlll billg
til(' final.' 1l1oltt!rS o f lit\' WH r , TIlt, total tullln!:,!('
('lfclI'j :tud 1't':O: IIH"d ill l'OIlSi d"J":thh, IO ... :-i uf pm,
H('i ll:ll ly d"l i" I'I'('d rl'pn '~l'll t :-: It' ~:-. t !ran tltn'\:,
(il1c-1"i\' if.Y "fill' I" h(' i IHlll:-:tJ"il':-i ("lIll( '(,1"1H·tl. it ]o:-!s from
IIiOlltirs c, lp,llJilit y of ni t' f(It'( 'I' dpploypd ,d 1111' {, lid
whi(·11 Iht'Y \\'\'1"(' lI11nhlt· to I't'('O\'(' 1" t o illl Y d<'grC'c
of lil e \\'<11' and 1L'~,'"i tllall ~ IlHJllth s (' ap;I\Jilit.y of
p1"io]' 10 till' PHd of Ilw wal".
I lit, 111 f i Ilnl ll' a lid 1'1111 Ylh'ploYl"l :-:h :d'egi t' a i I' fore.:':-:,
UrbalJ Arell AU(lck
P'r ecisio1J, Higb E.\.'plosit-e Attflck
Til l' Y I I B fol"t'e t hr~lll~!t inl'Plltlilll',\' :ltt;tC'1i: de"-
B egil1n ing" in ~ \pl' i l I !l-~ :; , B --:2!) h ig- Jr {'x pl o:--irc as tatl' li m'PI' ] " O~l l l1 :1I 'C III i 1(':-: ofJapilll'S Ul'hlill ill-
p rcci:,ion 1)f) lllbillg' (If inlii,-id11Hl tell 'gets dc:-:tr(',\"(~t l dll :-it rial ,11'1:':1, prill ci pnl1 y h," 1"adal' hClll1billf! meth-
st' riotl :,l ,\' dall la ,f!ed :2.1 IlIHjOI' il1:-;t"aIl,tI inn:-i of th e
(I I' Ofl:-:. ~r() l"(, j'han r);){) illdl1:o:tria l in~tall:lii()ll S CJI-
('neilly's :l i l"tJ';tfj illLlIl:-;II'Y, 1:; oil ~ fOI ':lg:t' alld l"l' fill - /!<I,!.!'pd ill \\"(1 1' pl'otltlti iotl :111t1 so itlelltificd by i ntel-
ill,;! lIllits, :? l'hcll li l':ll p l :1I1I':-;, (j IIIi1jOl' : 11'~l' nall1l1iI S , lig-l'IH:l' Sotl l'l't'S we l'e destroyed Or dllllla~ed, Th is
:2 nlulIl ill llll1 pl.'oc.:e::;:-:ing p lall t ~, 1 hea,'y ll1ach illc ry l ot:ll wa s i lllpol't.alltl ," augltl cllte d by the dcstruc-

30
tion o f 1:ll'gl' uf 'ubcun tral..'iul·s ilnd oth('L'
1111111110 1'5
SIII:lIIt,1' pl'Odlit lin' Iwit s ",hidl WPI'C yita ll y linl{ed
til I hl' \\'al' PI'Odlll'lilJ1I PlIUl'l' ll , II,\' di :;; loc'atioll and
II isl't I pi ion of t hI' 1:lIJo l' 1'01'('1', li nd uy th e Llt'st I'IIC-
iitlll nlld di:'\I'lIPliOIl or tl':ll1 ~ p(ll'ttlt i OI1 alld o thl'1'
sl'n' i('l' faei i i til's, j)l'og-I'l':..::-.in·I' xh'lI:..:ioli of Ihl' ill -
(,t' II.l i;ll'." nll:ll·k II I !-'l't·o lldal'." Ill'ball :l1'l';IS "':1 :": .Il,-
si,!!lI ed III IIl i llillli zt · J:lp.IIH.'SI'> l, II'ol't to di sp c I'Sl', to
l J('tI t 1':11 i zc t ht' "ollll'i I It 1t iUlls 0 r SIIIi IIll' 1.' CIIIII pU Ill' II ts
11 1: 11111 f;lt'i 111 '(-'1 ':": . ;I lid til J'cd !H'(' t hl' \\' i II 0 I' t hi' P~lIl' Ie
10 l'o llti llll~ Lilt.' \\';11'. H - :W 1':II'"I,i l ity 1'111' ti l,lin' l'-
ill,!! I his t,rpp or ilt t :11'1\ IIl1d t'!' "Lin'!':':l ' Wl'ill 111'1' :llId
llig-It! hlHIIUillg l'UlHlitil)lls. as ('ool'dill:lt l'd with tIll:
dlt y l i~lIl bOli liJill,!! of illlli\' idllal larget s \\'h('1\ III('
\\'~n HIl'I' Pt'l'llI iiil ,t! , 1'1':': II IIt ,t! ill an 1I1l1'l'll'lItill g :11 11..1
II li t! t i pit:
i IllJ Illt:l a I t :1('1\ ( III i Itl' 1' 111 i I'l' J:I !,:! 111':"1' \\' :11 '
('1'OIlOIlI} and Oil tht' 11101':1 It · of thl' I'l'llldl" Till'
t' O\'l'I s (If. i\li.'Plldiill',Y att:H'!i::-i \\' l'n' 1I1:It.!e .1':11' 11I1)l't'
Sl' \'t'I'I' hyt llt' ('olll'cn tl':1tt:'d p(,l'iud oi'tilll(' ill ",hi,,!t
tlH~ alt:_ l ck :; \\'1~ 1'(' (It'lirel'cd.
Aerial A'lilliug
FIt·x i iJi lit.r 0 f I hI' ' ''l IB fol'('l':": W:l S dClIlI)lI sl 1':1 tt·d
by tltp ilf'l'i,d I!lilling (,fllIl p :Ii~II. COllllllit l l'tl til
thi :, l, {fOI'I "ft ('I ' t.! e l'IO.Y"ll' llt. til<'s(' IIl1it s 1'\'o I H,d :I
~l1 c('c:..:~ fl1l t('{'h ll i{ plt, f 01' d I'lIPI,j II;! III i ll e~~ co nd IH: i cd
tlll' il' 0 \\' 11 l'l'colllljji ~:--all ct'. pl:tnlll·d the millt'fit'lds
:llld l'olliputed IJ)Jl'J';.ltiuli al J'l'ljll i I'PIII {, lIt :.;. Th is
(,illlI l'aign i nro l red 1. ;' ~ 8 I!l illing ~ul'i it's :111(1 l:tid
O\'CI' 1:2.000 IIlilll'S ill less UIIIII .j IlI Qntll s, tll (> l'(,u,Y
('~tilbli sllillg Ll od,ad e o f \'il ... 1 1lH'L'(' linnl. Rh ippillg'
ill J ;lpa ll 's hOlllC W:lil' I'S. :,wl' iomdy I'c~tl'il'lillg the
llIobility uf 11 ;1\' 111 unit s ",lIi ch had I'cot r l'lI il·d to the
J lIiilllcl Sen, a Ild I'C::iuIt i ng in I he d l'~t rllt.:! iOIl 01' d i:-i -
abling of O\'CI' 770,000 t OIl !:i (If shippill;! ill th e
\\'il I eJ's illlllH.:-dillt c l y adjacent to Japall ",i l h all
:lI l di l iOIl:d -1 78.000 tons d ~llIlagl' d. Of i lllpol't:llI l'C
also ",as th e ftcl'inl lllinil1g conducted by J IH] i".-
China. ba sed B - 2!1s agil im:t illlpul'iallt h:tl'uul';-; :lnd
shippillg lall es along the A~ int-i c ('oa st line fl'om
PIlIt'llliJang to Shnnghai.
~ \ lth () lIgh jt I'C I )J'(,~(, l1tcd le ~s tll:ll1 G pe l'cl' llt. of
tlt e total B- 2!! ~o l ,ti ('s (10 \\,11. thl' n - :2!J IIlill ing l":t J1\ -
p:lign cund ll ctl't l hy (iIe. l'lal' ialla S- lm :oll'ti V II B
fOJ'ce \\-[l S th e 1Il0St. CUllet' nt I'atl't! Illillilig e froJ't e ver
:1(,:clIlIlpli:--ltt'd 1,." 1111." lII~all :-:. l' lillillg' by V I III aiJ'-
CJ':lfL proyed :1 I'apid. nexi l,I('. Cl'U Il t) llIic. :lilt! c n'ec-
ti" e- means of C':..:la hl is itill g HilI! Illa ilita ill illg' tlll'l'-
chiln t a tld 1I(I \': 1i hlockad e o C J:1P:III'S 1'f'IlI:tilli ll g'
H IJ'fa ce forces. Th e d l'ecl-s of Id ocl\aL1(' "'(' I'e 1l1:lg-
nilled a!il'iliull of l'IWIlI,v ~ hippil1g,
by tlt e h('lI\',)'
estilllat cs illdi (,lIting thal sh ipping' It)s::; (:Sllllk :lI1d
31
damaged ) \\':I S 100 (Oil S pel' e (fc·ti \'c mine fHlll 8.3
jOIl :-\ PI'1' ,Ii I'1J(II'tIt'> mil1f', d\ in'!'a 1'1 (,lIgagl,d ill ael'inl
tllillillg \\"(' 1'(' tlillit 'lIlt til Cllllti):Ii , :-; i lu'l' l, jfl'ci i\'(~ lIIill -
ill~ l'o il ld Ilt' (,Olltil ll'li'd at l1ight iJ." I'adar nlt'l h"d ;-:;
:lIId IIl1df'1' t·tlll ditilll1:;; (,If adn' I':O:(' \\'('at lll' l'. If
lalillchl,d ill :-. 1I f1i t' i('lIi :--t l·l'lIgth. Hl' l'i ailllillillf.! IHm-
p0:-:t':..: a PI'Ohlt'1I1 o( ('oll si dl'rahle lIlagnitude 10
1Il:ll'i l i ll ll' lI:1tittll"i ~h ollid tlll'y Iwe'OIl Il' (' n~a gl'd i ll
:11101 he r Wnl',
Atomic Bomb
TIll' lil'~t l'llI plo."IIWld III' :tlllill it· 1I11111 111011:-i 1'1' -
:-\ 11I11 ,d ill I h l' dt':..:tl'lld iUIi o f m'l'1' G ~~ :--( jll:tl'l' Illilps
III' 1\\'lt pl'illl'ipal .Japalll':--!' I'i tit':-i \\'ilhill :I 1"'l'iod
of -1- d:t."~ . Olll' B-~!) ail'plallt' t' ,ll'l'yi llg' !tne atoillic
1,011" , :-.tl'lIl·" (':Il' !. 1.1' 111(':"(' eit il·:". ,\ dH'1l1 of tltt'
:iloill il' 1,111111, gTt': !lly illl'l't':I :-.rd iil (' l'iljlllLil i ty of
:--IT:I It'g il' :I i I' ro l't·p:-: 10 tll'SI I'oy J a P:lIl':-. \\':11' l,,'tllI Oll1Y
hlld :.:1Il' ('o ll li llllt'l l tf) I'l':-ii :..:t . I t 1'111'111(' 1' l'O llfJ'hllil,d
Iltl' .I apnlil'!-'l' \\'itlt all ill:': lIpt'l'ah ll' I' I'o\'I"II\. :-; i ll l'('
tlil'," l'oli id 1I0t "trl'l, tin,ly oppo:O:t' "liB ail'cl'ai'l
0\'('1' I hp iltllllt'lalld. Ihl ' pO]lIlI:t l'l' ('il hl'l' had to take
:-;: lll' ltl 1' ",hellt' \'l' I' 1111 :1Il'l't \\':1:-. :-i OIlIlt!I'd o r :-. lI lfl'1' t Ite
1
,· It:t I\(·t' of :1 10111 ic' dt':-.II'llt'1 i oil . \\. i t 11 H-~(' :I i 1'('1':1 I't
0\'1'1' .J:ljI:l1I l' tt l1ti rlllllll !-' ly I ill' 10:-is ill p l'odlldi\·it."
tIlIP to :.il' alt'l'i :-- \\'o1l Idl)!'"I':lI,I ." tllll :-- h:n'" hCI'O llll'
l·:l l:t . . t l'ophit·. TI lt, 1)(, I' \' a:o:i n ' i ll lpnd of B - :!!1 npf'l'-
ill illll:-i Oil JII pillH':--I' 1I101'i\ It' \\'<1 '"1 t l'l'IlWndOll 'Iy i n -
l'l't'n ~l' d I)." ad\' l'lI1 Clf tilt' :titl1llil' IIUlllh,
FlIlIctiO'lUlI CflptlbililJ'
'J'h ~ fu nctional c..: :Ipabil i t y 1)1' illc "lI H prog l'am
III perl'Ol'l1i it :-i a ~s i~lIC'd IIl i:--:--ioll i:-. IIO\\' it i:-: toJ'Y.
Tlti :-i pl'ug-nllil \\'a !o! LIt·OII;.!'!It. illl o lJ('ill ~ undel' Ihe
1I111lt ipie illld ilt si stl'llL jll'l'RSlIl'eS of fI \\'1\1 ' al l'~ Hd 'y
ill )Jl'ogl'c:o:l':i ilnd IIIl I'I'C'('('dl'IlI ClI ill co mpl('xil,r.
' l'llt' t1 l'\'e lupllll'lIi :llld lh"ploYII II'IIL (J f th e- ll- 29
:tlld the ('\'Olllti oll o f it:..: 1:1t'lic: t1 d oc ·tr illc we l'e
gl't':t1ly I l' It':-i('tlprd ill 1illll". T h£' dillicillt. st.lging
"I'Cl'lI tiull S tX,(,<l:-iiUllt,d II." th e H!:iC of (,hinH bilses
t'lIlIld not IJe :-:IIPPol'll'd \ogi:--t iC:lll 'y to pC'l'llI il SlIS-
t:1illl'd effori and pu!->(,(l pI'{JIIl l' l\ l~ \\-hi ch I lip, illil iul
urb!:lllizal i\lIl \\,:I S 1101. j> 1'('}>:II'l'd to II lre!. 11- 29
rna illt()llalll.'C- .f1'\l1II th e- fil'~t. tleplo,\'mf'lIt ill CHI
t l ll'ollgh tIll' fillal t, Il lul1 t.h s of slIst:t i l1t·cI aUHl'l\
UI1 tilt' J :'1 )l/II ('se hllllll,1;11111 \\'a ~ \' 1t ~t I." illljll'u\'t'd
t hl'o llgh IIl'(·I':--s it.\, to III\'l't IIIl' fil1 :t1 :I{'('(,leratl'd
II pP I',ilio ll:!1 pl'tI~!'I':HI J. Til C' ilJili~lti(l 1t o f OPCI':t -
tiolt !:i fl' Oll1 tlt (, ~ r:ll'i:1I1:1 S l.' 1·C':l!t't! IIniqne 1'1'01']f'1I1:;:
ill 1I 1'g':tllizatioli alill upe r'atilllls !-'i'h '(~ ha ~(' fil ci li -
\\'l' l'e i llild('qll:lt~ :tlld dl' \'l' l upl1l (' llt 01' t"lw
tit':-i
Ma J'ia llas COIIlP l'i:-:l'd Ille II/Ust t IlIlCC' lItl',d ed A"J'O IlP-
illg of co mb:!t, IWl'sonnel .llId (,t(llipmelli evcr :11 -
tempted 011 it single airdrome. T he lil11 jted capa -
biliti es of bOlllhsighting equiplI lCllt anJ lIllllslIal
Japallc:-:c wcathe r cO l1lhitll'd 10 J'l'dw:l' t\1(' cf-
fedi\' e ll e~s of ,·isual bombillg from vcry h igh
altitlldes. The n.l[endnnt threat of thi s conditi on
tu retard th e tetllpO of bombing ope rutions could
IlOt be accepted. H enlizati o ll of th e capnbi li tio"
of radar bombing rcquiJ'cd illl cxtlm sioll o f train -
ing jn fh e thefd er and the dC\'elopl llcnt" of OlwJ'fl t -
ing technic-illes to exp loit thi s cupabi Jity. New
probl ems were pl'cscnte-d by tho necc!==sity for c:-;-
t-ubli sh ing air-sen r eSClie fa cil iti es o\'cr ra:-it
st retches of open watcr. Th e g reat- distan ces in -
volved in the Pllcific war crea ted maj or p J'oblC'JI1s
in cOllll11lllli cal ions find liai son. Yet (mc by one
th e.'iC pJ'oblCl IIS werc O\"c rcome, with th e result that
ill th e last five mOllths of t he war t he B - 29 attack
COB S! ituteJ UIIC uJ' the nlost cO llce llb·n.l ed alld
denlstatillg aUacks ill th e hi sto l'Y of warfal'e.
'fh e program :1'0 1' the \'cry hCi.L'·Y bomburdment
(If Japan to whi ch th e 1l~29 \\'lI S cOllllllitted , in
slJite uf many pl'ublt' Il1S and ('unlpiexit ies, WIIS
~o ufl d l y conccin'd ilnd eXPc llteu, alld ti ll' we,lpon
it self pro\"cd ea,publc uf Ill ceti_ng the llquil"elllt' llt s
Jot' which t hat force " "as cl'cfttcd- "* '" * to
ach ieve t he earliest possible pl'ogl'cssiye dislocn-
tion of the Japil1l CSC rni lit;lJ'Y, ilHlu sLl' ia l; find eco-
nomi c systelliS and to IInclennillc- the II 101'111 e of the
_' ''pall ese peo ple to " p oint wh ere t.h e ir capn city
and will to wage wflr is clecisin:!I y wea kened. "

t
1
1
I,
11
J.;
J(
],
1\
J\
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](
J\" :
M
M
M
MI
Nil
N8
~8
N il
No
1\u
Og.
Oil
 Appendices
A. DESTRUCTION OF URBAN AREA TARGETS
B. DESTRUCTION OF AIRCRAFT FACTORIES
C. DESTRUCTION OF OTHER INDUSTRIAL TARGETS
A. Destrll ctioll> of Urban A rea Targets
SOn :. T I I(~" I)Uj.!t:S Ust primury II1rgcts oi li r .

:-:\l llUrt' :-: I IUH(('

F' llIHre
J'eroe.llI I'croont
IIIl1t·~ milt's buIlL'L1p 'I' UIIS
J'OI,t] lutiOH IIl lles pl nrlm',1 :".1 !:lsions AI C"
built-li p pl l1 l11n',1 nr en IUr~el arcn IJl1l11hin~ ,1c l!\',·!,,·,1
tl('sl.ru),ctl
in 'l' lI 1111'1:<'1 a(, ' :l dest royed d "'I\royNI

Aka."h L ._ '1i, 751 I. ·12 (I. S fl. 9 63. :1 IU I. (I 123 U75, 0

A rna~tl ~~1 k i __ 18 1, 01 1 fi. 9 (' ) . 7(i I I. 0 (' ) (' )
AOnl ori . __ 99,065 2. 08 1.8 . 7:3 35.0 ·10.5 63 55 1. 5
ChiblL _ _ n , O(i l I. 98 1.2 . 86 43. -I 72. 0 125 89 2. 3
Chu~l l i __ GI , lOS I. 12 1.0 . <18 43. 0 37.9 104 779. 9
Fukui . __ 07 , !)(j7 I. 9 I. 7 I. 6 1 84.8 95. 0 128 noO. 4
FukIlOklL __ _ 323, 2 17 n. 56 .1. 0 I. 37 2 1. :l 34. 3 22 1 1, 525. 0
FukuyallllL 56, 653 1.2 1.0 .88 73.3 88. 0 91 555. 7
G if\l 172, :HO 2. Ii I. 8 I. 93 74. 0 107. 0 129 Sg8. S
Jl I ~ch i oj i _ G2,2 7U J. 4 I. 2 I. 12 80. 0 93. 3 J69 1, 593.3
liulI UUlUlt:411 166, 346 -1. 2-1 I. :1 2. 97 70. 0 JG2. 6 130 4 9 11.7
lIillllcji 104, 249 J. 92 I. 0 I. 48 71.7 121. 0 1 106 767. 1
ll iml su kIL ___ -13, 1-18 2. 3fl .8 I. O·J ·14. 2 130. 0 1 133 I , 162,5
H iroshi II IU__ _ 343, 908 6. 9 (. ) ·1. 7 68. 5 1 4 · 5,5
H itach i _ 82, 885 1.3 1. 2 l. 08 78.2 73. 3 128 2 971. 2
Ichillollli yn •.. __ _ 70, 792 I. 28 I. 0 . 97 76. 0 %0 2 2·17 1, 640. 8
' mobari _______ _ :15, 557 . \)7 .8 . 73 76. 0 U7. 0 6'1 5 10. U
l :-;c1.nki . ___ ·10.004 1.0 . :, IG 16. 6 33. U 87 6 14. I
I';:u,go:,h imn 190, 2f17 -I. 87 2. 0 2. 15 H J 105. 0 17 1 2 1, 023. j
]\nwl1:'aki . _ 300, 77i 11. 3 3. 0 .1. 7 32.8 94. 0 1 250 12 1,5 15. 0
Kobe __ _ 967 , 234 1:1. 7 7. U 8. 75 56. 0 125. 0 3 874 II .5, 647. 8
j';:oc hi _ _ _ 106, 6H I. 9 1. 8 . 92 ·18. 0 5 1. 0 134 1 1,117. 6
K ofu . __ _ 102,419 2. 0 I. 5 I. 3 15.0 87. 0 133 977. 9
Kumfigl~y n 4 , 899 .6 .6 . 27 45. 0 45. 0 2 593. 4
'Kumamoto. ___ ____ _ 210, na8 .1. 8. 3. 0 1.0 21. 0 33. 0 155 1, 121.2
Kure . ___ __________ _ 2;ti,985 3. 26 2. 0 157 1, 093. 7
1.3 40. 0 65. 0
I\"uwallll, __ 4 1, 848 .82 .8 . 63 77.0 79. 0 91 69 3. 0
Mnc b llShL __________ _ 6,99 7 2. 34 I. 3 1.0 42. 0 77.0 92 723.8
Mut s uyanu \ 117, 534 I. 67 J. 0 I. 22 73. 0 J22. 0 128 896. 0
).·Ii Lo ___ _ '. ______ __ 66,293 2. 6 2. 0 l. 7 65. 0 85. 0 16J 1, 15 1. 4
~l oj L ---- 138, 997 J. 12 .8 . 30 2(1. ~) 37. 02 ()2G. 0
Nngaoka ___ . __ _ __ _ 66, 98; 2. 03 1.2 I. 33 65.5 110.8 126 928.3
N nga.~ aki ___ ____ 252,630 3. 3 (.) I. 45 13.9 2 +5, 0
:\ ngoya ___ __ _______ _ 1, 328, 08-1 :39. 7 16. 0 12. 37 31. 2 77.0 1,6-17 23 10, 1·14, 8
:\ishino mi YlL _. ___ • __ 111 , 796 9. '16 4. -> 3. 5 ;17.0 62.3 255 1 2,003. 9
~o bco ka ___ _ _ 1. -13 64. 0 J26 76.4
79, 426 . 52 36. 0
:\"UIlIUZIl __ 53, 165 1.4 I. 4 I. 25 89.5 89. 5 J25 1,051. 1
OgakL ... .. 56, 117 I. 2 .8 .4 ·10. 0 60. 0 93 663. 7
OilU __ ___ _ _ 7G, 985 2. 2 I. 4 . 55 39. 6 1 131 SOl . 9
I W ilb OSlikn.
t ~ee Osuliu.
: 1'\0 " IBIIIlCtl :ifj: :1.
I A loUi !(: IJ')lrlhing ull~ iou Ul)lu h \\ cI ~ ht uot Irl chloJed

33
 A. D estrllction of U"bmJ, ATef/ 'fflrgets-Conr inued

SqU!lrc ::qllllrc P l'n~'!l t I '{'rccut

mil t's mil,·s ::i' lllltre buill-UP
mil L~ 1,I,ulIlI'd " I A /C 'l'OIl S
built -u p l, hlllllcd IIrt'a t!ll' g~' llirl'U , I !is Oil:!' hOllll)lng d,'!I\'l)red
d!'SlmY"d
l\r~iI t!l I'J;C I IITf'!l ,Icstroyct! ' \I:."tro)l·d
--~I--~ ~-~ ~-----

Okllyatllll __ 163,5:,2 3. 38 I. S 2. 13 0 63. 111).0 140 985.5

Okazaki 84 , 073 . gr, .S · (Hi IJ68. 81. 00 128 857.4
Onlul!L ___ _ 177, 03.J 5. 37 1. & 2.2 7 5 42. 1a6. 0 2 240
Osokn __ _ ___ _ ________ 1, 733. S
3, 252, HO 59. S 20. 0 15. ,j4 0 20. 8 1. 5 'I I, G27 23 10, 41 7.3
S:tg:1 ____ ___ _ _______ _ :)0.40G I. 2 1. 0 (') - -- -- - - 63 1 4.;8. 9
Sakai --------- -- --- IS2, 147 2. :32 I. 8 I. 02 4'1. 0 tl7. 0 IIG 77S.0
Bas{! iJu 20;j, 9S0 2. 34 2.0 . 07 ·12. 0 48. 0 1·li) 1, 070.0
Scmitl i__ - 223, (j:W 4. .-,3 3. (] 27. ()
-- --------
tiltilltiZI L _ _ __ - - -- - - OS, Gl i I. 4 1 .8
I. 22
.74
4 1. U 130 935. .)
52.0 8·1. U 1:)3 I , 11 6. i
SlLirnonoiiC k L ______ ___ 1% , 022 I. 42 .8 · vi 3U. 0 03 8 130 I 836.4
f:ihizuo k.1 _____ ___ _____ 112, I VS 3. 40 2. 0 2. 28 Gn. 0 112.5 168 2 1, 022.3
Ta kaltltd slL ______ __ _ _ 111 , 207 1. 8 1. :, I. 40 7S. 0 06.0 110 2 833. I
T okllShitll:L __ _______ L1 n. :j ' J 2. :3 1. 4 1.7 74. 0 121. 0 14 1 I , 127.0
T uk uyt1tll1l. __ _ 38, 4 19 I. 27 . 73 · (is .'j3. .j 04 . 3 107 780.5
T ukyu ______ ti , liS, 80.J 110. :1:). 0 ,:)0. 3 .'jO. 8 8 0. 0 :1 1, GOO 70 11 , 472.0
T OY :IIll!l. __ _ __ 127, 8ii O I. 88 I. SR I. 8 7 no..j 9!l :j 17(; 1, 478. I
T oyull.Li b i ____ 141,71U 3. a l.iJ I. 7 52. 0 113. (] 160 1, 026. I
'1':; 11 ___
---------- (is, 625 I. ·17 I. 0 1. 18 8 1. 0 os. 0 70 730.0
'l's urug:L _____ 31 , 346 I. 13 .8 . 77 us. 0 9U. 0 04 692.2
l '\)c ________ 100, uso 1. 8 I. IJ . 42 23. 0
- - - -- 42.0 103 726. i
li jiyamada ____ ______ ;,2, 5.).-1 . 03 .S .36 30. 0 4.-). 0 llg S30.5
U t,:;oIlO It1 iy:\ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 8 7/ 81i8 2. 7[, 1. 4 .94 34. 2 (i 7. I 1 I ij 02. 0
, - \\":l.j illl:L __ _____ ___ __ :j2, 101 I. 0 .0 · .-)2 52.0 :;8. 0 2 1,1)9 I , 106.3
\\·ukn.\,:1I IIIl _
Y fl.1I'il.!:1 _ - --
-- I ~):\ 211:3 I. U
.;. 7'f:.
2.0
:~ . .j:)
2. 10 ;'2. :i 105. 0 125 S83. S
2fil.30n I . 22 2 1. 0 33. U 221 4 1, 301. 9
Yokkni clti __ 102. 771 :1. Td l. n I. 23 3r). o 123. 0 U5 501. 6
Y okuh ll.tlll\ _____ 1)1;8, O!JJ 20. 2 8. 0 S. 0 .].1. IJ I II. 2 <llt3 7 2, :)00. S
Olhr-I' <190 2, 334. 6

TC)'I'.\L,;-O._ 20 , S:JU, U·1U ·111. U 102. 10 17S. 10 ·13. 3 !J2. 2 8 1 14 , ,;(i9 17;i 9S, 511. 0

I ;-"-0 UllnHll!e.
:O:OL lin:: Twentieth A F :3lluiSt,[cu l ~llllluU\ r r of Il S () p{'rar iOllS A gtl jll ~ l JUI'nll .

B. D estrllction oj A i l'cl'rljl Factories

:;'1111111 ' rf:c'L 1~~rC(' nt de-

T llrgd s 'J'ulil l rOllf un 'a
(Sl l lll!!',' rt.:U l ) d" su'oyed or
dUllItllll'(l
st roycd or
u!l u mg~'d
.:.\lL-:slolls AlCh'' ' ' '1
mg
lASSeS T OilS

I- - -
A I I~('II" FT 1~'-'U S'l'IIl~~::i

Ai chi AircrafL Work s:

Eitoku Plan L ___ _ 2, 012,000 J , OG2, IlliO ·10. G 2 12·1 2 8 17. 8 0
1\l\gOyll. Plnn L _____ _____ _ 467, 500 302, 600 6~. 8 I
Ai ch i Ordnance Plnn t ________ ________ __ 42 271. 0 0
1, 188, 000 1, 130,800 95. 7 J Ti
fIi ro :Kaval Aircraft Factory, h :lIrc ._ . __ 1, osn, 22!) 770, 457 71. 5 )·1U 2 581. 0
'1'1
I LilUchi Ail'crafL Co. , ' llibn Plalll _ (' ) 27 -- . _-- -- 1442
H itachi Aircrafl Engi11c C o ., Tn chikl1wn 1, \·10, 000 838,626 73.5 101 5 4i35
J apan AircnlfL Co., TOllliokl1 P laIH __ _ _ 74 8,4 00 2·17,900 33. 0 32 Ii2. 5 VI
K:1\\'!1lli:-;ld Airclflfl Co.: 1.:.
Fukne _ __ ____ ___ __ _
1, 2S 1, 15 1 50·1, 247 3[). 0 02 .J59.5 O.
l l ilncji Pla1l1 ___ ___ _ 053, 100 0·18, 650 99.0 52 -- -- -- -- 350, i
i\lUll O P lalJ I- _ 2, -1:;7 , 700 1, 807 , 250 73.4 4-1 263. 5
Takllnlzukl'\ PhIl11 __ _ 1,74 7, 600 I, ·IS8, 80U 85.0 I 78 ·157.5
Aklki hL ___________ _ 3, 37 1, 100 2, 5 11, 450 7·\. 3 4 1·1·1 637. 7
K3gandgalJa ra P111llL- ___ _ I, 582, 000 0.-13,700 GO. 2 2 ·10 232. 0

'4,~'" 34
 B, Dest,.uction, of Aircraft Factories-Continued
- -
TOla l roor al'cn R(lIUHC rCI'L l'trCCll1 dc· Alf' bomb ·
dt'stroycd or lS lrtJ~'cd Hr .\ 1 Ls.~ iO l1 lS 1.... IS.."'Cs Tl)m~
(slrunra rCl't) lug
dlllllilgcd da nmg.... d
-
!\'I itf:ubishi A i l'cmft. Cu., K ugnlllignho..r9.
Plalrl -- - -- 293,000 227,000 ii. F) 2 78 2 508. .,
Mi l:-illbi ~ hi Aircraft \\' ork~, :\al-{u ~ 'n --- 5,677, 000 3, 880, 795 (is. -I 2 10~ 0 2i) 1. (;
M i t 1'iu bi ~ hi Aircraf t. Co., !\'l i:-; hi lll II P 11.LIlt,
Talll a...:hi1I1!L , - a,0~8 , 800 2. u(i;', fHlO 87. F) I III 2 6 10.8
M it.subhshi Aircmf\. E II~il1C \\' o rk ~ :\ a go )'11 a ,8 11, 000 a . J8·1, 100 n·1. U 7 F)70 IS 2, (HiS. 5
Knkn j illla A ircraft, ('0,;
Il allda. P lanl .. __ -- - 1, ftO!), 9SIl li IF), 700 .10. I 78 - :;·1-1. 3
I\oi zumi P lnu1 a,700, 000 882, 9110 2a. 8 " I ~8 27 -1. 7
J\1i' ~It.··;]lillo Pln ll l . 1,832, 000 1, 2 74, 200 69. t, !I :,O f) 47 2, 002. [;
:\(.\\' Ola P llIlIl __ _
- -- 2 , ~00 , UOO I , mHJ, ·j50 7·1. 6 I ~7 11 :3·1.:;' [;
Ogik uiJu _ <I) I 7 3R. U
010111'1\ A i rCl'aft FI.lC l o r ." ~ 2,800, UOU :,.1·1, 025 In. ·1 I 3D 87. :)
!-:h i Zlloku Ail'cl'ufl Eli gi nc \\' urk ~ I, fi83. (j 10 823. 100 ·18. 9 I r)9 237. 2
Tachik ll wn. A ircra f l Co., Tll Chika\ \ ' a 2 , ~ 7 0 , ono 807, 000 28. 2 I 73 I .j·I!). Ii
Tl\ c hikn wI~ Air Dcpot, Tn ch i kawli '1, 232, fiOO 1, (i2a, 400 38. :, I 37 H17. t)
'l\lC hiu l'ui Ma chine \\'o r'k:, _ .J 59, 000 '150, 000 100. U I lOS I ,I ifi. 7
Oth er _ -- - -- 12 - 5& ~
I
:')2, 9':H , 9·10 3 1, 662.260 I 59. 8 ·18 2,83S 103 11'1. 252. 2
-- --- I
I Xu dlll1lll g\'.
~OU Tl" : TWo'II 1il·t lt ,\ r :-[u[ i$1il1ti ::: U I1l1n!lr~' I,f il s O t,cral intIS ,\ gllitI51 JlIpall.

C. Destrllction of O/.ber /1Jdllstrial Tllrgets

TUl n1 ,'Oor ,ln'lIl>!' [lIlIk !;:qllwily 1):111 11 111"" \ "r ,1 " I'II"'~"d

U1 1. '1''' 111 : ": 1':<

I l aYlllIlH ]'(' ll'ul('1 11 11 Ht' t111t'r y :;:G2.·1(IO 1' !lrl't'l ~ ~ no , 100 h arn ' l", ~ I. 7
l \tlwa ~:l ki P Clro l(' Ulll ( 'I'll l pr 1.:33·1.000 bnrn 'l~ H7! I,-IOf) IJnrn 'l~ F, I.
0 3 2-18 :] 2, II!I. 3
)litSou bi:<h i Oil Hd lllf' l'." 1..1-I !1 , I flO harn·l:-: [)i) 1,025 hnrn 'l~ 38. 0
~ 1 31'1IZt'l1 Oil Hcfirlf'I',\' _ 1,022.\ 100 b:\rl't·l ~ !)OO,OOO Imrl'eb; 88. 0 2 !IS 738. 2
Kippoll Oil H.·fi [It'I'Y .\: Tal lk 1,4!1fi, 700 h arn"'. 1. 1n,.J oo harrr l:-: 78. 0 2 li R 1. 5Rfi. 8
F a r m , .\ rnav:a ~tI, k i.
!'i ppull Oil ('0.:
J \Udnlll!l I ~lt PI:HII i)87.000 ha.rrt ·l:-: ;"\()4.700 btll'n ' l ~ Ii? 0 2 !I:! 702. :!
Ht' 011l'r y, T :-: llchi znki 6!1i)':-,80 bHrrci1'1 _ 4R:' ,720 1t a rr<' I ~ 70. 0 13·1 0.5:3. !J
O:, hinrn Kant! Oil Hlo ragc. 50,000 ~ qllarc f('('1 ! II), 0
I
I2 II82~,: I I
·I [),OOO ...:ql ll\rc f('('1 38.:;. 7
O;:;hin lfl.
01nh Oil B e fir ~ ('r.\· . O l:l kc ___ _ L'HkllOW l1 I II pf'r(·(· lIlu)..::1' o tdy -I i). 0 ;,(j.1. 2
'1'0 11 Oil ('0 ., i"hirnOli-i1l Ht,filler,\' 1.2-1fl.OOO barn 'l:; !127,300 lJ arn 'l~ 7.1. 0 fi!JI. 3
T okll,\'Hlt1il X~l nl l F m,litl .L!; RI:I . l , 13! 1.IiOO ::q ll fin' fl 'l' l M't:; 150 l'l<t llan' fpt'l 1'1 n 11 2 5U6.8
lion.
L' be ('01.1 1 LiqlU' flU'lioli ( 'O II I PIIHY_ 150, Iai) barr('h; _ 1[,0, J3fl harn'l:. 11I1u. 0 2 1182 J, :'; 7·1. 8
rt :iubc n i\'('r Oil Befi llC'I'Y __ _
Olllf' r __
2,073,080 harn"l:- !J.i Ii,f)·IO harrf'l:- -If). fi
I 2 1111
I:J
730. [I
46.8

,f IO.!J lti,!J ·\;,) b:H'rpl...: (iJ) .\1 .G20 born 'l~ I .~!1. !I
'l 'o'I' AL ~
_-,1_11_,180,noo ~qIUtr('_f_"'_'I_ _ (j I 0, 1.50 squJl r e f('(' 1 _ 51. 3 fin 1 . ~:\7 ·1 10, 600.6

1 l'ostll'nr fi mll l1l!,S IlIcr~aSI' I his fill' urt ' tU '.Ii09. 'f,U. Actual !<Iocks ,\cstrOy('(I IHIIUIII11 10 -Ii 1.000 h:lrrf'ls.

35
 C. Destn,ction of Olber Il1dustrial Targets-Conti nued

'I'lIrl!('ts I "'", , ""or """ I "'"'"",''''' I 1'""", "0'

or lank (,lIr~lCl l y" j II '\:rtl stro yc,lor M is,siulIS Air: J ,oS,."l'S
I T,'HtS
f II UI

---- -
dnnlngt'd
- I I 1lO llIlJin;;

M I:'C I': LI .'" :\1-: 011 8 'I'AUn ~: l' R

I
II i ka.ri t\"1.\ \ ' Ol ,\ nlc llnl, Tok ll,\'IUlIa ·1, ·I :";U, 000 :1. 1!IfI. 700 71. 8 157 8S:'). ()
l\urr -"~l.\'nl J\rsc l1aL _ a , \)55 , 200 2, ~70 , III 0 72. () ](i2 2 7!lfl. S
~ a ~o'y n. _\ rf:cnal :
Al stlla P JallL __ ____ __________ 2, -I 07 :)-10
t I, 3f13, 485 5-1. 3 a-l- 11 7. 9
C higwm Fnclo ry ____ __ 1, 2;'0. 000 I. 010. 850 R3. 0 :\3 189. 0 '1
Osa ka Arll1Y .\rsc ilfil , Osnkll O. 020, ·100 a , 223, 28S (j,1. a :\ 200 1. ClS:}. 0 Ih ('
T o k oytUl lU K aval Arsc llaJ a, 7·W, fiOO 2, fiG I, 150 71.0 124 13. 3
Ce,
i rll <!
~l lln ilOlllll lJ u l'nl ulIlin Co" ~ n gl),\' a Pln ll! _1 2, ·1·13, 3flQ I , 3:l!l , 000 .15. 0 2!) 150. 0 \"m
~I llll itomo i\l c ln.1 11Id u!'lry __ 2, 2·10. 770 2, 158, G55 HG, ., 2 1-11 876. 0 rc po
Xip poll \ 'c lli ('lr :\ l alll1fllclllrillg: ('u ~ !l(j . 7fiO I,·IO, 330 f) I. 3 -------- - - Sun
'\ l a rifll Rll il roll.d Ynrd :;o ______ .,.1, 650 .J(). 200 !12, O 108 700, 8
II iill.ch i EIl J,:irrc'r rir lg Co., Ka i~fill P lnll l _ 2, 213, 10·1 2. 1·12, 000 H6, 8 11 8 806. a
Il o(b g:oyn (' hcm icn l '- llelU S! ri c~ , Koriyanlll _ 777 , 580 -I S7, H75 50, 0 71 283. 7
J\o ri y am :l C b cn licn\ fn dils tri cs, Kol'i Yll1l1 1L 702. 000 rIM),OOO 72.8 70 2 I i I. 7
l\a.s ll1lLi g!l.ur~l, SC'!l.l'l a lit ' !--;Httio ll •• (;\ 17, 200 27.5, :300 3~) . 0 2 fiS 3U6. 6
OdlCL __ 58 2-15, S
- --- - 2
T ol a \:-. _ 31 , 01 ti, I';,' 21 , 8:')2, 2 ·1 :~ 70.., 17 1, 4GO 8 S, 003, 6
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13 Ge r
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I,iglr t
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36
 UN ITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING S URVEY
LI ST OF REPORTS
Th(' fol1l)willJ,!; is :~ bihlio/o!l'n.phy of report !' reslIll ill!! from 21 \ " 'I'I'illigll' i)t'Ut,.:/'IIC .\ l l· lalhn ' rk, ', I-l ilch',.:hcilll, (; ....-
'he SLI r \"e~" 8 ~ ll1di es Ilf 1he EIII'Open.lI and Pucific \\·ft. r~. IHan\'
Ccrl:dn o f these rc po rl l'! may IJI' purchni'ed frolll lite 8111'>('1'- 22 .\ I ctnllgul'l,.:g'('se llschafl C III b 11 , L f'ipzi/!, (;('1'11 Itl 11 ,\'
ill tCll d Cll l t.f Doell 111 0 111 :;; 11 t 1h e COnl'l 1]lIclli Pr'ill l l lig Offi<'{', 23 AllIlIlilliulI l \\'CI' ).; (; III II II , Planl :-': 0, 2 , Hittl'l'fcltI ,
\ra...::hin~lo/1, D . C. ]J('l'Ild ~8 iOIi 10 (,XlI/Uirl! ' tilt' rClIlllinill1o!: (;Cl'lIIfilH'
repo rt s 111 :\," lip llllri hy Wr ililll! II) the H t.'nciqH!Hl c rs of Iho 21 ( ;,.IJI'II4,'dcr' ( :il ilini G III h I I , L llflwi,l.!'l llllf( 'II , C:f'l'nllln \-
Su rn ' ," a t. Gravclly Puint , WIL~hill/o!\I)1l 25, D. C. 0"
_0 1,llfl,.:c:.: hiffhilli Zoppe lill (; III b H , I' r iN ll' ich;.;;iluf('11 ., i l
HodcIISC'C, GcrlllH1ty
European War :Ui " -it'lund \\'erk c .'\ G, U hn , G I' l'I llllll Y
27 Hn dolph Hn lltt'lIhflch Lcich ll l('(Il!lgie:-;1'il'rI'it·", :-joJin·
OFF IC E O f' T H E C H AIH J\ I AN ge n, Gl'rn l llll Y
2S Lippc wc rkt' \ 'O I'Cilli ,l.:-1 o Atll ll lilliutll\\'t' rk f' .\ C:, 1.11111'11,
Till' l'l lil ccl Slah's ,'Ir:ll C ~ic Bombing SUI'\'('y: SUIII ~ Cl'rll\!III Y
Inn ry He por! ( ElIl'o pcan '\':~r) \ -('I'c iII igH: D eu tsche ~ r l.: lnlh\"l ' l'h, fl cddt 'fllill'illl,
2 The l" rdtcd Sudes St r:1.I('j.(ic Bo mh ing ,'urn.:.'": O \'t"r- Ger man,"
all R eport ( European Wnr) :10 D uerr"nc r ~I(I\:l tlwcl'k n A G, DIII'PIi " ' jj tl' IIUII-Ht'rlill
:1 The Effec t s o f Simt Cl:dc BUlllhill~ 011 111(' G t' I'IIIlU I &. \\'l\r(,II, Cern Ian."
\\":\.I' ECOIIOIll~'
AI!EA ST U DIE S DI VI SI ON
AIR CRAFT DIVI SI ON
31 A1'ca S!uciie:-. Dil'i:-; i(.HI Heport
( By Dh' ii'ioll :llI d Hmllch ) 32 .\ Ddftil, 'd ~llIdl o f Ih,' Effct:i 1i Qf An'tl HOl1lbillJ!ol1
1'!:lIIl li li r/! -
·1 A i rl'rafj D ivi siu l l Ill illI str,\" Rf, purL ,\ nt ' lail t,t! ~llld y u f Olt.' Efft,cl l' of .-\rt' :1 BOlil bi ll,l! 011
.j l w"pcclioll V isil <; 10 Various Targe ts (Hpcci:tl 1(t' IIIII'I ) \\-UPIICl't II [
;\ U c tailt'l! SllId ," u f till' Effcl't:<: of Arl't"!' HUlll hilig un
Air frn mes Brun ch Du sseldor f
,\ Dc\ ni led Stud~- (If lilt' Effl et ,. o f , \1'(')1 HOli liJillj! 011
,llIllkl ' r~ A i rl'ndl alld :\ ('1'0 EII/,dlle " 'o rk i', J) ('~"':HI , Soli llgen
G<'I'IlI:1Il \'
,\ Dt' lllii( 'd SLmh' o f ,h,' Effc('t:-. of _\!'I 'tl HOlllliillj! ( 111
ErIn ;\b~(' hill clI\\' (, l'k (' G III It II , II l' il ('J'hlil'k, HCII'l:;:c heirl. '
Gt'flnallY ,\ J)rtailt,d S,wh' (If Iht, I-:ff('c l l" o f .\n 'lI Bomhill/! till
AT c: i\l n:-wliill{'nlJ:lII, c: III h II. Lei pzig ( l\ ! {lekall ) , J):trlll slaflt, '
G(,fIIl:~II~' :\ O"llIil('(1 Sind ,' of IIII' Elfl.'t'i ": or ,\1'1':1 BOllibill/! 011
GOIIllll'r \\'!I~l!lJllf:dH' ik, :\ (; , t:llilm , Germall ." I.lIlxlt'k '
F nc kc , VlIlf Airerafj Phlll l, Hn 'lIIl'lI , CCrl l1:\lI ,\' :\ Brief ~,HllrI.\' o f till' E tTt'cl:-. nf Art 'll BOlllbill,l.! 011
o v er-ull H epnri H t'l'lin , AlIg~ hlll'l!. Huclllllll , ]" 'ipz i/!, H:lj.!l'lI, Dul'l-
l\ l cssc l'sc hm i l l A ; ,
An gsll"r!!, Cprll'lallY
l Pan A
ParI B
Appelldil'cf' I, II. 11-'
I)nrllicr \\'nl'k ~, Fdedrichl:>lwfell & i\'t unich, (:f'I'nll~II 'y
Ocrhurd F icst'le l' Wc rk (' G 111 h .ll , I ~a"sc l , (:('rnllln." ~1Il
1I1 111til , O \wrl lau :-ot' II, !'c!lIn'illful'I, nnn 13 I'o l l)('n

('JV II.I AN D EFENSE DIVI S ION

C i\'iJiatl Dt'fl ' l l:-ot' l )il'i ..d.JI I F ilial HI 'pol't

\viCIII' 1' Netl stactit cr Fl ug: zellgwcl'k e, " -iell('r Nell- -II ('ologue Vipld 1( ('p(ll'l,
ShHit, A llst!' i:l. ·12 UOIIIl Fit,ltl n C\lo l'I.
H:l no\'('r Fj,'liI HC'J1I)!'1
Aeru l';ngin cs Uran c h ~"
·11 .II ulIlhlll'j..\" Vit 'lt! H"p(JI'I - , ' ul I, '1', ':,\: 1; \ '01 II , Ex-
hihil s
BlI ssi ll~ NAG J.'11l,l.!1l1uj ol'{'l l wc rkc <.: III IJ II , B rulls- -\ .) Had Oldl':< lol' Field l kjlo l't
wick, C(' n l1l1ny ·1Ii ,\u g:< bllrg Joj{' lrI H('POI'L
;\fitlc l-D euIJoic1It, l\t uto l'cll\\ cl'k c c: III II 1-1 , '1':III(:h:l , I7 HecI'plioli An'as in BU \':lI'ia , <:I ' I' nt:III Y
GCl'ln:ul,\'
BfLvari:ul 1'\'10 101' \\'lI rk ,. I Ill', Ei ~Cll lLl'h & DU I'I'el'hof, EQU IP MENT DIVI S ION
C: Cflnn.II\'
Jhycrisl'hc j\[u I OI'(' llw('l'kc A G ( Hi\t \\') ~h lldchJ Gel'- El ect ri ca l Brun c h
mall )'
H enschel FI II&II1Qlorcl1wCI'kc, l\a ~~c1, G Cl'lIIa ny 18 (;{,rJIltlll nl't" rieal Eqldplllt'l l l I llillisl ry il e po rt
I !) Brow l! ROVf'ri P I (' if', \ I allllhf' illl Knferlnl, Gc rn llll1Y
U g h I M o tn! Brunch
O pti cn l tl nd Pr ecis ion In s trum e nt Uranch
L if.!;hL ~ l e llll s 'Ildu st l'~' P:UL 1, Al llIlIillUIll
of Germ:,,,." { P~lrt, J I, ivlu,I!'lIc.si llll) 50 Opticnl :llal Precis ioll inst r umc nt Indu1'itr y ] (cpo r t.

37
 Abrasives Ilran c h S ubm arin e Bran ch
,=j l The Gt'rIlHiIl A Ilra::oi "p t ndm: ~ f\' G c nuall "';ulJlllnrillc I lI dw; jry lh'porl
52 .\Ia ye r and Schmidt , nrrrldme'li 011 .\llIill , ( :4'I"1II1III Y :\ l n~ chin c llrll. b rjk :\1I~:-:h llq.{-~lIfllbC'rg A G, , \ l1g~.
hlll·g. Germ allY
Anti. l~ riction Br an ch 0 ·1 Bluhltl )ltld \'o:::;s :--hip.'·lll'd:::, I I llilI bUl',:!, Ge flllll n),
Ti ll' L:I 'rlllllll ,\ llti· Fricoiioll l i ('arill~ s 1111111:,lry 9:1 Dl'Ht."P!ri'\,·crke .\ C. l\icl , (;Nmall,"
('Ui Dl '1! 1.... (·ll(' KchifT IInri :\ I :.... chill cll bnu, Bn:llI c n, eN-
Inllll \'
i\ l achin e Tool s Bran c h
!l7 Fricdrfc lt 1\l'Upp Gc rrtlal ti:lw~rf t . I\ iel, l; erma nv
~ IIWhilll ' T ou l:, & :\illl'hillPry n:-o ('apiln! Eqlli p ll' cllt !18 I l uwalrlt ~wcl'ke ,\ (: , 11:1I1111111·.r.:-, Gpl'lIll1l1Y .
.\iucohillf' '1'0111 1 1j( l tl ~' n' in c..:t.'fllllll l\· !I!l :-:uhlllnrillc .\ ":;:e lll l>l\' Sltl'lh'r, Fal'l!C'. G(,I'II1 I\II\'
l ! erlllClrJ 1\0111 ( '0. , ( 'uiugw ', <':Cl'rn:;II.\· 100 Brellll'!' \ ' ld k ulI , '·(·J!l,~tl.cok . GC I'IIL :l.IIY •
('o ilci and EIl!.!l'!hnl'd, OITc l1bu('h , ( ; ("'1'1111111 .\'
NI I XO~ L"l1 ioll , Fr:ll l kfort III! ,\brill , <':( ' fllllI l1."
Ordnan ct' Hran ch
MILITAHY ANALYS I S nIV I SI ON It)1 t) nilllllll'l' I ll rl ll .. try I{ c jJOl't
r,\f 'I']rf' llpf(':ti , of I Ill ' (:f'rltllill :\ i,' For('(' 102 Fri{'rl l'kh l\rllPP Gru:-lU II\"t'I'kc .\ (: .\lu gdel'llr!!, \.
liO V-\\'I'IlPO WS ( (' I'O~,.. IJIIW) ( 'lt lllJ1I.liJ.!Il Gert ll an y
01 Air Force Bat e vf Opf't'n.tiull ~ 10 :~ BUI'l LIIIIIPI' \ 'cn'ill fllcr C:n,.,.llIlllfa b l' ik ati oll ,\ (:, Bu·
ti2 Weal her Fac tor:-o ill ( 'ollllml Bo III iI:r rli II II ' II I t) JlI'nt- ChUIlI , (:l' rltUU I\'
I iOIli'< in t ill' EUI'OPI '1I11 T llt'a t 1'1 ' 10·1 Il cll ... pltl~1 &. :O:ohll: h:a..... l~). (; (' I'11I1W\
L
63 Botll hill~ ,\ 1'('111'111' \' , rS .\ .\F tl f'tll' Y alld .\ Ii 'din ll l In!) H hci l l lllct all- B or~ig, D u...::<l'idurf, (;; 'fllml l,' I:
BOlll hl' r~ i ll t lu' ETO I Uti 1I ,'~, ,,a ,,,, (: \X' , i,," Ire,ke, Bn' '''' ' d lweig. II "lIo"d",r, I:
li I I)(':-oco r ipt iOIl u f B .\ F BOlllbill1-:' G erlllllll y I:
(j I lt T hf' Ir llpact uf 1111 ' .\ lIil'd .\ir El forl lIll ( ;I'l'IlI ltli 1.0- 10 7 1-I:r Il IlU\'l 'ri:<l· hp ;\I:I,..I·billl'llhllll , 1I 11I1U\' CI' , G ert lHlI)\' J:
g i ~li(' :-l l OS <;u,,-; laJdfa!Jri k Fri edri ch l\nlpP, E!"o~CII, (;erllltlt l.':· I:
MOHALE D I VI SI ON I·
0 11, D I V I S I ON I·
I·
J O!J O il Di \'b iull, Fi l ial Hcpor l I·
Medi cn l Bran ch I'
110 Oil Dhi ,. io ll, r imll H ejlort, .\ ppl'lI d ix
II I Po\\'clt'I', I': :-' jl l u:<i\' c~, :O;pl'ci: rI Huch·t :-o alld .It·t 1'1'0· I'
Ii,-, Tire Flfcod flf i3o l tlbi l lJ! 1111 I-h 'all" :tlld .\I I'dicnl ( 'nn ' I'
ill (;(,I'IIHIIIY 1I.. lIlIlIl :-o , \\' ar (::1... ('." Illid Smu kl' ,\ cil l D lilli,. ll'li:lI
HI 'purl. # I)
I·
M UN ITIO NS DIV I SI ON 1 11 l'll cicrg;n'lIl1d alld O i"I'<'I',.:11 I'lall t:- ill (;rl'atcr Ger·
IlIall \'
H e a"y Indu s try Bran c h
Thf' (; ~' I'Ill:1I 1 Oil I lIdll l'lt rYI ) t illi:-otcria l th'pvrt. T eall!
TIll' ( ·uk i ll ).!. l lldll :-l t r'," HI 'po r l fill l ;I' r1I1I1II,"
( 'okill g Pial!! HI 'lm!'1 i\1f. I 1-\1'('1 iU Il:" .\ . H, ( ', & I I III
7~
j\ l illi... tC'ri:ri Bc polt Ull ( 'lll'lll k:rls
I.1·1,
1.1
(; II I ('hofTrlllllJ!~I!lII'! It'. Ohl'r-1II1I1 ~(, II, (:I'rIlI HIly 15
Fl'il'dri('il - ,\ lfn 'd I t rwllt', H III'iliharl.... ell . l:t'I'ttllll l." Oil Brun ch 15
:'\1'lulk i n·hpl! Fi ~~ ' l lW PI'kl' .\ l:. :'\('lwki rd H'II. ( lpr- 15
lIla lly 15
.\IIL IUUll iuk\\"('rkc :\I c r,.churl-! (: III h I I , LCIIII:I, (:I'T-
71 B(' icir:-o wc-rke Ilf'I'lI l:l1I 1I (;o~ ' rillp: .\ (: , I I:ilh 'IHl orf. 1111111,\'- 2 .\ ppellrliccs
(; crllln IIY 15
ll ii B l'Ul1l1kohlt, Bcm: il l .\ C:, Zt ·i l l. 1I1lrl Bohlell (:Crtll:l 1L\'
72 ,\ lIp:II :-o t T h.":<:-O(,11 II IJI'III ' .\ (: , I I:ullbo rn . (;prItlIIl L,\' \\' irl1er:-; lwll ..\ (;, Lll clzkcn d ur f. Genn a;l\, .
73 Frit'ci l'il'h },rll" " .\ (: , Bul'l .I'{'k !'Ia lll, E!"o,W II, <;"1'- 15
11 7 L lldwiJ!:< lrufclI-()ppall W urks of I (; Fal'hCI'li ll (hl,. l ric 15
1I L!I II."
.\ (;, Ludwig.;;:llIlfclI l G et'llIHIl ." 15
71 I )ul'l 1I1l tlid I luf'I'dt'r 11 111'1 h 'll \'t' r('irr , .\ (; , J)ol'l lt llllld ,
UI'rll llllLY li S B ulll'ol'l I I .n ll'lll-:'Cllatioll Plant I Butt rup-Buy, Ccr- 16'
lI o(,:-l('h ,\ (;, ()OI'IIII1J1 HI. t;I'l' llltll l\'
Ill :tll.'·, \ '01. I , \ '01 I I [G
liul'lllllllN , 'c n 'i ll fUI'1' (:U"':~ l alrlf1'l hl'i kn r ill tl .\ (: , II !! Hht'lI:lI lin O,;;:,"aJ.; :\lillCl'alue lwNh .\ (J , tl arlJlrrg He· 10:
t\Ut 'lt ll lll, (:PI'IILn rl.'· l i r ll~r,", Il illl llHII'I-:', <': (' 1'111111 1." 1G:
120 B ht'l1llllia O ":" ~IJ! :\I i lll'lldo('l\n'l'k(· .\ G. Gruf.:hruok IG·
Udilll'l',\', I Iamlllll'g. (;('rm:ll l." I U!
Mo tor Vchicl es tl nd Tank s Bran c h
12\ Bltf·lIIl!' i!!. O ":-oaJ! \li l1f' r:ll oclwcrkc .\ G, \rilh('llHl5],urg 161
77 (:I 'l'Il lfl ll \I uio r \ '(.' lIic·le,. 1111 111,.,1'\' Ilt·pllrt Itt'li Ilpry . 11 ;\llll lllrg, G Cl'lllan y
7R TUlik I nrl ll :-o lry He!,ol't . J?'J c..;{'\\·I'rk:-o(·ha f t , 'idu r , ( ';I:-o j rOI'-H:I lI ,cl , Gc rmfl ll \', \'01 16:
711 D ai n rlcl' BClI Z .\ (: , l' lIlt'l'lllrkIH'i lll . (:r 'l'Il1illl\' I & \ '111 II . IG!
80 Hell l.lult :\I olor \' I'hi('ll '~ (1 1:1111, 1l i1I:lIll'UIII'I, , I'lIri:-o 1 2:~ Ell!'opaei,.cllI' T :'1I 1klagcr IInrl 'i'rn ll:;: porl .\ C, 11 :\ 111· 16\
RI .\ d:1I11 Oppl. BII ~!"o !'I~ I H'iJlL. (;I 'r lll ;II l\' 1111 1'J!, (;('1'111:111 ." 17(
82 J)::lirn)\' 1' B t'"Z-(;IIJ!p:I'111l1 1 \\' o rk ...:, (;;l l-:'P:!'II:.l lt, (;('1'1111111 ." 12·\ I':hallll . \ ~ plllrlL \\' (,I'k c ,\ (; , Il al'hul'l-:' Hdincry, 11:\111'
83 \l 1l:-lCO II i lie II f tl brik •\ Irg:-ol JIl r.l(-;'\ II rr I bll l'g". ;'\ II I'll h tl rJ!, h tll'~ , (;t·l'lllarl.'· J7I
( ;('r IlUtll ,.
12,=j i\ l eNltt'('" H JH'ill]lI'CU:-:..... (·1l :-;\'Illhctie Oil Pl:llIl - \'ul I
81 .\III U 1 ' lIi~1l .\ (; . ( ·Ir.'III 11 il z and Zw ic ka ll , (; '1'1 111111." & \ ' 01 I I . 17!:
~:l H e'II/w lll' l & ~oltn. 1\ 11:<:"1'1, (:.' rt lltlIlY J j ;j
Sli \layhlll'h i\iulur Wor k:<. Frit'driel l:<h u fl 'lI. t ;I'I'III:I II Y I j4
87 \ ·o iJ.!llnlld .... r. :\!t\... ('lt ill ell fn!Jrik . .-\ (; PIIIIII'II, (;.'rtIllll l." Ilubb er Branch
175
88 \ ·olk :':'Wllgt' lIwt' rke. FallC'I':-lh'IJ('I., (: ('rlll)) II\' 17Q
R!l H II:-Oi' ill~ X.-\( ;. Hr lJlI:-owi('k, (: l' r ll ' llrry • 120 !)('I1i."I·ht, ])Irrd up (:Ul llllli ('0., Ii allau UII .\lU ill,
!IO \IIIChl(, l l hu l1 I lIrilr " ll'ir· .\ (; ( i\ la ig) Bfl lIJ.... wi('k . (:. '1'- C e!' llIllll Y 177
Illn 11\' 117 ( '011 1i fl Cllild GU ll lrn iwcrke. I ltllI0\'pr, Gf'nUaIL,\' 178
UI F riN lr1cl l "]-': I'I I PI) (;I'1I ~11 11\\'I'l'kf', )' I :l~!!t'llllr~ , ( '1' 1" 128 1I IIei.., :-;"l1tII Cli c Hullbcr I'htl lt 17!)
mU ll." . 12!J .\l ini," le i'i:11 i{ c pol'l 0 11 Ge l'lllllri H lrhhc l' I lldll~ Lr.\' 180
18 1
38