RODENTICIDES

Rodenticides are defined as any substance that is used to kill rats, mice, and
other rodent pests. Almost rodenticides are synthetic, but there is also non-toxic natural
rodenticides such as cellulosa. This consists only of natural cellulose derived from
maize. It works by interfering with the rodent’s water absorption, thus causing
dehydration. Due to the unique way in which rodent’s stomachs process food, it is
completely safe for other mammals and birds.

Classification of Rodenticides
No Class
1 botanical rodenticides
2 carbanilate rodenticides
3 coumarin rodenticides
4 indandione rodenticides
5 inorganic rodenticides
6 organochlorine
rodenticides
Example
Scilliroside, Strychnine
3-pyridylmethyl 4-
nitrocarbanilate (mieshuan)
First generation : warfarin, These
coumachlor,coumafuryl,
coumatetralyl,dicoumarol
Second generation :
brodifacoum, bromadiolone,
difenacoum,difethialone
flocoumafen
Chlorophacinone,diphacinone These are harder to group by
pindone ,valone
arsenous oxide, phosphorus
potassium arsenite
sodium arsenite
thallium sulfate
zinc phosphide
gamma-HCH, HCH, lindane
Note
Strychnine is a natural toxin
which causes violent convulsion
by direct excitatory action on the
cells of the central nervous
system chiefly the spiral cord
Destroy the pancreatic beta cell
substances kill by
preventing normal blood clotting
and causing internal
hemorrhaging.
generation. According to some
sources, the indandiones are
considered second generation
All these poisons are toxic to
other animals, and most cause
death by disturbance of nervous-
system functions.
-
 7 organofluorine Fluoroacetamide, sodium -
rodenticides fluoroacetate
8 organophosphorus Phosacetim -
rodenticides
9 pyrimidinamine Crimidine Cirimide is a syntgetic
rodenticides chlorinated pyrimidine
(Convulsant) compound that in adequate
dosage cause violent convulsion
similar those produce by
strychine.
10 thiourea rodenticides Promurit, thiosemicarbazide -
11 urea rodenticides Pyrinuron -
12 Miscellaneous Red squill, cholecalciferol red squill containing a cardiac
rodenticides glycoside as an active ingredient,
red squill is intensely nauseant.
13 unclassified Bromethalin, chloralose Uncouple oxidative
rodenticides α-chlorohydrin, curcumenol phosphorylation (bromethalin)
ergocalciferol, flupropadine Lead to vasoconstriction with
hydrogen cyanide,norbormide ischemia (norbormide)

silatrane, tetramine

There are wide variety of materials are used as rodenticides. They pose a particular
risk for accidental poisonings for several reasons:
1. First, as agents designed to specifically kill mammals, often their toxicity is very
similar for the target rodents and for humans. (Warfarin and other anticoagulant
rodenticides were initially developed to overcome this problem by creating
 compounds that wee highly toxic to rodents, particularly after repeated
exposures, but much less toxic to humans).
2. Secondly, since rodents share the same environment as humans and other
mammals, the risk of accidental exposure is an integral part of the placement of
baits for the rodents.
3. Thirdly, as rodents have developed resistance to Warfarin and others, there is a
continuous need to develop new and potentially more toxic rodenticides. Thus
we end up with 2nd and 3rd generation rodenticides which have increased the
risk to humans.

INTERNATIONAL RODENTICIDE PRODUCT

1. RAMIX PRODUCT
A. RAMIX GREEN BAIT PACK
 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: Ramik® Green Bait Pack Kills Rats and Mice Fish Flavored
Weather-Resistant Rodenticide for Control of Norway Rats, Roof Rats and
House Mice
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Diphacinone (0.005%) CAS No.: 82-66-6
- Chemical Name: 2-Diphenylacetyl-1,3-Indandione
- Chemical Class: An indandione-type anticoagulant rodenticide.
- EPA Registration Number: 61282-48

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Diphacinone (2-Diphenylacetyl-1,3-Indandione) ............................. 0.005%
INERT INGREDIENTS:................... ........................................... 99.995%
TOTAL: ............................................................................... 100.000%

 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- Acute Toxicity/Irritation Studies (Finished Product)
- Ingestion: Low Toxicity
- Oral (LD50 Rat) : > 7 mg/kg body weight (Diphacinone Technical at 98%
active)
- Oral (LD50 Rat) : > 100,000 mg/kg body weight (Ramik Green Bait Pack)
B. RAMIX BARS
 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: Ramik® Bars All-Weather Rat and Mouse Killer
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Diphacinone (0.005%) CAS No.: 82-66-6
- Chemical Name: 2-Diphenylacetyl-1,3-Indandione
- Chemical Class: An indandione-type anticoagulant rodenticide
- EPA Registration Number: 61282-12

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

Diphacinone (2-Diphenylacetyl-1,3-Indandione) ............................. 0.005%

INERT INGREDIENTS: .................................................................. 99.995%

TOTAL: ........................................................................................... 100.000%

 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Acute Toxicity/Irritation Studies (Finished Product)

 Ingestion: Low Toxicity

Oral (LD50 Rat) : > 7 mg/kg body weight (Diphacinone Technical at 98% active)

Oral (LD50 Rat) : > 100,000 mg/kg body weight (Ramik Bars)

2. HAVOC PRODUCT
A. HAVOC XT-BLOCK

 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: HAVOC® XT BLOK KILLS RATS & MICE
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Brodifacoum Technical (0.005%) CAS No.:
56073-10-0
- Chemical Name: 3-[3-(4’-bromo[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-
1-naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
- Chemical Class: A coumarin-type anticoagulant rodenticide.
- EPA Registration Number: 100-1055-61282

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Brodifacoum -3-[3-(4’-bromo-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-
naphthalenyl]-4- hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one..................................0.005%
OTHER INGREDIENTS :...................................................................99.995%
TOTAL ................................................................................................100.000%
Contains Bitrex® brand denatonium benzoate
 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- Acute Toxicity/Irritation Studies (Finished Product)
- Ingestion: Practically Non-Toxic
- Oral (LD50 Rat) : > 5,000 mg/kg body weight

B. HAVOC RODENTICIDE BAIT PACK

 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: HAVOC® RODENTICIDE BAIT PACK (PELLETS)
KILLS RATS & MICE
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Brodifacoum Technical (0.005%) CAS No.:56073100
- Chemical Name: 3-[3-(4’-bromo[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-
naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
- Chemical Class: A coumarin-type anticoagulant rodenticide.
- EPA Registration Number: 100-1056-61282

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Brodifacoum - 3-[3-(4’-bromo-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-
naphthalenyl]-4- hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one..................................0.005%
OTHER INGREDIENTS :................................................................99.995%
TOTAL .........................................................................................100.000%
Contains Bitrex® brand denatonium benzoate

 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
 Acute Toxicity/Irritation Studies (Finished Product)
Ingestion: Practically Non-Toxic
Oral (LD50 Rat) : > 5,000 mg/kg body weight
Dermal: Slightly Toxic
Dermal (LD50 Rat) : > 2,000 mg/kg body weight (calculated from technical material)
C. HARVOV CHUNK

 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: HAVOC® CHUNKS KILLS RATS & MICE
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Brodifacoum Technical (0.005%) CAS No.:
56073-10-0
- Chemical Name: 3-[3-(4’-bromo[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-
1-naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
- Chemical Class: A coumarin-type anticoagulant rodenticide.
- EPA Registration Number: 61282-27

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Brodifacoum - 3-[3-(4’-bromo-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-
naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1- benzopyran-2-one ..................................... 0.005%
INERT INGREDIENTS: ............................................................. 99.995%
TOTAL .................................................................................... 100.000%

 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Acute Toxicity/Irritation Studies (Finished Product)
Ingestion: Practically Non-Toxic
 Oral (LD50 Rat) : > 5,000 mg/kg body weight
Dermal: Slightly Toxic
Dermal (LD50 Rat) : > 2,000 mg/kg body weight (calculated from technical
material)

3. CYKILL PRODUCT

 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: CyKill™ Place Packs Kills Rats and Mice Breaks the
Cycle
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Bromethalin (0.01%) CAS No.: 63333-35-7
- Chemical Name: [N-Methyl-2, 4-dinitro-N-(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)-6-
(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine]
- Chemical Class: An acute rodenticide
- EPA Registration Number: 47629-13-61282

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Bromethalin: .................................................................... 0.01%
OTHER INGREDIENTS: ........................................... 99.99%
Total ...................................................................... 100.00%

 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- Ingestion: Acute Toxicity
- Oral (LD50 Rat) : 9.1 mg/kg (Bromethalin Technical)
- Dermal: Acute Dermal Effects
- Dermal (LD50 Rabbit) : 2000 mg/kg (Bromethalin Technical)
 - Inhalation: Acute Inhalation Effects
- Inhalation (LC50 Rat, 1 hr.) : 0.024mg/L (Bromethalin Technical)
- Eye Contact: Mild, transient irritation.
Skin Contact: Non-irritating.

4. DI KILL PRODUCT
A. DI KILL PLACE PACK

 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: Di-Kill™ Place Packs Kills Rats and Mice
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Difenacoum (0.005%) CAS No.: 56073-07-05
- Chemical Name: [3-(3-biphenyl-4-yl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-napthyl)-4-
hydroxycoumarin]
- Chemical Class: A coumarin-type anticoagulant rodenticide.
- EPA Registration Number: 47629-17-61282

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Difenacoum....................................................................0.005%
OTHER INGREDIENTS:.........................................99.995%
Total ....................................................................100.000%

 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- Acute Toxicity/Irritation Studies (Technical Product)
- Ingestion: Acute Toxicity
- Oral (LD50 Rat) : 1.8-2 mg/kg (Difenacoum Technical)
 - Dermal: Acute Dermal Effects
- Dermal (LD50 Rabbit) : >50 mg/kg (Difenacoum Technical)
- Eye Contact: Mild, transient irritation.
- Skin Contact: Non-irritating.

5. PROZAP PRODUCT
A. PROZAP PELLET

 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: Prozap® Zinc Phosphide Rodent Pellets
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Zinc Phosphide (2.00%) CAS No.: 1314-84-7
- Chemical Name: trizinc diphosphide
- Chemical Class: An inorganic compound.
- EPA Registration Number: 61282-50 Section(s) Revised: 7

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Zinc Phosphide ..................................................................2.0%
INERT INGREDIENTS: ............................................... 98.0%
Total ..................................................................... 100.0%

 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- Acute Toxicity/Irritation Studies (Finished Product)
- Ingestion: Ingestion Hazard
- Oral (LD50 Rat) : 910 mg/kg body weight (2.00% pelleted bait)
- Dermal: Toxic
 - Dermal (LD50 Rabbit) : > 2,000 mg/kg body weight (2.00% pelleted bait)

B. PROZAP MOLLE AND GOPHER PELLET BAIT

 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Product Name: Prozap® Mole and Gopher Pelleted Bait
- EPA Signal Word: CAUTION
- Active Ingredient (%): Zinc Phosphide (2.00%) CAS No.: 1314-84-7
- Chemical Name: trizinc diphosphaide
- Chemical Class: An inorganic compound.
- EPA Registration Number: 61282-50 Section(s) Revised: 7

 COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Zinc Phosphide..................................................................2.0%
INERT INGREDIENTS:...............................................98.0%
Total...............................................................................100.0%

 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- Acute Toxicity/Irritation Studies (Finished Product)
- Ingestion: Ingestion Hazard
- Oral (LD50 Rat) : 910 mg/kg body weight (2.00% pelleted bait)
- Dermal: Toxic
- Dermal (LD50 Rabbit) : > 2,000 mg/kg body weight (2.00% pelleted bait)
MOLLUSCICIDES

Molluscicides, also known as snail baits and snail pellets, are pesticides against
molluscs, which are usually used in agriculture or gardening to control gastropod pests
like slugs and snails that can damage crops by feeding on them.

Molluscicide are usually belonging to three main classes:

1. Metal salts such as iron(III) phosphate and aluminium sulfate, relatively

non-toxic, also used in organic gardening
2. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, highly toxic to other animals and humans,
acts also as a contact poison
3. Metaldehyde

According to the material molluscides can be devided into:

1. Natural molluscides
a. Aglaia elaeagnoidea
extract of dichlormetane in leaf has antimicroba activities to Bacillus
subtilis dan as molluscicides.

b. Extract of lerak fruit (Sapindus rarak DC)

c. Extract of tea seed

It is toxic for Pomaceae canaliculata

2. Synthetic molluscicides

Product name Label Explanation

Fatal 250 EC Toxic when inhal.
Form : yellow brownish
concentrated. It can be
emultion to control murbei
 snail Pomacea
cannaliculata in rice
de besttan 60 WP Active material fentin
acetate 60% (yellow redish
powder form, which
suspended to control
tripisan snail "cerithidae
sp" in shrimp in fishpond.
Decoy wetex - Hazardous component:
methiocarb, fluor, strach.
- Form : pellet
- Colour : blue
- Odour : weak
- Toxicity to Fish LC50
(Lepomis macrochirus
(Bluegill sunfish)) 0.65
mg/l Exposure time: 96
h
- Toxicity to daphnia
EC50 (Water flea
(Daphnia magna))
0.0077 mg/l Exposure
time: 48 h
- Toxicity to algae IC50
(Desmodesmus
subspicatus) 2.2 mg/l
Growth rate Exposure
time: 72 h
Draza forte A pelleted bait for
thecontrol of slugs, snails
and strawberr seed beetle,
with a reduction in
leatherjacket populations,
in certain agricultural and
 horticultural outdoor crops.
Exit Wetex A pelleted bait for the
control of slugs, snails and
strawberry seed beetle,
with a reduction in
leatherjacket populations,
in certain agricultural and
horticultural outdoor crops.
Huron A 3% w/w pelleted bait
formulation containing
methiocarb, for the control
of slugs, snails and
strawberry seed beetle,
with a reduction in
leatherjacket
populations, in agricultural
and horticultural outdoor
crops, on bare soil and
edible or non-edible crops.
Maximum Application
rate: 5.0 kg of product per
hectare.
Snaildown 250 EC Molluscicides toxic when
inhaled.
Form: brown concentrated
that can be to control snail
in murbei
HERBICIDE
A. Definition
Herbicide is a compound or material that is spread on agricultural land to reduce
or eradicate plant which caused a decrease in yield ( weeds ). Agricultural land is
usually planted with a type or two types of agricultural crops. However, other plants can
also grow on the land. Since competition in getting nutrients in the soil, sun acquisition,
and / or discharge of the substance allopathic , other plants are not desirable existence.
B. Classification of Herbicides
 a. There are two types of herbicides according to their application, namely:
1. Pre-emergence Herbicide
Spread on land after being processed but before the seeds spread (or
immediately after seed spread). Usually this type are nonselective herbicide, which
means killing all the existing plants.

2. Post-emergence Herbicide
Given after the first seed leaf display. Herbicides of this type should be selective, in the
sense of not disturbing the plant anyway.

b. There are two types of herbicides based on his work, namely:

a). Contact Herbicides
Herbicide is a contact herbicide is directly off the tissues or the weed is exposed
to the herbicide solution, especially the green weeds. Herbicides of this type react very
fast and effective when used to eradicate weeds are still green, and weeds, which still
has a root system is not widespread.
In the tissues of plants, the active ingredient of herbicide contacts almost is not
trans-located. If present, these materials is trans-located by phloem. Because only turn
off the affected parts of weeds, weed growth can occur very quickly. Thus, the rotation
control to be brief. Herbicide dose and contacts require a larger water solvent for the
active ingredients evenly throughout the surface of the weeds and obtained the active
control effect is better.
Also a contact herbicide that works by producing hydrogen peroxide radicals
that break the cell membranes and damage the whole cell configuration. Contact
herbicides kill only the affected parts of the plant life of the solution, so the plants under
the soil like the roots or rhizome roots are not affected, and parts of plants and roses get
back to work on this herbicide was very fast.
Herbicides are only able to eradicate the weed spray only the affected, especially
the part that green leaves and active photosynthesize. Specialty, to eradicate weeds
quickly, 2-3 hours after spraying weeds have withered and died 2-3 days later. So useful
if the time of planting should be done immediately. The downside, weeds will grow
back quickly about 2 weeks later and when the herbicide is not touching the roots then
working process has no effect on weeds. An example is the contact herbicide paraquat.
 There is a contact herbicide types based on the form, time use, and other plants
are good to control weeds is one of them is full grown herbicide that is a contact, in the
form of solution in the dark green water, to control weeds in the planting of oil palm
(TM) and corn (TOT). Examples of contact herbicides are generally used are
Gramoxone, Herbatop.

b). Systemic Herbicides

Systemic herbicide is a herbicide that is trans-located to the whole body or a part
of the weeds, ranging from leaf to root or vice versa. The workings of this herbicide
takes 1-2 days to kill nuisance plants cultivated plants (weeds) because it does not
directly kill the affected plant tissue, but it works by disrupting the physiological
process of tissue are then flowed into the plant tissues of weeds and kill the target tissue
such as leaf , point to grow, shoot up to the roots. It features, can be deadly shoots
present in the soil, thus inhibiting the growth of these weeds. Effects of similar evenly
to all parts of weeds, ranging from the leaf to root. Thus, the process of re-growth also
occurs very slowly so that the rotation of the control may be longer (length). The use of
systemic herbicides as a whole can save time, labor, and the application fee. Systemic
herbicides can be used on all types of spray equipment, including systems ULV (Micron
Herby), because the spread of the active ingredient throughout the weed need little
solvent. Several factors influence the effectiveness of systemic herbicides, namely:
 Weeds must be in a period of active growth
 Sunny weather when spraying
 Do not spray before rain
 Dry the area to be sprayed
 Use clean water as solvent
 Be mixed with the herbicide 2,4 D amine or with herbicides
Metsulfuron
Use of a continuous type of herbicide will form the resistant weed so it will be
difficult to control it. To anticipate the weaknesses mentioned above is by mixing two
herbicides (Akobundu, 1987). Mixing the two types of herbicides have been done long
ago with the aim to broaden the spectrum of weed control, reduce weed resistance to
one herbicide so as to prevent weed vegetation that leads to homogeneous.
Clemson herbicide is a systemic herbicide, given pre Emergence on the surface
of the soil. This herbicide will be absorbed by plant roots and up trans-located and live
 in leaf. These herbicides inhibiting effect formation of the carotene, causing bleaching
of chloroplasts. Clemson herbicides can be used for weed control class puzzles and
weeds wide leaf, while metribuzine can be used to control grass weeds and leaf width
class. How it works is mertibuzine herbicides disrupt photosynthesis activity. Mixing
the two types of herbicides make more effective and economical increase in weed
control method. Mixing the two types of these herbicides will show the relationship of a
material with another material is called interaction. When two or more chemicals
accumulate in the plant, they do the interactions and responses are shown out to produce
a different reaction when the chemical was given alone. These interactions can be
synergistic, or antagonistic.
b. There Are Two Types Of Herbicides Based On The Combination Of
Active Ingredients, Namely:
a). Herbicides Single
Single herbicide is a type of herbicide that consists of only one type of active
ingredient. Ineffectiveness is limited to one particular class of weed. For example:
- Ally 20 WDG
- Eagle 480 U.S.
b). Herbicide Mixtures
Herbicides are the type of herbicide mixtures consisting of two kinds or more
active ingredients. For example:
- Paracol (paraquat + diuron)
C. How it works Herbicides
In general, herbicide works by disrupting the process anabolism important
compounds such as starch , fatty acids or amino acid through competition with a
compound that "normal" in the process. Herbicides to be competitors because it has a
similar structure and become the recognizable by the enzyme co-substrate who became
his target. For example, Another way of working is to disrupt the balance of production
of the chemicals needed plant. Example:
 glyphosate (Monsanto) disrupt the synthesis of amino acids, aromatic because of
competition with phosphoenol-pyruvate
 fosfinositrin disrupt the assimilation of nitrate and ammonium as a substrate of the
enzyme glutamine syntheses
A number of herbicide producers fund the creation of transgenic plants resistant
to herbicides. Thus the use of herbicides can be expanded in the production plant. These
 efforts can reduce the cost of production in large-scale agricultural mechanization.
Examples of herbicide-resistant crops that have been developed are the raps (canola),
corn, cotton, rice, potato, soybean, and beet sugar.

D. The example of herbicide

1. Glufosinate-ammonium
Work herbicide glufosinate-ammonium in fact, based on the deactivation of the enzyme
glutamine synthesis. Glutamine synthesis causes a reaction of ammonia and glutamic
acid to form glutamine. Ammonia, a substance that is very phytotoxic to plant cells
formed at the time of plant biochemical processes, precisely when the reduction of
nitrate, amino acid metabolism and photo-respiration. Given the fact that this enzyme is
disabled by glufosinate, ammonia can accumulate in plant cells and causes necrosis of
the lining of the plant which ultimately caused the death of the plant. Speed of action
depends on external conditions, such as humidity, temperature and moisture content in
soil. Intake of glufosinate-ammonium by plants is usually carried out through the green
leaves and plants are growing actively.

2. Glyphosate
Herbicide active ingredient glyphosate is a systemic herbicide for weed targets. Among
the four types of the active ingredient, glyphosate is the herbicide active ingredient most
widely used around the world. In addition to the systemic nature which kills the plant to
die down to the roots, are also able to control many types of weeds such as Imperata
cylindrica, Eulisine indinca, Axomophus comprsseus (pahitan), Mimosa invisa
(daughter of shame), Cyperus Iria (puzzle), Echinocloa crussgali (jajagoan ) and
others. Examples of glyphosate herbicide on the market like Rambo 480AS, 240 U.S.
Ranger, and others. The recommended applications of glyphosate herbicide was 100
ml / 14 L water for Rambo 480AS, and 150 ml ml/14 liters. glyphosate, the herbicide
most important in today's world, is herbicide translocation, inhibiting the action of the
enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an enzyme involved in
the synthesis of three amino acids. Lim et al. (1999) reported that the use of glyphosate
caused the succession of weeds into broadleaf weed dominance. Faiz (1989) reported
that spraying of glyphosate mixture successively in rubber adult (TM) for general weed
control causes the dominance Borreria alata, senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum), and
 reed (Imperata cylindrica). Succession-related weeds closely with how the herbicide is
working (modes of action). Glyphosate translocation from the leaves down to the roots
and other parts of the overall system damage in the body of weeds. Glyphosate has a
high killing power of grass and often eradicate the weed grasses such as Paspalum
conjugatum software and Ottochloa nodosa and eventually ground into the
open. Opportunities like this provide an opportunity for many of the seeds of broadleaf
weeds to germinate and eventually become dominant (Tjitrosoedirjo and Purba,
2006). Dominance of broadleaf weeds often tend to be more detrimental because it is
more difficult to control. Weeds software such as O. nodosa, P. conjugatum and
A. compressus needs to be preserved in oil palm planting (Teoh, 1984). Grass weeds
such as these are categorized as class B which is useful and requires less control B
(Anon, 1972). The use of glyphosate on an ongoing basis often leads to the occurrence
of weed eradication software while the reverse shows a mixture of paraquat (Khairul &
Teoh, 1992).

3. Paraquat
This herbicide is a contact herbicide commonly used to full grown. Which contain
active herbicide Paraquat is highly suitable for use by those who wish to cultivate land
for quick and immediate. This is because the power of paraquat is so fast that after
application, the result can be seen an hour later, so that within 3-4 days arable land
next. The examples that contain active herbicide paraquat in Indonesia just two of
Noxone 276AS and Gramoxone. Paraquat is a contact herbicide which kill plants by
disrupting cell membranes. According to Chung (1995) the use of paraquat has
advantages in terms of succession of weeds, fitotoksisitas, and rainfastness. Paraquat,
herbicide contact, causing death at the top of the weeds quickly without damaging the
root system, stolon, or rods in the ground, so that within a few weeks after the
application of weeds grow back. 

4. Metsulfuron Methyl
Which contain active herbicide metsulfuron methyl is a systemic herbicide and is
selective for the rice plant. Herbicides can be used to control weeds and early pre-grown
full grown. Some weeds that are controlled by herbicides mapu include: Monocholria
vaginalis (water hyacinth), Cyperus diformis (puzzle), Echinocloa crusgalli (jajagoan),
clover and other weeds that are categorized as ferns. Billy 20WP is one such
example. Applications suggested recommendations for the use of this herbicide is 2.5
grams for each tank of 14 liters.
 
5. 2,4 – D
2,4 - D including one herbicide active ingredient best known. The nature of this
herbicide more or less similar to metsulfuron methyl are systemic and
selective. Herbicides can be used to control weeds either full grown broadleaf and
puzzles in rice paddies. As for some types of weeds that can be controlled with the
herbicide 2,4-D is between: Monochoria vaginalis (hyacinth), Spenochlea zeylanica,
Cyperus Iria (puzzle), Limnocharis flava (velvetleaf), water spinach, taro and
others. Examples of herbicides 2,4-D is Amandy 865AS.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY TASK

RHODENTICIDES, MOLLUSCICIDES AND HERBICIDES

 Compiled By :

1. Nuzulul Rahmawati (083194002)

2. Neni Puji Astutik (083194007)
3. Dewi Rahmawati (083194012)
4. Lita Novilia (083194204)

Chemistry Education 2008 Plus

UNIVERSITY STATE OF SURABAYA

FACULTY OF MATHEMATHIC AND SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
2011