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Law of electromagnetic induction by Faraday
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Yefinition:

Eddy current are defined a

o cillating electrical current induced
in a conductive material by an
alternating magnetic field, due to
electromagnetic induction.
Primary coil
Magnetic field
Defect

Eddy current
 When alternating current (K
 i pa ed
through the coil, a magnetic field i generated in
and around the coil. When the probe i brought
in clo e proximity to a conductive material, uch
a aluminum, the probe' changing magnetic field
generate current flow in the material. The
induced current flow in clo ed loop in plane
perpendicular to the magnetic flux. They are
named 
 becau e they are thought
to re emble the eddy current that can be een
wirling in tream .
 The eddy current produce their own
magnetic field that interact with the primary
magnetic field of the coil. By mea uring change in
the re i tance and inductive reactance of the coil,
information can be gathered about the te t
material. Thi information include the electrical
conductivity and magnetic permeability of the
material, the amount of material cutting through
the coil magnetic field, and the condition of the
material (i.e. whether it contain crack or other
defect .
 The di tance that the coil i from
the conductive material i called ë

and thi di tance affect the mutual-
inductance of the circuit .

Liftoff can be u ed to make

mea urement of the thickne of
nonconductive coating , uch a paint, that
hold the probe a certain di tance from the
urface of the conductive material
ampedence change i affected, mainly by

: electrical conductivity
: magnetic permeability
: geometry of the material
: te t frequency
: the pacing between the coil and the
material.
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 Te t material be conductive in nature.

onductivity i the rever e of re i tivity
and i the mea ure of how ea ily the
current can flow through the material.

opper i 100%
 Kffected by chemical compo ition, heat
treatment and temperature.
 Effect of magnetic permeability
 a the ratio of magnetic flux den ity to
the magnetizing force of the coil.
„ Eddy current den ity doe not remain con tant acro
the depth of a material.

„ The den ity i greate t at the urface and decrea e

exponentially with depth (the " kin effect".

„ The tandard depth of penetration equation ( hown to

the right i u ed to explain the penetration capability of
eddy current te ting, which decrea e with increa ing
frequency, conductivity, or permeability.
„ For a material that i both thick and uniform, the
tandard depth of penetration i the depth at which the
eddy current den ity i 37% of the material urface
value.

„ To detect very hallow defect in a material, and al o

to mea ure the thickne of thin heet , very high
frequencie are u ed.

„ Similarly, in order to detect ub urface defect , and

to te t highly conductive, magnetic, or thick material ,
lower frequencie mu t be u ed.
 Ö
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Eddy current offer the following capabilitie :

[ ruick, imple, and reliable in pection

technique to detect urface and near- urface
defect in conductive material.
[
an be u ed to mea ure material electrical
conductivity.
[ Mea urement of nonconductive coating.
[ Hole in pection with the u e of high- peed
rotating canner and urface probe.
One of the major advantage of eddy current a an
NYT tool i the variety of in pection and
mea urement that can be performed. an the proper
circum tance , eddy current can be u ed for:

rack detection
Material thickne mea urement

oating thickne mea urement

onductivity mea urement for:
Material identification
Heat damage detection

a e depth determination
Heat treatment monitoring
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[ Sen itive to mall crack and other defect

[ Yetect urface and near urface defect
[ an pection give immediate re ult
[ Equipment i very portable
[ Method can be u ed for much more than flaw
detection
[ Minimum part preparation i required
[ Te t probe doe not need to contact the part
[ an pect complex hape and ize of conductive
material
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„ Only conductive material can be in pected

„ Surface mu t be acce ible to the probe
„ Skill and training required i more exten ive
than other technique
„ Surface fini h and roughne may interfere
„ Reference tandard needed for etup
„ Yepth of penetration i limited
„ Flaw uch a delamination that lie parallel to
the probe coil winding and probe can direction
are undetectable