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INSTITUTIONAL

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Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

VOICE
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Vol.7 / No.16 Weekly Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

DISASTER

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Vol.7 / No.16 - March 28 - April 3 , 2011 THE VOICE WEEKLY 33
Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
VOICE
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Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
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 10
VOICE
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 Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
EDUCATION VOICE
The
11

News in Brief
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 Vol.7 / No.16 - March 28 - April 3 , 2011 THE VOICE WEEKLY 13
13

PERSPECTIVE
Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
VOICE
The

'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; (2)
atmifx#G f
iHwpfck\ 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif jzpfavhjzpfx&Sdaom tqifhBuD;av;qifh&Sdygonf/ tqdkygtqifhrsm;onf wpfckjzpfay:NyD;aemufrS aemufwpfckay:ayguf&jcif;jzpf
Edkif aomfvnf; aemufwpfckjzpfay:csdefwGif a&SUjzpfpOf&yfoGm;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ tNydKifqufvufjzpfay:aeaom oabm&Sdygonf/

EdkifiHwpfck\ 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;pOf
rsm;wGif yg0ifavh&Sdaom tqifhBuD;rsm;rSm
(1) toGiful;ajymif;rI pwifjcif; (Transition)
(2) vGwfvyfrIrsm; pwifcGifhjyKjcif; (Liberalization)
(3) 'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY ul;ajymif;jcif; (Democratization)
(4) 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk cdkifNrJatmif wnfaqmufjcif; (So-
cialization/democratic consolidation)
tqdkyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf wpfckaemufwpfck vdkufyg
jzpfay:avh&Sdaomfvnf; aemufwpfck qufvufjzpfay:csdefwGif
a&SUjzpfpOf&yfomG ;jcif; r[kwyf g[kqo kd nf/ qdvk okd nfrmS Liberalization
ac: vGwfvyfrIrsm; pwifcsdefwGif toGiful;ajymif;rI Transition
onf tNyd K if q uf v uf j zpf a y:aeNyD ; Liberalization ac:
vGwv f yfrrI sm; cGijhf yKonft h qifrh S 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfoYkd ul;ajymif;csdef
('Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif; Democratization) wGifvnf; toGiful;
ajymif;jcif; Transition rSm tNyKd iq f ufvufjzpfay:aeavh&adS yonf/
,ciftywfu 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&; aqmif;yg;
wGif Liberalization pwifjzpfay:csed rf pS í qufwu kd jf zpfay:wwf
onfh umvBuD;oHk;yg;taMumif;udk a&;cJhygonf/ 'Drdkua&pD
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;wGif tqifBh u;D av;qif&h o dS nf[k qdak omfvnf;
tqifhwpfckcsif;wGif rnfrQMumjrifhEdkifonf? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif
aemufwpfqifu h tNyKd iyf ;l wGpJ wifjzpfay:onf? rnfonft h aMumif;
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;qdo k nfrmS
t&mwpfckwnf;u tqHk;tjzwfay;onf[k twdtusr&Sdaomf
vnf;tqifhwdkif;wGif wdkif;wmonfh aywHrsm;&Sdygonf/
Liberalization wGif (military moment, political moment,
economic moment) umvBuD;oHk;yg;&Sdonf qdkaomfvnf;
aemufuvdkufygvm&rnfh Democratization onf xdkumvBuD;
oHk;yg;tNyD;wGif pwif&rnf[k twdtusr&SdouJhodkY rnfonfh
umvwGif tNydKifpwifjzpfay:rnf[k yHak oum;csyfvnf; r&Sjd yef
ay/ ,ckaqmif;yg;wGif tqdkyg toGiful;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;pOf
BuD; av;ckpvHk;udk wdkif;wmonfh pHEIef;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfrsm;
ESifh xdktajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:csdefwGif vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;ü
wpfNydKifeufwnf;vkv d kd jzpfay:vmwwfonfh oabmobm0rsm;
udk azmfjyrnf/
(1) toGiful;ajymif;jcif; Transition
toGiful;ajymif;rI Transition [laom toHk;tEIef;onf
tkycf sKyfa&;yHok P²mefwpfcrk S wpfco k Ykd ajymif;a&TUonfh tqifw
udk ac:a0:jcif;jzpfNyD; 'Dru kd a&pDpepfqo D Ykd OD;wnf ul;ajymif;jcif;
jzpfvQif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif; Democratic Transition
[k oHk;EIef;ygonf/ tqdkygjzpfpOf\ ueOD;ul;ajymif;rI jzpfpOf
rsm;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;ygonf/ xdkodkYaom toGiful;
ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfESifh BuHKBudKuf
&onfhtcgrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? ppfyGJBuD;wpfyGJ½HI;edrfhonfh
tcgrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? wdkif;wpfyg; usL;ausmfpGufzufonfh
tcgwGifvnf;aumif; pwifjzpfwwfNyD; wpfcgwpf&H EdkifiHudk
onf/ xdkYaMumifh þtqifhwGif awGU&aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfenf;
vky[f efrsm;onfyif tem*wfEikd o f l ½H;I olukd BudKwifprD cH efYcjJG cif;
(shaping the future winners and losers) jzpfwwfonf [kqo kd nf
(Oyrm-privatization)/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap toGiful;ajymif;a&;
pwifcsed w
f iG f ,cifu Edik if aH &;ü yg0ifaqmif&u G cf iG rhf jyKbJ xm;&Sd
cJhaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;xJrS tpdwftydkif;tcsKdU yg0ifvmEdkifap&ef
a&G;cs,fí vrf;zGifhay;&ef BudK;pm;aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk jrif&
wwfjcif;jzpfayonf/
(2) vGwfvyfrIrsm; pwifcGifUjyKjcif; Liberalization
þtqifhonf Rule of the Game wpfpHkwpf&mjzifh toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;aemufwpfqifhudk ul;ajymif;jcif;jzpfonf/ Nego-
tiation Pacts ac: y#dyu©rsm;udkvnf; a&Smif&Sm;Edkifrnfh wef;wl
&nfwl,SOfNydKifcGifhudkvnf; uefYowfxm;Edkifrnfh Rule of the
h ikd ;f Game rsm;udk toHk;jyKí 'Drdkua&pDpepfqDodkY 'Drdkua&pDrqef
aom vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm;jzifh ul;ajymif;onfhtqifhjzpfonf/
þtqifhwGif umvBuD;oHk;yg;&SdNyD; tqdkygumvBuD;oHk;yg;rSm
(1) Military Moment ac: wyfrawmfESifh t&yfbuftkyfcsKyfa&;
udk cGJjcm;jcif;? (2) Political Moment ac: EdkifiHa&;t& yg0if
aqmif&GufcGifhus,fjyefYvmjcif;? (3) Economic Moment ac:
pD;yGm;a&;zGYH NzdK;wd;k wufru I kd pwiftm½Hpk u kd Ef ikd jf cif;wdYk jzpfygonf/
Liberalization \ aemufu uyfvdkufvm&rnfh Democ-
ratization onf tqkdyg umvBuD;oHk;yg;teuf 'kwd,umv

jynfolvlxkudk us,fus,fjyefhjyefh tkycf sKyfaeonfh tmPmydik t f pd;k &u OD;aqmifí toGiaf jymif;jcif; odYkr[kwf wwd,umvwGif uyfvu kd vf mwwfNyD; Liberalization
(Regime led transition ) rsm;vnf; &Sw d wfonf [kqykd gonf/ ESihf Democratization tNydKif qufvufjzpfay:avh&o dS nfqo kd nfh
&nf&, G Ef ikd &f ef wm0efcEH ikd &f ef wpfzuf wGiv f nf; toGiu f ;l ajymif;rI pwifjcif;onf 'Dru k d &ufwu k d af Z;&Si;f wdik f Liberalization aemufu Democratization rnfonft h cgurQ
rule of the game yg&SdonfUpepfodkh ac: 'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY ul;ajymif;jcif; taotcsmjzpfay:rnf[k vdkufygrvmaomEdkifiHrsm;vnf; &SdcJhygonf (Oyrm-pifumyl)/
wpfenf;tm;jzifU ]vltyk cf sKyaf ompepfrS ,wdjywfrajymEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ Liberalization tvGeftrif;wdkawmif;í Liberalization ESifh De-
rnfoYkdyifjzpfap 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; pwifaom mocratization wpfNydKifeuf jzpfay:onf[k xif&aom EdkifiHrsm;
rltyk cf sKyaf ompepf} odhk ul;ajymif;jcif;jzpfonf/ vnf; &SdcJhygonf (Oyrm-ay:wl*D? *&d)/ aemufaMumif;jyefí
tqifo h nf ]vl}qH;k jzwfonfh rule by law pepfrS ]“ rl}tkycf sKyfaom
xdktqifUonf rule of the game pepf rule of law odkY ul;ajymif;ygrnf[k t"du stakeholders ppftmPmodrf;rIrsm;ESifh BuHKawGUcJh&aomEdkifiHrsm;vnf; &SdcJhyg
r&Sad o;csed jf zpfí vltyk cf sKyaf ompepfrS rsm;u qH;k jzwfaomtqifh [kqEkd ikd af yonf/ vlu tkycf sKyfaom onf/
rltyk cf sKyaf om pepfohkd ul;ajymif;&mwGif rule by law pepfwi G f Oya'udjk yKaom vlu ta&;BuD;aomaMumifh þtqifw h iG f jrifom xifom wdik ;f wmEdik o f nfh aywHEpS &f yf
Edik if \
H tajctaeonf xdk power center \ t&dyt f jcnftwdik ;f &SdNyD; Liberalization jzpf rjzpfukd xdt k *Fg&yfrsm;ESihf wdik ;f wmavh
oifah wmfrnfxifaomudp&ö yfrsm; om jzpf&onf/ tqHk;tjzwf tm;vHk;oufqdkif&mEdkifiH? vlrsKd;? &Sdygonf/ tqdkyg aywHrsm;rSm
vdt k yfrnfxifaom udp&ö yfrsm;udk tpdk;&? wyfrawmfwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;xuf power center \ (1) Rule of the Game wpfck&SdaewwfNyD; Rule by Law
vGwv f yfpmG aqmif&u G af vU&o dS nf/ t&dyftjcnftwdkif; jzpf&onf/ r[kwaf wmhí Player tm;vH;k u Negotiation Pacts udk vdu k ef mMu&
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;qdo k nfrmS jynfov l x
l u k kd us,fus,f onf/
xdkhaMumifU þtqifUwGif awGY&aom (2) vltrsm;pkzGJUí vkyfudkiforQudk EdkifiHa&;tjzpf pGyfpJG
jyefYjyefY&nf&G,fEdkif&ef wm0efcHEdkif&ef rule of the game yg&Sdonfh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyef nf; vky[ f efrsm;onfyif pepfodkY wpfenf;tm;jzifh ]“ vltkyfcsKyfaompepfrS rltkyfcsKyfaom ta&;,ljcif; avsmhusoGm;NyD; vlYtzGJUtpnf;tay: tmrcHcsuf
tem*wfEikd o f l ½H;I olukd BuKd wifprD cH efcY jJG cif; pepf} odkY ul;ajymif;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdktqifhonf rule of the tcsKdU pwifjzpfay:onf/
game r&Sdao;csdefjzpfí vltkyfcsKyfaompepfrS rltkyfcsKyfaom Liberalization trSefwu,f pwifNyD[kqdkvQif EdkifiHom;
(shaping the future winners and losers)
pepfodkY ul;ajymif;&mwGif oifhawmfrnfxifaomudpö&yfrsm; wpfO;D csi;f ESihf Edik if o
H m;rsm;pkzUJG vkyu
f ikd o
f nfh Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;rsm;
jzpfwwfonf [kqdkonf vdktyfrnfxifaom udp&ö yfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&Gufavh&Sd pmrsufESm 14 od k Y
 14
VOICE
The

PERSPECTIVE
pmrsufESm 13 'Drdkua&pD toGif;ul;ajymif;a&; (2) rS tquf
Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

udk Oya't& tumtuG,fay;vm&jcif;udkpwifí jrifomvm

onfjzpf&m vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh vlwpfOD;csif;\ b0a&&mrIESifh
vHkNcHKrI pwifa&muf&Sdcsdef[k qdkEdkifayonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm Ne-
gotiation Pacts rsm;\ cGifhjyKcsufabmifxJwGif Political Insti-
tutions rsm; (EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pnf;abmifrsm;)ESifh xdk Political
Institution rsm;udk jzwfoef;xGufay:vmaom (rlrsm;) Oya'?
enf;Oya'? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;trsKd;rsKd;? wm0efcHtzGJUtpnf;
trsKd;rsKd;(Institutions) ay:aygufvmum vlYtzGUJ tpnf;udk pwif
í tusKd;jyKonfqdkaom tajctae jzpfayonf/

(3) 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfohkd ul;ajymif;jcif; Democratization
'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY ul;ajymif;jcif;ESifhywfoufí rnfonfh
yHo k P²mef? rnfonfOh ya' vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;u ydí k 'Dru kd a&pD udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ þul;ajymif;rIjzpfpOfrsm;onf vltzGJU toGiful;ajymif;a&;onf ,cifu EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifcGifh
qefonf[k ajym&efcuf&m t"duwdkif;wmaom aywHrSm tpnf; \ta&GUjzpfí State ac: Edik if aH wmf odYk r[kwf ud, k pf m;jyK rjyKcJah om t&yfbuf vlYtzGUJ tpnf;udk rltm;jzifh yg0ifciG hf pwif
Citizenship ac: Edi k if oH m;tcGit hf a&;ESihf pHEeI ;f jzpfayonf/ Edik if o H m; pD&ifcGifh&Sdol tpdk;&wdkYwGifom wm0ef&Sdonf r[kwfbJ vlYtzGJU ay;tyfjcif;jzpf&m EdkifiHa&;r[kwfaom toif;tzGJUrsm;ESifh
wpfOD;csif;udk vGwfvyfí nDrQaom vlom;EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf tpnf;\ pnf;urf;&Sad om yl;aygif;yg0ifrrI sm;vnf; tqifv h ukd f vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; jzpfEikd af jc&So d mG ;jcif;jzpfonf [kqo kd nf/ Edik if o H m;
wef;wl&nfwl todtrSwfjyKí wm0ef,laom wm0efcHaom? vdktyfcsuf&Sdayonf/ rsm;u &ifu h supf mG wHYkjyefonfEiS t hf rQ vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udk wd;k íwd;k í
wm0ef,al paom wm0efcaH paompepfoYkd ul;ajymif;&ef Edik if aH wmf 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; us,fus,fjyefY ay;tyf&if; Liberalization ESit hf wl Democratization u yl;wGí J
tmPmudk &,lxm;aom tiftm;pkrsm; Stakeholdersrsm; tm;vH;k jyefY tajcwus usifhoHk;vmMuonfhtajctaeodkY ul;ajymif; jzpfay:vmwwfonf[q k akd omfvnf; rsm;pGmaom vlYtzGUJ tpnf;
oabmwlncD su&f &So d nfh tqifjh zpfonf/ qdv k okd nfrmS Edik if o
H m; a&muf&jdS cif;onf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; Transition \ aemufq;kH rsm;wGif pdwrf &Snaf 'goBu;D aom vlxu k kd awGU&wwfonf[q k okd nf/
wdkif;udk wef;wl&nfwljzpfonfh vlom;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwf tqifjh zpfNyD; trSew f u,ftoGiu f ;l ajymif;jcif;vnf;jzpfí Sec- toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfonf Power elite rsm;twGif;
ond Transition 'kw, d tBudraf jrmuf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;[k Edik if H taetxm; ajymif;vJomG ;jcif;oufouf r[kwaf omfvnf; yxrqH;k
jyK&efjyifqifonfh tqifhjzpfNyD; xdktcGifhta&;rsm; &&SdaeNyD[k
r&nfñTef;ay/ a&;odyHÜwGif ac:a0:onf/ odomaomjzpfpOfrmS Power elite rsm;twGi;f taetxm; ysu, f iG ;f
'Drukd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; rpwif&ao;aom Edik if rH sm; wwd,tqifhjzpfonfh Democratization onf EdkifiHom; oGm;jcif;jzpf&m ay:aygufvmaom Space vIy&f mS ;cGiu f kd OD;pGmjrifí
udkMunfhvQif vlYtzGJUtpnf;0if vlom;rsm;\ b0onf e,fajr wpfO;D csif;udk Edik if o H m;&ydik cf iG t
hf jzpf Edik if aH &;wGif wef;wl&nfwl OD;pGmvIyf&Sm;olrsm;rSm Elite rsm;om jzpfavh&Sdygonf/
pdk;rdk;a&;ppfaMumif;wpfaMumif;ESifh e,fajrcHrsm; qufqHa&;rsKd; us,fus,fjyefYjyefYyg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhudk aqmifMuOf;Edkif&ef xkEd idk if aH &;vIy&f mS ;cGio f nf wjznf;jznf;us,jf yefYvmaom
&Sad eaomaMumifh Edik if o H m;rsm;onf Subjects rsm; jzpfc&hJ ayonf/ BudK;pm;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frsm;wGif tcg vlYtzJGUtpnf;wpfckvkH; pwif&dyfpm;rdvmonfukd awGU&
xdkvlom;rsm;udk e,fajrpdk;rdk;olu wef;wl&nfwl oabmxm; wef;wl&nfwcl iG rhf mS rl rsm;pGmeuf½iId ;f aomaMumifh þpwkwt ¬ qifh onf/ toGiful;ajymif;a&; ueOD;tqifhwGif EkdifiHa&;ukd vl
Socialization/Democratic Consolidation wGio f m jrifawGU&avh tenf;i,fuom pdw0f ifwpm; pku d vf u dk rf wfwwfajymqkad eMu
ygrnf[laom oabmxm;rsKd; ajymif;vJxm;&Sda&;onf pdwfydkif;
qdkif&mcH,lcsuf (Moral) jzpfí rsKd;qufESifhcsDí apmifhqdkif;& &Sdygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&vQif Political Democracy jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; wjznf;jznf; Space vIy&f mS ;cGiu f s,v f maom
wwfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY ul;ajymif;a&;onf omru Social Democracy ESifh Economic Democracy odkY tcg vlaygif;pkH\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsKd;pkHukd jrifawGUvm&NyD; pepfwus
xifoavmuf rvG,fay/ aqmifMuOf;EdkifvmMujcif;udk qdkvdkayonf/ rok;H pGw J wfvQif tEÅ&m,fjzpfEidk af om tqifo h Ydv
k nf; wjznf;jznf;
Social Democracy qdo k nfrmS Edik if o H m;wdik ;f onf rnfonfh cGifus,fvmwwfonfukd vufwiftar&du&Sd toGiful;ajymif;
Rule by Law jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh umvrsm;wGif ]ig}
r[kwfol tm;vHk; ]&ef}oabm&Sd&m EdkifiHom;wdkif;udk vlom;rsm; bmomudk udk;uG,fonfjzpfap? rnfonfht,ltqudk ,HkMunf a&;jzpfpOfrsm;wGif jrifawGUcJh&onf[kqkdonf/
tjzpf wef;wl&nfwl EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;qdkif&m tcGifh onfjzpfap? rnfonft h vkyt f udik u f kd vkyu f ikd o f nfjzpfap rl0g' toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; ueOD;wGif ay:aygufvmaom vIy&f mS ;
ta&;rsm; ay;tyf&ef oabmwlnD&&Sda&;onf rsm;pGmcufcJ a&;&mESihf Oya'? enf;Oya'? vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;qdik &f m udprö sm;wGif cGifukd vltrsm; rjrifawGUEkdifaomaMumifh uefYowfcsufrsm;ukd
eufeJygonf/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif tusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef; wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef&Sdvmjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ prf;oyf ausmfvTm;Munfhol tenf;pk\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd pwif
aeaom udp&ö yfrsm;ukd &yfwefYí wef;wl&nfwl jzpfapa&;onf omrefvo l m;wpfO;D onf ¤if;*kPo f a&tjynft h 0 (Human Dig- jrifawGU&wwfNyD; tcsKdUu a&ay:qD vIyf&Sm;rItjzpf oHo,jzifh
nity) udk xdktqifhusrSom &Edkifonf[k qdk&rnf jzpfayonf/ tqkd;jrifwwfonfukdawGU&onf/
eufeJygonf/
Economic Democracy qdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;wdkif; ukef jrifomxifomaomtcsufrSm vlYtzJGUtpnf;twGif;
'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY ul;ajymif;jcif;ESifhywfoufí wdkif;wm
aom aywHrSm EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ EdkifiHom;&ydkifcGifh Citizen- xkwv f yk rf t
I vdYkimS vnf;aumif;? 0efaqmifrt I vdYkimS vnf;aumif; toif;tzJGUrsKd;pkH &nf&G,fcsufrsKd;pkHjzifh ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfNyD;
ship jzpfaomaMumifh xdk Citizenship pHEIef;udk udpö&yfESpfckESifh
EdkifiH? vlYtzGJUtpnf;ydkifjzpfonfh MuG,f0rI? 0ifaiG? ynma&;? t&yfbuf vlYtzJGUtpnf; Ekd;xvmNyDjzpfaMumif; tm;vkH;u
wdkif;wmygonf/ usef;rma&;? tyef;ajzcGifh ponfrsm;ukd wef;wl&nfwl cHpm;cGifh vufcv H monft h qifo h Ydk a&muf&v dS mjcif;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh
yxrtcsufrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;\ a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcH owif;tcsurf sm; &&Sd od&cdS iG hf &&Scd iG hf ponfrsm;udk qdv k akd yonf/ EkdifiHa&;ESifhwkduf½kdufoufqkdifjcif;r&Sdonfh bmom&yfqkdif&m
ydkifcGifhjzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk pwifcsdefwGif qdv k o kd nfrmS Edik if o H m;wpfO;D onf vlYtzGUJ tpnf;udk repf udp&ö yfrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;qkid &f mudp&ö yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí ,cifEw I q f w d f
,cif Liberalization ESihf uGmjcm;oGm;onft h csurf mS a&G;cs,w f if emaponfh &ydkifcGifh tm;vHk;&&Sda&;udk rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf aecJah om ynm&Sirf sm;\ toHrsm;ukd Mum;vm&wwfNyD; wk;d wufrI
ajr§mufyGJrsm;\ jrifuGif;jzpfonf/ rnfonfh tzGUJ tpnf;urQ ydwq f YkdciG rhf &Sad wmhonfh tcGit hf a&;udk rsm;ukdvnf; jrifawGU&Ekdifayonf/ txl;ojzifh tEkynmonf
'kwd, jrifomaomudpö&yfrSm jy|mef;xm;aom tkyfcsKyf &&Sdonfh tqifhjzpfonf/ þtqifhonf &ydkifcGifhBuD;ouJhodkY rsm; ynmwwfrsm;\ toHukdtus,fqkH;Mum;&aom umvjzpf
a&;pepf 'DZdkif;ESifh tcsKyftjcmtmPmrsm;udk ab;csdwfí tvkyf wm0efvnf; BuD;onfjzpf&m xdkwm0efudk ,lEdkifonfh Civiliza- wwfonf[kqkdonf/
tion odYk a&muf&c dS sed rf o
S m xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;udk a&a&&m&m &ydik cf iG hf wpfzufwGifvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmtwGif;&Sd tiftm;pk
vkyfaom vrf;aMumif;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(civic empowerment) &Sdvdrfhrnf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u zGifhqdkonf/ rsm;uvnf; topfay:xGuv f maom tiftm;pkrsm; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;
rnfodkYyifjzpfap þtqifhodkY a&muf&SdcsdefwGif EdkifiHom;
tcGifhta&;qdkaom udp&ö yfudk atmufxpfqHk; rltm;jzifh oabm ESihf tajctaeopfudk ,cifypHk t H wkid ;f uefYowf&ef BudK;pm;onfh
'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifUtwl vlhtzGJt
Y pnf; jzpf&yfrsm;ukdvnf; jrifawGU&wwfonf [kqkdonf/
wlMu&NyjD zpf&m topfjy|mef;onfh Oya'? enf;Oya'? vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;
tm;vHk;wGif EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;udk tav;xm;í pD&if&onfh twGif; ajymif;vJrIrsm; wpfzufwGifvnf; vlYtzJGUtpnf;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfudk
oabmw&m; acwfpm;vmonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfayonf/ 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwGif yg0ifonfh jr§iw hf ifEidk o f nfEiS t hf rQ wjznf;jznf; ay:xGuv f maom Ekid if aH &;
tqifhBuD;av;qifhteuf 'kwd,tqifhjzpfonfh Liberalization vIy&f mS ;cGiw f iG f Ekid if aH &;t& yg0ifaqmif&u G cf iG u
f s,fjyefYvmum
(4) 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk cdkifcHUatmif wnfaqmufaom tqifU onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; t&m&m EdkifiHa&;tjzpf t"dyÜm,f vlxktHkMuGrIrygbJ tkyfcsKyfol tajymif;tvJ (regime change)
Socialization/Democratic Consolidation aumuf,rl I avsmyh g;oGm;onfh yHok P²mefukd jzpfay:apwwfonfh jzpfEidk o f nfudk Ekid if rH sm;pGmwkYd \ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfrsm;u
þtqifhudk wdkif;wmaom aywHrSm EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif; twGuf vlYtzGUJ tpnf;onf wjznf;jznf; Ed;k xvmonfukd pwif azmfjyvsuf&Sdygonf/ rsm;pGmaocsmonfrSm vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;
onf Oya'\ a&SUarSmufwGif vlom;rsm;tjzpf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm; awGU&Sd&onf/ rsm; yg0ifonfjzpfap? ryg0ifonfjzpfap toGiful;ajymif;a&;
a&;? vlraI &;trsKd;rsKd;wGif wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&;rsm; a&muf&dS odkYaomf xdkodkYaom Edk;xrIrsm;ESifhtwl vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ jzpfpOfrsm;onf jzwfoef;&pNrJjzpf&m Ekid if o H m;wkYd\ todÓPfu f dk
&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ xdt k cgwGif State, Market ESifh Civil Society todÓPfa&csdefudk jr§ifhwifay;jcif;rsm; wpfygwnf; vdkufyg jr§iw hf ifay;jci ;f jzifh toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; jzpfpOfrsm;ukd jrefqefap
ac: e,fy,fBuD;oH;k &yfv;kH wGif cdik cf ahH om Institution rsm; ay:ayguf aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKEdkifcJhvQif toGiful;ajymif;a&;onf aemuf jcif;onfom taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfayonf/ /
vmNyD; Good Governance qdo k nfrmS vnf; a&&moGm;NyD jzpfonf aMumif; jyefoGm;Edkifonf[kqdkonf/ atmifxG#f
 Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
PERSPECTIVE The

VOICE
15

v,f,mu@pD;yGm;a&;ESifU jrefrmEdkifiH (2)

a'gufwmatmifudkudk (pD;yGm;a&;ynm? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD)
aeYjrefrmEdik if \ H t"duydYk uek rf sm;jzpfaom obm0"mwf
, aiGU? ausmufrsuf? uRef;opf ponfh obm0o,HZmw
xGufukef rsm;ESifh qefpyg;? ig;? yJtrsKd;rsKd; ponfh v,f,mom;
ig;u@ xGuu f ek rf sm;\ ydYu
k ek o f abmobm0udk avhvmMunfv h Qif
obm0"mwfaiGUrSvGJí usefaomykdYukefrsm;onf ydkYukefyrmP
avsmhenf;vmjcif;? ydkYukef,lepfwefzdk; avsmhenf;vmjcif;udk
awGUvm&ygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm obm0wGif;xGufypönf;rsm;?
obm0o,HZmwrsm; (Natural Resources)? tajccHxw k uf ek rf sm;
(Primary Products)udkom xkwfvkyfEdkifaeoa&GU wjznf;jznf;
þuJo h Ykdjyóemrsm;udk qufvuf &ifqikd &f zG,&f ydS gonf/ odYkaomf
v,f,mu@zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufa&;onf wdik ;f jynf\ a&&Snpf ;D yGm;a&;
zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufa&;udk taxmuftuljyKonfh tm;avsmpf mG v,f,m
u@xGufukefrsm; (txl;ojzifh qefpyg;) ydkrdkxGuf&Sdapa&;?
jynfyaps;uGuf rsm;okdY ydkrdkwifydkYEdkifapa&;ESifhwuG aus;vuf
(&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrS&&SdEdkifaom tpGef;
ginal Return to Investment
xGut f usK;d aus;Zl;) udk rnfrQcefYreS ;f arQmv f ifEh ikd rf nfenf; ponfh
tjyif xdkaiGyrmPonf wdkif;jynf\ aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIEIef;udk
rnfodkYajymif;vJapEdkifrnfenf;ESifh ,if;aiGyrmPudk rnfonfh
Resource yHp k rH S &,lEikd rf nfenf;? tjcm;aomukepf nfEiS hf oGi;f tm;pk
aps;uGufrsm;odkYvnf; rnfa&GUrnfrQajymif;vJrIrsm; ay;Ekdifrnf
enf; ponfhtcsufrsm;pGmudk pD;yGm;a&;ynm½IaxmifhrS Munfhjrif
wwf&efESifh wGufcsufem;vnf&efvnf; vdktyfonf/ taMumif;
rSm jrefrmEdik if \ H vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;tajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae
ESiwhf uG enf;ynmtuefYtowfrsm; (Technological Constraints)?
aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;tuefYtowfrsm; (Capital Constraints) rsm;
tay:rlwnfí pOf;pm;&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ rdkufc½dktqifh? rufc½dktqifh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;jzifh 0ef;&Hum
,ciftywfwiG af &;cJo h vdk pD;yGm;a&;u@? v,f,mu@ aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ pma&;oljyKpkcJhaom Input-Output
wGif vdktyfaom jyKjyifrIrsm;ESifhtwl pD;yGm;a&;u@tvHk;pHkwGif Model ESifh Input-Output Table udk jyKvkyfcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;

aejynfolrsm; (v,f,mvkyfief;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;)
\ vlrIpD;yGm;a&; ydkrdkwdk;wufaumif;rGefapa&;ESifh qif;&JrGJawrI
avsmhenf;yaysmuf apa&;onf vGefpGmta&;BuD;ygonf/
Edik if w
H Ykd \ Edik if aH &;? vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;ESihf ,if;wdYk
tjcm;aomtBuD;? tvwf? tao;pm; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk I-O Table qdo k nfrmS jrefrmEdik if \ H pD;yGm;a&;u@BuD;rsm; wpfck
[efcsufnDnD vkyfaqmifEdkifrSom xdkpD;yGm;a&;u@toD;oD; ESifhwpfcktMum; tjyeftvSefqufpyfaeaom wefzdk;yrmPudk
(v,f,mu@ pD;yGm;a&;tygt0if) \ ukefxkwfvkyfrIyrmP azmfjyjcif;jzpfNyD; tu,fí pD;yGm;a&;u@BuD;wpfckudk Target
wefz;kd ESihf trsK;d om;jynfwiG ;f xkwu f ek yf rmPwefz;kd (GDP)onf Sector tjzpfxm;&SdNyD; ,if;u@\ pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrI wefzdk;

\tajctaersm;onf rwlnDMuonfhtm;avsmfpGm pD;yGm;a&;
jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;wdkif; a,bk,stjrifoabmxm; (Gen-
eral View) jzifh MunfhjrifoHk;oyf½HkrQjzifh vufawGUajz&Sif;Edkif&ef
cufcw J wfaomaMumifh wpfcgwpf&½H aI xmifph rkH S Munfjh rifo;kH oyf
o½kyfcGJjcif; (General Analysis with Various Points of Views)
jrifhrm;atmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifrnf[k pma&;ol tBuHjyKajymMum;
vdkonf/
xdkYtjyif txufwGifa&;cJhovdk t&if;tEDS;yrmP (Capi-
tal Investment)wGif uefYowfcsufrsm;&Sdaeaomfvnf; vkyfom;
tiftm;yrmPwGif ydkrdkaygrsm;aom EdkifiHwpfckwGif &Sdoifhonfh
yrmPudk wdk;jr§ifhrnfqdkvQif usefpD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;odkYvnf;
]rnfa&GUrnfrQaom pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;oufa&mufrrI sm;} ay;pGr;f Edik f
rnfukd rSe;f qwGucf suf od&EdS ikd jf cif;yifjzpfonf/ odYk aomf tjcm;
aom pD;yGm;a&;udef;&Sifrsm;jzpfaom tpdk;&bwf*suf vdkaiGjyrI
(Government Deficit)? Money Supply yrmP? taxGaxG0,fvdk

ESifhwuG pD;yGm;a&;u@wpfckpDESifh pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;tm;vHk;odkY xkwfvkyfrIzef&Sif (Production Function) rSm Constant Elasicity tm; (The Components of Aggregate Demand) tpd;k &aiGwu kd pf mcsKyf
½du k cf wfrrI sm; ay;Edik o f nft h ajctaersm;udyk g qef;ppfo½kycf MJG unfh of Production Function [kac:wGifaom xkwfvkyfrIzef&Sifudk ESpfcsKyf ysrf;rQa&mif;csrItaetxm;? bPftwdk;EIef;rsm;? vkyfc
&efvnf; vdktyfayonf/ toH;k jyKum wGucf sucf efYreS ;f jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if; Production Func- vpmaiGEeI ;f rsm;? aiGaMu;vJv, S rf EI eI ;f rsm; ponfu h ed ;f &Sirf sm;ESihf
xdYkaMumifh bufpakH xmifph kH ½Iaxmifph rkH S csO;f uyfavhvmwGuf tion wGif toHk;jyKonfhvkyfom; (Labour) ESihf t&if;tED;S (Capi- csdefxdk;um b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme (Ministry of Finance) \ vkyf
csuf tajz&Smjcif;ESihf ½Iaxmifw h pfrsKd;wnf;rSom oH;k oyfcsOf;uyf tal) wdkY\ yg0ifrItcsKd; (Share Parameters) rsm;udk vdktyfovdk aqmifEikd pf rG ;f rsm;ESihf trsdK;om;pDru H ed ;f ESiphf ;D yGm;a&;zGUH NzdK;wd;k wuf
jcif;wdYk onf rwlujJG ym;Edik o f nf/ Oyrm-v,f,mu@ ydrk zkd UHG NzdK; (vufawGUESifhudkufnDaomtcsKd;jzpf&ef vdktyf) ajymif;vJwGuf rI0efBuD;Xme (Ministry of National Planning and Economic
wdk;wufap&ef pdkufysKd;p&dwf trawmfaMu;aiGudk v,fwpf{u csufjcif;jzpfonf/ pma&;ol qdv k odk nfrmS trawmfaMu; wpfrsKd; Development) taejzifh Edi k if \
H pD;yGm;a&;u@toD;oD;\ xkwf
vQif usyfwpfaomif;cefYrS usyfwpfodef;txd vdktyfíay;&rnf wnf;yifvQif tar&duefa':vm 1 'or 8 bDvD,HcefY &Sdrnf vkyrf yI o kH P²mefEiS hf zGUJ pnf;wnfaqmufxm;&Srd ?I tvkyv f ufrOhJ ;D a&?
qdv k Qif pkpak ygif;v,f{u oef; 20 cefY&v dS Qif ,if;trawmfaMu; qdvk Qif xdyk rmPr&rcsi;f (odYkr[kwf xdyk rmProH;k rcsi;f ) v,f,m &if;ES;D jr§KyfErHS yI rmPESihf &if;ES;D jr§KyfErHS yI o kH P²mef ponft h csufrsm;
wpfrsKd;wnf;\ p&dwfpuonfyifvQif pkpkaygif; aiGusyfoef; u@zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufatmif rpGr;f aqmifEikd f (odYk r[kw)f pGr;f aqmif tjyif t&if;tES;D zGUJ pnf;wnfaqmufy?kH aus;vufrS NrdKUjyodYk a&TU
aygif; ESpo f ef;cefYjzpfNyD; ,if;yrmPudk (Oyrm-aiGvEJ eI ;f tar&d &ef cJ,Of;rnf[k xifjrif,q l rIrsm; &SEd ikd o
f nf/ wpfzeftjcm;aom ajymif;aexdkif tvkyfvkyfudkifrI? vkyfom;tiftm; wdk;wufrIEIef;?
uefwpfa':vmvQif usyf 1000) jzifh azmfjyygu tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm; (Other Economic Sectors) ESifh aps;uGufrsm; xkwv f yk rf eI nf;ynm ajymif;vJryI o kH P²mef? ukeo f , G rf yI o
kH P²mef?
a':vm ESpfbDvD,HceYfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh wpf{uvQif usyf (Factor Markets, Goods & Services Markets, Capital Mar- &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI cGJa0jcif;yHkoP²mef ponfhudef;&Sifrsm;ESifh rodudef;
wpfaomif;rS usyfwpfoed ;f txd wd;k jr§irhf nfqv kd Qif wpf{uvQif ket) ponfoYkd tEkwo
f abmaqmifaom ½ku d cf wfrrI sm; r&Sad pbJ rsm;udk wGufcsufum EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pD\ 0ifaiGwdk;wufrI
usyf ud;k aomif;EIe;f jzifh pyg;pdu k {f u oef; 20 cefYtwGuf pkpak ygif; pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfv;kH \ zGUH NzdK;rIukd taxmuftyHjh yKapaom Policy EIef;udk qufpyfyHkazmfay;&ef vdktyfonf/
aiGusyo f ef;aygif; 1 'or 8 oef;cefY (tar&duefa':vm 1 'or Implementations rsm;jzpf&ef vdkaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ txufwGif pma&;ola&;om;cJhovdk pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;
8 bDvD,HcefY) ydkrdkoHk;pGJ&rnf[laom t"dyÜm,fjzpfvmonf/ aus;vufa'oqif;&JraJG wrIavQmeh nf;yaysmufapa&;twGuf tajymif;tvJvyk &f ef vdt k yfonfh tcsed w f ikd ;f wGif aocsmaphpyfpmG
pD;yGm;a&;ynm½Iaxmifrh MS unfv h Qif ,if;aiGyrmPonf trawmf vd k t yf a omrl 0 g'a&;qG J o nf h 0ef B uD ; XmetoD ; oD ; onf avhvmokawoejyKvkyNf yD;rSom jyKvkyjf cif;? tajctaet&yf&yf
aMu;wpfrsKd;wnf;twGuf ukefusrnfhaiG yrmPqdkvQif ,if; pnf ; ud k u f 0 g;ud k u f y l ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f & ef v d k t yf o nf / udk ajymif;vJMunfhjrifwwfjcif;wdkYonf vGefpGmta&;ygvSonf/
v,f,mu@\ xkwfvkyfrIyrmPwefzdk;onf rnfa&GUrnfrQ jref r mEd k i f i H \ v,f , mu@zH G U Nzd K ;apa&;? aus;vuf a e Oyrm-CES Production Function udk toHk;jyKum xkwfvkyfrI
jrifw h ufvmEdik rf nfenf; qdo k nfEiS hf ,if;&if;ES;D rIyrmP\ Mar- jynforl sm;\ vlaerItqift h wef;udk jr§iw hf ifa&;ESihf qif;&JraJG w yrmPudk cefYrSef;wGufcsufjcif;? jynfyaps;uGufrsm;wGif ydkrdk,SOf
rI yaysmufavsmeh nf;apa&;wGif v,form; (Farmers) rS aps;uGuf NydKiEf ikd pf rG ;f jrifrh m;um ydrk x
kd ;kd azmufEikd &f ef Armington Assumption
odYkr[kwf End Users rsm;odYk wifyYkad &mif;cs&mwGif jynfwiG ;f aps;uGuf wGufenf;rsm;jzifh ,lepfwefzdk;rsm; (Unit Values) (Oyrm-pyg;
pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' (pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD)udk odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;&Sd End Users rsm;jzpfaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm; wpfwef ponf) udk EIdif;,SOfwGufcsufjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;
a&;qG&J mwGiv f nf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' twGuf Trend wpfck&SdNyD; jynfyaps;uGufodkY wifydkYa&mif;csaom wpfckESifhwpfcktMum; tjyeftvSefqufpyfaom Input-Output
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qufpyfpOf;pm; tajzxkwEf ikd &f efvnf; vdktyfonf/ tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;apa&;ESifhwuG tjcm;rjrifEdkifaom Facts
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 The
16
VOICE PERSPECTIVE Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

uRefrem;vnfoavmuf jrefrmEdkifiHrS vlrItzGJYtpnf;rsm;taMumif;

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vmMuygw,f/ tJ'DrSm tzGJUtpnf;awGtwGuf xyfNyD; pOf;pm; aumif;vmzdYk bmawGjyifqif&if aumif;rvJqw kd m odatmifvyk f
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w,f/ 'guawmh jzpfoifhwm? 'Dvdkqdk&if ydkaumif;rvm; ponf acsmpk0if;
Consultant (Organization Development)
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 Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
PERSPECTIVE VOICE
The
17

rSefeef;aqmifuefhvefhumrsm; (P)
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CARTOON OF THE WEEK

 18
The
VOICE PERSPECTIVE Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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 Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
PERSPECTIVE VOICE
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19

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VOICE
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PERSPECTIVE Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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 BUYING GUIDE
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21

March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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 Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
PERSPECTIVE VOICE
The
23

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 24
VOICE
The

POLITICS Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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1940 Mo*kwf 8 &uf - ocifatmifqef;ESifhocifvSNrdKif
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1941 {NyDv 13 &uf - &Jabmfo;kH usdy'f w k ,d tokwf &efuek f
NrdKUrSpwifxu G cf mG / wyfrsm;udk ppf½;IH cJo
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1941 ZG e f v - &JabmfoHk;usdyfwwd,tokwf &efukefNrdKUrS taMumif;jycsufjzifh Armhwyfrawmfu wyf&if;wyfzGJUrsm;wdk;csJU 1946 atmufwdkbmv 20 &uf - zqyvu uGefjrLepfygwD
pwifxu G cf mG / zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/ udk vlxt k pnf;ta0;yGw J iG f w&m;0ifxw k yf ,fco hJ nf/
1941 Zlvdkifv - &JabmfoHk;usdyfpwkw¬tokwf &efukefNrdKUrS 1944 {NyD v 18 &uf -*syeftmPmydkifwdkYu AdkvfcsKyf 1947 Zef e 0g&D v 27 &uf - jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
pwifxu G cf mG / atmifqef;udk vuf&Sdppf0efBuD;wm0eftjyif Armhwyfrawmfppf ta&;ygaom atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfukd csKyfqEkd ikd cf o hJ nf/
1941 Mo*kwfv - &Jabmfo;kH usyd f [kid ef efuRe;f wGif ppfynmrsm; aoemywdwm0efuykd g yl;wGx J rf;aqmifapcJoh nf/ 1947 azazmf0g&Dv 12 &uf - awmifwef;jynfr rcGJjcm;bJ
jyif;jyif;xefxefavhusif/h 1944 Mo*kwfv - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom wyfr vGwv f yfa&;&,lEikd &f ef yifvpkH mcsKyu
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AHk;MuJum 'kwd,urÇmppfxJyg0ifvm&m &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; wDwYkd awGUqHak qG;aEG;um zwfqpfqefYusifa&;tzGUJ csKyfuzkd UGJ pnf; 1947 Zlvdkifv 19&uf - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtmZmenfrsm;
vnf; *syef\tpDtpOfjzifh 25?26?27?28&ufaeYwYdkwiG f xdik ;f Edik if H 0efBuD;rsm;½Hk;wGiftpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf vkyfBuHcHcJh&onf/
befaumufNrdKUodYk toD;oD;a&muf&cdS MhJ uonf/ (rSwcf suf / / ,if;aeYut kd mZmenfaeYtjzpfowfrw S cf o hJ nf/)
1941 'DZifbmv 27&uf -befaumufNrdKU&Sd OD;vGe;f az\ae 1947 Mo*kwfv 27 &uf - jrefrmhwyfrawmfta&;ESiyhf wfouf
tdrfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKaom &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; í NAdwdoQppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,f *Refz&D;rif;ESihf AdkvfvusfmwdkYpm
ESihf wyfom;opfrsm; jrefrmEdik if v H w
G vf yfa&;twGuf toufay; csKyfwpf&yfcsKyfqdkcJhonf/ ,if;pmcsKyfudk vusfm-z&D;rif;pmcsKyf
wdu k yf 0JG if&ef opömt"d|mefjyKaoG;aomufyu JG sif;yum bDtikd af t [kvo l rd sm;onf/
(ac:) Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmfukd pwifzUJG pnf;cJo h nf/ bDtikd f 1947 pufwifbmv 24 &uf - 1947 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'
at\ppfaoemywdrSm AdkvfcsKyfBuD;rdk;BudK;(ac:)AdkvfrSL;BuD;qlZl twnfjyKcJo h nf/
uD;jzpfNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfonf/ 1947 atmufwdkbmv 17 &uf - NAdwed 0f efBuD;csKyftufwvD
1942 azazmf0g&Dv 2&uf - bDtikd af trSjynfwiG ;f ajratmuf ESifh jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJUacgif;aqmif0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkwdkY jrefrmEdkifiH
tzGUJ &efuek Nf rdKUodYk vQdKd U0Supf mG a&muf&v dS mNyD; ajratmufawmfveS f vGwfvyfa&;twGufta&;ygaom Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyfudk
a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk jynfoYlta&;awmfay:yHyk gwDEiS q hf ufo, G af qmif vufrw S af &;xd;k cJo
h nf/
&Gucf o hJ nf/ 1948 Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf - tmZmenfBuD;rsm; toufay;BudK;
1942 rwfv 8 &uf - *syefwyfrsm;ESifhbDtdkifatwyfrsm; yrf;cJhí jrefrmEkdifiH vkH;0vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhonf/ ,if;aeYrSm
&efuek Nf rdKUudk NydKifwo l rd ;f ydu
k cf o
hJ nf/ jrefrmEdik if tH wGuf ta&;BuD;aomvGwv f yfa&;aeYyifjzpfonf/
1942 rwfv 15 &uf - *syefwYkd onfbt D ikd af ttkycf sKyfa&;
tzGUJ udzk suford ;f um ppftyk cf sKyfa&;jzifh pwiftyk cf sKyfco hJ nf/
vGwv
f yfa&;aemufyikd ;f umv
1942 Zlvdkifv 27 &uf - tiftm;50ç000cefY&SdvmNyDjzpfaom 1948 rwfv 28 &uf - ArmjynfueG jfrLepfygwD pwifawmcdo k nf/
bDtdkifatudk *syefwdkYupdk;xdwfvmojzifh zsufodrf;ypfcJhNyD; 1948 azazmf0g&Dv 1 &uf - zqyvtpdk;&u ppfOD;pD;csKyf
vltiftm; 3000cefYjzifh ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (ac:) AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;udk tNidrf;pm;ay;vdkufNyD; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk
bD'aD tudk zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/ ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf cefYtyfvdkufonf/
1943 Mo*kwfv 1 &uf - *syefEikd if u H jrefrmEdik if u H kd [efjyvGwf 1949 Zefe0g&D 27 &uf - u&ifaoewfuikd w f yf&if; (1) ESihf
vyfa&;ay;cJhNyD; ½kyfao;tpdk;&[kac:wGifaom a'gufwmbarmf autifef'DtdkwdkY awmifiludkodrf;ydkufNyD; qufvufí jzL;?
tpd;k &tzGUJ udk zGUJ pnf;ay;cJo h nf/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;rSm umuG,f cJhNyD; ,if;rS zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;?jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf tkww f iG ;f ? xef;wyifwYkd ukd qufvuford ;f ydu k cf ohJ nf/
a&;Xme0efBuD;(ac:)ppf0efBuD;jzpfonf/ (zwyv)[kajymif;vJac:a0:cJo h nf/ 1949 azazmf0g&Dv 7 &uf - &efukefNrdKUwGif trIxrf;aygif;pHk
1943 pufwifbmv 15 &uf - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmif 1945 rwfv 27 &uf - zufqpf*syefrsm;udk zwyvu twd oydwBf uD;ay:aygufco hJ nf/
onfh umuG,fa&;aumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif ArmhumuG,fa&; tvif;ppfaMunmum zufqpfawmfveS af &;udpk wifqifEJT cJo h nf/ 1949 {NyDv 3 &uf - wyfrawmfu rEÅav;udkjyefodrf;ydkufcJh
wyfrawmfukd Armhwyfrawmf[ak jymif;vJac:a0:&ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/ (rSwcf su)f ,if;aeYuakd wmfveS af &;aeY odYkr[kwf wyfrawmfaeYtjzpf onf/
1944 rwfv 15 &uf -*syefrsm;tifzm;wdkufyGJwGif r[mrdwf owfrw S cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ 1949 {NyDv 4 &uf - autife, f al cgif;aqmifapmbOD;BuD;ESifh
1945 {NyDv 30 &uf - zwyvu &efukefNrdKUudkodrf;ydkufEdkifcJh tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ wdYk aphpyfaqG;aEG;Muonf/
onf/ 1949 arv 22 &uf - wyfrawmfu tif;pdeu f jkyd eford ;f ydu
k o
f nf/
1945 Mo*kwfv 15 &uf - *syefwyfrsm;u r[mrdwfwyfrsm; qufvufí wHwm;OD;? aysmfbG,f? &rnf;oif;ESifh wyfukef;NrdKU
udk vufeufcstnHch &H mrS zufqpfpepfq;kH cef;wdik cf o hJ nf/ wkYd ukd jyefvnford ;f ydu
k cf ohJ nf/
1945 Mo*kwfv 19 &uf - zufqpfwu dk zf sufa&;?jynfoYl vw G f 1950 azazmf0g&Dv 24 &uf - ]rdk;BudK;ppfqifa&;} udk qifETJcJh
vyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf (zwyv)u BuD;rSL;í uefawmfBuD;apmif;&Sd onf/ 'du k Of ;D rSwpfqifh awmifio l Ykd x;kd ppfqifjcif;jzpfonf/
aeol&defuZmwf½Hkü aeol&defnDvmcHBuD;udk usif;ycJhonf/ 1950 rwfv 19 &uf - autife'f t D wkd Ykd \ tiftm;taumif;
zwyvudk zufqpfqefYusifa&;? jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf qH;k awmifiNl rdKUudk jyefvnford ;f ydu k o f nf/
(zqyv)[k trnfajymif;cJo h nf/ 1952 Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf - vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfqifa&;trnfjzifh
1945 atmufwdkbmv 15 &uf - uufpb f (D ac:) ppftyk cf sKyf wyfrawmfurEÅav;? jrif;NcH? rdwv D¬ mwdYk ukd xd;k ppfqifcNhJ yD; arv
a&;udw k &m;0if½yk o f rd ;f cJNh yD; bk&ifcH qma':refprpfu jrefrmEdik if H 3 &ufaeYwGif &ef&Sif;ppfqifa&;pojzifh qifETJcJh&mrS jynfwGif;
udkpwiftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ ,if;umvudk puúLjzLpmwrf;jzifh tkyf pmrsufESm 25 od k Y
 Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
POLITICS VOICE
The
25

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onfhar;cGef;udk jyefvnfajzMum;&m ajymMum;onf/ onfhtwdkif; aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;&Sd 17 &mcdkifEIef;? AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif 13 twGuf jynfyodkYay;acsaiGtay: 3
wGif ,if;odYkxnfo h iG ;f ajymMum;cJjh cif; oD;jcm;aumufcv H su&f adS om ydYk r&Sd od&SdvdkygaMumif; a'gufwmjrwf 'or 8 &mcdkifEIef;? *syefEdkifiHwGif 'or 5 &mcdkifEIef;Ekwf,laumufcH
jzpfonf/ ukefvkyfief;pOfrsm;ü ukefoG,fcGef 8 ÓPpdk;u ar;jref;cJhonfudk 0efBuD; 27 'or 4 &mcdkifEIef;? udk&D;,m; jcif;wdkYaMumifh ukefoG,fa&;wGif NydKif
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awGeYJtpd;k &tzGUJ wm0ef&o dS al wGay:rSm pkpak ygif; 10 &mcdik Ef eI ;f tcGeaf umuf onf/ EIef;? w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHwGif cufcJrIrsm;&SdaeaMumif;? ydkYukefcGef
rlwnfw,f/ olwdkYaumufoifhw,f cHaerIEiS hf oGi;f ukev f yk if ef;pOfrsm;wGif 2009-2010 b@ma&;ESpf 17 &mcdik Ef eI ;f wdYkjzpf NyD; jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ,cktwdkif; quf&Sdaeyguvnf; ESpf
vdkY qHk;jzwf&if aumufrSmaygh/ a'o 3 'or 5 &mcdkifEIef; yif&if;üEkwf,l wGif tmqD,H oHk;EdkifiHrsm;\ tcGef 3 'or 2 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &Sad Mumif; 0efBuD; uk e f w G i f pk a ygif ; aumuf c H y gu
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H iG f \jyefvnfajzMum;csufwGif azmfjy vkyfief;ydkrdkwGifus,fEdkifygaMumif; ydkY
raumufoifah wmhb;l xifvYkd raumuf y,fzsufay;Edkifjcif;&Sd r&SdESifh a'o 30 &mcdkifEIef;? uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif xm;onf/ ukefvkyfief;&Sifrsm;uqdkonf/ <

pmrsufESm 24 jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; &ufpJGrSwfwrf;rS tquf 1959 'DZifbmv 19 &uf - ygvDrefudkzsufodrf;&m 1960

ppf&yfppJ jyKvmonf/ a&G;aumufyu JG sif;y&ef &uftjzpf jynfoYl vw T af wmfa&G;aumufyJG
1953 rwfv 1 &uf - w½kwjf zLrsm; jrefrmEdik if u H kd usL;ausmfrI udk azazmf0g&Dv 6 &ufaeY? vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk
udk ukvor*¾oYkd wikd Mf um;&ef jrefrmtpd;k &qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/ azazmf0g&Dv 29 &ufaeYtjzpf owfrw S af Mumif;xkwjf yefonf/
1953 {NyDv - ukvor*¾tzGUJ BuD;\ ckepfBudraf jrmufnv D mcH 1962 rwf v 2 &uf - AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;OD;aqmifaom
wGif jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,tf zGUJ u w½kwjf zL usL;ausmrf jI yóemudk wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmftmPmt&yf&yfudk &,laMumif; eHeuf 8
wifjycJo h nf/ em&D rdepf 50 wGif toHvTifhaMunmcJhonf/ (0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkESifh
1953 {NyDv 22 &uf - ukvor*¾tzGJU0ifEdkifiHaygif; 60 EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rwfv 1 &ufaeY noef;acgifausmf
(xdkpOfuyrmP) u rJcGJqHk;jzwf&m axmufcHrJ 59 rJ? Mum;aerJ tcsdew f iG f xde;f odr;f vdu k o
f nf/)
wpfrJjzifh jrefrmhajrudkusL;ausmfvmaom EdkifiHjcm;wyftm;vHk; 1962 rwfv 3 &uf - jynfoYl vw T af wmfEiS hf vlrsKd;pkvw T af wmf
tjrefq;kH xGucf mG oGm;&eftqdu k kd uefYuu
G rf rJ &Std Edik &f cJo
h nf/ zsufodrf;aMumif; aMunmonf/
1958 pufwifbmv 28 &uf - OD;Eku jynfolYvTwfawmfü 1962 {NyDv 30 &uf - awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu jrefrmhqdk&S,f
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;udk tdrfapmifhtpdk;&zGJUpnf;? 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl; vpfvrf;pOfukd aMunmonf/
tyfEiS ;f &eftqdjk yKonf/ 0efBuD;csKyftygt0if tzGUJ 0if 14 OD;yg&Sd 1968 'DZifbmv 4 &uf - ]jynfwiG ;f nDñw G af &;tBuHay;tzGUJ }
onfh tdraf pmift h pd;k &tzGUJ udzk UJG pnf;cJo
h nf/ udk Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmif 33 OD;jzifh zGUJ pnf;vdu k of nf/ (,if;tzGUJ 199
19933 Zefe0g&Dv 9 &uf - trsK;d om;nDvmcHpwifusi;f ycJo h nf/
1959 azazmf0g&Dv 26 &uf - zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya'yk'rf udk 33 OD;aumfrwD[k vlodrsm;NyD; OD;Ek? OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfNidrf; (1996 rwfv 30 &ufaeYtxd jzpfonf)
116 udk jyifqifcsufOya'jy|mef;onf/ wdYk tygt0if zqyvacwfEikd if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/) 2003 Mo*kwfv - EdkifiHawmfa&SUqufoGm;rnfh rl0g'vrf;pOf
1971 ZGefv - jrefrmhq&kd , S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwD yxrtBudrf ygwD ckepf&yf csrSwfcJhonf/
nDvmcHukd usif;ycJo h nf/ (1974 zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk pwif 2004 arv 17 &uf - trsKd;om;nDvmcH jyefvnfusif;ycJh
a&;qGcJ o hJ nf/) onf/ (Zlvikd v f 9 &ufaeYtxd jzpfonf)
1974 Zefe0g&Dv 3 &uf - jynfv;kH uRwfqE´c, H yl u JG sif;yí 2005 azazmf0g&Dv 17 &uf - trsKd;om;nDvmcHjyefvnf
1974 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twnfjyKcJhonf/ awmfvSefa&; usif;ycJo h nf/
aumifpOD uú| Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;u vufrw S af &;xd;k NyD; zGUJ pnf;yHk 2008 arv 10 &uf - jrefrmEdkifiHwpf0Srf;vHk;&Sd NrdKUe,faygif;
tajccHOya'twnfjzpfaMumif; xkwjf yefaMunmonf/ 278 NrdKUe,fwGif zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' qE´cH,lyGJusif;yonf/
1987 Mo*kwfv 10 &uf - jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD 2008 arv 24 &uf - qE´c, H yl u
JG sif;y&efusef&adS om em*pfrek f
Ouú|BuD; OD;ae0if;u tajccHOya'upí jyifqifoifhonfudk wdik ;f 'Pfoifah 'orsm;jzpfonf&h efuek w f ikd ;f rSNrdKUe,faygif; 40ESihf
jyifqif&efajymMum;cJo h nf/ {&m0wDwikd ;f rScek pfNrdKUe,fwUkd wGif zGUJ pnfyt kH ajccHOya' qE´c, H yl JG
1987 pufwifbmv - jrefrmaiGpuúL 75 usyfwef? 35 usyf rsm; usif;ycJhonf/
wefEiS hf 25 usyw f efwYkdukd w&m;r0ifaMumif; aMunmvdu k o f nf/ 2008 arv 29 &uf - EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;
1988 Mo*kwfv 8 &uf - taxGaxGoydwBf uD;jzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ a&;aumifpOD uú| Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;BuD;oef;a&Tu 2008 zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajc
1988 Zlvdkifv 25 &uf - jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD cHOya'udk twnfjyKjy|mef;aMumif; aMunmcJo h nf/
ta&;ay:ygwDnv D mcHwiG f OD;ae0if;ESihf OD;pef;,kukd tem;,lciG ahf y; 2010 Edk0ifbmv 7 &uf - 2010 ygwDpkH 'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxG
vdu k Nf yD; OD;pdev f iG uf ygwDOuú|jzpfvmonf/ a&G;aumufyGJBuD;usif;y cJhonf/
1988 Mo*kwfv 10 &uf - OD;pdefvGifEkwfxGufcJhNyD; Mo*kwfv 2011 Zefe0g&Dv 31 &uf - yxrtBudrf jynfoYl vw T af wmf?
19 &ufaeYwiG f a'gufwmarmifarmifu ygwDOuú|ESihf Edik if aH wmf trsK;d om;vTwaf wmf? jynfe,fvw T af wmf? wdik ;f a'oBuD;vTwf awmf
or®wwm0ef&,lco hJ nf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;wpfNydKifeuf ac:,lusif;ycJhNyD; ,if;aeY
1988 pufwifbmv 10 &uf - ygwD'rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxG nae3em&DwGif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfyHkrSeftpnf;ta0;udk
a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;&efoabmwlNyD; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f kd usif;ycJo h nf/
zGUJ pnf;ay;cJo h nf/ odYk aomf qE´jyrIrsm; qufvufjzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ ausmfqef;rif;
1988 puwifbm 18 &uf - nae 4 em&DwGif wyfrawmfu rSDjirf; - wyfrawmfESifhtrsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrItcef;u@
EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;um EdkifiH (rif;armifarmif)
tmPmt&yf&yfukd xde;f odr;f &,lco hJ nf/ - zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' (2008) (1974)
1990 arv 27 &uf - ygwDpt kH axGaxGa&G;aumufyBJG uD;usi;f y - jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rIordkif; (1? 2? 3? 4)
cJo
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 26
VOICE
The

MANDALAY Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

TRANSPORT

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a&eHEdkifiHrsm;uawmh b½lEdkif;? tm*sifwD;em;? umwm? tm&yf rxkwfeJYwJh/ xkwf&if tifrwef ab;xGufqdk;usKd;rsm;owJh/
apmfbGm;rsm;EdkifiH? ul0dwfeJY ruúqDudkwdkYaygh/ olwdkY HDI awG NyD;awmh ajrMuD;xJrSm&Sdwmudk a&mif;pm;&wmu EdkifiHydkcsrf;om
jrifhMuw,f/ olwdkYeJY vm;vm;rSrqdkifwJh qefYusifbufwl½lrSm vmw,fvYkd rqdEk ikd b f ;l wJ/h tdraf xmifpw k pfcrk mS ajruGuu f akd &mif;
a&mufaeolawGuvnf; a&eHxw k v f yk o f al wGygyJ/ tDauGw;kd &D;&J? NyD; um;0,fpD;wJhOyrmrsKd;aygh[m/ ydkifqdkifrI[m yHkpHajymif;oGm;
*DeD? *gbGef? uGef*dk? ,Drif? Edkuf*sD;&D;,m;? tif*dkvmwdkYaygh/ wmyJ&Sdwm/ ydkNyD;csrf;omvmwmr[kwfvdkYyJwJh/
csufEdkifiHudkjzifh rajymeJYawmh/ bdwfcsD;qdkovdkaygh/ pmtky0f ,fNyD;rSyJ nnf;zwfMunfah yawmh/ nnf;wuúov kd f
o,HZmwMuG,f0vdkY csrf;omwmeJY wjcm;enf;eJYcsrf;om u pmMunfhwdkufrSmvnf; &SdrSmygyJ/ pmjrnf;ay;&if;eJY tawmf
wmeJY bmuGmovJ pOf;pm;w,f/ b,fvu kd mG w,fqw kd m 'Dpmtkyf av&SnfoGm;aygh/ nnf;qDujyefpmeJY pmtkyfudk arQmfaer,f/
tjrnf;rSm enf;enf;awmh em;vnfoGm;w,fighnDra&/ eHygwf cspf w J h
wpf-o,HZmwxkwaf &mif;&wmu wjcm;ukepf nfeYJ 0efaqmifrI rrjzL
 30
30
THE VOICE WEEKLY Vol.7 / No.16 - March 28 - April 3 , 2011

The
VOICE Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

INTERVIEW
ydkhukefaps;uGuftom&a&;ESifU jrefrmUydkhukefjr§ifUwifa&;
rmEkdifiH\ ukefoG,fa&;u@rSm wpfESpfxufwpfESpf ydkrdkwkd;wufzGHUNzdK;vmonfESifhtrQ ukefoG,fbufEkdifiHrsm;\ aps;uGuftompD;&rIuJhodkYaom pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh ydkrdk&ifqkdif
jref vm&onf/ ,aeYqdkvQif jrefrmht"duydkYukeftcsKdUjzpfaom yJ? ykpGef? om;? ig;u@rsm;tygt0ifu@tcsKdUwGif ukefoG,fbufEkdifiHrsm;\ aps;uGuftompD;&,lum aps;upm;rI
rsm;aMumifh xkwfvkyfa&;yrmPudk avQmhcs&onfrsKd;rsm;rMumcP jzpfay:ae&onf/ vwfwavmwGif a&csKd ig;jynfywifydkY&mü xkwfvkyfrIp&dwfjr§ifhwufaeaomfvnf; ydkYukefaps;avsmhus
aeojzifh a&csKdig;arG;jrLxkwfvkyfrI 40 &mckdifEIef;avQmhcsarG;jrL&ef a&csKdig;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u qHk;jzwfMuonf/ ,if;odkYaom jzpfpOfrsKd;rSm ,cifu yJ? ykpGef? uPef;pojzifh obm0
xGufukefwifydkYrIu@rsm;wGif rMumcPjzpfay:vsuf&Sd&m tqdkygudpöESifhywfoufí ,if;odkYjzpf&onfh taMumif;t&if;ESifh ausmfvTm;Ekdifrnfhenf;vrf;udk pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'a&;&mynm&Sif
a'gufwmatmifudkudk? pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifa'gufwmarmifarmifpdk;wdkYESifh awGUqHkar;jref;í jyefvnfazmfjytyfygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'a&;&mynm&Sif a'gufwmatmifudkudk
ukeaf csmtaeeJYvnf; ydYk&r,f/ ukeaf csm wufraygh Oyrm--tcGet
aI ygh/ Oyrm f c? o,f,l aemufyidk ;f rSm tJ'D yko H P²mefuo kd ;kH vm zkdYuvnf; vkdtyfwmaygh/
taeeJY Diverce uGJjym;pGmjzpfatmif p&dwf? t&if;tESD;p&dwf pojzifh w,f/ aocsmwGufcsufNyD;rS wifydkY Voice : ukeMf urf;twdi k ;f yJ quf
vkyfNyD; ydkY&if rwlnDwJh pm;oHk;ol oGif;tm;pk p&dwfawG jrifhwJh twGuf r,f/ aps;uGufeJY udkufnDwmudk wi
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aps;uGufawGxyf&vmr,f/ aps;EIef; aps;uGufrSm aps;EIef;t& ,SONf ydKifEidk f aps;uGufNydKifbufEdkifiHawGeJY tNydKif Dr.AKK : ydkYukefwefzdk;awGusvm
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u0,fvdktm;ajymif;oGm;&ifawmif Dr.AKK : t"du aiGaMu;azmif;yG Ekid if rH mS pD;yGm;a&;u@ 14 ck&Sdw,f/ tJ'DtjyifoGif;tm;pkp&dwfawG (puf
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bl;aygh/ ukeMf urf;0,fvt kd m;usoGm; xd e f ; ay;Ek d i f & r,f / 'gut"d u qufvyk af qmifrvJqw kd m/ pD;yGm;a&; &JU aps;EIe;f awGujrihv f mr,f/ aps;BuD;
&if ukeaf csmtjzpfxw k vf yk x f m;Ekid wf ,f/ tcsuyf /J tJ'g&Srd S jynfwiG ;f pkaqmif;rI? u@wpfcek YJ wpfct k Mum; Transaction BuD;ay;0,f&r,f/ aemufta&;BuD;
ukeaf csmudak ps;uGu&f mS wifyYkdEidk w f ,f/ jynfy&if;ES;D jr§KyEf rHS aI wGjrifrh m;vmr,f/ b,fvkdvkyfrvJ qdkwm Input / Out- wm obm0t&if ; tjrpf a wG u
Voice : wef z d k ; jr§ i f h x k w f u k e f wpfenf;tm;jzifh Capital Formation put Z,m;awmh&z dS Ykd vdw
k ,f/ uReaf wmhrf mS wpfcsed rf [kww f pfcsed rf mS ukeo f mG ;r,f/
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vdkY vkyfief;&SifawGu ajymMuw,f/ 'gawGuwpfckeJYwpfckuGif;qufvkdyJ u@awGrmS b,fv½kd u kd cf wfrI ay;rvJ &if ukefpnf&JU toGifa&m? tjrifa&m
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Voice : jynfwGif;ydkYukefawGrSm ynmudkb,fvdk&EkdifrvJ/ tion edrahf e&if 'gawGjzpfrmS yJ/ jynfwi G ;f awGu pdkufysKd; arG;jrLa&; xkwu f ek f udv k nf; avQmph &mrvdak wmhb;l / ydw k hJ
tm;vHk;vdkvdk aps;ESdrfcH&wJh jyóem Dr.AKK : enf;ynmeJY t&if;tESD; rSm &SdwJh ukefMurf;? jynfyrSm&SdwJh awGerYJ wlb;l / pdu k yf sK;d arG;jrLa&; xkwu f ek f ukefMurf;awGudk ukefacsmtjzpfxkwf
awGjzpfNyD; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrIawG tuefYtowfawG&SdEkdifygw,f/ 'Dvdk ukeMf urf; tJ'gudk b,fvdkaygif;pyf awGu arG;jrL? pkdufysKd;csdef&Sdw,f/ vkyw f ifyYkdr,f/ ukeaf csmjzpfwt hJ wGuf
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oG m ;wmawG r MumcPawG U ae& udk,fhrSm &SdwJhenf;ynm? udk,fhrSm&SdwJh Nested Production Function bl;/ tpdk;&ydkif;u rl0g'a&;&mrSm udk xdef;xm;Edkifw,f/
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vkdY oHk;oyfrdygovJ/ wefzdk;jr§ifhxkwfukefawGxkwfvkyfEkdif
Dr.AKK : uReaf wmfwYkE d idk if &H UJ ydYkuek f atmifvkyfvkdY&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdkvkyf
awGukd jyefMunh&f if Primary Product
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(obm0xGuu f ek f)awGudk tm;xm;NyD; xuf ukeaf csmtjzpfwifyYkdwhJ ukepf nf oufvmvdYk &&dS if Contract System qdk wmeJYoGm;oifhw,f/ pyg;qdkygpdkY/
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cH&wJh jyóem BuHKawGUvmEkdifw,f/ &r,f/ ukefacsmudkjynfwGif;rSmxkwf pdkufysKd;a&;enf;pepfeJY rsKd;pyg;udk *syefuae,lw,f/ AD,uferfvnf;
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BuHKawGU&w,f/ bmaMumifh tJ'Dvdk ydrk kd oH;k pG&J r,f/ tvkyt f udik o f pfawG uRefawmfoo d avmufqkd Oa&myynm&Siaf wGxm;w,f/ Contract uvnf;
jzpfwmvJ qk&d ifobm0 o,HZmwawG ydkrdkzefwD;ay;EkdifwJhtwGuf jynfwGif; &SNd yD;om;/ 'Dawmh aps;uGuu f wnfNidrNf yD;om;? aocsmwJah ps;uGuf &Sw d ,faygh/
eJY tajccHxkwfukefawGudk vG,fvG,f pm;oHk;rIyrmPudkvnf;jr§ifhay;Edkif t"duuawmh aps;uGuw f nfNidraf tmifvyk &f r,f/ aps;uGu&f mS wmeJYwifrvHk
ulul xkwv f yk ?f arG;jrLEdik Nf yD; tJ'gawG r,f/ tdrfaxmifpkawG&JU Welfare udk avmufb;l / wnfNidraf tmifvyk x f m; zdYk vnf;vdw k ,f/ 'Dvakd ps;uGurf sKd;&Srd S tqifajyr,f/ 'DrmS u Specializa-
udk jynfyydkYukeftjzpf t"dujynfy wdu k ½f u kd f oufa&mufraI y;wmvnf; tion aysmufaew,f/ qdkvdkwmuawGU&mavQmufvkyfaew,f/ wu,fwrf;awmh Specialization eJY aps;uGue f UJ
0ifaiG&mS aevdYyk jJ zpfw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh jzpfw,f/ tJ'DrSmaemufwpfzufu wpfxyfwnf;usav ydak umif;avyJ/ aemufwpfcsuf pOf;pm;&rSmu uReaf wmfwYkdu&Sw d mudk a&mif;rSmvm;? aps;uGuu f
yJ? ig;? ykpGefawGudk pdkufysKd; arG;jrL tpd;k &u jynfwGif;pm;oHk;rIrSmydkvQHwJh vdt k yfwm udak &mif;rSmvm;/ 'gpOf;pm;zdYkvw kd ,f/ ukeo f ,
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olawGeJY obm0xkwfukefawGudk aiGawG udk pkaqmif;Ekdifatmif t&if; jzpfae rSmpdk;&drfrdw,f/ uRefawmf[dkaeYu aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fa&;xm;ao;w,f/ *syefudk jyefMunfh&awmhr,fvdkY
xkwv f yk af &mif;csEikd o f al wGuyJ Edik if jH cm; tESD; aps;uGufawGazmfxkwfay;& tck*syefivsifu vHk;0eD;yg;ysufokOf;oGm;wJh ae&mawG&w dS ,fav/ tckrS ajy;vrf;ay:udk jyefa&mufomG ;NyD/ olu
aiG&Sm Edik o f vdk jzpfaew,f/wpfenf; r,f/ 'grS vkyfief;awGu vkyfief; tck tysut f pD;awGMum;uae jyefxal xmif&rSm olxal xmifEikd v f m wJth csed rf mS uReaf wmfwYkdvkd taumif;twdik ;f &Sad ewJh
ajym&&if jynfyu 0,f,lwJh yrmP wk;d wufa&; twGuf vkt d yfwhJ t&if; Edik if u
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xuf jynfwiG ;f u pdu k yf sK;d arG;jrLxkwv f yk f tES;D ? enf;ynmawGyrkd w kd ;dk wufatmif Voice : ukefvkyfoGif;tm;pkawG jrifhrm;aewJhtwGuf xkwfvkyfrI ukefusp&dwfjrifhwufvmNyD; aps;uGuf
wJh yrmPuydkrsm;vmw,f/ 'Dtcg vkyfaqmifvmEkdifr,f/ t&if;tESD; rSm ,SOfNydKifEdkifpGrf;usvmusvmw,f w,fvdkY vkyfief;&Siftrsm;pku ajymMu ajymMuwJwJhtay: b,fvdkjrifygovJ/
rSm ydkYukefaps;EIef;usoGm;w,f/ 'D xuf? enf; ynmydkcufcJr,f/ 'DvdkyJ Dr.MMS : oGif;tm;pkjrifhvmwJhtwGuf xkwfvkyfrIp&dwfjrifhvmNyD; aps;uGuf,SOfNydKifEdkifrIr&Sdbl;qdk&if/
tcsdefrSm wjcm;aps;uGufopfawG enf;ynm b,fvkd&,lEkdifrvJqdkwm 'gbmvdYkjzpfvq J w
kd hJ tajccHukd jyef&mS &r,f/ 'gawGu Indicator (ñTeu f ed ;f )awGy/J 'gawGjzpf&wJh taMumif;t&if;udk
r&SmEkdifwJh taetxm;rsKd;jzpfae&if enf;vrf; &Sm&r,f/ aemufwpfcku &SmzdkYvdktyfw,f/ 'gudk&SmNyD; vdkwmjyif&r,f/ omrdkrDwmrSm tylcsdefjrihfaewm omrdkrDwmeJY rqdkifbl;/ vlemu
udk,fykdYaewJh EkdifiH&JUpD;yGm;a&; ? EkdifiH udk,fwifydkYwJh aps;uGuf&JU aps;uGuf tyl&edS jf rifhaevdYk omrdrk wD mu tyl&edS w f ufaewmudjk ywm/ vlemudu k rk S tyl&edS u f srSm omrdrk w D ma&pdrfvYkd r&bl;/
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tajymif;tvJ pojzifh tajymif;tvJ 0,fEkdifpGrf; xufydkxkwf&ifaps;us Voice : ukefoG,frIzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmzdkY bmawGvdktyfr,fvdkY xifygovJ/
wpfckckjzpfvmw,fqkd&if tckvdk oGm;rSmyJ/ 'gudk ydkYukefvkyfief;&Sif Dr.MMS : zGUH NzdK;NyD;wJE h ikd if aH wGukd Munfv h Ykd&&dS if vlawGtm;vH;k u ud, k Ehf ikd if uH kd cspw f ,f/ ud,
k v hf rl sK;d udck spwf ,f/
jyóemrsKd;BuHKvm&wmyJ/ 'Dtcsderf mS awG? tpdk;&awGu odxm;&r,f/ wdik ;f jynf&UJ aumif;usKd;udk vkyaf qmifay;csifMuw,f/ wdik ;f jynf wd;k wufzYkd Policy awGvt kd yfwm rSew f ,f/
ud, k yfh Ydkuek af wG&UJ wpf,el pfwefz;kd ay: aemufxkwfvkyfwJh ae&mrSmvdktyfwJh 'gayrJh wdik ;f jynfcspw f wfzYkdu t&ifq;kH vdw k ,f/ cspef nf;csp[ f ef rSeuf efzYkdvw kd ,f/ wdik ;f jynfcspw f hJ pdwef YJomvky&f if
rSm oufa&mufrIay;wmyJ/ yJwkdY? Intermediate Input awGukd pepfwus wdik ;f jynfw;kd wufomG ;rSmyJ/
pyg;wkYd ? opfwYkdpojzifh xGuu f ek af wG wGucf suNf yD;rS oH;k &ifyakd umif;wmaygh/ ausmfqef;rif;
udk ukeMf urf;taeeJY ykYdoifw h mydYkovdk Voice : oGif;tm;pk p&dwfjrifh
 Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
INTERVIEW The

VOICE
31

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oGm;w,fxifw,f/ oGm;a&;vma&; w,f/ okH;cgavmuf wufvu k d f qif;
awmfawmfcufco J mG ;w,f/ uRefawmf vdu k f vky&f w,f/
aeYv,f tvkyNf yD;vdYk em;csed rf mS ivsif tJ'DtcsdefrSm rdom;pkeJY quf
pvIyfawmhwmyJ/ *syefrSmu ivsif oG,zf kd zh ek ;f qufwm qufvkd rh &awmh
tjrJwrf;vIyfw,f/ 'gayrJh tcku bl;/ zkef;vdkif;awG tm;vHk;ysufoGm;
awmfawmfuq kd ;kd NyD; t&rf;Murf;w,f/ w,f/ rD;vdkif;eJY *ufpfvdkif;? a&vdkif;
qdik u
f av;xyfeYJ oH;k xyf/ uReaf wmf u aumif;w,f/ *syefrmS u zke;f vdik ;f
u av;xyfrSm/ awmfawmfjyif;vm ukrÜPDawGursm;awmh tqifajyMu
awmh atmuf u d k q if ; zd k Y jyif a wmh w,f/ 'geJY uRefawmfrdom;pkukd
"mwfavSum;u &yfaew,f/ qif;vdYk qufo, G Mf unfw h ,f/ r&bl;/ jyefr,f
qdkawmhvnf; &xm;awG tm;vHk;&yf
'geq hJ ikd af cgi;f u oGm;NyD;jyefvYkdr&awmhbl;/ Taxi um;
awGvnf; rvdkufawmhbl;/ tm;vHk;
&xm;vdik ;f udk ½Iy, f uS cf wfuek w f ,f/ 'DaeYrS qdik rf mS
zke;f qufNy;D ar;MunfaU wmU Order u vltrsm;MuD;0ifr,fqakd wmh
zdak cgif;eJY pum;ajymwJt h cgrSm *ufpf
ajray:&xm;vdik ;f awG oH;k zdYku jyóem/ ivsiv f yI &f if *ufpf
tukeyf w d Nf y;D roHk;&vdkY rSmxm;w,fav/ 'gayrJh
rwwfEdkifbl;/ *ufpfudk oHk;&w,f/
ajratmuf&xm; qdkifu tapmMuD; ydwfvdkuf&w,f/
wcsKYyd oJ mG ;vdh&k w,f n 9 em&D r S m aygh / uRef a wmf u
ajymw,f/ tJ'geJh pm;aomufqikd zf dkxrJ mS [if;csuq
aygh/ jzpfcsifawmh naeqif;r,fhol
uRefawmfUrSm ygvmwJU awGu &xm;r&SdvdkY vmvdkYr&bl;
&xm;ajryHZk ,m;udk av/ uReaf wmf? zdak cgif;eJY vufaxmuf
oHk;a,mufeJY vl 200 avmufqHhwJh
MunfNyD;awmU tdrfeJh qdkifrSm vHk;yef;&w,f/
teD;qH;k blwmudk Voice: tJ ' D a eY u qd k i f r em;vd k u f
bl;vm;/
a&G;&awmUw,f/ USM: trSefu em;rvdkYyJ/ 'gayrJh
ajratmuf&xm;twGi;f udk jyefvYkdr&wJt h wlwl atmf'grSmxm;wJh
olawGu zkef;0ifvmwmeJYyJ qufzGifh
a&mufwmeJh ay;wmyg/
&xm;apmifaU ewJv U l Voice: bmjzpfvkdY 'DtcsdefrSm atmf'g
awGqdkwm wef;pDaewm awGusae&wmvJ/
USM : t&if MudKrSmxm;wJhvleJY? tck
t&SnMf u;D yJ/ jyefvYkdr&wJoal wGeYJaygif;NyD; vlt&rf;
'gayrJU &xm;vmNyq D &kd if rsm;wm/ 'gaMumifh qdkifudk n9 em&D
ydwrf ,fvYakd wmif;yefNy;D ydwv f u
kd &f w,f/
ta&SYu vlawGu Voice: rd o m;pk e J Y b,f t csd e f r S m
pnfurf;zsuNf y;D tquftoG,fjyef&ovJ/
USM : 'geJY qdkifacgif;u &xm;
t&ifw;kd Ny;D 0if&w,f/ vdkif;udk zkef;qufNyD; ar;Munfhawmh
rwwfEidk b f ;l av/ ajray:&xm;vdkif;awG tukefydwfNyD;
ajratmuf&xm;wcsKUd yJomG ;vdYk&w,f
ivsiu f vIyaf ewke;f yJu;kd /
ajymw,f/ tJ'geJY uRefawmfhrSm yg
wu,f 'ku©a&muf&if vmwJh &xm;ajryHkZ,m;udk MunfhNyD;
bmwwfEidk rf mS vJ/ awmh tdrfeJY teD;qHk;blwmudk a&G;&
awmhw,f/ ajratmuf&xm;twGif;
udk a&mufwmeJY &xm;apmifhaewJhvl
awGqw kd m wef;pDaewm t&SnMf uD;yJ/
'gayrJh &xm;vmNyDqdk&if ta&SUu
vlawGu pnfurf;zsufNyD; t&ifwdk;
NyD; 0if&w,f/ rwwfEkdifbl;av/
ivsifu vIyfaewkef;yJu;dk / wu,f
'ku©a&muf&if bmwwfEkdifrSmvJ/
pnf;urf;&Sdwmu yHkrSefqdk pnf;urf;
t&rf;&Sdw,f/ uav;utp vlBuD;
tqH;k wu,fcsD;usL;zdYk aumif;w,f/
b,fae&mrSmrqdk wef;pDpepfyJoHk;
w,f / uRef a wmf t vS n f h a &S U uk d
a&mufcgeD; ta&S hrSm touf55
ESpf0ef;usif trsKd;orD;oHk;a,mufu
umqD;aew,f/ wpfa,muf&UJ vufxrJ mS
tdraf rG;acG; av;uDvakd vmufav;r,fh
acG;wpfaumifukd rxm;NyD; &xm;vm
wmeJY wdk;NyD;0ifwm r&jzpfaew,f/
&xm;u txJ r S m t&rf ; usyf N yD ;
xGuw f o hJ el nf;aeNyD; 0ifwo hJ l rsm;ae
awmh 0ifzdkYrvG,fjzpfaew,fav/
uRefawmfvnf; rwwfEkdifawmhbl;/
'Drdef;rokH;OD;ydwfaewmudk &xm;vm
csdefrSm twif;wdk;ausmfNyD; 0ifrSyJ
&xm;xJuakd &mufawmhw,f/ &xm;u
qdkufr,fhae&meJY uRefawmfhtdrfu
vrf;avQmufwm 35 rdepfavmufudk
vrf ; avQmuf & w,f / yH k r S e f u
blwmuae av;rdepfy/J uReaf wmfu
awmfao;w,f/ uRefawmfrh ed ;f ruqdk
ta0;MuD;u avQmuf&wm/ okH;em&D
avmufuakd vQmuf&w,f/ olu om;
orD;aZmuyfaewmav/ tdraf &mufrS
f &m wDADMunfhvdkuf&awmh awmfawmfudk
xdwfvefY&yHkudk jrifawGY&NyD; pdwf
raumif;jzpfrw d ,f/ ivsiu f r&yfb;l /
vIyaf ewke;f yJ/ tJ'D wpfnvH;k tdyv
r&bl;/ uRefawmfwdkuawmh enf;
enf;apmifhMunfhw,f/ Mumvm&if
qifajy;&wmyJ/ *syefu taqmufttkH
awGu tkwef J ah qmufwmr[kwb
oHz&dew f YkdeYJ opfeYJ eH&uH yf pDvifawGeYJ
yJ aqmufxm;wm/ uRefawmfwdkYu
av;xyfrmS aew,f/ "mwfavSum;u
ydwfxm;w,f/ vrf;rSm vlwdkif;u
tay:yJ armhNyD;MunhfaeMuw,f/
Voice: wd k u f a wG N yd K rS m pd k ; vk d Y v m;/
USM : aocsmwmaygh / 'D r S m u
wduk af wGu jrifah wmh tay:u bmus
vmrvJvdkYav/ 'gayrJh *syefawGu
olwYkdwu kd af wGukd ,HMk unfwhJ yHpk aH wmh
&Sdw,f/ txyfjrifhwJhwdkufawGqdk
tJ'DrSmyJaeMuw,f/ tckajymae&if;
ivsif v I y f a ew,f / puf 0 d k i f ; vd k
vIyfaew,f/ wpfcsufwpfcsuf cg
ovdk wjznf;jznf;csif;/
Voice: tpfudkwkdY awmfawmf
aMumuf oGm;rSmayhgaemf/
USM : yxrawmh aMumufwmaygh/
'gayrJh jzpfvmrSawmh &ifqikd ½f ykH &J w
ud k ; / uRef a wmf a wG ; wmuawmh
rdom;pkeJY vGwf&mudk tjrefajy;zdkYyJ
awG;w,f/ *syef wcsKdUrdom;pkrsm;u 'Daehnvnf;
awmfawmfudk ulnDygw,f/ t*Fvdyf ivsiBf u;D wpfck
vdk ajymEkdifwJh*syefrdwfaqGawGqdk&if
taMumif;xl;wmeJY csucf si;f zke;f quf *syefyifv,frmS
NyD; taMumif;Mum;w,f/ tck wdkusKd 'Do;kH &uftwGi;f
u tEÅ&m,fr&Sdbl;/ 'gayrJh tck
olwdkYajymwJ M7 qdk&if tEÅ&m,f&Sd
xyfvyI rf ,fqw dk mudk
w,f/ 'gqdk&if wdkusdK a&vTrf;oGm; aMunmxm;w,f/
vdrfhr,fvdkYajymw,f/ tckjzpfaewJh uRerf om;awG&YJ
ae&mawGrSm MudKNyD;aMunmxm;vdkY
taotaysmuf t&rf;enf;w,fvdkY q&mrawGuawmU
od&w,f/ eD;pyf&mawmifukef;ay: twwfEdkifqHk;uav;awGudk
udkwufajy;&if vGwfoGm;wm rsm;
w,f/ acgif;rmwJholawGom rvGwf tdrrf mS xm;zdahk wmif;
wm jzpfw,f/ *syefvrl sKd ;awGu wcsKUd qkdxm;Muw,f/
awmfawmfu h kd acgif;rmw,f/ ud, k af wGU ausmif;rSmvnf;
rS ,Hkwmrsm;w,f/
Voice: bmawGMudKwifvkyfxm;Mu rD;ysurf mS rkv
hd ahkd v/
ovJ/ a&uawmh tqif
USM : wu,fvufawG hMuHKvm&if
jzpfEkdif? rjzpfEkdif pOf;pm;zdkYyJta&;MuD; ajyaewke;f ygy/J
w,fvYkd xifw,f/ em;vnfwo hJ al wG tpdk;&uawmU vlawGudk
u ajymqdkaecsdefrSm vkyfoifhw,fvdkY awmfawmfav;
xifw,fav/ vdkufvkyfvdkY udk,fh
tusKd ; bmysupf ;D oGm;rSmvkYv d /J tckawmh ulnDygw,f/ qefawG?
em;raxmifawmh bmwwfEidk af o;vJ/ tpm;tpmawG?
DCS : 'DaeYawmh &xm;awG vHkvHk
avmufavmufrxGub f ;l / wcsKUd vdik ;f apmifawGa&mayg/h
awGqydk w d x f m;w,f/ vQypf pf"mwftm; vlawGuv kd nf; csucf si;f
aMumihaf v/ 'DreufrmS vnf; tPkjrL
tkd;uxyfaygufjyefw,f/ uRefru
[,fvaD umfywmeJh
awmh a&eJY tpm;taomufawGudk &SmMuw,f/ wcsKd Y
pkaqmif;xm;w,f/ 'DaeYnvnf; vlawGuawmh
ivsiBf uD;wpfck *syefyifv,frmS 'Do;kH
&uftwGif; xyfvIyfr,fqkdwmudk aysmufaeqJy/J qlemrDu
f Ykd aMunmxm;w,f/ uRefrom;awG&JY t&rf;jrefw,f/
q&mrawGuawmh twwfEdkifqHk;
uav;awGudk tdrfrSmxm;zdkY awmif;
tpd;k &u aMunmNy;D
qkdxm;Muw,f/ ausmif;rSmvnf; vlawGuv kd nf;
f ;l / rD;ysurf mS rkYd vYkdav/ a&uawmh tqif jrifw
h aYJ e&mudk a&TYay;w,f/
ajyaewk e f ; ygyJ / tpd k ; &uawmh
vlawGudk awmfawmfav; ulnDyg vnf;r&S?d Taxi vnf; rvdu k af wmhb;l /
w,f/ qefawG? tpm;tpmawG? apmif Voice: om;orD ; pd w f e J Y a yh h g /
awGa&maygh/ vlawGuv kd nf; csucf si;f DCS : [kwfygw,f/ om;tBuD;u
[,fvaD umfywmeJY &SmMuw,f/ wcsKd U aeraumif;bJ tefweD YJtrd rf mS useaf e
vlawGuawmh aysmufaeqJy/J qlemrD cJYw,f/ uRerf olYtwGuf t&rf; pd;k &drf
u t&rf;jrefw,f/ tpd;k &u aMunmNy;D aew,f a v/ om;ti,f u awmh
vlawGuv kd nf; jrifw h YJae&mudk a&TUay; tqifajyygw,f/ bmjzpfvYdv k qJ akd wmh
w,f/ rajy;Edik w f YJoal wGuawmh usef olu ausmif;rSm olYq&mrawGeJY&Sd
wmayghaemf/ a&uvnf; wtm;jrefw,f/ w,fav/ *syefEikd if o H m;awGu ivsif
Voice: tJ ' D t csd e f r S m tpf r u vmr,fq&dk if b,fvv dk yk &f r,fqw dk m
b,frSm&SdaevJ/ odMuw,fav/ jzpfwmu wpfEikd if v H ;kH
DCS : tJ'DaeYuawmh uRefr &xm; av/ &J a wG v nf ; b,f v k d r S
xJrmS yg / uRerf xifwmu rawmfwq rulnDEdkif Mubl;/
rI wpfckckjzpfwmayghaemf/ 'gayrJh Voice: tpf r vnf ; awmf a wmf
rawmfwqrI wpfcrk [kwb f ;l / t&rf;Bu;D aMum uf o G m ;rS m yJ a emf /
aMumuf
wJY ivsiBf uD;jzpfaew,f/ uRerf vnf; DCS : uRefrtwGufawmh 'Davmuf
wkdusdKNrdKUxJuae tdrfudk oHk;em&D r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gayrJh uRefr wpfa,muf
dS m avmuf vrf;avQmufjyef&w,f/ wnf;r[kwfbl;av/
vlwdkif;ygyJ/ &xm;vnf;r&Sd? um; ZmPD x G P f ;
 32
The
VOICE INTERVIEW Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

iHwumtqifhrD ynmqufvufoifMum;&ef? rdrdt&nftcsif;ESifhxdkufwefaom vkyfcvpm&&Sd&ef? jyifyurÇmESifh xdawGUjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\udk,f&nfudk,faoG;jr§ifhwif&ef?

Edkif
a&jcm;? ajrjcm;odkY pGefYpm;oGm;a&muf&eftp&Sdaom &nf&G,fcsuf? &nfrSef;csufudk,fpDjzifh jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkY jrefrmvli,frsm; ESpfpOfaxmifESifh aomif;ESifhcsD xGufcGmaeMuonf/
xkdodkYxGufcGmoGm;Muolrsm;udk tMurf;tm;jzifh tkyfpkoHk;pk cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ yxrtkyfpku aiGaMu;wwfEdkifaom rdbrsm;\qE´ESifh rdrdwdkYqE´aMumifh jynfyodkYynmoifMum;&ef xGufcGmolrssm; m;
jzpfonf/ 'kwd,tkyfpku rdbuaiGaMu;rwwfEdkif aomfvnf; ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu; odkYr[kwf ausmif;wuf&if;tcsdefydkif; tvkyfvkyfí ausmif;p&dwf&Sm ausmif;wufolrsm;jzpfonf/
wwd,tkyfpkrSmrl twwfynmESifh vkyftm;udk&if;í rdrdrdom;pktwGuf 0ifaiG&Sm&ef oGm;a&mufolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,ckatmufazmfjyyg vli,ftcsKdUrSm wwd,tkyfpk0if vli,frsm;
jzpfonf/ twwfynmwpfckckjzifh pifumylEdkifiHwGif tvkyfvkyf0ifaiG&Smum rdom;pkudk axmufyHhay;aeNyD; tvkyfcsdefjyifywGif rdrdwdkYvkyfief;cGifESifh qufpyfywfoufonfh 'Dyvdkrm
wpfckck&&Sda&; BudK;pm;ynm&Smaeol udk,fhxl;udk,fcRef vli,frsm;vnf;jzpfonf/ ,aeY pifumyl? rav;&Sm;odkY tdrfaygif? v,fa&mif;? EGm;a&mif;í tvkyfMurf;rsm;vkyfudkif&ef oGm;a&m uf
;a&muf
aeMuol jrefrmvli,frsm; owdjyKqifjcifEdkif&ef? BudKwifjyifqifEdkifMuap&eftvdkYiSm ar;jref;azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmvli,frsm; udk,fhxl;udk,fhcRef BudK;pm;½dk;om; ajzmifhrwfolrsm;
jzpfvmap&ef &nf&G,fonf/ t,f'Dwm

]uRefawmf tvkyfomvkyfvmwm ig;ESpfavmufu ydkufqHrpkrdao;bl;}

pifumyla&mufjrefrmvli,f ol&defxGef;\ b0tawGYtBuHK (2)
tzJ0YG ift,f'w
D m
uRef a wmf w k d Y uk d ol w k d Y u
[if;csufcidk ;f w,f/ 'gayrJh uRefawmf
wkYdu rcsujf yEkid b f ;l av/ olYudk csujf y
vkYd r&bl;/ rif;odcsif&if igwkYd vyk w
qkid rf mS vmpm;vkYd &w,fvYdk ajymvku
w,f/ bmjzpfvkdY eifwkdYu rcsuf&
wmvJaygh olwkdYu ar;w,f/ tJ'g
eJY uRefawmfuvnf; [m igwkdYu
csufwwfw,f/ 'gayrJh csufjyvkdY
r&bl;/ eifwkdYukd csufjyrSef;od&if
igwkYd udk tvkyx f w k rf mS ? eifwYdk qu
tvky&f ? r&qkw d m aocsmrSrodwm/
tJawmh igwkYd eifwYdk udk csufjyvkYd rjzpf
bl;qkNd yD; &Si;f jyawmhrS olwYdk u OK
qkdNyD; jzpfoGm;wm/ wu,fvnf;
ol w k d Y v mpm;w,f / uRef a wmf w k d Y
wu,ftvkyv f yk w
f ,fqw dk m jrifomG ;
w,f/ tJ'geJY uRefawmfwkdY rav;
a&m? pifumyla&m ESpfckvkH;wifvkduf
w,f/ aemufig;ywfavmufMumawmh
rav;u t&ifusvmw,f/ tJ'geJY
uReaf wmfwYdk olwYdkudk csucf si;f rawGU
ao;ovk d Cancel vnf ; csuf
csif;rvkyfao;bl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkd
awmh uRef a wmf p Of ; pm;w,f a v?
rav;qkd wpfvrS ESpfodef;cJGavmuf
yJusefrSm/ pifumyluawmh wpfvukd
ckepfodef;avmuftenf;qkH;usefrSm
av/ tJ'aD wmh uRefawmfrh mS rav;
at;*sifu h vm&Sm&if cPyke;f ae&wm
aygh/ wpfvausmfausmfavmufMumrS
pifumylac:pmusvmw,f/ tJawmhrS
rav;ukd &J&J Cancel vky&f aJ wmhw,f/
ukd,fhbufu rSm;wmqkdawmh
avsmfaMu;wpfodef;avmufawmh ay;
&wmaygh/ pifumyla&mufawmh tvkyf
csdefu wpfaeYukd 12 em&DeJY vpmu
a':vm wpfaxmif&w,f/ uReaf wmf
vkyw f u hJ rk P
Ü u
D [kw d ,fawG&UJ Staff
Canteen rSm blaz;pepfeJY auR;wJh
ae&mawG u k d uef x ½k d u f q J G a wmh
uReaf wmf tJ'rD mS vky&f w,f/ olwYdku
uRefawmfwYdk uadk c:wke;f u toD;vS;D
zkYdac:wm? a&mufawmh olwYu d k uReaf wmf
wkdYukd prf;oyfygava&m/ b,fvkd
prf;vJqkdawmh Western Salad vkyf
wwfvm;wJh/ olwkdYu uRefawmfhukd
ypönf;tjynfhtpkHvnf; ray;xm;
awmh uRefawmfvkyfzkdY awmfawmfpOf;
pm;&w,f/ tJ'geJY uReaf wmf Chicken
Salad vkyfay;vkdufw,f/ 'gawmif
olwYdku uReaf wmfvyk w f t hJ csO&f nfudk
r[kwfbl;vkdYajymawmh uRefawmfu
[kww f ,f? refae*smukd ar;Munfv
qkNd yD;awmh ajymvku d wf ,f/ olwYdk &UJ
refae*smuvnf; [kwfw,fqkdawmh
rS bmrS rajymawmhwm/ &efukefrSm
uwnf;u uRefawmfu Service ykid ;f
vkyfwmqkdawmh uRefawmfu rD;zkd
acsmifbufrSm uRefawmfholi,fcsif;
f hJ avmufruRr;f bl;vkYdajymawmh tJ'g eJY
d f olwkdYuRefawmfeJY uRefawmfholi,f
csif;ukd ae&mvJay;vku d w f ,f/ tJ'D
awmh uRefawmfu pwkt d uljzpfomG ;
wmaygh/ uRefawmft h vkyu f reuf 6
em&DrmS pwm/ 6 em&DuaepNyD; ypön;f
wif&w,f/ ig;? ykpGef? [if;csKdrIefY?
D aMumfavSmrf ,f[ h mawGaygh/ uefwif;
ckepfcpk m0,fxm;orQudk avmfvu
ESppf ;D ay:rSm tjynfu h dk uRefawmfwpf
a,mufwnf;wif&w,f/ eHeuf 8
em&Dus&if tJ'gawGtm;vkH;wifNyD;
oGm;NyD/ uefwif;okH;ckukd ypönf;ykdY
NyD;&if 10 em&DcJGoGm;NyD/ tJ'gqkd
uReaf wmfypön;f ykYd whJ tvkyu f NyD;oGm;
NyD/ tJv h Ndk yD;oGm;&if uReaf wmfuefwif;
rSm tvkyv f yk &f ao;w,f/ bmvky&f vJ
qkad wmh uefwif;rSm toD;vS;D wJo
tom;ckww f o hJ ?l blaz;rSm Serve vdYk ac:
wJh [if;jznf?h bmnmudk jznfah y;&wJh
ol? Salad vkyw f o hJ al wGrmS tem;,l&
wJh tcsde&f w dS ,f/ tJ'Doal wGtem;,l
wJt h csed rf mS uReaf wmfu olwYakd e&mawG
rSm tvsOf;oifhovdk 0ifvkyfay;&
w,f/ Mumvmawmh uReaf wmf ukrP
u tvkyfawGudk tukefvHk;eD;yg;
odvmw,f/ uRefawmfu ukrP Ü &D UJ
Key jzpfvmwJt h jyif ukrP Ü u D vnf;
uRef a wmh f u k d tm;xm;vmw,f /
uReaf wmf pa&mufa&mufcsif;wkef;u
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 Vol.7 / No.16 - March 28 - April 3 , 2011 THE VOICE WEEKLY 33
33

TIPS
Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
VOICE
The

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 34
VOICE
The

TIPS Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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The Rules of Life
Don't Live in the future
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Rule av;eJYu,
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Richard Templar olawmfaumif;tvkyfawGvkyf&wm vnf;yJ rdrdwdkYolawmfaumif;jzpf

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Forget bigger and better and richer and thinner. The key is to appreciate what we've got right now and ajzmifhrvkyfEkdifygbl;/ tJ'gudk,fhpdwf taeeJY nHh? oifh? aumif;? awmf
yet still dream and plan. That way we'll be a little happier now than if we're constantly looking to the future, "mwfeJY udk,fhtvkyfeJYrudkufvkdY/ tck wpfqifh wpfqifhwufNyD;taumif;
where happiness apparently lies. usawmh tvkyu f akd jzmifah jzmifv h yk f Ekid f qHk;? tawmfqHk;jzpfatmifBudK;pm;Ekdif
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 Vol.7 / No.16 - March 28 - April 3 , 2011
Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 35
35
HEALTH
VOICE
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HEALTH Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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 Vol.7 / No.16 - March 28 - April 3 , 2011 THE VOICE WEEKLY 37
37

FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
VOICE
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 Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
FOREIGN AFFAIRS VOICE
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39

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Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 45
45
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 46
The
VOICE SPORT Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

Euro 2012 Qualifiers (Group Stage) Selected Prediction(March 26-27)

Soccer Weekly Fixtures
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upm;NyD;wpf*;kd toGi;f cHxm;&onfh tDwvD *smreDESifh umZufpwef eHeuf 1;30 em&D TV
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*smreDESifh umqufpwef (tkyfpk A) - ESpfoif;tMum; ajcpGrf;uGm[rI jrifhrm;onf/ av;yGJupm;cJh&mwGif wpf*dk;rS ajrmuftkdif,mvefESifh qvkdaA;eD;,m; eHeuf 1;15 em&D
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BREAKING NEWS
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aemfa0onf tqifh (11)/ 'def;rwfonf (28)/ ½IH;vQif ajcppfyGJ jzpfaeaMumif; The Guardian owif;rD'D,mu azmfjyonf/
atmif&ef cufcJoGm;rnfjzpfí ajcukefxkwf azmifzsufupm;
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SOCIETY The
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DISASTER

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54
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SUPPLEMENT Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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EDUCATION
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VOICE
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SUPPLEMENT Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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58
The
VOICE
MARKET
SUPPLEMENT Monday, March 28 - April 3 , 2011

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kd m;jrifU News in Brief
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