Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SECTION A
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2. Diagram 2 shows the arrangement of apparatus to studt the relationship between the
Length of the thread and the duration of the swing of the pendulum.
(b) What is the relationship between the length of the thread and the duration of the swing
of the pendulum.
The longer the thread, the longer the time taken for a pendulum to swing.
(c) If the height of the pendulum from the surface of the table is increased, predict the time
taken for the pendulum to swing.
Time taken by the pendulum to swing is shorter.
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3. An experiment is conducted to study the relationship between the force (N) and the extension
of a spring. The results are shown in Diagram 3.
(b) What is the relationship between the forces (N)and the extansion of the spring (cm)?
The grater the force applied, the more the spring lengthens.
(c) Study Diagram 3 and fill the data in the table below.
Force/N 1 2 3 4 5
Extansion of the spring/cm 2 4 6 8 10
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SECTION B
Diagram 4
(d) What should be done if the hypothesis made is not accepted by the experiment?
A new hypothesis is made.
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5. Diagram 5 shows an egg placed in two different liquid.
Based on the statements or quations below, identify the steps in the scientific investigation.
(a) Why does the eggsink in water but float in the salt solution?
Identifying the problem
(d)
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SECTION C
(b) Described an experiment to test your hypothesis in 6(a) based on the following criteria:
(i) Aim of the experiment
Aim : To study the need of water for seed germination/
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Seeds are put into two test tubes.
Water is dripped into second test tube.
Test tubes are left for two days.
Observation of the seed germination is recorded.
(vi) Conclution
Germination of seeds requires
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CHAPTER 2: Body Coordination
SECTION A
(b) Draw an arrow ( ) in Diagram 1 to show the direction of his leg movement.
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(c) What inference can be made from your observation in 1(a).
Knee – jerking is a reflect action.
2. Diagram 2 shows that the rays of a torch are directed to the eye of a student.
(a) Draw the pupil of the student in diagram 2(b) after the rays of the torchlight are directed
into his eye.
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SECTION B
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4. Diagram 4 shows the reflect arc of a reflect action when a person finger is pricked by a
needle.
(c) Mark the direction of the impulse transmission during the reflect action in Diagram 4.
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(f) State one other example of a reflect action.
Finger jerks away when it touches a hot kettle.
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(e) What happens to a person if he experiences injury to parts R and S?
R-Deaf
S-Blind
(f) State the part that protects the human brain from injury.
Cranium
6. Diagram 6 shows the locations of three endocrine glands in the body of a male.
(b) (i) What happens to the blood of a person if gland Y secretes too little hormone.
The glucose level increases in his blood.
( ii) Name the disease which a person may suffer from if the condition you stated in 6(b)
(i).
Diabetes
Section C
Reflect action will happen when the light was torched into eyes.
(b) By using torch, describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in 7(a) based on the
following criteria:
i. Aim of the experiment
Aim – to study the effect of light on pupil
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The ray of torch is directed into the pupil.
Observation on the change of the size of pupil is recorded.
v. Tabulation of data
Tabulation :
vi. Conclusion
The reflect action causes the pupils to constrict when light entering the eye.
8.
a. State four differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
b. An adults realize that his urine contains sugar. Explain how he overcomes his health
problem. Your explanation should include the following aspects:
( i) Identify the problem
Urines contains sugar.
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9.
(a) State four differences between voluntary action and involuntary action.
(b) Diagram 9 shows the actions happen inside the body of a student.
Study the action above. Explain how you can build a concept according to the above
information. Your answer should be based on the following aspects.
(i) Identify two common characteristic
Common characteristic :
Unaware action
Action that is controlled by the medulla oblongata
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Initial concept : Involuntary action is an action that react automatically
without knowledge and controlled by the medulla oblongata.
SECTION A
1. The height of student in a class is measured. The data obtained is shown below.
Heigh of student / cm 146 – 150 151 – 155 156 – 160 161 – 165 166 – 170
Number of student 1 8 19 9 3
Table 1
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(b) Using the data in Table 1, draw a histogram on the graph paper below.
(c) Based on the graph in 1(b), state the type of variation shown by the height
characteristic.
Continuous variation.
(d) A part from body height, what other characteristic in human that shows the same
variation.
Skin colour /Body weight.
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Attached ear lobe Free ear lobe
12 8
Table 2
(b) Based on the Table 2.2, draw a bar chart in the graph paper below.
(d) Apart from types ear lobes, state two characteristics in humans that show the same
type of variation.
Blood group and type of fingerprint / left handedness
SECTION B
3. Diagram 3 shows a cross – breeding between a pea plant with red flowers and a pea plant
with white flowers to produce Fi generation plants. The gene of the red flowers is
dominant, while that of the white flowers receive.
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(a) What type of cell divison takes place during the formation of gametes?
Meiosis.
(b) Complete the schematic diagram in Diagram 3 to show the cross – breeding between
the plants.
(d) State the parts of the flower that produce the male gamete and the female gamete.
Male gamete : Anther
Female gamete : Ovary
(e) If the Fi generation plants cross – bred among themselves, predict the ratio of the
number of plants with red flowers to the number of plants with white flower
produced.
3:1.
4. Diagram 4 shows a part of the cell division which takes place in the human somatic cell.
(c) State two reasons for the importance of this cell division.
(d) State two sections in plants that experience this cell division.
Tip of the root and shoot.
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5. Diagram 5 shows some stages of division occurring in humans.
(c) Name two organs in humans where this cell division occurs.
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Testis and ovary.
(d) State one reason for the importance of this cell division.
To produce gametes/ Ensure the number of chromosomes is diploid in zygote during
fertilization.
(e) State two section in plants which experience this cell division.
Anther and ovary.
(c) Name the gametes produced by the father and the mother.
Father : Sperm
Mother : Ovum
SECTION C
(b) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in 7(a) based on the following
criteria:
(i) Aim of the experiment
Aim : Study the height of students in the class.
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Is manipulated : Difference of student
Responds : Height of students.
(iii) List of apparatus and materials.
List of apparatus and materials : Ruler
Height 150 – 154 155 – 159 160 – 164 165 – 169 170 - 175
(cm)
Number of
students
(vi) Conclusion.
Conclusion : The height of student is a continuous variation because it
shows different value.
8.
Non – identical
(b) A student is left-handed but both his parents are right – handed. It is known that the left –
handed respectively, explain how this student endow left – handed genes from his parents.
Your explanation should include the following aspects:
( i ) Identify the problem
The student is left – handed but both his parents are right –handed.
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( ii) Explain the problem
The student carries kk genes
Both his parents carry Kk genes.
9.
Mitosis Meiosis
Cell division happens once Cell division happens twice
Crossing over does not happens Crossing over happens
Two daughter cells produced Four daughter cells produced
Number of chromosomes in daughter Number of chromosomes in daughter
cells in the same as those in parent cell. cells is half of those in parent cell
(b) Diagram 9 shows the parts of a student’s body that undergo a type cell division.
Skin Nail
Cell
division
Liver Bones
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Diagram 9
Study the body parts where cell division happen. Explain how you can build a concept
based on the information above. Your explanation should include the following aspects:
( i) Identify two common characteristic
Common characteristics:
Cell division involves the formation of new cells.
Cell division takes place in somatic cells.
( iii) Give one other example and one non – example in relation to the concept
Example – Heart
Non – Example – Sperm/ovum
SECTION A
1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the effect of impurities on the freezing point.
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(a) Based on the experiment shown in Diagram 1,complete Table 1.
(e) Predict the effect of impurities on the boiling point of distilled water.
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- The thermometer must not be into the round-bottomed flask.
100 °C
(e) State two changes in states of matter during the distillation process.
- Boiling
- Condensat
The time taken for the thumbtack to drop from the metal rod is recorded in Table 3.
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(a) Based on the results in Table 3,arrange the sequence of the heat conductivity of metal rod
L,K and M
The type of metal rod used will effect the time taken of thumbtack to fall.
(d) If the metal rod used in this experiment are copper,iron and aluminium,identitiy metal rods
SECTION B
4. Table 4 shows the melting point,boiling point and electrical conductivity of three types
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(a) i. Which substance possesses properties of ionic substance?
M
(d) Why is it that substance L can conduct electricity in both solid and liquid states?
There are electrons that move freely in substance L.
(e) Why does substance K have very low melting and boiling points?
Particles in substance K are held together by weak forces of attraction between the
particles.
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(a) What are the proton number and nucleon number of helium?
Proton : 2
Nucleon : 4
(c) Name the group in which helium is located in the Periodic Table.
- Chemically stable
- Unreactive
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Particle Proton Number Number of electrons Nucleon number Number of neutrons
P 3 4 7 4
Q 4 3 9 5
R 6 6 12 6
S 6 6 13 7
(a) Complete Table 6 by writing down the number of neutrons for atom Q and S.
R/S
R and S
R and S have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
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(a) How are the elements arranged in the Periodic Table?
In order of increasing proton number.
(d) Element P has a nucleon number orf 19.How many neutrons are there in element P?
Neutrons : 10
(f) State two elements which will form an ionic substance when combined.
R and P or S and P.
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8. Study the following statement.
Melting points of atomic substances are high while that of molecular substances are
low.
(b) i. Aim : To study the melting points of atomic and molecular substances
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iv. Procedure :
- Two spatulas of lead filings are put into a crucible
- The crucible with its content is heated strongly.
- Observation about the melting point of lead filings is recorded.
- The experiment is repeated using the sulphur powder.
v. Tabulation of data :
vi. Conclusion : An atomic substance has a high melting point while a molecular
substances has a low melting point.
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9. (a) Hypothesis : Metals conduct electricity while non-metal do not
iv. Procedure :
- A dry cell is connected to a bulb using a wire
- A copper rod is then connected to the electric circuit
- Observe whether the bulb lights up
- The experiment is repeated using glass rod
v. Tabulation of data :
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10. (a) Four differences between ionic substance and molecular substance
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11. (a) Four differences between metals and non-metals.
Metal Non-metal
Has shiny surfaces Has dull surfaces
Ductile Not ductile
High melting and boiling points Low melting and boiling points
Good conductor of electricity Poor conductor of electricity
Good conductor of heat Poor conductor of heat
Butter and candle change into liquid state when they are heated
- Heat is absorbed
- Substances melt
iii. Initial concept : Heat is absorbed by the substance causes the melting process
to occur.
v. Actual concept : Melting is a process of change in the state of matter when the
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CHAPTER 5 : Energy and Chemical Changes
SECTION A
1. Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of apparatus used to determine the reactivity of metals
with oxygen
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Aluminium is more reactive than copper
Prevent the potassium from mixing with metal filings when heated.
(f) Why do metal filings need to be heated first before the heating of potassium manganate
(VII) crystals?
(g) Based on your observation,arrange the reactivity of the three metals in decreasing order.
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2. Diagram 2 shows the arrangement of apparatus to study the purification of metal.
The experiment is repeated a few times with different quantities of electric current.The cathode
is cleaned,dried and weighed after 10 minutes for each experiment.The results obtained are
recorded in Table 2.
(a) In Diagram 2,mark the positive electrode(anode) with the symbols ‘+’.
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(b) Draw a graph showing the quantity of electric current versus the mass of cathode.
(c) From the graph drawn,determine the mass of the cathode when the quantity of electric
current is 1200C.
1.20g
(d) Based on the graph in 2(b),what is the relationship between the quantity of electric current
The larger the quantity of electric current that flows,the higher the mass of cathode.
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3. Diagram 3 shows an experiment that is conducted to study the reaction between zinc and
hydrochloric acid.
The volume of hydrogen gas that is released is recorded every 30 seconds.The results obtained
are recorded in Table 3.
(a) Based on Table 3,draw a graph of the volume of hydrogen gas against time.
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(b) Based on the graph drawn in 3(a),state the relationship between the volume of gas and time
(d) Predict the volume of hydrogen gas that is collected at 210th second.
50cm³
(e) Give one other metal that can be used to replace zinc in this experiment.
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Magnesium
4. Diagram 4 shows an experiment carried out the study the heat change in chemical
(c) What is the hypothesis that can be made for this experiment?
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Different type of chemical reactions causes different changes in temperature.
SECTION B
5. Diagram 5 shows the arrangement of apparatus for the electroplating of an iron nail with
copper plate.
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(c) Suggest one electrolyte that can be used to replace copper(II) sulphate solution.
Copper (II) nitrate solution.
(d) State what can be observed of the following materials at the end of the experiment.
i. Copper plate : becomes thinner
ii. Iron nail : is coated with a brown copper layer
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(c) Write the energy transformation that occurs in this experiment.
(d) i. What will happen if the copper plate is replaced with a carbon card?
(e) State one example of a food item which can be used to replace vinegar solution.
Orange
7. Diagram 7 shows the experiment to study the reaction of sodium with water.
Sodium moves randomly on the surface of water and gives out a hissing sound.
(b) Name the gas released when sodium reacts with water.
Hydrogen
(c) i. What can be observed if a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are dripped into
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the basin?
Alkaline.
(d) Write one chemical equation in words for the reaction that occurs between sodium and
water.
round piece of black paper and exposed to sunlight for one minute.
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(b) What is the layer that covers the photographic paper?
Silver chloride
(c) What happens to the layer you mentioned in 8(b) when it is exposed to sunlight?
SECTION C
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- Manipulated : Type of fruit
iv Procedure :
- The iron plate and zinc plate are connected with connecting wire and crocodile
v. Tabulation of data :
vi. Conclusion : Electrical energy is produced when two different conductors are
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10. (a) State one method that can be used to plate the iron chain with the copper.
Electrolysis
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- Switch is turned on.
11. (a) Diagram 11.1 shows the addition of potassium iodine solution to the lead(II) nitrate
solution.
State four reasons why the above reaction is considered to be a chemical change.
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iii. The chemical properties and composition of the new substance are different from
ii. Initial concept : The shape of the substance changes but no new substance is formed
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showing a physical change.
iv. Actual report : Physical change is a process that involves the change in the shape but
SECTION B
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Ray Y not deflected because its neutral in terms of electrical charges.
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(a) What processes take place at stages A,B and C?
B : Nuclear energy is converted to heat energy and boils water to produce steam.
C : Steam under high pressure rotates the turbine and generates electricity in the
generator.
(b) State the energy transformation that takes place during generation of electrical energy.
water pipe.
pipe.
- The movement of the radioactive substance can be traced by using the Geiger-Muller
Counter.
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(b) State two other uses of radioactive substances.
(c) Name one material which can be used to stop beta radiation.
- Mutation
- Cancer
SECTION C
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- Storing radioactive substance in proper way
5. (a) Compare isotopes and radioisotopes by using examples of carbon-12 and carbon-14.
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ii. Explain the information :
- Beta rays are negatively charged
- The penetrating power of beta rays is moderately high
iii. Initial concept : Beta rays are negatively charged and have a high penetrating
power
v. Actual concept : Beta rays are rays with negative charge and have a moderately
high penetrating power.
SECTION A
(a) Complete Diagram 1.1 by drawing the light rays reaching the observer’s eye.
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(b) What is the relationship between distances X and Y?
(d) In Diagram 1.2,draw the image formed on the plane mirror.Then,state the characteristic
of that image.
(a) In Diagram 2.1,draw a ray diagram to show the image formed on the screen.
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More bright but blur.
ii. A convex lens is placed between the object and the pinhole?
(d) Two more pinholes are punched in the camera as shown in Diagram 2.2.Draw and
(a) Complete the ray diagram to show the formation of an image in Diagram 3.
0.7 cm
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Real and inverted.
Photocopy machine
(e) Why can’t the location of the image be determined if the object is less than the
(a) Measure the focal length of the convex lenses in Diagram 4 and write down their
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Thickness of the convex lens Focal length (cm)
Thin 3.6 ± (0.1)
Thick 2.4 ± (0.1)
(b) What is the inference that can be made for this experiment?
The thicker the thickness of the convex lens,the shorter the focal length.
When the thickness of convex lens increases,The focal length will be decreases.
5. Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show the experiment that is carried out to study the
(a) Draw the light rays in Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 to show the formation of image.
(b) Measure the size of the image formed in Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2.
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(c) State the variables involved in this experiment.
(f) Predict the size of the image formed if the object is placed 15 cm from the pinhole.
Less than 0.4 cm
SECTION B
6. Diagram 6.1 shows the arrangement of apparatus used to study light dispersion.
(a) i. What happens to the white lights at the border of the prism?
Refracted
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It is because the white light are refracted from one medium to another with
(b) What is the colour of the light formed at P and Q on the white cardboard?
P : Red Q : Violet
(c) Complete the boxes below to show the sequence of colours formed in the spectrum.
P(Red),Orange,Yellow,Green,Blue,Indigo,Q(Violet).
Formation of rainbow.
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7. Diagram 7 shows the structure of a camera.
X : Diaphragm Y : Film
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(b) Name the structures of the human eye which are analogous to structures X and Y.
X : Iris Y : Retina
Controls the size of aperture and amount of light that enters to the camera.
The lens focuses the image of an object onto the film.The lens is adjusted by the
focus adjuster either towards or away from the film to obtain a sharp image.
- A part of the light is reflected off the outer surface of the raindrop.
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- A part of the light is refracted at the different angles in the raindrop.
- The colour constituents are reflacted off the far inner surface of the raindrop.
Act as a prism.
Reflected
9. Diagram 9 shows the arrangement of apparatus to study the addition of coloured light.
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Magenta.
(c) What coloured light is formed in region X if a yellow filter is placed in front of the
red filter in torch P?
Red.
(d) What coloured light is formed in region Z if a green filter is placed in front of the
blue filter in torch Q?
No colour formed.
(e) If a piece of cyan cloth is placed under the light rays in region Y,what colour will the
cloth appear as?
Blue.
SECTION C
The spectacles of old people have shorter focal length than those of a student who is
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(b) i. Aim : To estimate the focal length of a convex lens and relate it to the thickness of
the lens.
iii. List of apparatus and materials : Metre ruler,screen,convex lenses with vary
thickness,lens holder.
iv. Procedure :
v. Tabulation of data :
11. (a) Contrast the mechanism of focusing and the mechanism of controlling the amount
Mechanism of focusing :
- Eye : Focussing is done when thickness of the lens is regulated by the ciliary
body.
- Camera : Focussing is done by regulating the distance between the lens and
the film.
- Eye : The amount of light entering the eyes is controlled by the iris.
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diaphragm.
(b) Explain how the student can build one device to solve his problem.
45º.
- Light rays from the first mirror are incident to the surface of the second
mirror.
- The second mirror reflects the light rays to the eyes of the student.
12. (a) Compare the images formed by a concave lens and a magnifying glass.
- The images formed by a concave lens and a magnifying glass are virtual
and upright.
(b) Diagram 12 shows the colours that appear in the screen when white light is passed
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i. Identify the problem :
- Red and green coloured filters only allow their own colours to pass
through them.
Red and green coloured filters only allow their own colours to pass through
them but absorb other colours showing that they are primary colours.
Non-example : Yellow,cyan,magenta
v. Actual concept :
Primary filters only allow their own colours to pass through them but absorbed
other colours.
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CHAPTER 8 : Chemicals in Industry
SECTION A
1. Diagram 1 shows that a steel ball is attached to the surface of a pure copper block with
cellophane tape.
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A weight is dropped on atop of the copper block from a height of 50 cm. The diameter of
dent formed is recorded. The experiment is repeated with a bronze block. Table 1 shows
the result of the experiment.
(b) What is relationship between the diameter of dent formed and the hardness of metal
or alloy?
The smaller the diameter of the dent formed, the harder is the metalor alloy.
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Both test tubes with their contents are left for three days. The results are recorded in
Table 2.
Table 2
(a) Complete Table 2 by showing what has happened to the stainless steel nail at the end
of the experiment.
Does not rust.
SECTION B
3. Brass and steel are two examples of alloy.Brass which consists of copper and another
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Zinc.
Atom.
(c) Draw and label the arrangement of particles in pure copper and in brass.
The atoms in pure copper are the same in size and are packed closely.Layers of these
atoms easily slide over one another when force is applied.The zinc and copper atoms
in brass are of different sizes.This disrupts the arrangement of the layers of atoms
(e) State the pure metal and foreign atoms that form steel.
4. Diagram 4 shows the disposal of industrial waste from a chemical factory that
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(a) State one product that could be produced by the factory.
Fertiliser.
(b) State two pollutants that might be disposed from the factory into the river.
(c) State one adverse effects of the pollutants in 4(b) on the environment.
Sulphur dioxide
ii. State one method to control air pollutant in 4(d)(i) from the factory.
Dissolve the gas using air cleaner system before release to air.
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(a) Give three examples of pollutants which may be contained in the smoke released
Acid rain.
ii. State one effect of pollution to the environment and human health caused by the
event in 5(b)(i).
(c) Suggest one way how factories can reduce the release of acidic gas into the air.
Dissolve the gas using air cleaner system before release to air.
(d) Apart from factories,what other source that causes poisonous gases to be releases to the
surroundings?
Motor vehicles
SECTION C
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6. Study the following statement.
Hypothesis : A stainless steel nail does not rust easily compared to an iron nail.
iii. List of apparatus and materials : 0.5 mol dm‾³ sodium chloride solution,iron nail,
iv. Procedure :
- Test tubes A and B are each filled with 5 cm³ of sodium chloride solution.
- An iron nail is put into test tubes A and stainless steel nail into test tube B.
v. Tabulation of data :
7. (a) State one process that can be used to produce this chemical substance.Explain.
- Haber process
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- One volume of nitrogen and three volumes of hydrogen are used.
(b) Explain how he can prepare ammonia fertilizer by using the following substances.
i. Ammonium sulphate
ii. Crystallisation
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Bronze Copper
Mixture of copper and tin Consists of copper only
Harder Softer
Stronger Less strong
Can withstand corrosion Cannot withstand corrosion
ii. Initial concept : Substance that contains two or more metals and is stronger
Non-example : Tin
iv. Actual concept : Alloy is a substance that contains two or more metals and is
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