Professional Documents
Culture Documents
t@12l1(DJ6)S m0ot!'wo
~1i!(I):ll.06)CD> I2IW.\db:leJ
'Ilcm mlmanml
63«8 nJmco:loeJ:l.!1.lm @llll6)(Qlc663()l~'ml(()QJwl @_'D
OdbCO@'CD>(§6TlIm..v6m6)@.a901_!?c(
oJ(()1G:uoowlc663cfu(Qlo6rrr
oJ011lIoamJleJamJll m8
oJ@lm617lliooilg)qo6l1S16)eJ mlq)6lJ~om61ffi§lm8
@llllc663G:llleJ§.§ cfuo§1(Ql1ll0BmcfuLO
1ll~§.§QJ(6)S
@llllc663G:IllG:eJ
G:cfu(()§cfu00091lcfu
@6llJffil)61ffi6)§c663()l~§.§
(Q,l6lJ~O@IllO(Ql@06TT)u G:eJO([)6)og
Msl6)(Qlowl,;1_jlU36)O®
m02l1Ill(6)(() G:eJO([)® u
Msl6)(Qlowl'}-jlU36)m8 nJ()(OJan6)@(11)o6TT)u
mlq)(()o@l~6)@(11)o6TT)u (Q,l6llJffil)amJll6)og
cfuo§1(Ql1ll0BmcfuLO m02l1@JamJll6)og
mlfJ..ioJos •
@OllJamJllG:02lm8
cfuLO(QlO6TT)u([)OLOoJO~(11)@u.
d
([)OLO(QlG:'),_jOeJ§.§ OllonDl@~(®oJ61ffiu8
6
®3wlcfuo(()6llJffil)61ffiu8c663
<D> 0
cB6)
o €In]"
(0)
o III (1'\)"
(/)a ClJa'I1db em
1lI~<D>:l~O
(1'\) 0 ~
ClJcfh1f
1S1.lI1<q6lS
~~(J):lLn6)(D>
mo~'<D>o
'11m
rn1manm1
f21W.\db:leJ OdbCO@'<Dl(§6TlHTW6lm6)@.ooo1 ..
3:r
63(03 nJrnCO:loeJ:l.!1.lrn
fil(ffi (SO(J)o nij)on(7J)lm'1;j()o ..CWlruS l 00llo'U 1l(ffi6)S mo (7J)1 ..J(()0Jo o
(!§01 nij)on(7J)u CTUre, 1m6ll10(6)CWO(ffi CTUOOdnDl<fu OJ1lOJnDO(()006ll1u.(Qd~(7J)l(OJ6)S 00llo'U1lCTUoCT}?,o(()amnl6)aR CTUoCT}?,O(()OJ 1lOJiTl106)CWamn6)on nij)~O(QdOJmamnm6lffi~oCTUO ml m6ll1cwl U%3on(7J)06ll1 u W1l00cfuon (!§01(OJ00cwl @So nij)onmll" u
(!§01.
611Jm..o');-j3(7J)06ll1
CTUomJamnl <fu0Jo ~~
1"11 o(J)o..J(()0J00CW
(QdCffi6lffiub. filOG:(()O<fuOfJJ~o
OJ1l(7J) lo;M 1
(!§01U%3G:OJ6l1S1wocwl (ffi(11l). c
G:<fu(()@..'l..l(()l(®amnl "J6)S e
mO(7J)l(OJo
®3wl<fuO(()0J00cw1
o..J(()lG:(J()O wm<fu@l~(6)(7J)
<fu06ll10o.
G:<fu(()@..'l..l(()l(®amnl6)fJJ (J()cflIll)l<fu~6)S
~6l1S0CW G:');-jO\&o
nil(J()<fufJJmU%3()ru
<fu6ll1U%3<fu~01~oamn@o
0fJJCWo@amnl6)fJJ
G:OJ6l1S(®o..Jol U36)6)');-j31~o
u (J)'D(()OJ00CW (QdCffi006ll1 • @'TI o..J(fQlJoamnfJJamnlruS (!§016)CWU%3()14 filG:3o CTUoCTUo(()lU%3on o..J(7J)lm6i1llJOoCl0qo6l1S16)fJJ CTUOoCT}?,o(()l<fu (QdCffi6lffiub nij)ml)06ll1 u nij)on ®3G:mJo'U6ll10 (QdCTUcflIll)00cfu(11l). OJ1lOJnD(()lU%3on ow 1l<fuO fJJamn U
.1
~OJmamnlU36)6)');-j3
nij)\&amn~mlG:fJJG:cwo
(7J)6)on
<fu06ll10o.
nij)m. Odcfumm
dhQ/JdhW-
n_J(()0(261TJ(W7ruJO(11)O(IW0U)(WIZJOIJ1) ~}(nJdhO(()([lJor8-
(2dh(()§11J1)(W
dheJ0fllllJFm(()1(W7
1ZJ61TJ70:)QJo§
W061TJO(2n..JOdh((J16)(W(f7Ju
nfJ)(I1() u
ru1fj(2(woQo
n..Jos76)d%)o6nw
m7eJdJ63(f7J
(W7§67JB7m7efdJ63(f7J(W76)ag
gJBOruJ(()61TJIZJ061TJ
(1991,85-86).
ru1
n..J00dJ63(f7J
ru1fjdhu8.
ru1fjdh6)§(f7JO(2eJo
ru1fjdhfj6)S
Q/J0Jj(()741
QJ061TJmdh§fiij 0dW(W71J1)7«J8
U
376)eJ
m7(f7JU
(11)o({)P(()a;H0(f{)(2IZJr?
630(2(()OQJJ QJruJO(()67JB§061TJ~
IIDOQJ(2IJ1)O(2(()O(l1()o
lZJeJlJ1)O§
(f7JQJIJJjIZJ061TJ lZJeJlJ1)o§71JJj6)s ~
1IDO(w7e;o
Q}] (2(f{)rrlf/41
IIDOmJ!Js71J1)76)eJ
ru1s
(2006,114).
(J)oLOcwlruS
Cl0Q<fu6ll1U36)lm
o..JB6lffi~o U
®3fJJre,O(()<fu~m<fu~o u
®3G:611JOWo <fu06ll10o-
(QdOJmamnl U%3(11l)6l1S
nij)on(7J)o6ll1
.2
nij)on
@(7J)U mlmOJ~U%3on,
(()~
1.
~~1
n_J(()06ll1<fuL06)CW
mlfJJcwlruS.
nij)\&(7J)6)');-j3
~wl
nij)~O
o..J(7J) 1l6lffi6)@(OJo
(Qd(7J) CW(J() I@ I OCTUo nij)on a <fuofJJamnl6)aR G:<fuO ~<fu6)@ ~(7J)l<fuub ~(7J) 1l00cw1
0fJJcwo@amnl6)fJJ
<fu0J00CW
ni1lcfllll)00U%3(11l)6l1S
(QdCTUcflIll)00cfuon(7J) U.
.3@amn(()amnle.J~
U (J)OLOO..'l..lm ~<fu@lruS 6)o..JO@G:OJ ~oncwlU36)6)');-j;j (11l)6l1S ~(7J)l(OJ6)S <fuO • fJJ6)amnU%3()l ~~ ~6)(()on mocwm @S6lffil CTUb(J()CW00 6ll1 u ®3;jamn(7J)u. ~~m, o...!l.G:(J)onilm~~ o..J()(OJon(7J)u ~(7J)l(OJ6)S
(J)OLoO<fuO(()m 611JOfJJ~~m
CTUOnDl(7J)1lo..J6lQlJomm,~()U36)ruS
ml(()OJwlG:o..J(ffi6)S
®3G:mJo'U6ll16lffiub
(ffi()c66)OfUamn
u u
G:<fuOfU~mOSu (f)OLOCQl6)S
(lJ06111
~B(Ql(lJ@06)aR
CTD0<fuofU1<fumo(Ql1(ffimn n(j)om1n(j)CTD u
C10qo6rn1fUo6111
<fuOfU6)0(ll)u
_.,jaJ1(®<fuoaJmo(Ql
(f)OLOO<fuOaJaD~6)aJ(ll) fil(ffi
mCD,J@laJ1(Qlo(Ql1(ffimn6)(lJmno ClUOooJlU363mn6rn • U
n(j)\&amn1ruS
~@l(Qll6)eJ ).
aDOCTDY\jo
@@l6)aR
~<fuOUOm0(6)6111(ll)06111u
(J):)
LO <1:16) 5
(I'\)
Jan ((!!!) an
~o'1.l"1m00(Ql <fuO(lJdl@oJ6iffi6)[l6)('QJ~Oo (f)OLO 01c66)(Ql1s~o n(j);jU363(ll)@o(Ql1 m1(Qli@)1~(ffi(ll) @@l6)m u n_JaJ06111<fuLO(Ql06111(f)OLOCQl6)S<'OJo ~<fuaJo. oJ()(QlOo. n(j)(ll)oruS u (ffi()(TI)<fuaJ1U363<fu(Qlo6111 n(j)mn ~eJamn1ruS
rsO(f)(lJ@o ~~(f)OLO
m1I@oJ<fu@ 0qu
(lJdcann00U363mn.
m1mn
(lJd@l_.,jfU1~~
(f)OL06)(Ql
m1mn
mOe.JaJ1@1(Ql1e.J~ ~~6)m
U
CTDJo@i@)d6iffi[l1e.!6)s(Qlo61111@u
6)_.,j<:g;6)@(ll)u
mO(Ql<fumO(Ql
0omlo91l<fu@eJamn1G:eJc66)U
fi)dh06nWQJ(()7 dh(J),Jo
oJaJ1(lJ@amn1?-f1~.
£J,lcfuffiaD @6iffi6)m
nil(lJaJ1U363mn-
rlJO(ll)rrlildh
((J)eJ((Jf(J)7(geJdJ6)
((W)nJr3QJ((J)WOii1TJu
1lJ17i/(f)OLD(J),Jfi)S
fWglmJJOBj
((J)M
1981,39).
U aJ6rn _
rso(f)(lJ@amnl6)eJ
rscannl6)(Ql
m10ru1
aJd00U363<fuCQlo
(ffi()@lmloJ<fuaJo
ClUOomamn
filaJ@LOamn1ruS <funil6lO11J.lml8J U363(ll) L@)o(f)oaJ6)amn 6)<fuo~(lJaJ1 <fuCQlo 6)_.,j~. U 0U,laJ@aJ00(Ql nil<fuoa(6)amn 6)<fuO~(lJ(ll)u <fuo(lJd6)amn6)(Qlo(ll)o6)<fu eJ[ll@(').jo @'D L@)o(f)oaJo CTDrsd@CQl6)S (ffi()@l(ffi<fuuS @amnJ~(TIj)o nil~_.,jos1('QJ@oCQlo m1aJoCTD00CQlo
nil0@uo1c66)6)');-j;jmn.
nil(ffi(ill006)6111mn (lJ(ffi~(lJOaD
~@d0o(Qlm1eJ(Ql1ruS
00q6iffiuS u @@u
(Qg)01U363mn.
~eJamnl6)aR
~@dcM16)');-j;j(ll)@u. m~(Ql1~~
CTDoG:cM1oJ6111o 6)_.,jCQI(ll)@o(Ql1
il"\l_.,jm<fuuS00(®o
£J,lcfuffiaD oJ~
m1aJCTDm(').jo
<fu6)6rn~mn.
CTDoG:cM1oJ6111amn1e.Jo u filw1(lJoU363mn6)(lJ(ll)@06111 •
m1aJCTDmamn1e.Jo @@l6)aR6)(Ql~Oo
~<fuS00cfu(ll) ~6)<fu~<fu
~~Cl}l@lCQlo 6)00amno
CQl(ill(lJ@6111m<fu~o
"-f1:Jsm(Ql1ruS<fuo61110o. ~eJamn1ruS
u G:'{flO<fu6iffi[106111<fuo6llll(ll)6)@ffu1m8 (f)oLO(Ql1e.J6)6rn(ll)@LOo.
(f)OLO(Ql1eJO<fu6)3 8203 u
<fu061110o. (ffi()@O(Ql@U~eJG:amnc66)ouS
nij36)() (lJaJ1<fu®
(ffi()@6)<fu06rn06111 (f)OLO fil(ffi CTDJ@i@)~@1(Qlo6)6111(ll)u <funil<fu[llruS m1mn rs1(ll)00(Ql1 @@" mm<fu1(Ql00(Ql 6)oJ6JJ26iffi~6)S 01<fu(').j0o(Ql1
£J,l«3(Qls1c66)6)');-j;j<fuCQlo6)_.,j~.
mru1m@(Qlo6111
CTDJ@i@)@CQlo
mO(Ql@.6)<fu,2000,29-39).G:0m8');-j()Gml7J) m1(f)0mo
mOfiJ<fuoaJd6iffi~6)S
(ffi()slClUOomawn1m8
(f)OL06)(Ql <fu06llllG:mJOuS u
mlrrrr'
cfu@()100()1
CTDJ@i@)
n(j)aD.
mCD,J@laJ1CQl6)s
m1
aJ1cM161110 @nil6)S
~ u (gC{fjodh67JBg}7 m8 1lJ17i/(f)OLDM
B(f{)rlJa:JjmD((Jf(J)7
oW67JBg}7 fi)eJ
((w)o]}!Jw7(()((Jf(J)7wQn..Jfi)((Jf(J) nq;g(lli(g((Jf(J)!pu
mOEfYfi)((Jf(J)O(lli@(gC{fj0dh67JBfjo
u
n{j)dhOB(f{)a:JjmD((Jf(J)7fi)eJ
(gC{fj0dh67JBfjrlJOii1TJ (f)OLDw7
fWgl WO(()
0.
t£!n..Jmwmfi)((Jf(J)woii1TJ
(g(f)odheJ((Jf(J)7fi)eJ
~(I1)ow7
t£!(gn..JdMdJ-if
1lJ17i/fi)a§
m1(1jJ((J)((Jf(J)7fi)eJ
@1jnJlJ.!1.l(()j
OB7r1f~1367JBOO ~mvo
q)'}/fi)((Jf(J)O(lli((J)Wj
((W)!J((Jf(J)
n{j)mv
(()6I1Sow7
((J)7 (()7if
mOEfY((Jf(J)7mOeJwj
OW67JBg}7 m8
QJOmJ(gB(f{)ow7d!fl n{j)(I1)
37 m8
rlJog7w7
(()7dJ6Jmv
1!lV, QJq;JI0n..JaO(()ii1TJo
dhLDOo(f{)67JBOOdJ6)ow7 mJJ((J)([!!!)rlJOW
rlJo@)rlJow7
fWglw7(()(g((Jf(J)og}0
mJJ((J)([!!!)
§J2r"[J(()s7dhfj6l1S~
n{j)(I1)om8
t£!((Jf(J)(()or3w((Jf(J)7 fi)eJ030fi)dh
dhEfYmdhfjffl%}
fWglw7 (()o
mJ'llI5{f]7dho.
nfJ)mJ7QJ!J1I0fiTTJu fW 7dhqJo
!I!«fIW(()l5o(f)«fIW708
~mJ7 !i)eJ0((J1150(f)o
(f)o@)«fIW708
mJJfW(@)IlJOfiTTJ ~ nfJ)@)CS«fIWO§o
nJmQJl5o(f)«fIWofiTTJ~
150(f)QJfW
atkrri'
DeJsm
QJj..erIDIlJOd%lc71V.
s(()!P7qJnJfiTTJ7
mS«fIW7w7(()7d%lc71V
1999,15-17). u
(J)OLOCOJ6)Sffi)J@<®)@
(Q,lOJ@amn1<1%3(11)6)@(11)(Q,lC@o (@lrm1G:c66)Grn@Grn •
U
6111 @@u OJddl®00cw1 cfu06ll\l(11)@u. @CU (Q,l@J1cwcw1e.!6)scwo6111 n.ij)(11) aJlq)BHso(J)o@6)(11) 6)6)BOJ~@l(]cwo6)sCOJo @@l6)og (6)og
00(')10(')lCOJ(11)@u. (]oJ06)eJ
6)@@lOJo6111 • cfuru1@cwl6)eJ
(Q,lo'1i'lmcfuru1@cfu~o lim(')lnJ~OJ@
Uhl::101c66)6111o n.ij)mDo
n.ij)\&@(11)6)@(11)u
riTWOOO
nJoeJ7qJcsnJO((J1mJ
rmq;@6TW!i)wqJcg}oeJ@6TWmOIJJ,Jtf!f}
@@le.!6)s
limG:mJo'U6111o
~GrnOCW131~.
nJ(')COJ(11)@le.!6)s
m1@G:B(fl)(Q,lcfuo00
n.ij)\&@1
n.ij)6)(ll))ffi>leJo ~CU(11)ruS (J)oLOcw1ruS (Q,l@dUhl::16)<}-j;jmDG:Grno? @s6iffi1cw G:-'>..IOBd6iffiu3 o,)(11)lruS OJ4 U oJ01 G:(fl)ow1 <l%3G:mJOW06111 (J)OLOO(J)O\®o (Q,l@d CW(fl)O~oJ000cw1 m1@OJaD1<1%3(11) m10OJw1 OJWc66)6iffiu3
(Q,l@dUhl::100.fu(11)@u.
.,\
arnn16)(1~ n.J 0 Q 6m u3
(J)oL06)cw<l%3(')l~~ -'>..I@~cfu@lruS m10(ll))00 cfuSmDOJ(ffi(11)OJOB006111 6l01~amnocw1(ffimD6)OJmDo
~
Ih()
mo@lcw<l%3(')l~~ lim@l6)aD o
OJOBo.
IOoJll6111 amnl6)aD0 ! a
ffi)offi)O 00 ..0)
oJ(')COJ(11)@o.
mcm(@jooJll6111do
lim@leJGrnu
00\®00(]61110 u
G:@;j(11)lsamn
limwl6)~;jc66)oaD ~@amn00cw
cfuw1COJo. ~11ij6)og
(J)oLOcw1ruS ~11ijaD u
n.ij)(11) ru1(fl)J6iffi~~lruS
cfuSmDOJ(ffi(11)@u. (J)oLOcw1ruS cfuLOoru1@mmo u G:(fl)o'U006111 0GrnOo@O(J)o OJ~6)@(11)06111u n.ij)(11) (J)OLOCOJ6)S o,)\&OJaD 611JffiV6iffi@06111 • ~11ij6)og u aJlq)GlJdomamn1eJo
@@u
n.ij)aD.n.ij)o.1999,15). .fu;jo611J,ffi)oo,)aDd
00@OoJl@Oc66)~6)S
•
fW!i)mJlJJ,Joi CSIlJ§IlJOWu
nJ7!i)mJw67JBo~(()7qJoa~.2008,26)
mV nJ!i)QJrtJoo
00@)0OJcfuO(fl)6)<}-j3
fWo~2008,385).
!i)dh06Tl5«fIWO!i)Wc71V
!i)~otq{o(2008,30).
ru"lslmloJcfu000cw1
m([1JqJo
mcmnJo
@@lruS
OJ(ffimDGrn - §!2rtJqJo
~aw7qJdhOfiTTJdh7cseJo
/ !i)~0rtJ0QJfW7'iiflQJ!i)mOc71VCSIlJ
m"lru1@neJsmCOJ6)s
aJlq)G:neJoo'Uamnl6)og
~\®006111u
.fu31c66)oeJcfuLO.
(]cfu0@amnl6)og
ffi)oo,)aDdoJUilloamneJamn1ruS u
(]cfu(Q3"lcfu01~
6l(ffi m"1ru1@00cw1(ffimD
mCOJ@1010o(ffiG:s6)@(11)u
6)-'>..ICQI(11) (Q,l@1g!6}ID mCOJ@1010(6)0COJo G:(J)oru16)m n.ij)(11)Oru3 oJ01 oJO e.i1<1%3(11) W@00 oJ~ru16)og
nij36)(') (Q,lGlJdO@006111 • mO;jOJow1cfuu3 limw1cfuo0G:0eJ<I%3G:mJou3 aJlq)Bdo u U G:(J)oru16)mCOJo ffi)o0cM:il<l%36)0(11)06111 .6 n.ij)(11)oruS limc66)oeJamn mCOJ@10100@c66)u oJ(,)COJ(11)@u. lim@u u cfu "lw mo@lc66)o(ffi6)s G:moe.i1cwocw1 (ffimD.
~oJG:cwo(J)lc66)oaD ~11ij6)og
m1(')6ml7J)611JoeJdcfuoeJ
~11ijcfuL06)CW
aJlq)GlJdom1~
cfuru1COJ6)s
eJUhl::1do
mCOJ@10100@ u
G:cfu0@amn1ruS
m"1ru1@-'>..I0d<:§"l( 6)6)Bru1cfu oJ01G:OJo'Uo,)Grnoc66)16)cw;j<l%3cfu6)CW (11)@06111 • OJ@6)0(]CW6)(') @'D@lcfuffi)@rm1 (@lrm1G:c66)Grn@Grn ; u ~oJmcwmamn1ml Cl.,j(')6)<}-j;j(11) m1(')6ml7J)@0611f ~11ij6)og (J)oLOcwl6)eJ CI"\l-'>..lm6)cw(11)@u @ru16)s cfuru1 nij36)(') (Q,lG:@dcfuo
ru1OJ06111amn1ruS
ooOJ01<1%3(11)@u
n(j);j@m
oJ()(Q)6111a-
n_J6I7Dag;08
n_J6I7DmJ
n_Jmwffl%}
(f)OLOCQl6)S oJooamn1
ruS ru ~d){lfHllO(Q) m11"J(Q)1ruS G:.fuaJ@1(Q)00(Q) mCOJ{l))laJ1{l))Jo (ffi3ell6IITl?J,l m02l(@j OoJ2l6111 ~0f},l oJooamn1 ruS
efl m00(Q)
(@j OoJ2l6111 amn1I"Jo 6111 (f)OLO(Q)l6)1"J @01611.KTw6iffiuSU36)" 6)oJOm3uS ~ U 6)6)1"J0(f)1.fu{l))(Q)1I"J06111 @'TI ~Cffi6iffiuS • fiJa§
@6iffi6)m
nflJ (WeiJm)((fIwl
mrDJ(W7m7
rmq; afJm!5oru':&oeJfl!llJ2
rrvo6l1JmD@w7fiJa§O{jo n..JC/!!l_/o@weJ@wl08 C2(f)On..J1Jf'':& 00 (f)7':&(WO{jfiJ5
(WfiJmJWOGm
801
cfb1Y(f)OLD
mowm C2.:&m§@w7fiJa§
~m7(@r1f~§@w7eJoGmu
anamJfiJ@w
cfb1YaV
rrvOllJruJJoC2611Jow@w7fiJa§ omuxuo
rrvom,~.:&(Ww708
0)(W7m7w1.:&m7d361C2mJOOO m7d361«rDfiJru«rD
C2BruBOrrv7.:&fiJ§
rrvo6l1JmDdJ6)om7':&fiJ§ (weJIZIOGm
u
@J1ZI1.:&mGm@w7fiJa§ f!l2!wfiJruQ;!jfiJlZlrzyo
~ g
(20)IZIn..JmIZlOw
rrvOllJruJJ lZIow7
eiJ6I1J7C2(wOn..JmIZlOw
n
( fiJ6JeJo(f)l.:&(W) rrvmJ@w7fiJa§
~
(C2BrurrvJo,@]jf1iZJrrvJo) @!57C2~mmJ
anaw7.:&om@w7fiJaV
u
f!l2aVfiJrurrvfiJlZlaVo
(anam7w7c;ruoffJllJ(W08
(wOC2!POC;ffl%}
~
mOnJ/Iwowl.:&omo)
1Z16TTl1JeJIZIOGm rmq; !5rMJ)7O{jC25(WU(2004,32-33). (ffi3{l)) ClIDo (TUffu @61110(6)(Q)0m3 ~@> 1 ('QJ('QJ06)6111(11)u ~ 1 n(j)o. ~@. aJO<>eJruruOaJ~ @ (TUoOJnD1.fu0o(Q) @rml~oruS u (ffi3G:t1nDo u
~O '1i'l m.funJI {l)).fu@16)1"J (TUOOJnD~ nJlUb.ful"Jmo n(j)\&amn~aD<fu{l))l.fu@l6)1"J '\JGrn1U36)o61111.oomDGrn11998,20(ffi3s(Q)o@6iffiuS n(j)\&amn~m1eJo (TUoOJnD~oJ(fQlJoamnl"Jo 28). ..'lJCOJ.fuOaJ02l0m30 .funJI.fuuS OJ«3.fuuS
611JOU36)lru~(11)lf},l.
n(j)(11)oruS
ruo(Q)l6)~;jU36)oaD
.fuw1CQlo
n(j)(11)06111
G:.fuaJ@1(Q){l))CQl6)s m1()0
oJ.fuaJOaD
@0l~6)ruffu1ruS n(j)(11){l))06111
ruo;B{l)).fuG:@CQlo @sl
.fuoru~(TUffi@@6iffi@lG:I"J.oo
~oJ.fuoa(6)<}-j;jamn1
<fu{l))l.fu@lruS .fuO srrorm 63m3 (TUG:ffu{l))o. J000(Q)6111o .fu1@1<}-j031ruS aJOru61116)oB (ffi3{l))1@>06)amn.oo()14 a nJl0@Ubmamn1ruS G:.fuaJ@amnl6)1"J (@joJ2l(TUJ0Jo m02l1{l))Jamnl6)oB 0()1~ G:Bru(TUJ0Jo .fu SmDrum3(11){l)) U '\JGrnl U36)O 61111.00(11) (ffi3U36)O l"J6)amn
o_JaJo6111amn1ell f},loamn,
<>eJS.fU6iffi@O(Q) @'TI u
(ffi(]ooJm6iffiuS.oo
(TUOOJnD~oJ(fQlJO amnI"Jamn1 ruS (TUoiSnJI.oo(11) {l)).fu lso u rum3(11) o_J{l))l(Q) .fuoG:6111Grn6){l))(11)u ruoaJ~@ u
eJ.fu@o('QJ06111 ruo(Q)l.oo(11){l)) u. (@joJ2l(TUJamn1CTllo G:Bru(TUJamn1CTllo (ffi3U36)OI"J6)amn o_J{l))l Q) ( 0~0 (ffi3wl.fuoaJ611Jm.v6iffi~6)S @@U36)1 0()l.oo(11){l))lruS @]jOf1iZJGmfiJa§
@6iffi6)m
m02l1{l))J6)amnCQlo
rmq;
eJorl0mo
moruGmoB7':&/¥6J5
':&oeJfl!llJ2mso':&mJ eccnoeocuo
anamom.:& ®J@wlC2eJ
n(j)«rDIlJffl%}
rmq;uv Wo
6rJBC2§O!jffl%} n(j)!f@WfdfiJa§
801
(w6rJBOOdJ6)OfiJGm«rD wm7-3jruuvow
rmq;UVWIZIOruGmo
1§0)C2BUV6rJBOO
rmq; w7@w1mmv.
I§qJ51Z1.:&/¥o ':&06I7Dmv.
n_J(W 7w(Wmo
1§6I1JmD6rJB/¥o
f!l2'D @JlZlmoruJ7(WJ
801
C2ru§ n(j)!f@wfd®
n..Jm7~(wlZlow701mJ7m7dJ6)oo(
(TUoaCl]oaJl.fu
~ru@amnm6iffiuS
@<fiil)).funJI.fuuS n(j)mD OJ«3(Q)slU36)6)<}-j3rum36)S .funJlan.fu@lruS <fu{l))1.fu@16)1"JB01{l))0o(Q)laJ1.oo(11) il'"\l~{l))I"J6)amn(Q)o6111u @01.ooG:0ruS oJoo0Jo (ffi3U36)OI"J6)amn @'TI
.fu06111(6)0(11)06111
(TUoOJnD~m1nJ1{l))amnl6)oB m1 aJ1cM161110Jo
(ffi3s(Q)o@6)<}-j;j@m(11)6){l))(11) Cl0qo~.fu@o(Q)l
G:..'lJ@@mru~G:ffilO uS
6)ru@lruoU36)6)<}-j;j(11){l))u
cfuamn.fuoru.fuOUbo
(ffi3{l))l6)m mO{l))lCQl6)s
ml (Q)(Qg)6111owl.fuoaJ6)amn(Q)o6111 • @@G:oJ(6)I"JCQl~
@amna(6)0oaJwl.fuoaJamnl6)oB
(TUOt1,J.fuaJ6111006111 u
(hEb
o~ ~
(TUoOJnD~611Jm.vo cfu6l11lJaDmffilp@
<fu{l))1.fu~0 m1@runD1.oomDGrn .7
(f)OLOCQl6)Scnosoc», G:.fuaJ@amnl6)oB
G:.fuOI"J@mm(6)S(11)
m000
o_J()amno6)6111mD~{l))u
u @rm1G:U36)Grn@Grn •
Cl0qoGrn1CTllOJmJ~
@S ~~
G:.fuaJ@amnlruSm1mD
(TUooCl]oaJl.fu<>eJsmCQl0o(Q)1
oJl. 6)<fu,2008,238).
~(ffi)<fuo(()6ll)6iffim
6)<fu06rn06ll)u
@@u
(]<fu(Q3"1<fu@00(Ql (()O§;t@(()6ll)o @nil6)sCQl6rno(Ql1aB(ffi). 0qls6iffi§leJ6rno(Ql1aB(ll) aroru@U363 nJ@l@Jo mffiJ@1(()100(()lruS ~6rno(Ql1aB(ffi). n(j)(ll) 6)-'l..lCQIo aD
2. mlrrro
aro@lmoruS rs1(ll)00(Ql1
3.
(]<fu(()§amnlruS aro@lmoruS
mffiJ@1(()100@ (]<fuoeJ~mosl6)m
arow1m1(]ruuo1-"zilaB(ll)1~ nilUO<fufUmo
0aB0cfl6)amnO(Ql0Jo (]0eJ§g!
(]<fu(()§amnl6)aR
(]nJ06)eJ(QlO(QllaB(ffi)6)ru(ffi)o
(!§01CQl6)s
o
<fu(()1lamn1eJo 00§g!
~
§;to@l(]cfl6)o~CQl6)SCQlo n(j)6iffi6)m('QJo(]6ll)o
rroo OJnD1100 c» (Qd@"1<fuoaJl2l<fuow1<fuo(()amnl6)aDCQlo (Qd(](Qlo([)6iffi§leJo @1jonill6ll)ow1nJ@1lo (Qdru@amn1-".J@u aro6)@06)cfl6) (]<fuoeJ~moslmU363014 (Qdwom ruoB6iffim @ru(QlO6ll)u-1. @nil6)SCQlo
@s6iffi§lruS
m1(()ruwl6)(Ql\&@1(Ql
nJi@)6rnOoOQJqo6rn1ruS
@@cfl6)o ~6rno(Ql@l6)aR
o..OeJ00(Qll
~(U91l@Jo
(]<fuoeJamn1(()1
<fu@6ll)OS<fu(Q)o06iffi§lruS ~
237
m~
(Qd(]BUOo @1jnillffi)J0o(Ql1
6)-'l..lCSl. @ru6)(()
(1996,171,119,). 2. (()o§;tow1nJ@
(Qd@> 1(Ql~
nJCQlCTTq)@ OJ@eJO(Ql
(]<fuoeJ~mosl6)eJ
@1jonill6ll)owlnJ@1lamn1mu
=s=
m1eJml(ll)laB(ll)@O(Ql1 <fuom~(()ffi]eJamnl6)eJ
aro@l6)aR
aroS(QlO§006ll)u
@1jOnill6ll)(()06)6ll)(ll)
ruoffi,Jo_J(()o ffi)Jo01(Qlo(()o(Ql1aB(ffi)
0~o
1996, 59).
(]cM::I\®o(]nJ06)eJ <fuseJO(Ql1
3. ruaD(]@o@lruS
ffi)ffi](ll)0J0o(Ql1aB(ffi). (@l"1<fu~(]cM::I\®o (]<fuoeJ~mo316)eJ <fuO m~(()ffi]fJJo. (]cM::I\®6iffi~o 4.nJCQlCTTq)@
0~o
(]cM::I\®6iffi~o @'D
@nil6)sCQl6rno(QllaB(ffi).
@cflIll)l(Qdcruoomo
(®nJ6)<}-j31aB(ffi).
@@l6)aR
(]ruBOW 1lcM::ImO(Ql
ffi)Jo01 (QlOaB6)S
0~rs O([)6iffi§O (Ql 6)nJaB6@Jrqj@cfl6)!P<fuO,nJCQlCTTq)@cfl6)!P<fuo n(j)(ll)l6iffi6)m @1jOnill6ll)aB6)S ru1lonJmo mSU363(ffi)6rn • aro(ll)o nJ(()~(()006)aR nil§CQl(ll) U
arocfl6)oeJ6)amn
01<fu-".J
rnaosrrn
aro@LOamn1ruS @nilso
aroCTTq)6)(()(ll)o(QllaB(ll)ru(]\® rs(()l-"zilaB(ll)ru(()o6ll)u
aro@l6)aR
(]cM::I\®(Qd@l"'151CQlo ~6rnu.
@O!Pcfl6)03u aroill1l0002l0@. @'D m1 (()"1cM::16ll)6iffi§l8J6)s UOcfllll)00(Ql (!§01CQl6)s ~'TI(()O~CQlo aronil;j6)amn (Qdo~m<fuoeJo ffi)6@J(()lU363(]ffi]om <fuO smo aD <fu!p1 CQl(ll) <fuO(() 1l
@1jonill6ll)owlnJ@1l0Jo (]0eJ§g!
0~o
aro@l6)aR
aro6iffi6)m
rscfllll)lCQlo
~S0cruo@CQlo @ru(()leJo(Ql1aB(ffi)
(6)(ll).@1jOnill6ll)@U363 63aBnJ(]cM::I
(1996,117).
ffi)6iffi~o aroru@
nJeJ@S
o::0~-"zil(()lcfl6)Oo.
6)-'l..leJamn1(QllaB(ll)@o(Qll
~n9:iI<furuouoamnl6)aR <fuO(()6ll)00(Ql1aB6)(ll)(ll)U
aro®eJaD
nJ0('QJO 6lTII7J)@U
nJ!P06)(Ql\&@1(Ql (]ru(®(ll)l(Ql@o(Ql
(1998,63).
@'TI ~(()1low1nJ@1lo
~!pamn1ruS
@1jOnill6ll)<fu"1!po~(Ql~
@1jonill6ll)rscfllll)l6)(QlU363014 U
<fu6J,1laDmo(QlaB6)s
(U)(Ql01U36301'kj<fu6)§
6)<fu.6)<fu.n(j)aD Mql}-( @@u nil uoB"1<fu(()1 U363(ffi)6rn 8 • ~UJm1<fu@CQl6)s nJ(()l(]uoowlU363(ll) eJrs1l00M(ffi)6rnu. aro(]m<fuo (]eJO([)6)aR ~(()o@amn1ruS (]<fuoeJ~mo31ruS ffi)orsnilU363(ll) 00q6iffi~6)S ffi)Ooo::hlo(()l<fuorucruo
(]eJO([)6)aR
niluoB"1<fu(()6ll)6iffi§lruS
aronil;j6)amn
mffiJ@1(()10oaB6)sCQlo ~ml)(()1<fu0o(Ql1
(()O§;tOcfl6)02l0aB6)SCQlo
06)qOaB ~\®o
(()O§;t1lo
l'l1
(]<fuoeJamn1(()100@ mO;j<fu§o(Ql1
@cfl6)OeJ00M(]ffi](]!PU3630 ~1(ll)@1(ll)000J<fuCQlo
l'l1
WD«))1<fu00CQlo
uo1LOleJ00M<fuCQlo
6)-'l..lq<fus l
arors1(Qdo(Qlamn1ruS
ru§6)(()U36304
mffiJ@1(()100(](()
@llllcwwl<fuo(()amnl6)oB
(2(3OO«fIW7fiJeJ
@'TI
u
nJI(fOB1<fu(()6ll1amnlm3
rW6?1BptfiJS mos:
<fu06ll10o. (2dhoeJ«fIW7(()7moa7fiJej
(()6I1S«fIWO dhmJm7dJ6l u
aean-aasooos»
f§!J/Ja'1n'l;jdh00dID 1lJrrlil
rmaw'1mfiJ<;f_f!j«fIW7011rWOlimrrum0i5o.
(()7 dJ6lmJrW
0117 S6?1BuD
m7
mDtflff}
nJ0a 0
QI06?1B7011dhS«fIW7(2eJdID
(()omoQJ]fiJm(2'J-!oeJo nJlim01lfiJ'J-/fj fiJnJfjmJ7fiJ,&!mJ QI!1JlrW u dhmJm7fiJ01I QJ]rrl1IlJ«fIW7ejOdID7fiJ01ImD gJsmJs7 (2QIlimo «fIW7 011 dh01rWOrW. dh(()oail(()7QJ]«J8 mS«fIW7011 (@)llJo
((VJjl!!JJ)dID(2ff}Wjo
gJuDfiJ'}Ifj«fIW7fiJdID06l1S
rma-z/([lJ001llJoWj6l1S0dID7011 rW6?1BfifiJS
nJ(()7,,%/(()7dIDOOO §!2SfiJnJs«J8
@]jOflilJlimn./(2(()onD7rWfiJ(() §!2rtyfiJ'}I§7tj£gJ'DmJ«J8
§!2o\{j1n'l;jdhmJm7fiJdIDrW7(()OdID7. 0j6TWWdhO(()(2a§rW'
dhO(()j «fIW7«J8
dhmJm7WjfiJs
@]jOflilJIim0dJ6l_
(2009,255). 63(11)ocwlmKl1ll
@'TI
~@)o
m~(11)ilir @llllG:Ill8.j~
m03l6)eJ
(()O§;tonJIcmG:nJo8.jo
u
«))6)oB
@o(J)l«))amnlm
<fu 'WlllmamnOaD
nJqoamn
mCD,J«))l(()llllo(ID6)s
arowl<fuO(()o
nfj)(11)«))u ®rmlU36)6ll10. u
nfj)~6)<fu06rn06ll1u
63(()wl<fuo(()OJo @E&j(6)CW(11)«))06ll1 @«))u 6)«))§lcwlcfl63(11)«))u. aro«))U «))l<fu"'<lo OJW6lrBOaD nJI CTUIllIll«))l cfl63(11)«))06ll1 nfj)«))l m~ 6)oB U aro«))l6)eJ aroG:\l_pu8 §;t02lamnl6)oB <>eJsm
CTUJ«))®Il106ll1~ mlq)U,)ml <fuIllOCW (2d@jl cw~G:nJo8.jo nfj)(11)«))06ll1 u @1I13'n'l;j<fuom6)U36)«))1G:(()CD,l6rnoM(11) OJCl}l«)) «))1m~o G:OJ()13,
@1IOoQl6ll1(ID6)S nfj)E&jo
CT\.l-,,_Im.
ml(l1llo
m03l6)eJ
arowl<fuo(()amnlm8 u
nJlOJ<fiil))IllOCW mlq)-'l.J(g3«))O(()o
nfj)(11)«))06ll1 •
Q:)l2Imc.!!:lOJsl.a.u3
(J)oLOcwlm8 @SU36)o OJ«))m8 nJeJ«))(()amnlm8 mlq)OJmamnlcfl63(11) CTUnJlG:(J()o'UIllOCW CTUffi>~mlllocwl mleJo,
-6i'i'5
0
@Illl
nfj)(11)«))u.
@Illl,
@«))eJo,
nJo(()lso,
OJcwm8
nfj)(11)l6lrB6)m
@llllCD,l6)s
lll6J,;Ql6)oB
Ill()o
'6
@sl
ml(()(TI))(()o mlq)OJmamnlcfl63(11)«))ocwlU36)o6ll1oo.tfu,,'H6)aD
Ill~o ~~oBl~cfl63(11)«))u
aroU36)oeJ6)amn
dheJWjo
CTUnJlG:(J()o'UIllOCW(()o~cw6)amncwo6)6ll1(11)u
«UJJej((vEfhEfYfiJ«fIW'J-!r?7
@.nJI.(()O§;tG:(J)onJoeJaD
OJ..'l<fiil))IllOcfl63(l1ll.«UJJeJqjo
-1lJ1!i!(/)OlD01I7fiJeJ
6301 i5'DrW 7dh QJ]~O(() 0 nfj)(11) (2d6llJ(TU)amnl m8 aroG:l3nDo tfu'11il@<fiil))lCD,lo()o§;t@<fiil))lCD,lo ( «))1llIll18.j~ nfj)(11) (ffi(]eJOJ ..'l J(ffi(]~ O Ill' G:(ID lll6)qO(ID
(J)OL06)CW mlm6ll1cwlcfl63(11)«))u
~eJ
BJffiamnle.!6)scwo6ll1 OJ..'lOJ(ffi(]
nJ()CD,l(11)«)) U u aro«))u
(ffi(]onJI cfl63(l1ll.
«oomoosrrxrro
G:(J)oOJmwG:mormo(()6ll1amnlm8 (2d6lJpnJlcfl63(11)«))06ll1 u u
(IDOaD mlffiG:B(J()lcfl63(11)
arowl<fuo(()l
<fu06l1ll(11)«))u. aro6lrB6)m
@«))eJ6)amncfl63()l"'<l~
<funJICD,l6)S CTUffi>~6lrBu8
@'D«))l<fu«))6)cwcfl63()l"'<l~
(21lJ«J8
mlq)G:<>eJoo'U6)amncwo6ll1
rmaW7dhO(()«fIW7fiJn§ «UJJeJ7dhrWWjfiJS QIeJ7011dhaJl.
<fuo6ll1l cfl63(11)«))unfj)(11)G:l3nDo
QI01aDfl!!o (3700 ..... i5(/)QIOOO
nJ()CD,l(l1ll. aroG:l3nDo
«UJJeJo
m7011([!!!)limo i5Q]rW7dh
rmG6?1BfiJm
~(()7@)QIrWdn
1lJ1!i!(/)OlD01I7fiJeJ
1lJ1!i!(/)OlD01I7e;fiJs
§!2'D
«UJJeJ«fIW7«J8
(2mfjmJ
rmaw'1OOrWJ«fIW7fiJn§.
((VorleJ0rrl16?1BptfiJSWjo 0 fl!!s6?1B7011rW
u
dhlDnJOWjmJrW7e;fiJs
§!2m7(()(())mDfiJs
n{j)fiJmJ!g(())7
6301 IlJnDOdhOQIJ
fWgl
i5(()limow7nJfiJn§
rmaW7dhO(()fiJ«fIW
mJ001I1dh
(()7dJ6ldh@!s7
fiJ~CIJmD6I1S~
(2004,18)'
@llll6)cwcfl63()l"'<l~ ~SIll(ffi(]«))6)~«))l
n_J«))l6)cwo(ID ~SIllOOJ<fuO(J()o CTUo§;tO«))IllOM(11) <>eJ3amnleJo6ll1u G:(() ~6rno('QJ <fuomo91l <fu CTUIll(()6lrBu8 @'TI (J)oLOcwlm8
@«))u mScfl63(11)6)«))(l1llo
<fuoOJ..'l mnl6)m«))lG:(()CD,l~ a
(2d(ID..'lcM16)'}-j~(11) aroeJffi>O(()6lrB~o
<fu~m<fu~o
<fuoeJamnl6)eJ
arowlmlG:OJ(J()
@S~(l1ll6)OJ(11)@o @G:6lrBO§o
lll6J,;Ql6)mCD,lo
nJI@OJ6lrB6)§CD,lo
CTUo<>eJmo'U6lrBu8 G:<fu(()§amnlm8
mScfl63(l1ll6)OJ(11)@o
(J)OLOCD,l6)S CTUOOJnD..'l«))6)CW
u mlq)OJmamnlcfl63(11) OJOcfl63o OJ..'lOJnDO(()OJo @llllcwo6ll1 • IlllU36)cwls~o <fu06ll10o. (J)OLOCD,l6)S ~eJnJlo'Ucwo «))6)(11) @Illl U «))§m(11)l(()lcfl63(l1ll6)OJ(l1llo mlq) @o(()amnlm8
IlJmJQIfiJ(()f#rj0010 63(2afiJ0(2'J-!0mD
rao91l~(()lcfl63(11)6)OJ(l1llo tfu'11il6)oB
6)<fu06rn
G:IllO~ ~cfl63<fuCW06ll1u
rmanwIlJ7f#rj0fiJrWo01
ailOdID01IOfiJeJ
i50(()o
fiJdhO(2611SQmJ
nJoeJ1"'<l6)<fuo~OJomo6ll1u
(l))6Km. @6lffi6)mCDJ~
<fuLOcwlmS ml(()OJwlcwlsamlf
@llllcw<fl63()l~
OJ1lOJaDO(()6lffiuS millmD.
(};nJrtJliJnJ~ m71iJ(l1xJcW (};flIr37m7rwoOO' ... (};QJr3mnJIiJ6I1SocW (};flIr3JmJw7«J8. ..... nJomJso flI(I1)7So nJm741 @Om0lWIiJ0lW0lW1rtJ0lWJmv. (};~cW(I1) @omliJflIl2Joo. ....
ou
....
(};flIr3JmJrw(l1()IiJS nJomo(};rwo
(};QJr3m(};nJOdJ6JQJoo
. m1 .
(};nJO(};dhiiTTJo I§rwl2Jo
rw(l1)708 .
l§rrl1iiTTJflI(};(iipw7.
I§@omo
rw1rtJdJ6JQJOOO' .
I§rwl2JliJflI671lJo mS(I1()
m7671Bu8 ....
I§flI7nJ(12JortJliJdJ6)fiijOo I§rwJr3fl1oO{jif!ff! I§flI7O{jo nJortJdJ6)7l217QJ(I1)w1mo @'TI @Illl CTUffu~amnlmS nJfJJcwlsamnocwl mlq)OJ0amnl<fl63(11)(l))ocwl <fu(611)00. ~~6)m @llllCDJ6)s (Gmwl<fu0(()lcwOU36l11ll0q(11) (()~ (1jJg}671lJIiJ(I1)o(};mofllm(};41QJs7 ~<.®6lffiuS m~liJdhO~o u @'TI <funJI
n.ij)(11)(l))0611)u. (()6l1S01llG:amn(l))u- (1jJCfi)J671Bfflif!ff!708 wm741QJoo CTUffu~6lffi6)§ffu 11"J0 @llllCDJlllocwl G:_.,j0~ G:fJJO<fu6)amnCDJo CTUJOIDo ~~lmS mlq)nJI~o (()0J1ll0cwl G:_.,j0~OJ~G:ffilOuS <fuO~OB6lffiuS
0
n.ij)(11)(l))0611)u. ~~6)1
~0ID1<fl63G:ffilouS
1ll0q6)<}-j;j(11)(l))0cwlU36l(611)Oo. ~~l
mlq)(()0@1<fl63(11)@(l))6)(11)
G:B(fl)1<fumoL06)1(
~(ll3nJ16)1) ~"'H6)m
-;en
nJ(l))l6mllJ)6)nJosl6)cw ml(()OID(()o
oJl (11)1SU
nJfJJ(l))(()amnlmS
nJOB6lffiuS
Mmll;j(11)(l))OCDJo
'6
§!2dJ6)Ol2Jo •••••
m7(11()liJs
@dJ6)OIiJI2J(I1)J671BliJm @cflIll)l6)cwCDJo
(};nJOcWflI7'J-pm7sliJ0lW,
§!2'J-1or3(0)(I1)71iJ12J OJmmo.
m7(};~OcWflIomrruo
(2008,32,42).(fl)cflIll)llloCW
(ffi3(l))1(fl)cflIll)mocw 6)6)BnJI<fu(l))6)CW, (ffi3wl <fuO(()6)amn @nJl6)S(ffi30LOIll0<fl63(11)(l))u mlq) OJCTUnJl6)m 6)OJQo mlCTUo(()lllocwl ~ @1ll16)('QJ <fu !psU36llcwOJ(ll36)S 1 nIDIl1(611)u. ~~6)1 nJOBo Q.)(l))G:fJJ 611)u
ceo ()
nJ()6mllJ)omS
<fu !psU36ll6)cw(11)o611)u. 1
@llll<fl63
@o'U611)IllOCW <fuO~OB6lffiuS
(ffi3SCWO §1ll0 611)u. ml (()0ID(()0 @llll<fl63G:lllmS G:<fu(()§amnlmS (ffi3OJ<fuO(fl)OJoBQ.)(11)cwl <fl63(11)OJ(ll36)S ~ (ffi3wl<fuo(()lllocwl <funJI(l)) 1ll0G:OJfJJ1U36lLOcwlmS (Q,lni0amnl<fl63(11)(l))u n.ij)!&@(11) <fuofJJamn" @nJl6)S G:_.,j0~ni_'),pmS
-'LI0J3lamno~fJJ16)1
nJOB6lffi~6)S
CTUooCl]Q(()1<fuw01ll0
n.ij)OIDocwl(ll3mD6)OJmD OJocwm<fuuS
~(l))1llllocwlU36lo611)Oo.
OJ1lcfllll)IllO<fl63mD6l1Su. ~G:(J)JBo
U
(ffi3OJ(l))(()l'}-(l<fl63(11)(l))u.
6llJfJJ1
OJolllm6)1
fJJcM11l0
63(ll3<fuOfJJ6)amn
OJocwlfJJo<fl63G:ffilouS IiJnJo671B7@Jl}s671B7mooo
OJocwlfJJ1(ll3(11)u
dh6l1S671B7m7dJ6)(};QJ
QJOfllmliJm(l1)(};nJOIiJI2J Illlamnocw
~~m
<fuofJJamnl6)fJJ
CTUOQ.)aD 1lCTUffu~amnl6)1
(ffi3wl <fu0(()6)amn<fl63()l"'<l~
~uS<}-j6)SCDJ~
G:fJJO<fu6lffi6)§6)CW 0 nJI !&6lffilcwl (()1<fl63(11)@0 (l))lIQllmS nJ(()C1}l(()6llJm.l)l (l))1ll0CW, a_J(()611)IllOCW ~o ~ (J)OLOcwlmS @OJ mlq)OJ0amnl"'<l0J(ll3(11)(l)) U. llll6)cw @ Q.)!&OJm <fu !PS<fl63OJO(Tllo 1
<.®6lffi§(611)u.
(ffi3@6)<fu06l1S0611)u (l))6)1
<fu !psU36llcw 1
@llll6)cw6)cw~oo
CTUIIQl(l))lG:m;jOJo(Tll~
(ffi3(l))0(J)1<fu(()1'}-(l<fl63OJo(Tll~
~nJowlcwo
'6
<fuO(()1llllocw@cflIll)lcwl6)~ffull"Jo
~~6)m(11)
@OID1lm CTUOQ.)aD1l .,j(()l<.®o CTUJ';JfJJlllocwlG:nJol"Jo nJ(()lG:(fl)owl-"z1omS <fu(611)00J(11) OJ~(l)) _ (ffi3(l))o@<fuofJJ6)amn (®nJ0Jo (ffi3wl <fuO(()(®nJ6lffi~o (l))lIQlll"J~
(Q,lOJ0amnl-"zll(ll3(11)(l))u (ffi3wl<fu0(()amnl6)1
mleJcwleJocwlm3(11)6)QJ(m
(ffi3()loJl6)og
n(j)E&jOo(]06lJeJ<fu6)§CD,l0
(ffi3wlml(]QJuol~,O'glqo~<fu(]§O§o oJ()6IlmnomS
i1"\lcM::I00cwl
oJl0@uol~
mS(11)(l))~1999,256-283). QJ@amnl~6)QJ(11)(l))o6ll)u
@dl®l~m.illom<1Jo
(ffi3wl<fuo(()amnl6)og @(l))lmS
mpcw1<fu(()6ll)00cwl
oJl0@UOmOiliTll<fu00<l%3(11) u
"-flIS<fuo.
(J)OLOoJ()CD,l(11) ~~@dl®l
6)<fuO CTUOo611.il CD,l0 (ffi3o(]611JB <fuqo oJlQJ(()l <I%3(11)(l)) ~B..'l <fuOeJ ~~aD u. 63m3 mocsosl U nJl8J cOOoeJamn 0~§.§ o_J(()06ll)61ffi6)§6)CWE&jOo~~:i1 (]~@amn @1j Onfll6ll)OUOCW61ffi~6)S UOdl®mo CW 00()16)CWmDo @(l))u mS(11)(l))U (ffi3eJm06rnq6)S ~@J06ll)amnl(1ll (]uoctJ:j00cwlm3mD6)QJmDo
(J)1(l))6)cw(11) ~uoCWOQJ8l1cwle"J6)s
~~aD
(J)OLO~;j(l))mS ~'D(11)mS 6)<fuO;j<l%3(11)(](J)onJl<fuO<fuOQ,l<fu(lll00CW ~~(Illo 0W..'l <fuoeJ(]amn06)S ®1 ~~@dl®l6)cw ~(l))l<fu~o (]<fu(()§amnl e.Jo ~~@ (]<fu(Q31<fu(()1 ~ (()~cOO6)<}-j;j (11)(l)) U
~~(J)oLoffil
(]uoctJ:jo a.J(TI))omo
<fuO(() ..'l00 c»
(](J)o<.®<fuoeJamn U @1jOnfll6ll)m36)S
(!§0l~s0m.ill(l))cwl
E&jocwlm3mD6)QJmDo <fuo@o91l<fu-~~o
<fuSmDQJ(()(]QJ06)SCW06ll)U §;to(l))lQJ..'lQJm.illcwle"J6)s
oJl(]WCW00 cfu(11)6)(l))mDo
(!§0l6)cwE&joo o_J(](() nDl (l))m30 ~iliTll1 CWm300CW @1jonfll6ll)(()l(]eJ<1%3 (]oJO cfu<fuCD,lo §;tmll (l))Jo ~S6)eJ;j<l%3<fuCD,l 6) -'>..lCj3l6)QJmDo O 0 U <fu w §;to(l))l OOO@ 1 C (ffi3sl0<fu§o<1J<fuCD,l0 (!§<1JS0m.ill(l)) (ffi3QJ@<1%3 eJ@..'l0o<fuo(l))1(()l<1%3<fuCD,l0 6)-'>..lCj3l6)QJmDQ,l§.§(l))06ll)u 6)oJo@(]QJCD,l§,§ ®0l~6)QJffule.Jo QJo('QJm. (ffi3wlml(]QJuoamnle"J6)s<'OJ§.§ ~UJml<fu(l))CD,l6)s QJ(()or o_(]~(U)8l1CTU6)amn "-flIsm<fu6)§CD,lo mleJml@amnoaD
(]-'>..lOB..'lo6)-'>..lCQ!<fuCD,l0 fJJ@..'l00cfu(11)
mleJml
CTUOW..'l00<1J<fuCD,l0 6)-'>..lCj3l.n(j)(11)omS
63m3 <fuQ,£<}-josl6)m
(!§0lcwlmS mlcw00
oJ6ll)l6)cw;j<l%3(11) ml@0l~
~6rnocwlm3mD6)QJffule.Jo (ffi3(l))U~UJml<fu (ffi3@LOamnle.J§.§ U <fu@ctJ:j<fum (!§0lcwlmS (ffi3QJ<fuouoQ,l6rnocwlm3(11)6)QJmDo 6)<fuo(]§o6ll)lcwmS uodl®l<fu~6)s @S6)oJseJ06ll)u @oJl6)S
<fuo@o91l<fu611JffiVamnlmS
m10o.i~~6)(l))mD006ll)u
(ffi3(l))l6)og
~(]cM::Io@<1J00cwl
(]eJo(J)6)og
WO(()6ll)<fu6)§
ml8J<1%3(11)
(!§0lcwl mS mlcw0<1Jo
(!§<1JS0m.ill(l))CD,l 0
<fuo@o91l<fumlcfu(l))lCD,lo ~o91lcoo(6)(()
cfusl6)cwowl'}-jl
§;tmll ffil
63wl'}-jlcOOomo<1J00cwlm3(11)16)E&jmDo n(j)(11)omS u (ffi3o.i(](()Owl "'<l6)<fu06rn (!§mlcfu(l))l (ffi3sl(]~~~(]<}-jom @1I131o'1j<fuO@ §;tml10(6)(() (!§01CD,l6)s oJ(()la.J@6ll) ~S0m.ill(l))CWE&j
QJo6mJmJ@Q
oJ()6ml7J)(l))u.
<"qI(]()ooJ..'l D a
(()1(l))1 cwle.J§.§
QJ..'ldl®00<l%3(11) (ffi3(]l3nDamnl6)og
1§1ZJ70{j1ZJo(J1)7 mJmD6)'J-/a QJo6mJmJ@o
(TV 0 mdMiJdJ63dh
QJ§6)(() ~CTUdl®006ll)u-
lZJeJ(J1)o§7
aiJefdJ63mJ@o
1ZJfi[!J'f}J
((JI(JQJdhO(f{)IZJOIim; ((JI(JQJdhO(f{)IlJf!§
«UJJomlZJom671BffPIim": cfbrrlf70:JQJ«fIW7
6).!1.l,¥/(W06)limmDo
Cf6'C?oonJJ
a8
aiJefdJ63mJ@o (wo~Fi)J671Bua
(!§0l611JffiVo
aiJ (5OQJmo
tJ.?O(W7dJ6)O«J)6)5
)(ffi3(]l3nDo
QJ..'ldl®00 <l%3mD.
nij36)() ~(~.l){()lcOO6)<}-j;j(11) (]eJo(J)6)og §;tmll6)cwCD,lo (ffi3wl ~(l))<1Jo (ffi3(]!3nDamnl6)og cfuslcw(6)mCD,l(]0 (ffi3(]!3nDo <fu06llllmD~
(!§0loJluo<fueJmo n(j)(11)(l))06ll)u.
®mn~omS @oJl;j6)amn
eJ@..'l00<l%3(11)@006)6ll)mD006ll)u ml@6ll)cwl<1%3(11)(l))U
(!§0l611JffiV61ffi6)§
mO(l))lCW06)611X11)06rrr ml3(]I}nDamnl6)og
ml3(]1}"li)0
oJ()CD,l(11)mr.
ml3@1m8
oJ611)l6)cw;jc663(11) @am11"J§.§
<fu1WO§6)(()c663()l.~r 6llJffil)amnlm u
<fuO(()d006)CWOmDo m~cwl6)~(11)u
(lJOBGlffi§lm8
gQ~.(]fJJo([)m
cfuslcwo(Tllo
ml3s1cwoaBo
~'D(11)m8
n.ij)(11)om8 mocw(l2lQ@ (lJM(11) <fu@ctJ:j<fu6)(()CD,l0 cfuslcwoml(6)(()CD,lo cfu()14 ~S0o(lJ<fuo(J()016)~mDo mCOJ@l(()lc663o cfuslcwom u ml3LO(lJO ~cdi1U36lo(()(Tll@sl 00<.®0 oJffi,§.§ oJffi,§.§
@~S00(lJ<fuO(J()00611)6)@(11)u 0fJJ6llJo()1m8
(lJOBlc663(]cruou8 ml3(]t]nDo
mOCW@c663o
@016llJffil)00611)u
mlfJJml(11)6)@(11)o611)u ~6l1S0CW@u.
ffi)(lJ@611)(()1@ (]fJJO([)6)og
mlfJJmlefc663(11) (lJOB0.jo
ffi)o"-f1l@ctJ:jGlffiu8 (@}Jl36)m@1(](()CD,l§,§
(lJ@([)oJ(()00cwl
ml(()1cM1611)0.jo 6)@owlm8
000@(J()m0.j00611)u. 630(](()O
n.ij)(11)om8 mo@lU36lo@c663o
@(lJwl<fuo(()0.jo mlUQlJl@
ml3@l6)fJJ
mo@loJ(()00cw
ml3(lJ<fuo(J()Glffi§(Tllffi)(()l~§.§ @3(6)@
(lJd(lJcruo6)CW
cM11611)0
mmGlffiu8
n_JfJJCW(()SU36l£J,l§,§ ml3s10<fu~6)s
dh 51dh 15'J-/owl m1dJ6)1 liJdJ6)o!j((Jf(J) m7(I7Dif!ff!
ml3(lJcruo
Bcwm1cw0(6)611)mD
ml3(]t]nDo
dh
oJ()CD,lmD-
((J)6rJT3flIiJ5
CJ8
!I!6n50dhO((Jf(J)
dhOeJ(g((Jf(J)O§o
WLD00LD
((Jf(J)7 1iJn§
rma0LDo
IiJ~QIlJ0dJ6)
UIlJrru7 eJoqJdhw7lffi/...2009,
119).
ml3@OCW@U
@01cwlm8
ml3(lJ<fuo(J()Glffi6)§omD01~, oJo14
@laB(lJ@Oo@()l6)fJJ
oo(J()B00cwl
ffi)O£J,l(lJm8 6)091Qo
@(lJwl<fuo(()6)amn
mCOJ@l(()lCD,lo mOCWaBo <fuW16Ilmnom8 mlq)@c6630 @01CD,l6)s (]0fJJwl<fuO(()0 mlq)..'l.lO(()on.ij)(11) oJBamnlm8 mlnDl@00cwl(()1c663(11) mo@lcwwl<fuo(()0.jo
mo@lcwo..'l.lo(()00611)u. gQoo;j6)amn
n_J()~
@(lJwl<fuo(()amnl6)og
<fulSc663(11)@U mo@l6)cw(11)
(2dC@amnlfJJo611)u
m~o@l(()lc663<fuCD,lo ml3(lJaB6)S
611Jm1Jo
(lJOBGlffieJlm8
((J){]flJ7~o 1iJ~W1((J)~ 801
(lJOBGlffiu8
gQamn(()amnlfJJocwl-
dh57WOr1Do
IiJQJQo
n..J6I1J((Jf(J)71iJn§ 611Jm1JIlJOdJ6JdhW06l1J
(§!]/Igj1rrl;jdh00
mleioeo
pl'J-/1dJ!i){(J8
120).
QJ(11) m([l)OQJdhOUVo (§!]/Igj1rrl:f m7w1lJOQJeilfJ:1j1iJ5
(.f)(g6l1JUV n{j)!ff!l!(I1()-dh
1pU QJPdJ!i)6rJT3flo
llJ(()jOBdhflo llJoo7w((J)U
rma57mJ.JJom((Jf(J)7~if!ff! llJog6rJT3§708
(!!frruJ((Jf(J)QJdhouvllJow7 m([l)7fJ:1j1iJ 5
8(11)06l1J ~
dh06l1JdJ6)0010
IiJdho(g§06l1J7W08
liJ6JdhQJUVIlJif!ff! dhPlqJif!ff!
!I!n..J(gwO(.f)ldJ6JQJOr1Do
57dhliJ§fJ:1jo
m([l)7QJ0(.f)1iJ((Jf(J)
OJ)n'1;j14.
1997,163).
(g1lJ~if!ff!
ffi)1.6)<fu.
<fu(()10 n.ij)\&@t1Th-
mJ.JJeJ6rJT3flIiJ5
!ffIq;w7n..J((J)j ((Jf(J)708
dhQJ]~if!ff!
rmawldho(()IiJIlJO(I7Do
m([l)1IlJo0dJ6)U
rDJ((J)7(()7IlJO(()OWO~o (g1lJ~(gdJ6)0Ct:Jl(gwo!jo
(()omoQJowo~o If!!57wo6l1J
u
§Q'D
llJogo
137-38).
@o(()74/" m7dh((J)7 nfiJ01iJ'J-/!j((Jf(J)7... ... mO!jQJop7((Jf(J) rmaW7dhO(()(g1lJ
n.ij)\&@mD-
(§!]/Igj1rrl:f
80(g(()O
§Q6FJ1l(!!fllJldJ6]o
n..J(()IlJOW7dhO(()7wow
m([l)7dJ6)U
(!!f1lJ7w708
n..J(()71lJ7((J)IlJOW
QJj QJmJ.JJfJ:1j6n50W701(11)7ljJ
W(gLDrrl-Jo n..JOgjo §Q'D50dJ!i)Om
(!!fm7dhiW7
rruf,!J]JBOWo mw.
m([l)7IlJoliJ(()
(!!f1lJ7fJ:1j1iJ5n..J(()IlJOW7dhO(()7dh§OdJ6)7 QJjon..JdhllJowl
llJog?
dh0dJ1dh(()708
m7(11)U
§Q((J)QJrru(()o
dh57IiJwopl'J-/1dJ6)08
(oomcwm
@0.jS0cruo@(6)(11) mlq)U,Jml<fu@ffil
mlcfu@l
mlmD6)<fuo6l1S
(®01c663(11)6)@mD
mlq)U,Jml<fu@ffil£J,l(11)lm8 ml fJJml(11)
mm@l6)aR
ml(()(lJwl
@oJl6)S
(Qdwom(Qdl{,qlllo(Qll
(lJ@(11l).1O
n.ij)\&@6)<}-j3 (lJd@l(Qlom6lffi~o
-'>..l(()l<.®amnl6)eJ
(6)(11)
6)@§lOJ<fu~o
(]lllruSoJ()6M1J)@(]oJ06)eJ mo@lCD,l6)sCD,l 0
aJlq)UJml<fu(lj)6)(Ql
(Qd(lj)1(QloU36)l (](lJm(lj)l(()l
(]<fu(()§amnl6)eJ
(@6llJffil)6lffiub (Qll
<fuO(]6ll)6ffi@u.
63(]36)()<}-j()CD,l(11)
(®rID(QlO(lJ0Od6)<}-j;j(11)
oJfU(QdI{,q6lffi~o
'icrT)w
rw',@12l1, <mwlcfboma
fSO(J)(lJ@o ~'D(11)06)(lj)(QlO6)6ll)i11l) <fu31(QlOCD,lo
~.
B0Olllo:hlffil)6)amn
oJl~S@(11) u
(J)OLO ~~6)m
m1mIll1U%3(11)@U 6)6)BoJl<fu@(Ql1m8
~~6)aR
mmmo6)@03
(](J)ooJCTU1<fu6!6)S (()omo(lJoCD,lo
<fuoQ,)<fumo(Ql
(lJm6ll)l~(()lU%3(11l).
(()6ffiu
<fuLO
CTU617lli(()lU%3(11)@u.
~~6)aR
<fuO(lJdo
aJlq)Bd (]amn6)@ffi>lm8
(()omo6)(lJ(11)@o6ll)u (J)oLO(Qllm8
<fuO(()6lffi~o
(Qd(](QlO (J)1U36)6)<}-j;j(11)@u
(]llleJ06ll)u.
aJlq)(()ofS1U%3(11)(lj)uoJm(lJ@lllo(Ql1U36)6ffi u
6)6)B(lJ6)amn mmClIDIll1~(6)@o@
ml(11l)(()<MilU%3(lJomo(Ql1306ll)u
mmfSdmL01U%3(11)@u.
~~®
oJl()U%3(11l).
6)@O~~ o_J@l6)(Qlo@ u
ran9:il~@(6)6ll)(11l)o
~"1;!6)aR
~6ll)6lffi6)§
I,§rW7s(l)oO{jif!ff! -1,§(l)7O{jonJ00<B6>70Jrucmw'1mo(2008,
mm(lJ<fuo006)<}-j3@06)6ll)(11l)~ ~CIID(QlO6ll)U.
~
58).
(lJOBo @oJl6)S
<fuo\g<}-jos1m8
mm(lJ<fuo0O<}-j3@06)6ll)(11)
eJ§l@lllo(Ql
aJlq) ~CIID,
(lJ(()O®(]oJO<fu(11)(lJ® m8
@1jonill6ll)mo6)6ll)(11)
(lJCTU@(](QlO;j
(]-'>..l@(]ffi]Oub
aJlq)w1oJ@ do(]msl(Ql
63@(lJo0Oamnl6)aR
mmw1 <fuO(()6)amn
@sm~<fu§o6ll)u. (]oJo<fu(11)@".mm@l®Q,)mf
<fuO(lJdamnl6)aR
@@l6)aR
6)6)000O(lJOJo
(]1ll~O®
(lJw1~@(11l).
@36)(()CD,lo
oJl\&6lffil(Ql@o <fu~®o
mm(lJ6)m6)<fuO(11)@o.
@@l®(]0Oo'Ulllo6ll)u
Oil
<fuw1CD,l(11)(lj)u
(]1llm8
mm(lJ<fu00Oo
~()'}-jlU%3(11)@06ll)u
6)6)<fuoJl3om8 U (Gm<.®~
m(11)o<ful~ ~6)6ffi(11)06ll)u.
m.lOeJamn1m
@@u <fuomn9:il(]<fuo~pBmamn1®
mB1@1(()lllo6ll)U.
(]<fu(()§amnl6)eJCD,lo (]<fu(()§amn1ru8
@1jOnill6ll)@6)S
aJlq)w1oJ@do
(]<fu(Q31<fu(()1 ~o(Ql1@(11)6)(lJ(11l)~@u
((J)(]6ll)0O~
1997,43).
<fuo§lm1CD,l6)s
(6)aR
CTUoneJOJo
(Qd(]B0OIl106)<fu @1(()amn U
@6lffi~6)S @6lffi~6)S
m1~(11)@u.mm@16)aR ~~®
(lJw1U%3(11)@u.mm(](lj)06)S (Qdwomo.
o..,Im6ll)IllOCD,lo
CTU@rIDll1(6)6ll)(11)u nill6)()
oJ()CD,l(11l)Q,)6ffi • n.ij)(11)om8
~PQJ!U9
J061TJmamJ)1 m8 Illw6)oJtQl(11)@lm8
QImrrl1fi)«fIWdJ6)~ffl%}
dhmrrl1dh(l2)Ofi)(()f#rjOO-l1fJmrrl1fi)«fIW'1f~
f!l!56(JB1fi)(W6(JtJo.
(fO~c66)6)§6)CWoono ®onlG:-"zlmamn101c86lon®
6)<fu
@£},Jo(l))oc66)l
(ffi3wl<fuo00
~()?fIc86lon
00moOO6)aR ®smono6ll)u
(ffi3wl<fuo0()JpoJmo ~1il6)aRCOJo
CT\.l~00cwl
@OO6)S
<fu06ll)Oo.
mSc86lon(l))u
<fuo§lm1(l))10~0 ()J~0oJnD01.,j
(ffi3OO;j6)amn (ffi3()J(ffi6)S
oJ()6lTII7J)1(ffiCl1ll-dho§lml(W(I1()fi)5
mOfi)IlJf#rjo«J)o.
ml ()6lTII7J)(l))ocwl ffiCl1ll. (ffi3OOSCW06ll)u (ffi3()J(ffi6)S (Qd6ll)CWo (l))W~on(l))u. ( @6lrB6)mdho§lml (W(I1()fi)5 [flJ1lJ61TJ08«fIWlgj(gllJ«J8(g1lJ§o (g1lJ§«fIWl08
@'TI oJ()~m8
(gn..JOdh(gWO fi)~Ofjfl
mOfi)IlJf#rjo«J)o.
dho§7m7IWcm7eJ106(JB7dJ6)§7(gdJ6)61TJo
dheJm(l1()mOfi)IlJ(I1()
(!§01cwlG:CT1le.J§.§
6)6)fJJo(J)l <fu(l))COJ 6)S mlq)G:"-flIOcill00CW06ll)u (J)OLO (QdG:(l)) 1l<fuo oJ8OOCOJo- 6)oJ6JJ26m"3~6)S oJ03u-
(ffi3(l))l6)aR
'\l6)'"g1c66)031 ml ~cfuon(l)) U
'\l6)'"glc66)o6ll)lc86lCl1ll.
<fuOmo9:il<fuQJamnl
CT\.l~?fIc86lCl1ll.
@OO6)SCOJ§.§
ffi)J<fu001l()J~()Jocwl
mo (l))1()J1l()JCTUO @J01 <fu01c66)6)~;j on(l))u. (ffi3(l))OCW(l))" O(l))l- (@jOoJ2)6ll)1lamnl6)aR m c86lon(l))l6)aR, mCT1l1mnnJo a rnosruo wl amnnJo
ml cw<®)6ll)amnl
oJ01()Jmamnl
(ffi3(l))lem§.§l m8 l@oJ6)~;j<fuCOJo
6)-'>-lClfJon -'>-l01@)amnl6)aR
11
filG:0 mlq)WloJ(l))1lamn1® 6)()J§1 ()JOc86lon <fu 1G:w l@oJ1<fu01c66)6)~;jon(l))06ll)u cwo LOomLO 1la ~1ilm osrrr' @OO6)S (Qd6ll)cwnJo (Qd6ll)cwamnl6)aR
G:<fu(Q36)0onO 6ll)". G:(J)ooJl <fu00m ~1il6)m (l))1(ffi00mlc86lon(l))u. mlq)mmamnl(TI)§.§ ~G:oJcM:il.,j (ffi3()JmlfJJo6ll)u ~oJow100@)00
(ffi3emffi)01 G:c66)6)'"g()J006ll)u. (ffi3()Jm06ll)u (Qd6ll)CWamnl6)aR mlq)mmo <fu6)§on u mlfJJml8Jc86lon(l))u. ()J~OoJnD06ll)0 G:oJOcfuon (ffi3()J® mlq)mmo fil(ffi
6ll)u ~1
~1il6)mG:amnsl OOUb<fufJJmnJ00cwl
o_)COJCT\.l~?fI-"zl
6llJCIUll?f1 c86lG:mJOub
oJm()J(l))<fuLOcwl m8 (@jOoJ2)6ll)006ll)u
6llJCIUl6)~3@O
@OO6)SCOJ§.§()J(ffi6)S
OOUbJOffi)nJo ~1 <fu~o.
(ffi3W000c66)6)~;jCl1ll, (!§01COJo
<fu WO§00c66)6)~;jCl1ll. 1
0<;r
ffi)oo_)nDl<fuoJ8OO <fu~o
6)6)fJJo(J)l<fu(l))COJo ()Jocwmoem(S()J6)0Cl1ll
(ffici%l16ll)1fi)JCWo()J0(SO(J)0 f u
7m-
~1Ub010G:amnosu
(W M(WqJo mlQ{1o. .. (g(3(f{)qJo-
~1
U <fu06llllCl1ll. n..JOQImllJoQ{lffl%}
dho§7
fi)llJqJJ7e,jo
dhO@I1fJO(()IlJOQ{lffl%}
(2008,305).
oJlsl6) -"zl;jamn
~1ilmsc66)o_)§.§ ~1
00mOc66)CT1l0006ll)U
@'TI
o_J(fficill6)aR
G:mo3amnlem
OOcill('Qj1(SOOc86lon
@OO;j6)amn
ffi)Oo_)nD1low1 <fu006lrB~0
mO(l))lcwowloJ(l))
mlq)6lJpm6lrBub 0W ()JonG:~Oub
oJfJJ01(l))lcwlm8
()J(ffiCl1ll6)'"gU.
filonOCW06ll)U
n(j);j~cwmamnl
ffi)00cM:il-"zl
<fuLO.
<fuLOCOJ6)S ffi)Oo_)nD1l00mo
'\l6)'"glc66)06ll)l~~6)'"gu.
~1ilnJmcwlG:fJJc86l§.§
oJ01()Jmamnm6)amn('Qjo6ll)1(l))U
U
cfu()lc86lon(l))U.
m~6)~;jCl1ll6)'"gU.
dhcm
n{J)!Jfl!llJ2wm«fIW7
amJeJtVdh7dh
m7 mJOfi1T)(2lJrfO
m((J)7 n(j)mJ
rWg;62JJ omo
amJW7dhO(()(@n..Jo
(f{)O({l)mIJ1)Ofi1T)U
§!lafJfi)5
~1il(J)QLO
ml@0lc663CTnGrn mlCTn
u
U
(£!d§cwamnlmS mmwl<fuQaJl.
U •
aJcMilc663CTnmr. 611JQaD~(J()cflIll)l6lcw
mmcwQ§QGm
ilil"laB0Qmlc663CTnilil filaJwl<fuQaJamnlcm
mm61ffiu8c86)ilillmS
mmcmcruaJlc663CTnru@
U.
0Q<.®o.
mmG:');-jQu8 (!§0l
<fuSmD okrn
oJlG:WCW0QcfuCTn ..'l.laJl<.®0QGm
mmruililaJl '}-(lc663CTnilil
6l61Bruililo
mlq)ru@amnlc663CTn filCTnQ6lGmmD~ililu
<fuQ§lcw0@BmamnlmS u
cfumDo ~1ilcmo
~O{()(i)«fIW
(£!dilil~cM::I6l');-j~mDGrnu. ~1ilm
(1Jo(()71J1)7m8- (2(1J(()()(2mrWdJ63fi)mJmJ(2n..JOfi)eJ
~()'}-(lc86)6l');-j~mD. u
~1ilm
cfumDilil6lCTncwQcwl u
0QqmD.
0@Blc663G:cruQu8 nfi)~~cw@amnl
oJ()(OJCTnilil
cfumDruCTn13
cruoaJcM::I<fumQcwl
aBdJil1Gm"lcruJCWo ruaJamnlmS
a9J(f7?)dhW
m,](B(()moO{jtf!fj
u •
7m
nfi)CTnililu o,)ffiJoJ()6M1J) (J()aJ"laJamnlmS G:B(J()6lamn<fuQ6mlCTn <fuQ\ECWQGm mmru6l<TB <fuQo,)<fu lcwQ6lGmCTn mlq)(J()CWo ~~QB1'}-(lc663mD. cfu6lCTnQaB
U
~"l
~1il6l<TB cfuCTn u
(!§01(OJo
cfuq6l11lllamnl6fficwQcwlaBmD. mlq)BlruQcrul<fuu8
mlq)B10..'l.laJl<.®amnl mS
~~QBmG:06lJl"Jilil6lCTncwQcwlaBmD(
@_oJl6lS rucrul~aBmD.
<fuQGmQo. ~1ilm
ilil6l<TB ru~oJl0QaB0Qcwl
aJQ<.®lcwl6l1"J mlq)<fuQ(J()o
<fuQ6mlCTnililQGm crum@fSo.
~rDfi)«fIWorW m1fi)§afJ (2dh(f{)m!p7-'3j
((J)OrD(2«fIWmfi)mo!p7(1J(f7?)-
(()74fl(2((J)ofi)lJ1)mJ
m7()6V5I?5)fi)((J)6mJ06WOJrt%)!!J6fI5O(1JO®-
afJ((J)-'3j ~m-'3jfi)~(2~
aJQ<.®lcwQcfuCTn
~"1
ruCTn
U
ilill"Jo,)sl
mm!pl~~mD.
mlq)<fuQ(J()o G:oJQ6lI"JCWQGm
U
mmClID1-">jru');-jQcfuCTnmmaBoJl6l<fuQGrn fSQ(J)o
<fuQru~ru@Gmm.@_'TI
~CTncwlc663CTnililu
U •
ilillIQ)leJ~
01c86)
eJo mll"JmleJ
c663CTn ru ~ ruaDQaJ6lamnc663()l
nfi)CTnQmS @_oJl6lS
oJlruaJlc663CTnilil
U •
~o91l
');-jGml <fu6l§ u
@_'TI
aJQ<.®l6lcwc86)Q6mlG:cruQ!PQGm
oJQ aJo:BaJ~6lamncwQGmu
6l6lfJ..io(J)l<fuililffil mmLOruQ
(!§01611Jm..tJ61ffi6l§
nfi)61ffi6lmcwQGm
(J)QLOcwlmS
@llll611JffiV6iffiu3 G:-'l.JOBd6iffi§lm8
n(j)6iffi6)m(Qlo6ll)u
~@1
rnlcrro
nJlCTUB1<fu(()1c66)oaD <fuwl(OJon
tEb:l
@lllll@oJ'l<fu(()6ll)amnl6)aR (Qg)llll"zl@lllo(Qll
mO(J)o(()owm<fu6)§
@~O@Oc66)OaD
G:<fuOCTUOo6llil ~eJamnl m8
o.J()(OJmll6)'"g11989,
66).
(J)oLO(Qllm8 @nJl6)S
(lJ(lj3on@ u. 6)(lJqo
260
(lJ(()1<fu§1m8 o.J()(QlOaD
<fuo§l(QlIll@B<fuLO o.J()6M1J)@U.
ml3qO'glqG:eJ6)()
~o.JG:(Qlo(J)l-"zlG:':\-lowo6ll)u
_ mOt2J6WJjlliomJo
6I1JOt2Jdh(f.lKX(BI1KJW
dhm?)(2Ili~671B6)m
dh!P7omrwdhOt2Jo-
(2(f)OOO({3(1)OIli(f.W0
(2(f)OdJ6>6)!Jl(2lliqJ671lJ-(2lliooflf!lJ25671B7m00
6)1ll6)~6)Ill6)~
fSO(J)o
@llllU%3 @o'U6ll)lllo(Qll
nJI§~6)ono-G:(()olllmG:-"zl(lJsl
(()~6)<fuO~o
OJ§.§lmlo
(lJ§@amnl(Qlo6ll)u 6)o.J;jon
~'11il6)aR m1nJ1@o
<fu6J,;Q6)aR
lfus14 611JOeJ<fu6)(()
nJlo'Uo<fueJ@on
6)(lJ§.§o
611JOeJ<fuaBo
nJ'161lll<fu lsU%3on
<fuo§lml(Qllm8
~31c66)§(Qlocg;1m8mo6)§(OJ1ll16iffi6)m
<fu(Ql()1 mBl(QllG:fUc66)U -'l.JO;j<fu(OJo 6)-'l.JCSl. @'TI -'l.J030 G:(lJqo.J()l6M1J)u <fuo§l(QlaD G:<fuoo.JocfufUmo0J<fu(OJo <fu6ll)6)m
6ID
@@l6)aR
~neJo@amnom8
~(()06ll)u
ill
(6)aR
'6'f'i'5
~@JllllU%3on6)@mll ~'11il6)aR
@lffu6)§c66)6)'"g
(()o2:QnJl6)m(]':\-lo6)eJ <fuo6ll)o6M1J)l~
o.J06M1J);j~.
<fu6J,;Q6)aR
<fusl~
o.JoBamnlm8 u
ml3@l6)moaB
o..OeJ0Jo
~'11il6)aR
uo(()1(()amnl6)eJ
1ll@1ll6iffi§1m8
@s6iffil.n(j)on13
@fU6)<fuo6)'"gsl~. ~'11il6)aR
ml3G:':\-l0\&o ~'11ilmu
(OJrIDo mSmll6)<fuo6)'"gl
ml3~6)aR(OJo
<fu6J,;Q6)mc66)o6ll)o~
nJleJoJlU%3G:ffiJOu3
<fu§lU%3G:ffiJou3
<fuo§l(QlaD
(]-'l.JOB1-"zlG:':\-lou3
ml36iffi6)m6)(Ql6)onOaB ml3(lJ6)aD 0
<fu6ll)6)mG:amnsl 6ID
rnsrrrr'
<fuo§lml@1(()~
6)-'l.Jmll,ml3nJ16)S
o ~
<fu6J,;Qmlo
<fuo§l(Qlmlo
'6'f'i'5
@illilll8d§.§ U ml3(lJ6)aD
0
~Bd6)Il106)c66)
<fuo§l(Ql6)aD <fuO~OBo
ml3s1<fuG:§()(lJo6iffil(Ql 63aB(lJe.il(Ql
~""'HaD cfuon U
oJlon1s (lJmll
@s6iffil.
dh00ru6ma8
<fu6J,;QaR
ameJ U%3G:ffiJOu3
U 63aB (Qdwom
M\&on@G:o.J(6)eJ(QlO6ll)u
rumJr] ottsxmoa»
<fuo§l(Qlml ru(l1)7,f
0)m?)6)5
(2dhOIli!JlnJOB671BWdho!Jl7w(0)(m7(2t2J0dJ6l(2(11)(1)o-
ru/1hm?)
Q/'JW~6)(())m?)(2(())O(l1)7.
(J)oLO(Qllm8 cfuon
630@U%3<fu.
~'11ilaD (Qd@lmlwomo
<fu6J,;Q6)aR
M,£(QlOcfuon
lllo@BmG:lllqu
(()dlfl))o~@B1U%3<fu(OJo nJI(lJ(()lU%3on@U_
U
<fu 1ws6iffioaD6)(lJffi,j<fu(OJo
<fu 1ws6iffie.il6)m
<funJI @6iffi6)m(Qlo6ll)u
(2nJow671lJ
m7m?)if!ff!
_ nJOB671BuV
0)6)(f.lJW7(2~0
dJ6>W06)t2}- rJ01liBo
m701lit2JmOW
ru(l1)oa8
6WJOWo-6)@03;jamn
<fuo§l(QlaD
(6)on
~'11il6)m fSO(lJm
G:(lJBamnlaD
<fuO@G:eJ
n(j)onfS1CTUoG:611Jowm G:(lJBamnlm U
6)-'l.J'QImllOJ6)'"gu. ~'11ilaD
G:(lJBamnl6)aR
6)o.JoaB§o(Ql1306ll)u
<funJI
6)-'l.J'QIon@u.
o.J@lm6l11lJooO'glq(6)'"glm8
G:<fu(()§1 (QlaB6)S @S (Qllm8 n(j)~(QdCTUdlfl))l (OJo (Qd-'l.JO (()0JOJ6)'"gO (QllaBmll6)(lJon n(j)~oamn(()o ml3()l0J<fu~6)s<'Qlo ml3wl<fuo(()amnl6)aR(OJo @@ll"J6)s <fu06ll)OaD 6)6lBnJI<fu@<'Ql6)s(OJo <fuwl(OJon@u.
m101ll16)-"zl;jU%3on G:<fuoeJ~mo31m8
(J)oL06)(Ql\&@l(Ql
@nJl6)S
<fuo§l(QlaD nJ@6ll)lllo(Qll
ml3(lJ6)aR @@06ll)u_
OJonlm8
n(j)(I1)f!!!
@eJcfumil~
dh6)6n501ffi
<fu(()(OJmll. <fuo§l(QlaD
dh00ru6ma8
nJ@6ll)lllo(Qll
<fu1WS6iffil n(j)mll
6)6)dhOO~
o.J()6M1J)@U
6)~0'iiflmoa8
_ tf!}(I1)7t2Jo
(2nJO(2dh6mo
~6)'"glc66)o6ll)lc66)oamn n(j)\&amn~aD
~eJamnlm8
mlmll§.§
(lJe.il6)(QlOaB
(lJd@l(Qlomo
n(j)onl(lJaB6)s
nJI(lJ@amnmamnl8do
@nJI;j6)amn
<fu~6)aR
(lJo-'l.J<fuamnl6)eJo@~on@~,Ill()l.,j
mmOJ6)oB
@<flIU)l6)(Ql
@o®
mmnJI6)S
@G:?;_puS iTllOeJ@ID
(()06ll)<fuBlloJ6)amn oJ()CD,l(11)@u.
n.ij)(11l)006ll)u 0()l.,J
mlq)g!6lIDG:(Ql0 oJ(IDo'U@G:(QlO
63(ID @<flIU)G:mO;j§.§,
63(()wl<fuo(()l6)(Ql,63(IDOJ6)m (J)oLO(Qll6)eJ
<fu 1wsc66)1
oJ()6ll1Im(Ql~(11)@06ll)U
mlq)6lJilomamnl<03
<fu06llll(11)@u.
mleJo
G:cM1@)(Q,l006ll)6iffi§1I"Jo 6)6)<fu(QlleJo(Qll(ID(11l)
CTUJ(TI))00(Qll(ID(11l)
~G:oJcM1l~
n.ij)(11) wJml
~uSG:~(11)l~6rnu
n.ij)(11l) <fu06ll)Oo.
@nJl6)S(QlO6ll)u
(Q,lOJmamnlc663(11)@u. @sm(11)u <fu0§1(Ql05 @O(1l)o (J)(IDCW(1l)o @12m11"J§.§ 6)6)OJ(()amnl6)oB <fuo§l(Ql6)m (J)(IDCW® <fuLO oJ()CD,li11ll. mm@l(1l)
oJ(()lnDo(()00(Qll @nJl6)SCD,lo
~11ij®
@oB
oJOBo
6)<fu06rn
mmm.l@mo(Ql u
mlq)@;I01c66)16)~(11l)
~()9.:;j
m~(11l).
(Q,l<fuS00(Ql OJil@PCTUo
~eJ<fuLO. mm@06ll)u
(J)(IDcw6)mG:<}-jsl~o6ll)u <fuwl(Qll6)~(11l)o
6Ill)6iffiuS
<fu0§1(Ql®
mmG:<}-jouS
oJoBo6)<fuo6rnm.l@moo ~11ij®
<fuo§l(Ql6)m
OJil<fllU)00c663(11l).
mm@G:<fu~t
(J)OLo<fuO(()6)oB @oo'Uilomm~(1l)012mCD,lo
ra(()@mml6)(11)o(ID
G:_.,jmamnl~
mmnJI6)S6)(Ql@m<fuCD,lo mmOJ6)m
mmOJ6)m
6)<fu31?;-ilsl.,J
mmOJ(ID6)S
6)_.,jCQJ(11l). oJl(11)1s
~()6iffiomo(QllG:<}-jo(Qll. (()onJI6)eJ
oJsm(11l)
nJI,€~<fuCD,lo
~li\eJOOJ(IDo mmnJI6)sml(11)u
·-w
@l(()lc663<fum,o 6)_.,j(Ql.
~(11)('QJlc663(11) CTUooCT}?,o(()l<fu (Q,lCffion.ij)(11)@u (@016)(Ql(11) OJilOJnDo(()amnl6)oB @(TI))il ®CTUo~nDl <fu _.,j(()l@)amnl<03 oJl. G:mOc663G:ffilOuS
ml (()(TI))(()00(Ql @c66)LO(Qll<03
(iT\lml<03
~6rnOM(11l).
<fuO§l(Ql6)oB ~(()(TI))6iffi~6)S
mlq)6lJpmamnl6)oB nJlOJ(()l.,J
mmOJ6)oB nJlo'Uo
(Q,l~@l(Qll<03
mlq)"-f1JO@6)amn
@~O~6)_.,jG:CQl6rn ~11ij6)oB
63(()mlOJo(()il@(Qlo(Qll @sm~(Qll<03
~(11)(Qllc663<fu6)(Ql(11)@06ll)u. n.ij)(11)0<03 (J)OLOO<fu(()® mm@~ 6)_.,j~1(()1c663(11)@~ 0()l.,J 611JOeJilamnl6)eJ Ma:9@l<fu§le"J6)s (6)oB6)(QlO(ID CTUO(gpmil
(Q,lOJmamnm6iffi~6)s
° rruoo
oJl6)~;jc663(11)@l6)eJ
63(ID mlq)6lJpmo
n.ij)(11) mleJ(QlleJo6ll)u
(J)(IDcwml<03
ml(11)u
CTUJ(()cM1G:@sl(QlO6ll)u mmnJI6)S
OJ(11)6)@(11l)o
<fu06ll)Oo.
mm6iffi6)m
m16)6rn0(ID<fuoeJo mmOJ®
mmOJmnJI6)S
mlrrnosrrr'
~11ij®
@nJl6)S
mS@m(11)@u.
(Q,lOJmamnlc663(11l)6rnoOJ6ll)o. mmOJ®
mm@6)<fuo6rno6ll)u
n_JwcD,l6)s mmc66)oeJamn
mmslamn31eJo6ll)u
@mlc663 0mBl~o
nmq0d0w1<fuo mmnJI6)sOJ(ID(11)
G:_.,jm(11l) ml ~11ij®
eJ c663(11)6)@(11)06ll)u.
~(TI))lc663(11)@o(J)o
611JOeJ<fu(IDo oJ~c66)~o
0(Ql6iffilru1,€(11)
(Q,lCTU<flIU)00M(11l),
dho§}lwfi)m
<fuo§l(Ql6)m
6I?J)OOO dho§}lml((J)(T1Jl«J8
mlq)31c66)§(Ql0® <fu6J,;Qm u
ml(T1Jofjlrt%)§}worg;l«J8
mmOJ<fuouoQ,)6rn u
mOfi)§}lJJ,JlZJl67JBfi)m QJ(1)~~o
@nJl6)S
n.ij)(11)06ll)u ~11ij®
~(TI))lc663(11)@u.
n.ij)(11)@06ll)u @nJl6)S
wJmlc663(11)@u.
(@@o(()6)amnc663()l.,J
<funJICD,l6)S eJcM1ilo
OJil<fllU)00M(11l).
mm@O(Ql@u
OJOCTUo iTllOl(()0~,
llloqOOJ(ll)
mleJ(Qlle.J~@o6rrr. @samnl6)eJ
@@06rrr @llll(Qll6)eJ
G:<fu(()§amnl6)eJ ®3ru<fuO()()o
mml1amno
a:9~~
m(l1l1CQl6)s
@OJsllliTll..O@(Qll6)eJ <fumlnJ
iTll..Ol(()Ill~.
®3emffi)(()l~o6ll)@u @'TI
nJlG:(()OWIllO(Qll
n.ij)6)(TI))ffi> 1 e.Jo
6)-'>..l<:g;o m8
mleflmlllo(Qll(()lc86l(ll)6)@(11l)o
465
ru(()l<fu§le.!6)s(Qlo6ll)u G:mocOOo®
mmJ~om
<fuwlCQl(ll)l6)~(11l)o <fuoeJ1<fu6)§
®llllc86l(ll)l6)~(11l)o
n.ij)(ll)l~t
@1(()amn
<fuO§1(Ql6)1
nJlcillG:lllqu
1ll(()1"'<l ru1Grul<fulsc86l(ll)@
oJ()CQl(11l).
n.ij)~oamn(()o <fuO(()6ll)o
q(()(TI))o nill6)()
ru(()l <fu6)§;jamno6ll)u
oJ()CQl(ll)@u. @(16)1
<fuwlnJ1m8 ~~6)m
®3scOOomo(Qll <fuo§lml(QllG:eJgj( n.ij);j~ -'>..lO;j(11l).®3m(TI))(()o <fuo§l(Ql® ru(ffi(11l). <fuo§l(Ql® (6)1 u U @l3nDffi>(()l"'<l6)<fuo6l1S (6)1 rsO(()~Il106)(() ffi)G:(TI))Ocill6)'}-j;j~ruomo('QJl 630G:(()O m§@J6iffiuS oJ()6IITI?J,l 6)<fu06l1S G:m(()lso6)m~(11l). f!l26(JBfi)m(2WO(Ui)O t!.?§(WJ6(JBW n.Jo6'fZ5IWQJmo(f)mIZlOfi)(I) fi)dhO_qJ <fuo§l(Ql® @sm(ll)u <fuo§l(Ql6)m n.1JeiJ'J-fLymaw(l)o
®3nDffi>O(()amnom8
6)-'>..lC9j(ll)@u.
6)@illZlosloJo\®lllocOO1(Qlo6ll)u mmJp(ffi6)s ~6lJ~omo m1~(ll)@u. u oJ()6IITI?J,l6)<fu06l1S @l(()CQl(ll)@o G:Bru(]eJO<fu6)amn ffi)1<fu6!o Ill()o <fu6ll)®
~ ~ ~ ~
mmG:(J)ooJm
1ll<fu6)m
m
<fu6l1S1~G:~o
nJlru(()lc86l(11l).<fuo§l(Ql6)m
~~®
<fu1WSc86l<fuCQlo ®3ru®
ffi)@1c86l(11l). ~.-.'H® <fuo§l(Ql6)m 6)<fuOeJ06)@ ®3ni6)m oJ()6JffilJ)(Ql(Ql(11l). ~ rsO(J)o @6iffi6)m(Ql06tlrt£!(I)(f)(/)OWdhO (2dhWdJ6) ~.~ w aJJ(I)(2QJO~ (f)1(1)o m1fi)a§ (f)§0fi)dhOfi)6n50((J1QJ(Il)o fi)n.JoQ(W1w1'f}Jo16'fZ5IWoe.J0 0:)06I1J1dhWdJ63 0:)06I1Jm(2'f}Jo t!.?eJfi)lZImv w(l)7~oe.Jo 0)o6l1Jmo(f()0 QJ((J1fWmv dhdl;jfi)lZI(2rm ~~6)m n.JowoqJn.JeJ(W(I)o n.ij)~oru(ffio n.Jo6'fZ5IW7~0 n.1JeJIZI7'f}Jdho§7wo mmJp(ffio csot t!.?eJfi)«f/W ~eJ
(]-'>..lm(ll)U ~@1c86l(11l).
~eJamnlm8ml(11l)
(()~G:oJ(ffi6)SCQlo
~'U(ll)e.J<fu§1m8 ®3oJ(()l~@mo(Ql
<fuo§l(Ql6)m ®IllIl106ll)u
~ ~
@1m~o
(]6llJowllll~oamn
~\®1<fu(()lcOOoem~
®rmlG:cOO6l1S@u.
o_J(()06ll)<fuLOOoJO\®6iffi6)§ n.ij)!g~<fuO(()6)®
0
mlrno Illoql
<fu 1wo§mo
®3ru6)(()
o,)® mlmamnl
nJlru(()lc86l(ll)@U ~~®
(§!1IOoJ2l6ll) <fuo§l(Ql6)m
oJ()CQl(ll)@u.@nJl6)S G:oJO<fuO®
®(]rm(QlIllOcfu(ll)@u
iTll..OfUo nJI~
m1eJonJI~G:oJo<fuom~.
~eJ6)amn
®3emffi)(()lc86l<fu(QlO6ll)U
6)-'>..lC9j(ll)@u. 63'}-jo ~~~@l<fuuS 6)<fuO~ru(ll)u rsdlf7J)lc86l (Q,lowom~o m~<fuCQlo 6)-'>..l<:g;1(()1c86l(11l). @'TI @O(()@Ill~o u oJ()CQl(11l)6l1S 6)-'>..lQG:()()(()lCQl6)sCQlo mmJ~()(ffi6)sCQlo eJUhl::1~6iffi~Q ®3rum n.ij)!gamnlm8 6)<fuO~rui:m (Q,lq;q6m3~o 6)-'>..lQG:()()(()l CQl6)S ®3(]6llJOWo (Q,lrumamnl~@ U @1ll16)(Ql(ll) (Q,lq;qamnl6)1 m;jnJI fU06ll)U.
ru ~ @ ~ o;);llllo(Qll(ffi(11l)6)ru(ll) U. ®3cOOOeJ6)amn
ffi)ffi>1m6ll)lllo(Qll
@slc86lw6JffilJ)l(ffi(11l).
rn::l~.t ca.Sl6)CDl::l!91~cB6)eJl6)1
WJrnldbu3
oJ@lm617lliooOQiqo6l1S16)fU!g@6)'}-j3 (J)OLO ®3cOOOeJ6)amn
~
@1ll16llJ11UJ6iffi§1m8 @o®
6)-'>..lCOJ(ll)
~
ffi)rum6ll)ffi)offi)o(()amnl6)®
IlJJ
(Q,l@I(Ql()()Offi)oJ(()@6)(Ql
.1
©J
<fu06ll)O®
®3@le.!6)s
®3@1m8
®3ru<fuO()()6iffi6)§ U
®3cOOOeJamn
c006)'}-j;j(ll)@u.
ml(ll)U
®3<fuql
®3~(6)@CQlo
ffi)J(TI))IllOc86l(ll) CQldlf7J)llllo\®lll~
<fuwlCQl(ll)@u.(J)oLOCQl6)S
rsorumowl~@lllo(Ql
cfusl6)(Qlowl~cOO6)fU(ll)u
limc66)oeJ6)amn (@016)(Q)~00
u nJ()CD,lmD6l1S •
G:cfu(()§amnlm8
@1IaillcnJJ<'\lo
@61ffi6)m(Q)06111
cnJJamnl6)aR OJw1
l@oJ'lcfu(()61116)0CTn06111
~o911c66)o(Q)l
G:nJOMmD.n(j)CTnOruS
nJeJ(()1M1(Q)lruS
limMl6)mM1G:(()
2:1:S0cfu~00(Q)1 u
fil~M1m'k;j
OJlllmD6l1S •
(@01
Bomo6)..'lJClfJCTnMl6)aRCD,lo G:08d§.§
~o911c66)o(Q)l
(@01CD,l6)s
n,Jm611100(Q)
ml(()OJw1cfu0611100. G:cM1@)G:(()6lJ
1036-1089
cfuOeJamn
M11ll6)c66)oslamnomo
M11ll00m00(Q)
@s(Q)1s
M1(()16)~;j.oocfuCD,l0 lim6l1»Jo
mO;jOJow1
nmm<}-josoc66)l.
nJ§.§lm1(()031mu
®1611JeJ1c66)u
6)cfu031(Q)Mo(Q)1
@~cfuO(()o
OJ<\OJ(ffi(]6)..'lJcg; mlCTn U
£J,ls.ooCTnOJ6)m fil~
(@01(Q)18do
filwl'1-il6)~§c66)6111o.@M1mu
m1eJ.ooCTnOJmlo
nJ()CD,lCTnOJmlo
2:1:'TI(()l6)aR
limwlcfuo(()lcfuuS oJIWOJO~cfuG:(Q)O
M61ffi~6)S
2:1:'TI(()l6)eJ Ms1cfu§lruS
mlCTn
Ms106)cfuouScfuG:(Q)0 6)nJo@OJo~o
B6ffill1.oocfuG:(Q)0 fil~nJ()CD,lcfuG:(Q)O
(oJIw(Q)l;jcfuG:(Q)o)
fil~Ms1cfuuSc66)u
6)..'lJ<"gJcfuG:(Q)O nJos1~
2:1:'TI(()O@mlo
u ®c66)Oc66)(()G:cM1@)G:(()6lJ q)CTn - ••••••• @'TI (@01 cfuOruSc66)(()m03u 2:1:'TI(()o§m (()cM::ilc66)6111o.(()cM10G:@0(J)0 aJlq)~G:MOqo 6)nJlll£J,lMl(Q)mlo £J,ls.ooCTnOJm u cfumc66)lscfu00cnJo 0cfuo mo§lruS @s61ffiw1(Q)oruS Cl0~mow1 lim(()l6)cfu06l1S
U
2:1:'TI~ msamn6111o.
2:1:'TI~msamnoamnOJIll6)s cfu~o u
(@01 MS~OJ4
2:1:'TI~ msamn6111o
...... 6)0J3c66)(()1c66)031aDG:08d§.§
q)w1.oo§0 n(j)o.
limmlcnJ(()l"",§.§
m1. n(j)cnJ
moeJ1ruS
filmD
nJ03~cfuO(()0
cfu6111c66)0c66)6)<}-j;jo.imOJaD l filw1~6)cfuO
cfueJo
6)meJ
u OJG:(()6l1SM06111 .@@
6)nJOaDoJIW6)(Q)0;jc66)6111o.
nJ03amnl6)m;jamnM) 6)nJo@nJlruS
cnJo(()cM::il.ooCTnMlml§.§ @'TI
n(j)CTnOruS ~M~00(Q)1
OJ~OJ(ffi(]cfuuSc66)cfuamnu 2:1:S(Q)OJmlo
G:cM1@)amnl8do
OJ~OJ(ffi(]cfuuS. cfu;jamn
limM10Ocfllll)00(Q) 0OlcM10(()1M1cfu~0
limw1cfuo(()amnl6)aR OJ~cflIll)00.oomD6l1Su.
limMl6)eJ
oJIWCD,lo
@1M1(Q)1e.!6)s (@01CD,l6)s 2:1:S0(ffi(]OOJcfu00Oo G:..'lJOB~o 6)..'lJCl]8dcfu§l~o6)M oflm ~ cnJ1c66)Omlo cnJ0(Q)0 limljljo mOM1"-f1:lsm cnJo(()cM::ilc66)Oml£J,l§,§ cfu;jamn oJIw (()0~(Q)0
0~0
6)6)OJcful(Q)oruSamn6)CTn
m1mG:B0Ol.ooCTn
amn6)CTncfuO611100. U cfu06111(6)0CTnM
(@OJw1cfuo(()amnl6)aR
0Ocfllll)l OJ~cflIll)00.oomD. U
m1 eJm1CTn ~q;qo
11"\l~
~q;q61ffiuS
Mslcfu§l
ruS- cfumctJ:jcfum-mlmDo
limSl( 0) cfu§lruS
mlmDo oJ@lG:mw
~(Ql@mD U
ru(ll)@o(Qll
CTUo~@l(()l @amn(()o
G:(()6lJ<fuu3 Q,lcmml@amnl
~GrnlU36l06ll11c663mD. ml(ll)ru6)(()
(oJ@lmo(f-
~@lG:o'UWGm3u3
~(QlaBG:cru06)W~Oo
nil;jnilc66300(QllaBmD. mmsl(Qloamnl6)(Ql
mm6)~ffi>lm8
~0@m00(QllaBmD.
~@1G:o'Uwi1"\l-'l.J<fu00(Qll
mm@J00
~@IIQl6)(Ql(ll)
oJGrno(()amnlG:eJc663
Q,l@m8~~<fu(Ql0(QllaBmDruG:@)(2008,276).
nJiiTTJwrmw1rm
qp1
n(f)!ftw7i/o
iIDg..m6)WQJ6)(D
QJ~dJ6)ua nJiiTTJWlZlow1 QJi/o dhs1QJr;-!li/o (dhs1 s!p1r;-!li/o) f[YowCJ1fl17rmwo QJr;-!li/o m7t21QJ()w708 IIDDSi/o IZIqo mS!XI1IJ2mJ QJ(Q1!T1V.
@G(36)mCOJ~ ~o(QlullilamnGm3§le"J6)s mmU36l0eJ6)amn
CTUJ@mU36lu3 rumDG:-'l.J@(ll)@OCOJo mmG:l3nDo oJ(,)COJmD (2008,276). @U36l0eJ@m m~(ll) (6)(ll) ru§@mDru(ll)@06ll1 u <fuo@cdi1<fu611JffiVGm3§l6)eJ oJ@lru06ll1 U <fu06ffil(ll)@U.
ru ddl®00 (Ql ~S0iTllOOru<fu0(J()o G:(()6lJ<fu~o mlullil@00(Ql <fu-"zlGm3~o oJ(')COJ(ll)@u. <fuoeJG:amnU36l~. Bom00G:(Ql0 0G:qO
(§01 @soJoslm8
@amn(()o
mlq)-'l.J(Q3@O(()o m~(ll) u
(§01COJ6)s CTUJ<fuO(()dCTUJamnru<fuO(J()o
ru§@mDru(ll)6)@(ll)u
@1IoJ2lCTUJ6)0(ll)u mm(')l(Ql6)<}-j;j(ll) @1IOoJ2l6ll1aB6)S (§01 mlq)Bdo Q,l@m8G:U36l nJI m8U36l0eJamn U n.ij)(ll)06ll1 u G:BruCTUJGm3u3 oJ(')(Ql6)<}-j;j(ll)@u.
00q6)<}-j~
mlq)Bd<fuoeJamn
CTUru@6ll1(()lm8 rucmG:@o@lm8 (§01COJ6)s ~S0<fu§0(Ql®o §;t(l1l1@Jo ~M5nil-"zl6)@mD006ll1u 6)oJO®ruOBo. u (§01 6)6)<fu<fuO(()do 6)-'l.J~laB(ll)ru@ @1IOoJ2l6ll1@ 00@)0~0(QllaBmD6)rumDo mm@1looJ2l6ll1aBo <fu06ll10o. 00@)<1J0~ G:BruCTUJGm3§lG:eJc663o 0~o rucmG:@o@lm8 (§01 mm8<fu l(Ql@U 6)b)§;tmaBo
,xxv-xcvii). @§o.fu§o
ru(ll)laB(ll)l6)~mDo mmsliTllOomo
ru(ll)6)@mDo n.ij)30o
@1IOoJ2l6ll1(()06)6ll1mDo
ruddl®00c663mD.
Cl0qOG:Grno;j~sl
@1IooJ2l6ll1owloJ@dG:amn(6)s
@ruaB6)S
oJ(()16ll100~@Jl(Ql(Qllm8 u
Cl0qoGrnlm8
m1Grn<fuoeJamnl6)og
Cl0qoGrnl6)eJ §;t(l1l1@Jo
Q,l(ll)1m8
ru§@-"zl6)(Ql
c»
mlq)nil ~0(()00(QllaBmD.
@amn(()o
0@Bmowl<fu0(()Gm36)§
@amn(()o CTUffi> 1@6ll100(Ql CTUooCl]0(()1<fu00(Ql ~ru@amnmG(36)§ CTU~nDamnleJowloJ@ U U <fuGrn mmruaB6)S mmwl<fuo(()amnlm md0(Ql1<fu(()6ll10 -'l.J0~<fu mmU36lOeJ6)amn CTUonDl@do
runDlc663(ll)ruaB6)S ml@runD1-"zl
ml(()(ll))(()o
W@000(QllaBmD.
cma 51.00
1.
01
~.a. u3
ml:)aDl@~n.J(()0:)(Q) 6M3 W~0Sj. Clcfu(()@-"..I(()l@)o n4)(ffi) n.J(JCQlffi)@o @Mm(()MmlillB QJl ~:)mCl0 @(ffi)o QJ~o3M0:)(Q) 6)@@l(')JcfuC;j6)S .&.>l(J1Cl ~p ~ qv@ ~0 :)(Q)1 mlUl 0m6ID3® cfu:)QJCl0lm.&.>l(Jl e rm3iS:)QJ(')Jo rm3QJ@(()1'1d1<B6):)® ~rnaD:)wl "t11ctn0:)(Q) cfu<rl6l1l1IDl~§§,! 6lJQJ(Q)Sj. 0W pcfuQJ6)Mm ~(Q)01ffi)ctnu. W~6ID3~o
@@u
~~p
QJ:)B6ID3@:)61Tt -"..I(()l@)o
rm3@lC;J6)S
is:)QJm:)w1"t11@0:)(Q)1 QJ10m(fl)l~Cl@:)m.&.>lcfu
n4)<g@1(Q)@16)~
Clcfu(()@-"..I(()l@)MmlillB
(~:)@lQJ~QJmlOCQlo
Clcfu(()@-"..1(()l@)(')Jo,) -"..Il(():)0mlillB
-"..I(()l@)(')Jo ClcfuQJQJo 6)cfu~cfuLOcfu@:)illB OJS6)'1d§@:)61Tr (():)~ (Q) rm3Cl6TlJ:)Wo n4)ffi) n.J(()1cfulilm(Q):)6ffil QJl (fI)Bl cfu(()l.&.>lffi)@". 0:)mUlo QJl6)S Cf\l-"..ll'1d1.&.>lffi)@". n.J:)OMm lClZl§§,!l6)QJ
~(Q)1 oml61lS
(():)~(Q)6)Mm
rID3mLOQJMm:)(Q) nJ.62,
Clcfu(()@iS:)n'!1:) @®~ls~§u,
(():)~(Q)OJ6nS" ml:)aDl@~o
~Mm(():)UJmlcfu0:)(Q) n4)ffi)@o
cfu:)'£'1d:)S:)6ffi" @Clffi)6)(J
W@~(Q)(fI):)~n.J(()0:)6)6ffi(ffi)o
n.JcM1n.J:)@n.J(()0:)6ffi"
-"..Im~6)-"..I'ill6)'1d~(ffi).
ru0(J)-
QJc9ill J o®61cm. 6l.!1.lm3Cl(fll(()1 n.Jmo mlru1®.!1.1(()1(@0 rucm®o. rLlB6ID3® IJ,lffi m10mM1 cEb:)ruJo rLl®lmJmo ru(()ru1ClUIJ,lClCT)J mClJ,J®l(()lw:)616ffirrmo .!1.I1QJ0
ru:)B6ID3®
~rLlClwJ(J)l~l(()l.&.>lcm n(j)0.m1
Cl.fuJ0'kl§~ n(j)cm:)c® 0
ClI2lI;;,p6l1JlID ru~cOO61~Sl:)o
(()1cOOJffi
ru'91 CQl616fficm"
mJ WcEbmJ8:blijo,
rLl1.61cEb.6TlJ:)QJ<2J'1i\"lffi
ClcEb(()~lw IID®"
(()Jm:)cOOffilJm361S
cEb'91CQlcm®161ag rLl(()l.!1.1(()J61.!1.l(gpffi
Bwmlw
.!1.I1(@61mM.
ru1(f1lBlcEb(()1.&.>lcm1SmM°
ru1ru(()1.&.>lrrm6ffi".
(ffijo.l2lmJJo
rLl(()l.!1.1:)()cEb61(()cm:)6ffi" 6TlJ:)QJ<2J'1i\"lffi (()JmJcOOffiI:) 6l(() ru1Cl(fllrill1'kl1.&.>lcm®" ( 7.mCTlJJ:)m361s <2J'1i\"lCoJ1QJ:)ru06ffimo rum3cm®". 6l.!1.l(J1w n.J(():)6ffimMl61QJ ®Ocm" 61m3 aru6ffi:)~ m:)~o
ruJrumJ.OCQlo 0(J14
mmrLlB6ID3~I2lSl,
n(j)'g@cm
is(()l~lm3cm ®Sl,
m6)(lJlJcfJ6)J!!!!f!}6hfnJu8cfh cEb:)QJmMl61ag
n(j)cml6ID361m
cEbru1®CQl61s
mCTlJJ:)m361s
0 J0mMJ6ffi1lru00 rLlOm6ID3®
CQl61S cEbQJJ61mM
J (@rLl1cEb(()6ffimMl61ag
(J)Cl6ffirilll61ag
i§016TlJrrw6ID3~o
~UJm1.fu®CQl61s Jc9ill61'kl~rrm.
cEbsrrmru(()C"lJo 0J 0mMJ
IID61®SlOo
®cEb0~61cEbJ6ffi"
6ffi1lru00CQl61S cEb:)rLlSJo
cEbJQJmM"
mJ0cOO:)0rucEb(
IID®lc®
cEb:)6ffi1.&.>lcm@I2l:)6ffio 61J0~61cEb:)6ffi"
ClB(fIlmMl61QJ
®Ow1cEb:)(()61mM
ruml-3,j61cEb:)6ffi" n(j)rrm
cEbru1®
mJrrw1Cl(Q):)
~cmw1.&.>lrrm6ffic ~
(J):)LOCQlo ®O®l61QJ
cEb:)6ffi1.&.>lcEb(Q)Sl IID®"
®OW1cEb:)(()C"lJo
®O®l61ag
mJo(>QJ0rill6ID361~
~cmw1.&.>lcEbw:)6lir.
"\B61C"l
~ru0mM1.&.>lcm
IID(@0J(@o
w1 QJJw1
~mcEb61~ mli!lw@o
m3mrrm
cEb6];lffimJW0. ~ClQJ:)mM"
1w1c®
12l~0.
cEb1§1(Q) ~mCQl61S
0s1wffi
is:)(()JbJmJru1~Cl'kl:)® cEb6];lffi 9. mo
(n(j).mJ1.
W0
61m3 rLlomo,
~'9mM1c® rLl®JmMl61ag ).
mpwlcEb(()lcOOJffi
"\B61(J
~rLlClw:)(J)l~
~UJm1cEb
i§01.&.>lCl0c®
IID~oca,~o aJC!J
rLl(JCQlrrm-
aJ(iJ)76)mj3Jo
!§}m7cfh(iJ)7 13-(':)0
fl.l07@jcfhJ0('[lJJri'Bo
IIDrul61S ClrillcEb"
.!1.I(()l(@C"lJo (()JmJcOO®
mJ:)c9ill1rLl(JCQlo i§m1cfu®1
( ClmJ:)0Cl(fll6lJ(()ffi,20l
w1 qo
®O~mM 6lruqo
cEb:)QJoru61(()
~6ffi:)w1 m3cm1Sl
cEb:)6TDJffi ®OScOOlJ,l~ru0
(1987,21).
n(j)cm:)c®
m1£®lw1SlJw1m3rrm61rurrm~ rLl®l'kl®ru:)(()o i§01mJo6TlJrrw1~ ruJd30lI2l:)(Q)lcOO:)6ffi:)o. rLlC"lCQlcm®". m1£®lmli!c® 11. rLl1.61cEb.6TlJ:)QJ<2J"%l61ag @S6ID31 m1(()ruw1 Cl(()6lJcEb~lc® "\B61(J
ruJB0:)w1m3rrm61rucm:)6ffi" IID~ocfu~o
cEb'91CQlcmctn". <2J®J0:)(Q)1
ClcEbJ'kl®ru:)(()o
~6ffi:)(Qj1m3cm®:)(Q)1 ClrLl:)Cl.fu61T;lcm
m:)~ru:)'91.&.>l~ ~6ffi:)w1m3cm®:)(Q):)6ffio
~cm(Q)lcOO61'kl§lm3cm
"\B61®Jm3
ClcEb(()~.!1.I(()l(@mMl61ag
orecones
m:J®lruJrumJ.O mSmM1'kl1mJ6ffi"
(@nJ'IcEb(()lcOO61'kl~cEbCQlo
0m30cOOmM:)Wo
CWn'li!lcOO61'kl~cEbCQlo 6l.!1.lcgj.IID®161ag
CWn'li!lcOO61'kl~cm®o. 6lQJ 6lcEb:)~000061.!1.lCl'kl~cEb~1 m1QJ61l2lcm:)6ffi" c® ~rLlClw:)(J)l bJCl(Q):)(J)o.( ~1 (()l.&.>lcmctn" m1 QJo n(j)cm:)6ffi". n.J@Cl(fll(()1,141)
(@;l1.ru)
cEb~112l:)CTQl0 6l.!1.lCl'kl~cEb~lqo 1
n.J@Cl(fll(()1,141,20l)
a.J ~
db
m.l.4J1
)@£!J7,§J:J(iJ)7 .auauxno;
1.®Om1emm", (2002
) ovny0617)4j(iJ)ldhu3-OJ::JQJ_)o-om'P"
C2dh0flo £!JC!JW:Jfl1dhpt6)5
(2001)
ovny0617)4j(iJ)7dhW ffllflodhflo
5. @il"l,ocfuil"l,ofu6l1JlID®nJ1il"l.il"l. c (2005)
Clcfu(()il"l, nJomClcfu0o
,®l01OJmmno_J(()o
Clcfu(()il"l,mJ::JaD1®_) Oc86lJB01,®~c8. ®
Clcfu(()il"l, iSJcillJ@®C)]ls~~~r,
®l01OJmmno_J(()o.
mJJaD1®_)
-
(\1)1.(\1)1. (1989)
£!Jl.@'Q?oW:JLD:J0LDjOjo
ffllnmjOO
l!!fjaJ1dh(617)6)C5TWd%JO l.!Jjflffl
aJom6i1T3w,
12.
(2003)(2JJ..u1miSJ(()®emml61ag
C2dh0C2fl:Jt;yC5TW7r:rJjo!Jqo, £
nJ1.61cfu (2000), , ,
4jqM(f):JLD, 4jqM(f):JLD
(2000)
aWrllJ7(iJ)j.!1.l01@)o (2008),
(1lJ:JrllJl(iJ)j
(ryt1i0C5TWdh OVrllJdh(617)(1lJO"C!Jo,
51 Cl{j)o.
@aJ01nj;f(617)o
Cl{j)nm?, .!1.l1nm,(iJ)7aJ1(]Jmnmn_J00 .
22.BJCl0JB(()®.61cfu
23. B7C!J1aJ" dh£!J:J0 24. mny(iJ)107
(2009), (1991)
ovny0617)4j(iJ)ldhu3-OJ::JQJ_)o
m::JQJ",(2JiS::J®" ®l01OJmmno_J(()o.
,(]JflfflC2C5TW:JW (]J7Bj:JaJ1oo, fBldhn_J0o.
25
26. mny(iJ)101 Cl{j)oo. Cl{j)o.&
(2008)
(fI)l(]JB:JOV
aJl6)dh
(2009)
C2dh0fl.!1.l01@)C5TW16)ag m:J!j(]J'PldhW,
Clcfu(()il"l,-'>-i(()l@)emml61ag ®Oslrrummoo1QJcfuoo,
0:J§J(]J:J'jf!J1j6)£!J(iJ)1C20(OJ1OJ.nJl)6TlJ1
rwl
27. aJ(iJr2Jm:JiSC2£!JC2m:JOO 6)cfh. aJl 28. 6T1J:JC!J4jqMd%JQ'ld" 6)cfh. ( 29.6T1J:JC!J4jqMoo 6)cfh.,(2007)
(1996)
1998)
(]Jl(f1)j:JovC5TWl6)ag
"Jl]'P7£!JC!J,£!J:JQ)@£!Jl, C2dh:J'P1C2d%J:J5~
mJJaD1®_)
34.
35. Ojcfum® nJl)®. (1981) 36. 3 7. (()OJ1OJc80 .61cfu.sl.(2001) 38. (()ru10® nJ1. nJ1( 2006
(i1Ti>j0oiSC5TW11ZJ3 mJJaD1®_)
(f):JLDr:rJjo dh 7fl7'ld:J!jo,
(1991),
(f):JLD,
Clcfu(()il"l,iSJcillJ ®C)]ls~3"' @
(\1)lmJl6flJ'i\(]", ClcfuJ3(Q)o.
~C!JOjo aJ07iS:JrtJjr:rJjo,
Clcfu(()il"l, mJc8OJcfuQJ::JOOJQJ,®l01OJmmno_J(()o.
(]J:Jwmr:rJj6)5
(]J'Pldhw,
(1990) (1997)
(2006)
ru~aamnJuS
ru18pn_floo,
~dho_J(()o.
- mJ(f2J(iJ175)~ J~ruJo, m
00ln.J6I1J1Clo'l::l:f.;",@l03rumOOlo_J(()o.
amQJ2)OJ'PlaeOO0~o,Cldh(()~mJJrul1ctnc\
ac&>0~--'1101@)o, --'1101@)o,
(ffiihB6)J812l1,®~c8. ru18c\Jn_fIoo,~dho_J(()o.
ru~ClamnJuS
OJ0aJlIDIlJDmaJIIDl6)at!
Cldh(()~
@Jo'l::IJ@®~15~~:r,
a,[h0~--'1101@)aJlIDl6)at!
mraslmlDDm(f()l&c&>w,
o_JClamn<9amn"(1989) (f()d%5xr8 (iJ)((),j0Drr8, 0J®1§01,CldhJ<91Clc86lJ5". gl. ( 2009)6)aJ01mDsv OJlhJOJOjo mJDf/)ruJjIlJD90j0, &ymJD. (().<>J(Q)l@Jru",61dhJS]o. "!Do. (1996) (2009)
mm.
1lJ&(J))D~ ,[hOJ1(iJ)D
mJDruJl(iJ)j
--'1107@)o,
mJJrul1@c\
rmoc86lJ801.®~c8.
m~6)s
mJDruJl(iJ)j
m~6)s
mJ~ruJo
1901-2000,
a,[h0~mJDruJl(iJ)jmraeOODBIlJ1,
®~0.
53. ru100JmJLfl®
54.61ru300J6m1
@l03rumOOlo_J(()o dh()®()" 6l1J<@c",CldhJ3(Q)O (ru1ru. mJ1.61dh dh(()1o), adh(()~ @Jo'l::IJ (ru1ru. ~6];llcfuilil® Cl.<>JQJJ@) @®~15~3",@103rumOOlo_J(()o. (U)1.mJ1.6l1J<@c",CldhJ3(Q)o.
(1993),
a,J0D6Wlc1h
r>d)rr86)6)mJa<ftjDaJ1(U)l(J)),
(iJ)7aBOJ(iJ)Do@0--'1107@)o,
&yD--'117miSD0rQJaJlID76)& ~([](wD0,
57.
58.0000 ru1. njJ)mJ" 59.001~n.JJQJ® 60.01
(ru1ru.61mJClZldh(()c\® amJc8m",)(U)1.mJl6l1J<@c"adhJ3(Q)o.
(njJ)(U)1.)( 1978)
r>d)'fr1..lC5TW6PJlj @§gl!1J3eOOw,[hw,(U)1.mJ1.6l1J<@c",CldhJ3(Q)o.
61dh. (2006)
llJaBllJeOOaJlIDD(J))o1lJ1LC;j!JJ,jo mJ(iJ)jOJo,
lQJru0amndh
61.616100611" 6161mJClZl1]1®(1996)
aJ(iJ)7m6PJljo aJ(iJ)lmDQo
®9DIiYW,[h~1!1J3,(
ru1ru. aruQJJ~w®
,CldhJ3(Q)o.
63.mJJrul1@c\n.J61ZllJJm® 64.ffi,lm1m3
n.J1.61dh.mJ(()J(Q)6mn.J1~
(1996)
--'1107@)o:aJDOl@aJ6i1Bf/o
65.
66.amJJI2l® n.J1. (2001) 67.ClmJJ0Cl0061J(1)®, 68. 69.ClmJJ0Cl0061J(1)®
mJDruJ7(iJ)j--'1101@)0j0,lQJ@J@"6l1Jc86l"rul'DmJ",@103rumOOlo_J(()o.
ec» --'1101@jmJ6WD00,
(2010) (2010)
, ac&>0~'J:J'P!lJ-
mJOrul1@c\ rmoc86lJ801,®~0.
iSUJOJ(iJ)w7(iJ)-aJ&c&>D&o 1lJ&(J))D~o
aJ&,[hD$c&>w,6161mJ®6l1J<@c~@l03rumOOlo_J(()o.
70. mJJo6TlJ001ruOOJO;B1 61dh., (()J0 mJJJ01 OOJO;B1ru1. njJ), (2010) 71.61()J01QJ LflJ'B0 (2008)
.<>J100l,@l03rumOOlo_J(()o. 72.Innes i.c.s (1997) Malabar 73.Champakalakhsmi k(ed.) Thrissur Gazetteer, KeralaGazetteers,TVPM (2002) State and Society in Pre-modem South India, Cosmo Books,
0JTg) (1) db 0 ~
db 68'B
u!I
iftJ'#i/UJDw(J))l6)&
rmom(Q)dhl2lJ0 njJ)®. (2005)Vol.1 cfuilil6161c86l0uS ru1.61dh. (2005)Vol.1 81 c.fI n.J" £I2lJc8 61dh.ru1. (2005)Vol.1 n.Jru1@)® n.J1. (2004)
(iJ@)62JjDm6)6)(f()&lc&>w,@Jn.JmJo,6la'flsJ6TlJc8
--'1101@)q,
iftJ'#i/UJDW!JJ,j6)S &ymJDwm
@In.JmJo,6lCl'fls06TlJ0
0J®1§01
rIDg)'£'B@1'B",CldhJ'P1Clc86lJ5~
mlD&mJEfh'i}6)aJIID'J:J91 ea» is,n(iJ)7,[h OJl--'11D00,
mraw7c&>D0OJo-iftJ'#i/UJDW(J))76)&
mD(J)),[h(iJ)Jo- --'1107@)iSDOJm!JJ,jomJDruJ7(iJ)jiSDOJm!JJ,jo,