Gene Expression

Enrico Paolo C. Banzuela, MD

Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the future Bedan MD must be able to: 1. Differentiate DNA, RNA and Protein 2. Explain the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 3. Describe the importance of Gene Expression 4. Differentiate 3 Types of Responses to Inducers 5. Explain Prokaryotic Gene Expression 6. Explain Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Why Is Gene Expression Important?

Almost all nucleated cells in the body contains the same DNA Cell specificity (phenotype) is determined by gene expression Modifications in Gene Expression allow the cell to adapt to changes in the environment

Topnotch Board Prep

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Replication

DNA
Transcription

The Cookbook

RNA
Translation

The Recipe

PROTEINS

The Actual Dish

What is therefore Gene Expression?

Gene Expression is Choosing which Recipe to turn into a Dish

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

DNA

Made up of nucleotides A, T, C, G Each nucleotide is made up of:

1. Base (Nitrogenous) 2. Sugar (5 Carbon) 3. Phosphate Group

Contains the genetic information

Topnotch Board Prep

RNA

Made up of nucleotides also A, U, G, C 3 Types:

1. mRNA 2. rRNA 3. tRNA

Only portions of the DNA are transcribed

Topnotch Board Prep

Proteins

Made up of amino acids Each amino acid has a:

1. Amino Group 2. Carboxylic Acid Group

Protein s amino acid sequence will ultimately determine its shape which will ultimately determine its function
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Amino Acids

DNA Made up of Nitrogenous Base, 5C Sugar(A,T,C,G) and a Phosphate Group Double stranded; Negatively Charged; attaches to histone; forms chromatin then nucleosome then Chromosome Found in the nucleus or forms nucleoid body; Undergoes replication; uses DNA polymerase Genes, Cistrons, Operons

RNA Similar to DNA but has U instead of T Single-stranded, short sequences

Proteins (CHON) Has Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quarternary Structures Intracellular enzymes, regulatory proteins, structural proteins; Extracellular Hormones, structural proteins Synthesized by ribosomes; may undergo further modifications at the Golgi Apparatus

Found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm; may undergo post-transcriptional modifications; uses RNA polymerase Main control of gene expression; genes may have low basal rate of transcription, high basal rate of transcription and constant rate of transcription

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals VI. Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Gene Expression

Basically controlled by two mechanisms:

1. Positive Regulation Expression of a gene is increased by a factor (Activator) 2. Negative Regulation Expression of a gene is decreased by a factor (Repressor)

Effector either activator or repressor

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Gene Expression

Signals that may induce gene expression is divided into 3:

1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type C

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Type A Response to an Inducer Signal Increased Gene Expression DEPENDENT upon the continued presence of the inducing signal Commonly observed in prokaryotes in response to sudden changes in the intracellular concentration of the nutrient; seen also in eukaryotes after exposure to inducers such as hormones, nutrients or growth factors

Type B Response to an Inducer Signal Increased Gene Expression that is TRANSIENT despite the continued presence of the inducing signal Characterizes the action of many drugs; commonly occurs during the development of the organism

Type C Response to and Inducer Signal Increased GENE Expression that PERSISTS and is IRREVERSIBLE even after the termination of the signal Typically occurs during the development of differentiated function in tissue or organ

TYPE A RESPONSE

TYPE B RESPONSE

TYPE C RESPONSE

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

1. 2.

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

1. 2.

Prokaryotic Gene Expression

Prokaryotes are:
1. 2. 3. 4. More primitive than eukaryotes No nucleus, no post-transcriptional modifications Most of its DNA is CODING Maybe POLYCISTRONIC

Prokaryotic Gene Expression

A model for study of gene expression in humans Mechanism: Control of transcription Usually on-off switching is seen
Examples:
1. Lac Operon 2. Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

I NDIVIDUAL W ORK
Answer the ff. questions (open books, you may use the internet, library, etc.)
1. 2. 3. 4.

What is an operon? Why does a bacteria need the lac operon? What is a bacteriaphage? Why is the switch of the bacteriophage lambda good for the virus but bad for the bacteria? Explain IN FULL, the mechanisms for the lac operon using any of the ff. tables, concept maps, drawings, mnemonic devices Explain IN FULL, the mechanisms for the switch of bacteriophage lambda using any of the ff. tables, concept maps, drawings, mnemonic devices

5.

6.

G ROUP W ORK


Get a partner (the one that follows you alphabetically) Discuss your answer with him/her Explain your answers to your partner very well Grade you partner s work from 1-10 (do this judiciously)

Metabolism of Glucose
Bacterium

Lactose Lactase Permease

B-Galactosidase Galactose + Glucose

Pyruvate

Repressed State: no lactose or with lactose but with high glucose

Activated State: with High Lactose AND No glucose

A SSIGNMENT: F OR YOUR EXAM , ABOUT THE H ISTIDINE O PERON

READ

Lac Operon
Found in the genes of the intestinal E.Coli An example Type A response Maximal when 2 things happen: Glucose levels are low, lactose levels are high Uses both positive and negative regulators

Lac Operon
The LacI is a negative regulator which has a high affinity with an inducer(lactose)
Binding of inducer derepresses the lac operon

CAP-cAMP is a positive regulator which promotes attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter region and begin transcription
Note that cAMP increases during LOW GLUCOSE LEVELS (Remember: glucose inhibits adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP)

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Introduction Objectives The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Differences between DNA, RNA and Proteins 3 Types of Temporal Responses to Biologic Signals Prokaryotic Gene Expression
1. 2. Characteristics Examples
A. B. Lac Operon Genetic Switch of Bacteriophage Lambda

Bacteriophage Lambda
Due to a virus that infects bacteria When the repressor gene is on, the Cro gene is off; when the Cro gene is on, the repressor gene is off The repressor gene is both a positive regulator (promotes itself) and a negative regulator (inhibits Cro gene)

Bacteriophage Lambda
If the repressor protein concentration becomes too high, it will attach to OR3 and diminish transcription of repressor gene until repressor protein concentration drops responsible for dormancy of virus When Cro gene is activated, the lytic pathway is irreversible

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Eukaryotes:
1. 2. 3. Have a nuclei, histones and chromosomes RNA undergoes post-transcriptional processes Transcription is not a simple on-off switch. Signals from a number of complex environmental stimuli may converge on a single gene and a positive or negative response can be dominant.

More complicated than prokaryotic gene expression with several mechanisms for control Less-understood than prokaryotic gene expression

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Chromatin Remodeling
Some regions of the chromatin are transcriptionally active, others are transcriptionally inactive or potentially active Mechanisms
1. 2. Scaffolding proteins that condenses chromatin regions and inactivates it Having different regions of the chromatin available for transcription in cells from various tissues (e.g. B-globin gene is in the active chromatin in reticulocyte but in the inactive chromatin in the muscle cell) Histone Acetylation and deacetylation acetylation decreases binding of histone to DNA allowing access to transcription factors; a variety of CHONs have acetylase and deacetylase activity Methylation of deoxycitidine residues may cause gross changes in chromatin which inhibits transcription Binding of specific transcription factors may disrupt nucleosomal structure Moving particular genes in or out of different subnuclear components

3.

4. 5. 6.

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Use of Enhancers/Silencers
Enhancers are DNA sequences that are different from promoters Characteristics of Enhancers
Work when located long distances from the promoter Active only when it exists within the same DNA molecule as the promoter Work when upstream or downstream from the promoter (work in either direction Can work with homologous or heterologous promoters Work by binding to one or more proteins Work by facilitating binding of the basal transcription complex to the promoter Mediates tissue-specific gene expression
Prevented from triggering transcription randomly by Locus-Control Region with associated bound proteins and Insulators which is once again bound to proteins

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Regulatory Proteins/Transcription Factors

Transcription factors and their respective genes are called TRANS-REGULATORS (Cis-regulators would include promoters, enhancers, HREs) Transcription Factors are activator proteins that bind to response elements (promoters, HREs, etc)

Regulatory Proteins/Transcription Factors

2 recognizable domains:
DNA-binding domain Activation domain (binds to other transcription factors, interacts with RNA polymerase to stabilize initiation complex, recruits histoneacetylases/deacetylases)

The domains are independent and non-interactive DNA-binding domain has 3 unique motifs:
Helix-Turn-Helix Zinc Finger Leucine Zipper

YOUR EXAM , READ ABOUT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOTIFS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

A SSIGNMENT: F OR

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing

Use of alternative transcription start sites would yield different proteins such as mouse amylase, myosin light chain kinase, rat glucokinase, drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase and actin Alternative polyadenylation sites used in immunoglobulins Alternative splicing and processing used to create 7 unique alpha-tropomyosin mRNAs in seven different tissues (regulatory mechanism is currently unknown)

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Control of mRNA Stability

mRNAs are stabilized or destabilize through interaction of proteins in the cytoplasm. These protein in turn maybe affected by hormones The amount of mRNA determines the amount of translation and consequently the amount of protein produced

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Gene Amplification and Rearrangement

Amplification - During development or in response to drugs, hundreds of rRNA and tRNA genes can be used to produce hundreds of copies of rRNA and tRNA Rearrangement seen in IgG genes

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Control the Rate of Protein Translation

E.g. Heme increases the translation of B-globin translation

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Control the Rate of Protein Degradation

E.g. ALA synthase has a half-life of one hour in the hepatocyte

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Inactivation of a Specific Chromosome of Chromosome Region

E.g. Barr bodies in women (inactivation of one X chromosome)

Outline
VII. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
I. II. Characteristics Mechanisms
1. Control of Transcription
A. B. C. Chromatin Remodeling Use of Enhancers or Silencers/Repressors Regulatory Proteins aka Transcription Factors

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control of Nuclear RNA Processing Control mRNA Stability Gene Amplification and Rearrangement Control of Rate of Protein Translation Control of Rate of Protein Degradation Inactivation of Specific Chromosome or Chromosomal Region

VIII. Summary

Summary

1. DNA and RNA are both made up of nucleotides (T for DNA, U for RNA) linked by phosphodiester bonds while proteins are made up of amino acids linked by peptide bond 2. DNA contains all your genes, RNA contains info enough for specific proteins
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Summary

3. DNA is replicated to form another DNA, DNA is transcribed into RNA then RNA is translated into protein Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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Summary

4. Gene Expression is important because:

a. It determines phenotype b. Modulation determines response to environment

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Summary

5. In response to inducers, 3 responses are possible:

a. Type A (+) response as long as inducer is there b. Type B Transient response after inducer is there c. Type C Permanent response after inducer is there
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Summary

6. Gene expression in bacteria is mainly via transcription and is simpler than eukaryotes 7. Two Important Operon for bacteria demonstrate prokaryotic gene expression Lac Operon, Switch for Bacteriophage Lambda
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Summary

8. Gene Expression for eukaryotes is more complicated and involves not just transcription

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Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the student must be able to: 1. Differentiate DNA, RNA and Protein 2. Explain the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 3. Describe the importance of Gene Expression 4. Differentiate 3 Types of Responses to Inducers 5. Explain Prokaryotic Gene Expression 6. Explain Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Thank You Very Much and Have a Nice Day! =)