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2 Models
6 Summary
Temperature Dependence
Strain-Rate = 0.001 /s. Strain-Rate = 1000 /s.
400 400
Flow Stress (MPa)
200 200
100 100
0 0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature (K) Temperature (K)
Sigmoidal curves?
Strain-Rate Dependence
Strain = 0.2; Temperature = 300K
4
10
?
Flow Stress (MPa)
Older Data
3
10
Recent Data
2
10 −5 −1 3 7 11
10 10 10 10 10
Strain Rate (/s)
Pressure Dependence
Strain Rate = 0.001/s; Plastic Strain = 0.05
500
450
Flow Stress (MPa)
300 K
400
367 K
350
422 K
300
478 K
250
200
0 100 200 300 400
Pressure (MPa)
Older Models
µ(p, T )
σy (σe , ε̇, p, T ) = [τa + τi (ε̇, T ) + τe (σe , ε̇, T )] (1)
µ0
where
σe =an evolving internal variable that has units of stress (also called the mechanical threshold stress)
ε̇ =the strain rate
p =the pressure
T =the temperature
τa =the athermal component of the flow stress
τi =the intrinsic component of the flow stress due to barriers to thermally activated dislocation motion
τe =the component of the flow stress due to structure evolution (e.g., strain hardening)
µ =the shear modulus
µ0 =a reference shear modulus at 0 K and ambient pressure.
A Simple Modification
µ(p, T )
σy (σe , ε̇, p, T ) = [τa + τi (ε̇, T ) + τe (σe , ε̇, T )]
µ0
Since hardening is relatively small we can
ρ
η :=
ρ0
1 Γ1 Γ2
Γ(ρ) = + +
2 ρ1/3 ρq
Model Checks
50 6000
Recent data
40 η=1.05 5000
Shear Modulus (GPa)
4000
30
Tm (K)
3000
20
2000
10 η=0.95 1000 Older data
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
T/Tm Pressure (GPa)
A Model for τi
!1/qi 2 1/pi
kb T
ε̇0i
τi = σi 1 − ln . (5)
3
g0i b µ(p, T ) ε̇
0.05
σi = 375 MPa, g = 0.61
0.045 0i
0.04
95%
0.035 Confidence
Interval
pi
0.03
y = (σy / µ)
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
x = [(kbT/ µ b3) ln(ε0i/ ε)]1/qi
Use ideas from Kumar and Kumble (1969) and Frost and Ashby
(1971).
2 B
τv = √ ε̇ (6)
3 ρm b 2
Need to find drag coefficient B and the density of mobile
dislocations ρm .
Assume that
B = Be + Bp
where Be = electron drag, Bp = phonon drag. Neglect Be for
temperatures greater than 50 K.
λp q
B ≈ λp Bp = hEi (7)
10 cs
where q = cross-section of dislocation core, cs = shear wave
speed, and ! ! 1/3
3 kb T ρ θD h c̄ 3ρ
hEi = D3 ; θD =
M T kb 4πM
5
10
0
10
900 K
300 K
τv (MPa)
−5
10
50 K
−10
10
−15
10
−5 −3 −1 1 3 5
10 10 10 10 10 10
Strain Rate (s−1)
Temperature Dependence
450
500
400
350
400
300
σy (MPa)
σy (MPa)
250 300
200
200
150
100
100
50
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
T/Tm T/Tm
4
10
σy (MPa)
3
10
2
10 −5 −1 3 7 11
10 10 10 10 10
−1
ε (s )
Pressure Dependence
500
450
400
Flow Stress (MPa)
350
300
250
200
0 100 200 300 400
Pressure (MPa)
Evacuated Target
chamber
Target Specimen
Gas gun
Direction of
flyer plate
VISAR
200 200
100 100
50 50
0 0
−0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (µ sec) Time (µ sec)
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Centroid
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L af
00000000000
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C 11111111111
00000000000
xf 11111111111
00000000000 Lf
00000000000
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00000000000
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00000000000
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Af
00000000000
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00000000000
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C Wf 00000000000
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00000000000
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yf
0.2 L 0 00000000000
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00000000000
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Df
Comparison of Metrics
0.9 2.2
0.8 2
Simulated Df/D0
0
X=Y
Simulated L /L
f
0.7 1.8
0.6 1.6
0.5 1.4
0.3 1
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Experimental Lf/L0 Experimental Df/D0
Comparison of Profiles
mm
20 15
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15
mm mm
Summary