Signal and Systems For Scilab

Scilab Code for Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan V. Willsky, S.
Hamid Nawab1
Created by Prof. R. Senthilkumar Institute of Road and Transport Technology rsenthil signalprocess@in.com Cross-Checked by Prof. Saravanan Vijayakumaran, IIT Bombay sarva@ee.iitb.ac.in 18 November 2010
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT, http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro.This text book companion and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the website http://scilab.in
1 Funded
Book Details
Author: Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan V. Willsky, S.Hamid Nawab Title: Signals and Systems Publisher: Prentice-Hall India Edition: Second Year: 1992 Place: New Delhi ISBN: 978-81-203-1246-3
Contents
List of Scilab Code 1 Signals and Systems 1.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Linear Time Invariant Systems 2.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fourier Series Repreentation of Periodic Signals 3.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Continuous Time Fourier Transform 4.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 11 11 26 26 54 54 90 90
5 The Discreet Time Fourier Transform 117 5.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6 Time and Frequency Characterization of Signals and Systems 138 6.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7 Sampling 148 7.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 9 The Laplace Transform 155 9.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 10 The Z-Transform 171 10.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2
11 Linear Feedback Systems 181 11.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
List of Scilab Code

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.12 1.13 1.13b 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.20 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Example1.1.sce . Example1.2.sce . Example1.3.sce . Example1.4.sce . Example1.5.sce . Example1.6.sce . Example1.12.sce . Example1.13.sce . Example1.13b.sce Example1.14.sce . Example1.15.sce . Example1.16.sce . Example1.17.sce . Example1.18.sce . Example1.20.sce . Example2.1.sce . Example2.3.sce . Example2.4.sce . Example2.5.sce . Example2.6.sce . Example2.7.sce . Example2.8.sce . Example3.2.sce . Example3.3.sce . Example3.4.sce . Example3.5.sce . Example3.6.sce . Example3.7.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 20 21 22 23 24 26 29 33 37 41 45 49 54 60 61 63 66 68
3.8 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.12 4.18 4.23 4.22 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.12 5.15 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 9.1
Example3.8.sce . . . . . . . . . Example3.10.sce . . . . . . . . . Example3.11.sce . . . . . . . . . Example3.12.sce . . . . . . . . . Example3.13.sce . . . . . . . . . Example3.14.sce . . . . . . . . . Example3.15.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.1.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.2.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.4.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.5.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.6.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.7.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.8.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.9.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.12.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.18.sce . . . . . . . . . Example4.23.sce . . . . . . . . . Impulse response of LTI system Example5.1.sce . . . . . . . . . Example5.2.sce . . . . . . . . . Example5.3.sce . . . . . . . . . Example5.5.sce . . . . . . . . . Example5.6.sce . . . . . . . . . Example5.7.sce . . . . . . . . . Example5.9.sce . . . . . . . . . Example5.12.sce . . . . . . . . . Example5.15.sce . . . . . . . . . Example6.1.sce . . . . . . . . . Example6.3.sce . . . . . . . . . Example6.4.sce . . . . . . . . . Example6.5.sce . . . . . . . . . Example7.1.sce . . . . . . . . . Example7.2.sce . . . . . . . . . Example7.3.sce . . . . . . . . . Example7.4.sce . . . . . . . . . Example7.5.sce . . . . . . . . . Example9.1.sce . . . . . . . . . 5
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71 74 76 80 82 85 87 90 93 95 97 99 101 104 106 108 110 112 114 117 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 138 143 145 146 148 149 150 151 151 155
9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.25 9.31 9.33 9.34 9.35 9.36 9.37 9.38 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.9 10.10 10.11
Example9.2.sce . Example9.3.sce . Example9.4.sce . Example9.5.sce . Example9.6.sce . Example9.7.sce . Example9.8.sce . Example9.9.sce . Example9.10.sce . Example9.11.sce . Example9.12.sce . Example9.13.sce . Example9.14.sce . Example9.15.sce . Example9.16.sce . Example9.17.sce . Example9.18.sce . Example9.19.sce . Example9.20.sce . Example9.21.sce . Example9.25.sce . Example9.31.sce . Example9.33.sce . Example9.34.sce . Example9.35.sce . Example9.36.sce . Example9.37.sce . Example9.38.sce . Example10.1.sce . Example10.2.sce . Example10.3.sce . Example10.4.sce . Example10.5.sce . Example10.6.sce . Example10.7.sce . Example10.9.sce . Example10.10.sce Example10.11.sce
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155 155 156 156 156 157 157 158 159 159 159 160 163 164 164 165 165 165 166 166 166 167 168 168 168 169 169 169 171 171 172 172 172 173 173 173 174 175
10.12 Example10.12.sce . . . . . . 10.13 Example10.13.sce . . . . . . 10.18 Example10.18.sce . . . . . . 10.19 Example10.19.sce . . . . . . 10.23 Example10.23.sce . . . . . . 10.25 Example10.25.sce . . . . . . 10.33 Example10.33.sce . . . . . . 10.34 Example10.34.sce . . . . . . 10.36 Example10.36.sce . . . . . . 10.37 Example10.37.sce . . . . . . 11.1 Example11.1.sce . . . . . . . 11.2 Example11.2.sce . . . . . . . 11.3 Example11.3.sce . . . . . . . 11.5Bode Example11.5Bode.sce . . . . 11.5Nyquist Example11.5Nyquist.sce . . 11.6 Example11.6.sce . . . . . . . 11.7 Example11.7.sce . . . . . . . 11.8 Example11.8.sce . . . . . . . 11.9 Example11.9.sce . . . . . . . 11.9 Root locus analysis of Linear
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175 175 176 176 177 177 178 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 187 188 188 189 192
List of Figures
1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Results of Exa 1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results of Exa 1.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 2.1 . 2.1 . 2.1 . 2.3 . 2.3 . 2.3 . 2.4 . 2.4 . 2.4 . 2.5 . 2.5 . 2.5 . 2.6 . 2.6 . 2.6 . 2.7 . 2.7 . 2.7 . 2.8 . 2.8 . 2.8 . 3.2 . 3.2 . 3.2 . 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 20 27 28 29 31 32 33 35 36 37 39 40 41 43 44 45 47 48 49 51 52 53 57 58 59 60
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7
Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results Results
of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
3.4 . 3.5 . 3.5 . 3.6 . 3.7 . 3.7 . 3.8 . 3.10 3.11 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 4.1 . 4.1 . 4.2 . 4.4 . 4.5 . 4.6 . 4.7 . 4.7 . 4.8 . 4.9 . 4.12 4.18 4.23 4.22 4.22 5.1 . 5.1 . 5.2 . 5.3 . 5.5 . 5.6 . 5.7 .
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63 65 66 68 70 71 74 76 79 80 82 85 87 89 92 93 95 97 99 101 103 104 106 108 110 112 113 115 116 120 121 123 125 127 129 131
5.8 Results of Exa 5.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 Results of Exa 5.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Results of Exa 5.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.1 7.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Results Results Results Results Results Results of of of of of of Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 6.1 . 6.1 . 6.1 . 6.3 . 6.4 . 6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133 135 137 141 142 143 145 146 147 149 154 158 161 162 163 182 183 184 185 186 187 189 191 192 193
Results of Exa 7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results of Exa 7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results Results Results Results of of of of of of of of of of of of of of Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 9.8 . 9.13 9.13 9.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1 Results 11.2 Results 11.3 Results 11.4 Results 11.5 Results 11.6 Results 11.7 Results 11.8 Results 11.9 Results 11.10Results
11.1 . . . . 11.2 . . . . 11.3 . . . . 11.5Bode . 11.5Nyquist 11.6 . . . . 11.8 . . . . 11.9 . . . . 11.9 . . . . 11.9 . . . .
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Chapter 1 Signals and Systems

1.1 Scilab Codes
Example 1.1 Time Shifting

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// Example 1 . 1 : Time S h i f t i n g //SIGNALS & SYSTEMS , S e c o n d E d i t i o n //V . OPPENHEIM, S . WILLSKY , S . HAMID NAMWAB // PHI , 2 0 0 8 E d i t i o n // Page 10 clear all ; clc ; close ; t = 0:1/100:1; for i = 1: length ( t ) x(i) = 1 ; end for i = length ( t ) +1:2* length ( t ) x ( i ) = 1 - t (i - length ( t ) ) ; end t1 = 0:1/100:2; t2 = -1:1/100:1; // t 3 = 0 : 1 / 1 0 0 : 4 / 3 ; // t 4 = 0 : 1 / l e n g t h ( t 3 ) : 1 ; // Mid = c e i l ( l e n g t h ( t 3 ) / 2 ) ;
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// f o r i = 1 : Mid // x3 ( i ) = 1 ; // end // f o r i = Mid +1: l e n g t h ( t 3 ) // x3 ( i ) = 1 t 4 ( i Mid ) ; // end figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( t1 , x (1: $ -1) ) a . thickness =2; xtitle ( The s i g n a l x ( t ) ) figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( t2 , x (1: $ -1) ) a . thickness =2; a . y_location = m i d d l e ; xtitle ( The s i g n a l x ( t +1) ) figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( t2 , x ( $ : -1:2) ) a . thickness =2; a . y_location = m i d d l e ; xtitle ( The s i g n a l x( t +1) ) Example 1.2 Time Scaling
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// Example 1 . 2 : Time S c a l i n g //SIGNALS & SYSTEMS , S e c o n d E d i t i o n //V . OPPENHEIM, S . WILLSKY , S . HAMID NAMWAB // PHI , 2 0 0 8 E d i t i o n // Page 11 clear all ; clc ; close ; t3 = 0:1/100:4/3; t4 = 0:1/ length ( t3 ) :1; Mid = ceil ( length ( t3 ) /2) ; for i = 1: Mid 12
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x3 ( i ) = 1 ; end for i = Mid +1: length ( t3 ) x3 ( i ) = 1 - t4 (i - Mid ) ; end figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( t3 , x3 ) a . thickness =2; xtitle ( Time S c a l i n g x ( 3 t / 2 ) ) Example 1.3 Time Scaling and Time Shifting
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// Example 1 . 3 : Time S c a l i n g and Time S h i f t i n g //SIGNALS & SYSTEMS , S e c o n d E d i t i o n //V . OPPENHEIM, S . WILLSKY , S . HAMID NAMWAB // PHI , 2 0 0 8 E d i t i o n // Page 11 clear all ; clc ; close ; t3 = 0:1/100:4/3; t4 = 0:1/ length ( t3 ) :1; Mid = ceil ( length ( t3 ) /2) ; for i = 1: Mid x3 ( i ) = 1 ; end for i = Mid +1: length ( t3 ) x3 ( i ) = 1 - t4 (i - Mid ) ; end t5 = -2/3:1/100:2/3; figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( t5 , x3 ) a . thickness =2; a . y_location = m i d d l e ; xtitle ( Time S c a l i n g and Time S h i f t i n g x ( ( 3 t / 2 ) +1) )
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Example 1.4 Combinationation two periodic signals Aperiodic signal

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// Example 1 . 4 : C o m b i n a t i o n a t i o n two p e r i o d i c s i g n a l s // A p e r i o d i c s i g n a l // Page 12 clear all ; clc ; close ; F =1; // F r e q u e n c y = 1 Hz t1 = 0: -1/100: -2* %pi ; x1 = cos ( F * t1 ) ; t2 = 0:1/100:2* %pi ; x2 = sin ( F * t2 ) ; a = gca () ; plot ( t2 , x2 ) ; plot ( t1 , x1 ) ; a . y_location = m i d d l e ; a . x_location = m i d d l e ; xtitle ( The s i g n a l x ( t ) = c o s t f o r t < 0 and s i n t for t > 0: Aperiodic Signal ) Example 1.5 sum of two complex exponentials as a single sinusoid
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// Example 1 . 5 : To e x p r e s s sum o f two c o m p l e x exponentials // a s a s i n g l e s i n u s o i d clear all ; clc ; close ; t =0:1/100:2* %pi ; x1 = exp ( sqrt ( -1) *2* t ) ; x2 = exp ( sqrt ( -1) *3* t ) ; x = x1 + x2 ; for i = 1: length ( x ) X ( i ) = sqrt (( real ( x ( i ) ) .^2) +( imag ( x ( i ) ) .^2) ) ; end plot (t , X ) ;
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xtitle ( F u l l wave r e c t i f i e d s i n u s o i d , t i m e t , Magnitude ) ;
Figure 1.1: Results of Exa 1.5 Example 1.6 Determining the fundamental period of composite discrete time signal // Example 1 . 6 : D e t e r m i n e t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p e r i o d o f composite 2 // d i s c r e t e t i m e s i g n a l 3 // x [ n ] = exp ( j ( 2 %pi / 3 ) n )+exp ( j ( 3 %pi / 4 ) n ) 4 clear all ;
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clc ; close ; Omega1 = 2* %pi /3; // A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y s i g n a l 1 Omega2 = 3* %pi /4; // A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y s i g n a l 2 N1 = (2* %pi ) / Omega1 ; // P e i r o d o f s i g n a l 1 N2 = (2* %pi ) / Omega2 ; // P e r i o d o f s i g n a l 2 //To f i n d r a t i o n a l p e r i o d o f s i g n a l 1 for m1 = 1:100 period = N1 * m1 ; if ( modulo ( period ,1) ==0) period1 = period ; integer_value = m1 break ; end end //To f i n d r a t i o n a l p e r i o d o f s i g n a l 2 for m2 = 1:100 period = N2 * m2 ; if ( modulo ( period ,1) ==0) period2 = period ; integer_value = m2 break ; end end disp ( period1 ) disp ( period2 ) //To d e t e r m i n e t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p e r i o d N N = period1 * period2 Example 1.12 Classication of system:Causality property
1 2 3 4 5
// Example 1 . 1 2 : C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s y s t e m : C a u s a l i t y property // Page 47 //To c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a C a u s a l System ( o r ) NonC a u s a l System // Given d i s c r e t e s y s t e m y [ n ]= x[n ] clear ; 16
6 clc ; 7 x = [2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,10 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1]; 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
// A s s i g n some v a l u e t o input n = - length ( x ) /2: length ( x ) /2; count = 0; mid = ceil ( length ( x ) /2) ; y = zeros (1 , length ( x ) ) ; y ( mid +1: $ ) = x ( $ : -1: mid +1) ; for n = -1: -1: - mid y ( n +1+ mid ) = x ( - n ) ; end for i = 1: length ( x ) if ( y ( i ) == x ( i ) ) count = count +1; end end if ( count == length ( x ) ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s a c a u s a l s y s t e m ) else disp ( S i n c e i t d e p e n d s on f u t u r e i n p u t v a l u e ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s a nonc a u s a l s y s t e m ) end
Example 1.13 Determination of stablility of a given system

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// Example 1 . 1 3 : D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s t a b l i l i t y o f a given system // Page 49 // g i v e n s y s t e m y ( t ) = t . x ( t ) clear ; clc ; x = [1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,0 ,2 ,1 ,3 ,5 ,8]; // A s s i g n some i n p u t Maximum_Limit = 10; S = 0; for t = 0: Maximum_Limit -1 S = S + t * x ( t +1) ; end if ( S > Maximum_Limit ) 17
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disp ( Eventhough i n p u t i s bounded o u t p u t i s unbounded ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s u n s t a b l e ) ; disp ( S = ) ; S else disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s s t a b l e ) ; disp ( The v a l u e o f S = ) ; S end Example 1.13b Determination of stability of a given system
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// Example 1 . 1 3 ( b ) : D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s t a b i l i t y o f a given system // Page 50 // g i v e n s y s t e m y ( t ) = exp ( x ( t ) ) clear ; clc ; Maximum_Limit = 10; S = 0; for t = 0: Maximum_Limit -1 x ( t +1) = -2^ t ; // I n p u t some bounded v a l u e S = S + exp ( x ( t +1) ) ; end if ( S > Maximum_Limit ) disp ( Eventhough i n p u t i s bounded o u t p u t i s unbounded ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s u n s t a b l e ) ; disp ( S = ) ; S else disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s s t a b l e ) ; disp ( S ) ; end Example 1.14 Classication of a system:Time Invariance Property 18
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// Example 1 . 1 4 : c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a s y s t e m : Time Invariance Property // Page 51 //To c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e g i v e n s y s t e m i s a Time v a r i a n t ( o r ) Time Inv a r i a n t // The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s i g n a l i s y ( t ) = s i n ( x ( t ) ) clear ; clc ; to = 2; // Assume t h e amount o f t i m e s h i f t =2 T = 10; // Length o f g i v e n signal for t = 1: T x ( t ) = (2* %pi / T ) * t ; y ( t ) = sin ( x ( t ) ) ; end // F i r s t s h i f t t h e i n p u t s i g n a l o n l y Input_shift = sin ( x (T - to ) ) ; Output_shift = y (T - to ) ; if ( Input_shift == Output_shift ) disp ( The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a Time In v a r i a n t system ); else disp ( The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a Time V a r i a n t system ); end
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Figure 1.2: Results of Exa 1.14 Example 1.15 Classication of a System:Time Invariance Property
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// Example 1 . 1 5 : C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a System : Time Invariance Property // Page 51 //To c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e g i v e n s y s t e m i s a Time v a r i a n t ( o r ) Time Inv a r i a n t // The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s i g n a l i s y [ n ] = n . x [ n ] clear ; clc ; no = 2; // Assume t h e amount o f t i m e s h i f t =2 L = 10; // Length o f g i v e n signal 20
9 for n = 1: L 10 x(n) = n; 11 y(n) = n*x(n); 12 end 13 // F i r s t s h i f t t h e i n p u t s i g n a l o n l y 14 Input_shift = x (L - no ) ; 15 Output_shift = y (L - no ) ; 16 if ( Input_shift == Output_shift ) 17 disp ( The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a Time In
v a r i a n t system );
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else disp ( The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a Time V a r i a n t system ); 20 end Example 1.16 Classication of system:Time Invariance Property
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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
// Example 1 . 1 6 : C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s y s t e m : Time Invariance Property // Page 52 //To c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e g i v e n s y s t e m i s a Time v a r i a n t ( o r ) Time Inv a r i a n t // The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s i g n a l i s y ( t ) = x ( 2 t ) clear ; clc ; to = 2; // Assume t h e amount o f t i m e s h i f t =2 T = 10; // Length o f g i v e n signal x = [1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10]; y = zeros (1 , length ( x ) ) ; for t = 1: length ( x ) /2 y ( t ) = x (2* t ) ; end // F i r s t s h i f t t h e i n p u t s i g n a l o n l y Input_shift = x (T - to ) ; Output_shift = y (T - to ) ; if ( Input_shift == Output_shift ) disp ( The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a Time In v a r i a n t system ); 21
19 20
else disp ( The g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a Time V a r i a n t system ); 21 end Example 1.17 Classication of system:Linearity Property
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
// Example 1 . 1 7 : C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s y s t e m : L i n e a r i t y Property // Page 54 //To c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a L i n e a r System ( o r ) NonL i n e a r System // Given d i s c r e t e s y s t e m y ( t )= t x ( t ) clear ; clc ; x1 = [1 ,1 ,1 ,1]; x2 = [2 ,2 ,2 ,2]; a = 1; b = 1; for t = 1: length ( x1 ) x3 ( t ) = a * x1 ( t ) + b * x2 ( t ) ; end for t = 1: length ( x1 ) y1 ( t ) = t * x1 ( t ) ; y2 ( t ) = t * x2 ( t ) ; y3 ( t ) = t * x3 ( t ) ; end for t = 1: length ( y1 ) z ( t ) = a * y1 ( t ) + b * y2 ( t ) ; end count = 0; for n =1: length ( y1 ) if ( y3 ( t ) == z ( t ) ) count = count +1; end end if ( count == length ( y3 ) )
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disp ( S i n c e I t s a t i s i f i e s t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n principle ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s a L i n e a r s y s t e m ) y3 z else disp ( S i n c e I t d o e s n o t s a t i s i f y t h e superposition principle ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s a NonL i n e a r s y s t e m ) end Example 1.18 Classsication of a system:Linearity Property
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// Example 1 . 1 8 : C l a s s s i f i c a t i o n o f a s y s t e m : L i n e a r i t y Property // Page 54 //To c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a L i n e a r System ( o r ) NonL i n e a r System // Given d i s c r e t e s y s t e m y ( t )= ( x ( t ) 2 ) clear ; clc ; x1 = [1 ,1 ,1 ,1]; x2 = [2 ,2 ,2 ,2]; a = 1; b = 1; for t = 1: length ( x1 ) x3 ( t ) = a * x1 ( t ) + b * x2 ( t ) ; end for t = 1: length ( x1 ) y1 ( t ) = ( x1 ( t ) ^2) ; y2 ( t ) = ( x2 ( t ) ^2) ; y3 ( t ) = ( x3 ( t ) ^2) ; end for t = 1: length ( y1 ) z ( t ) = a * y1 ( t ) + b * y2 ( t ) ; end count = 0; for n =1: length ( y1 ) 23
24 if ( y3 ( t ) == z ( t ) ) 25 count = count +1; 26 end 27 end 28 if ( count == length ( y3 ) ) 29 disp ( S i n c e I t s a t i s i f i e s 30 31 32 33 34
the s u p e r p o s i t i o n
principle ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s a L i n e a r s y s t e m ) y3 z else disp ( S i n c e I t d o e s n o t s a t i s i f y t h e superposition principle ) 35 disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s a NonL i n e a r s y s t e m ) 36 end Example 1.20 Classsication of a system:Linearity Property
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// Example 1 . 2 0 : C l a s s s i f i c a t i o n o f a s y s t e m : L i n e a r i t y Property // Page 55 //To c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e g i v e n d i s c r e t e s y s t e m i s a L i n e a r System ( o r ) NonL i n e a r System // Given d i s c r e t e s y s t e m y [ n ] ) = 2 x [ n ]+3 clear ; clc ; x1 = [1 ,1 ,1 ,1]; x2 = [2 ,2 ,2 ,2]; a = 1; b = 1; for n = 1: length ( x1 ) x3 ( n ) = a * x1 ( n ) + b * x2 ( n ) ; end for n = 1: length ( x1 ) y1 ( n ) = 2* x1 ( n ) +3; y2 ( n ) = 2* x2 ( n ) +3; y3 ( n ) = 2* x3 ( n ) +3; end 24
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for n = 1: length ( y1 ) z ( n ) = a * y1 ( n ) + b * y2 ( n ) ; end count = 0; for n =1: length ( y1 ) if ( y3 ( n ) == z ( n ) ) count = count +1; end end if ( count == length ( y3 ) ) disp ( S i n c e I t s a t i s i f i e s t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n principle ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s a L i n e a r s y s t e m ) y3 z else disp ( S i n c e I t d o e s n o t s a t i s i f y t h e superposition principle ) disp ( The g i v e n s y s t e m i s a NonL i n e a r s y s t e m ) end
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Chapter 2 Linear Time Invariant Systems

2.1 Scilab Codes
Example 2.1 Linear Convolution Sum

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// Example 2 . 1 : L i n e a r C o n v o l u t i o n Sum // p a g e 80 clear all ; close ; clc ; h = [0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0]; N1 = -2:4; x = [0 ,0 ,0.5 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0]; N2 = -2:4; y = convol (x , h ) ; for i = 1: length ( y ) if ( y ( i ) <=0.0001) y ( i ) =0; end end N = -4:8; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N1 , h ) xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e , n , h [ n ] ) ;
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a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N2 , x ) xtitle ( I n p u t R e s p o n s e , n , x [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N , y ) xtitle ( Output R e s p o n s e , n , y [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2;
Figure 2.1: Results of Exa 2.1 27
Figure 2.2: Results of Exa 2.1
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Figure 2.3: Results of Exa 2.1 Example 2.3 Convolution Sum:Convolution of x[n] and Unit Impulse response h[n]
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// Example 2 . 3 : C o n v o l u t i o n Sum : C o n v o l u t i o n o f x [ n ] and // U n i t I m p u l s e r e s p o n s e h [ n ] clear ; close ; clc ; Max_Limit = 10; h = ones (1 , Max_Limit ) ; N1 = 0: Max_Limit -1; 29
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Alpha = 0.5; // a l p h a < 1 for n = 1: Max_Limit x ( n ) = ( Alpha ^( n -1) ) *1; end N2 = 0: Max_Limit -1; y = convol (x , h ) ; N = 0:2* Max_Limit -2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N1 , h ) xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e F i g 2 . 5 . ( b ) , n , h [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N2 , x ) xtitle ( I n p u t R e s p o n s e F i g 2 . 5 . ( a ) , n , x [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N (1: Max_Limit ) ,y (1: Max_Limit ) ,5) xtitle ( Output R e s p o n s e F i g 2 . 7 , n , y [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2;
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Figure 2.6: Results of Exa 2.3 Example 2.4 Convolution Sum of nite duration sequences
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// Example 2 . 4 : C o n v o l u t i o n Sum o f f i n i t e d u r a t i o n sequences clear ; close ; clc ; x = ones (1 ,5) ; N1 =0: length ( x ) -1; Alpha = 1.4; // a l p h a > 1 for n = 1:7 h ( n ) = ( Alpha ^( n -1) ) *1; 33
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end N2 =0: length ( h ) -1; y = convol (x , h ) ; N = 0: length ( x ) + length ( h ) -2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N2 , h ) xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e , n , h [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N1 , x ) xtitle ( I n p u t R e s p o n s e , n , x [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N , y ) xtitle ( Output R e s p o n s e , n , y [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2;
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Figure 2.9: Results of Exa 2.4 Example 2.5 Convolution Sum of input sequence x[n] = (2n ).u[n]andh[n] = u[n]
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// Example 2 . 5 : C o n v o l u t i o n Sum o f i n p u t s e q u e n c e x [ n ] = ( 2 n ) . u[n ] // and h [ n ] = u [ n ] clear ; close ; clc ; Max_Limit = 10; h = ones (1 , Max_Limit ) ; N2 =0: length ( h ) -1; 37
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for n = 1: Max_Limit x1 ( n ) = (2^( -( n -1) ) ) *1; end x = x1 ( $ : -1:1) ; N1 = - length ( x ) +1:0; y = convol (x , h ) ; N = - length ( x ) +1: length ( h ) -1; figure a = gca () ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N2 , h ) xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e , n , h [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N1 , x ) xtitle ( I n p u t R e s p o n s e F i g 2 . 1 1 ( a ) , n , x [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N , y ) xtitle ( Output R e s p o n s e F i g 2 . 1 1 ( b ) , n , y [ n ] ) ; a . thickness = 2;
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Figure 2.12: Results of Exa 2.5 Example 2.6 onvolution Integral of input x(t) = (e at).u(t)andh(t) = u(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 2 . 6 : C o n v o l u t i o n I n t e g r a l o f i n p u t x ( t ) = ( e a t ) . u ( t ) // and h ( t ) =u ( t ) clear ; close ; clc ; Max_Limit = 10; h = ones (1 , Max_Limit ) ; N2 =0: length ( h ) -1; a = 0.5; // c o n s t a n t a>0 41
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
for t = 1: Max_Limit x ( t ) = exp ( - a *( t -1) ) ; end N1 =0: length ( x ) -1; y = convol (x , h ) -1; N = 0: length ( x ) + length ( h ) -2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( N2 , h ) xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e , t , h ( t ) ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( N1 , x ) xtitle ( I n p u t R e s p o n s e , t , x ( t ) ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( N (1: Max_Limit ) ,y (1: Max_Limit ) ) xtitle ( Output R e s p o n s e , t , y ( t ) ) ; a . thickness = 2;
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Figure 2.15: Results of Exa 2.6 Example 2.7 Convolution Integral of ntie duration signals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 2 . 7 : C o n v o l u t i o n I n t e g r a l o f f i n t i e duration s ign als // p a g e 9 9 clear ; close ; clc ; T = 10; x = ones (1 , T ) ; // I n p u t R e s p o n s e for t = 1:2* T h ( t ) = t -1; // I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e 45
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end N1 = 0: length ( x ) -1; N2 = 0: length ( h ) -1; y = convol (x , h ) ; N = 0: length ( x ) + length ( h ) -2; figure a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d ( N2 , h ) xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e , t , h ( t ) ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d ( N1 , x ) xtitle ( I n p u t R e s p o n s e , t , x ( t ) ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; plot2d (N , y ) xtitle ( Output R e s p o n s e , t , y ( t ) ) ; a . thickness = 2;
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Figure 2.18: Results of Exa 2.7 Example 2.8 Convolution Integral of input x(t) = (e2 t).u(t)andh(t) = u(t 3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 2 . 8 : C o n v o l u t i o n I n t e g r a l o f i n p u t x ( t ) =( e 2 t ) . u( t ) and // h ( t ) = u ( t 3) clear ; close ; clc ; Max_Limit = 10; h =[0 ,0 ,0 , ones (1 , Max_Limit -3) ]; // h ( n 3) a = 2; 49
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
t = -9:0; x = exp ( a * t ) ; // x = x1 ( $ : 1 : 1 ) N2 = 0: length ( h ) -1; N1 = - length ( x ) +1:0; t1 = -6:3; y1 = (1/ a ) * exp ( a *( t1 -3) ) ; y2 = (1/ a ) * ones (1 , Max_Limit ) ; y = [ y1 y2 ] N = - length ( h ) +1: length ( x ) -1; figure a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d ( - Max_Limit +1:0 , h ( $ : -1:1) ) xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e , t , h ( tT) ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d (t , x ) xtitle ( I n p u t R e s p o n s e , t , x ( t ) ) ; a . thickness = 2; figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -10 ,0;13 ,1]; plot2d ( - Max_Limit +4: Max_Limit +3 , y ) xtitle ( Output R e s p o n s e , t , y ( t ) ) ; a . thickness = 2;
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Chapter 3 Fourier Series Repreentation of Periodic Signals

3.1 Scilab Codes
Example 3.2 CTFS of a periodic signal x(t)Expression of continuous time signal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
// Example 3 . 2 : CTFS o f a p e r i o d i c s i g n a l x ( t ) // E x p r e s s i o n o f c o n t i n u o u s t i m e s i g n a l // u s i n g c o n t i n u o u s t i m e f o u r i e r s e r i e s clear ; close ; clc ; t = -3:0.01:3; // t 1 = %pi 4 : ( %pi 4 ) / 1 0 0 : %pi 4 ; // t 2 =%pi 6 : ( %pi 6 ) / 1 0 0 : %pi 6 ; xot = ones (1 , length ( t ) ) ; x1t = (1/2) * cos ( %pi *2* t ) ; xot_x1t = xot + x1t ; x2t = cos ( %pi *4* t ) ; xot_x1t_x2t = xot + x1t + x2t ; x3t = (2/3) * cos ( %pi *6* t ) ; xt = xot + x1t + x2t + x3t ; //
54
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -4 ,0;2 4]; plot (t , xot ) ylabel ( t ) title ( x o t =1 ) // figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -4 , -3;2 4]; plot (t , x1t ) ylabel ( t ) title ( x1 ( t ) =1/2 c o s ( 2 p i t ) ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -4 ,0;2 4]; plot (t , xot_x1t ) ylabel ( t ) title ( xo ( t )+x1 ( t ) ) // figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -4 , -2;4 2]; plot (t , x2t ) ylabel ( t ) title ( x2 ( t ) =c o s ( 4 p i t ) ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; 55
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -4 ,0;4 4]; plot (t , xot_x1t_x2t ) ylabel ( t ) title ( xo ( t )+x1 ( t )+x2 ( t ) ) // figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -4 , -3;4 3]; plot (t , x3t ) ylabel ( t ) title ( x1 ( t ) =2/3 c o s ( 6 p i t ) ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -4 , -3;4 3]; plot (t , xt ) ylabel ( t ) title ( x ( t )=xo ( t )+x1 ( t )+x2 ( t )+x3 ( t ) )
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Figure 3.4: Results of Exa 3.2 Example 3.3 Continuous Time Fourier Series Coecients of a periodic signal x(t) = sin(W ot)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example3 . 3 : C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r S e r i e s Coefficients of // a p e r i o d i c s i g n a l x ( t ) = s i n ( Wot ) clear ; close ; clc ; t = 0:0.01:1; T = 1; Wo = 2* %pi / T ; 60
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xt = sin ( Wo * t ) ; for k =0:5 C ( k +1 ,:) = exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * Wo * t .* k ) ; a ( k +1) = xt * C ( k +1 ,:) / length ( t ) ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.01) a ( k +1) =0; end end a =a ; ak = [ -a , a (2: $ ) ]; Example 3.4 CTFS coecients of a periodic signal x(t) = 1 + sin(W ot) + 2cos(W ot) + cos(2W ot + pi/4)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Example3 . 4 : CTFS c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a p e r i o d i c s i g n a l // x ( t ) = 1+ s i n ( Wot ) +2 c o s ( Wot )+c o s ( 2 Wot+%pi / 4 ) clear ; close ; clc ; t = 0:0.01:1; T = 1; Wo = 2* %pi / T ; xt = ones (1 , length ( t ) ) + sin ( Wo * t ) +2* cos ( Wo * t ) + cos (2* Wo * t + %pi /4) ; for k =0:5 C ( k +1 ,:) = exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * Wo * t .* k ) ; a ( k +1) = xt * C ( k +1 ,:) / length ( t ) ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.1) a ( k +1) =0; end end a =a ; a_conj = conj ( a ) ; ak = [ a_conj ( $ : -1:1) ,a (2: $ ) ]; Mag_ak = abs ( ak ) ; for i = 1: length ( a ) Phase_ak ( i ) = atan ( imag ( ak ( i ) ) /( real ( ak ( i ) ) +0.0001) ) ; 61
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end Phase_ak = Phase_ak Phase_ak = [ Phase_ak (1: $ ) - Phase_ak ($ -1: -1:1) ]; figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,[ - k : k ] , Mag_ak ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( a b s ( ak ) ) xlabel ( k ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,[ - k : k ] , Phase_ak ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( <(ak ) ) xlabel ( k )
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Figure 3.5: Results of Exa 3.4 Example 3.5 CTFS coecients of a periodic signal x(t) = 1, |t| < T 1, and0, T 1 < |t| < T /2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example3 . 5 : CTFS c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a p e r i o d i c s i g n a l // x ( t ) = 1 , | t |<T1 , and 0 , T1<| t |<T/2 clear ; close ; clc ; T =4; T1 = T /4; t = - T1 : T1 /100: T1 ; Wo = 2* %pi / T ; 63
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xt = ones (1 , length ( t ) ) ; // for k =0:5 C ( k +1 ,:) = exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * Wo * t .* k ) ; a ( k +1) = xt * C ( k +1 ,:) / length ( t ) ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.1) a ( k +1) =0; end end a =a ; a_conj = real ( a (:) ) - sqrt ( -1) * imag ( a (:) ) ; ak = [ a_conj ( $ : -1:1) ,a (2: $ ) ]; k = 0:5; k = [ - k ( $ : -1:1) ,k (2: $ ) ]; Spectrum_ak = (1/2) * real ( ak ) ; // figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -2 ,0;2 ,2]; plot2d (t , xt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( x ( t ) ) xlabel ( t )
36 // 37 figure 38 a = gca () ; 39 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 40 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 41 plot2d3 ( gnn ,k , Spectrum_ak ,5) 42 poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 43 poly1 . thickness = 3; 44 title ( a b s ( ak ) ) 45 xlabel (
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k )
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Figure 3.7: Results of Exa 3.5 Example 3.6 Time Shift Property of CTFS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example3 . 6 : Time S h i f t P r o p e r t y o f CTFS clear ; close ; clc ; T =4; T1 = T /2; t = 0: T1 /100: T1 ; Wo = 2* %pi / T ; gt =(1/2) * ones (1 , length ( t ) ) ; a (1) =0; // k =0 , ak =0 66
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
d (1) =0; for k =1:5 a ( k +1) = ( sin ( %pi * k /2) /( k * %pi ) ) ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.01) a ( k +1) =0; end d ( k +1) = a ( k +1) * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * k * %pi /2) ; end k = 0:5 disp ( F o u r i e r S e r i e s C o e f f i c i e n t s o f S q u a r e Wave ) a disp ( F o u r i e r S e r i e s C o e f f i c i e n t s o f g ( t )=x ( t 1) 0.5 ) d // figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -1 , -2;1 ,4]; plot2d ([ - t ( $ : -1:1) ,t (1: $ ) ] ,[ - gt , gt ] ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( g ( t ) ) xlabel ( t )
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Figure 3.8: Results of Exa 3.6 Example 3.7 Derivative Property of CTFS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example3 . 7 : D e r i v a t i v e P r o p e r t y o f CTFS clear ; clc ; close ; T =4; T1 = T /2; t = 0: T1 /100: T1 ; xt = [ t ( $ : -1:1) t ]/ T1 ; gt =(1/2) * ones (1 , length ( t ) ) ; e (1) = 1/2; // k =0 , e 0 = 1/2 68
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for k =1:5 a ( k +1) = ( sin ( %pi * k /2) /( k * %pi ) ) ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.01) a ( k +1) =0; end d ( k +1) = a ( k +1) * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * k * %pi /2) ; e ( k +1) = 2* d ( k +1) /( sqrt ( -1) * k * %pi ) ; end k = 0:5 disp ( F o u r i e r S e r i e s C o e f f i c i e n t s o f S q u a r e Wave ) a disp ( F o u r i e r S e r i e s C o e f f i c i e n t s o f g ( t )=x ( t 1) 0.5 ) d disp ( F o u r i e r S e r i e s C o e f f i c i e n t s o f T r i a n g u l a r Wave ) e // P l o t t i n g t h e t i m e s h i f t e d s q u a r e waveform figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -1 , -2;1 ,2]; plot2d ([ - t ( $ : -1:1) ,t (1: $ ) ] ,[ - gt , gt ] ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( g ( t ) ) xlabel ( t ) // P l o t t i n g t h e T r i a n g u l a r waveform figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -1 ,0;1 ,2]; plot2d ([ - t ( $ : -1:1) ,t (1: $ ) ] , xt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 69
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45 46 47
poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( x ( t ) ) xlabel ( t )
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Figure 3.10: Results of Exa 3.7 Example 3.8 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Impulse Train
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example3 . 8 : F o u r i e r S e r i e s R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f P e r i o d i c Impulse Train clear ; clc ; close ; T =4; T1 = T /4; t = [ -T ,0 , T ]; xt = [1 ,1 ,1]; // G e n e r a t i o n o f P e r i o d i c t r a i n o f Impulses 71
9 t1 = - T1 : T1 /100: T1 ; 10 gt = ones (1 , length ( t1 ) ) ; // G e n e r a t i o n o f 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
periodic s q u a r e wave t2 = [ - T1 ,0 , T1 ]; qt = [1 ,0 , -1]; // D e r i v a t i v e o f p e r i o d i c s q u a r e wave Wo = 2* %pi / T ; ak = 1/ T ; b (1) = 0; c (1) = 2* T1 / T ; for k =1:5 b ( k +1) = ak *( exp ( sqrt ( -1) * k * Wo * T1 ) - exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * k * Wo * T1 ) ) ; if ( abs ( b ( k +1) ) <=0.1) b ( k +1) =0; end c ( k +1) = b ( k +1) /( sqrt ( -1) * k * Wo ) ; if ( abs ( c ( k +1) ) <=0.1) c ( k +1) =0; end end k = 0:5 disp ( F o u r i e r S e r i e s C o e f f i c i e n t s o f p e r i o d i c S q u a r e Wave ) disp ( b ) disp ( F o u r i e r S e r i e s C o e f f i c i e n t s o f d e r i v a t i v e o f p e r i o d i c s q u a r e wave ) disp ( c ) // P l o t t i n g t h e p e r i o d i c t r a i n o f i m p u l s e s figure subplot (3 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -6 ,0;6 ,2]; plot2d3 ( gnn ,t , xt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( x ( t ) ) 72
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
// P l o t t i n g t h e p e r i o d i c s q u a r e waveform subplot (3 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -6 ,0;6 ,2]; plot2d ( t1 , gt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d ( T + t1 , gt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d ( - T + t1 , gt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( g ( t ) ) // P l o t t i n g t h e p e r i o d i c s q u a r e waveform subplot (3 ,1 ,3) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -6 , -2;6 ,2]; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d3 ( gnn ,t2 , qt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d3 ( gnn ,T + t2 , qt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d3 ( gnn ,-T + t2 , qt ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( q ( t ) )
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Figure 3.11: Results of Exa 3.8 Example 3.10 DTFS of x(n) = sin(W on)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example3 . 1 0 : DTFS o f x [ n ] =s i n (Won) clear ; close ; clc ; n = 0:0.01:5; N = 5; Wo = 2* %pi / N ; xn = sin ( Wo * n ) ; for k =0: N -2 C ( k +1 ,:) = exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * Wo * n .* k ) ; 74
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a ( k +1) = xn * C ( k +1 ,:) / length ( n ) ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.01) a ( k +1) =0; end end a =a a_conj = conj ( a ) ; ak = [ a_conj ( $ : -1:1) ,a (2: $ ) ] k = -(N -2) :( N -2) ; // figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -8 , -1;8 ,1]; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d3 ( gnn ,k , - imag ( ak ) ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N +k , - imag ( ak ) ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d3 ( gnn , -( N + k ) ,- imag ( ak ( $ : -1:1) ) ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( ak )
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Figure 3.12: Results of Exa 3.10 Example 3.11 DTFS of x(n) = 1 + sin(2 pi/N ) n + 3 cos(2 pi/N ) n + cos((4 pi/N ) n + pi/2)
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// Example3 . 1 1 : DTFS o f // x [ n ] = 1+ s i n ( 2 %pi /N) n+3 c o s ( 2 %pi /N) n+c o s [ ( 4 %pi /N ) n+%pi / 2 ] clear ; close ; clc ; N = 10; n = 0:0.01: N ; Wo = 2* %pi / N ; 76
9 xn = ones (1 , length ( n ) ) + sin ( Wo * n ) +3* cos ( Wo * n ) + cos (2* Wo 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
* n + %pi /2) ; for k =0: N -2 C ( k +1 ,:) = exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * Wo * n .* k ) ; a ( k +1) = xn * C ( k +1 ,:) / length ( n ) ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.1) a ( k +1) =0; end end a =a ; a_conj = conj ( a ) ; ak = [ a_conj ( $ : -1:1) ,a (2: $ ) ]; Mag_ak = abs ( ak ) ; for i = 1: length ( a ) Phase_ak ( i ) = atan ( imag ( ak ( i ) ) /( real ( ak ( i ) ) +0.0001) ) ; end Phase_ak = Phase_ak Phase_ak = [ Phase_ak (1: $ -1) - Phase_ak ( $ : -1:1) ]; k = -(N -2) :( N -2) ; // figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,k , real ( ak ) ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( R e a l p a r t o f ( ak ) ) xlabel ( k )
38 subplot (2 ,1 ,2) 39 a = gca () ; 40 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 41 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 42 plot2d3 ( gnn ,k , imag ( ak ) ,5)
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poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( i m a g i n a r y p a r t o f ( ak ) ) xlabel ( k )
47 // 48 figure 49 subplot (2 ,1 ,1) 50 a = gca () ; 51 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 52 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 53 plot2d3 ( gnn ,k , Mag_ak ,5) 54 poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 55 poly1 . thickness = 3; 56 title ( a b s ( ak ) ) 57 xlabel (
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
k ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,k , Phase_ak ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( <(ak ) ) xlabel ( k )
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Figure 3.14: Results of Exa 3.11 Example 3.12 DTFS coecients of periodic square wave
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example3 . 1 2 : DTFS c o e f f i c i e n t s o f p e r i o d i c s q u a r e wave clear ; close ; clc ; N = 10; N1 = 2; Wo = 2* %pi / N ; xn = ones (1 , length ( N ) ) ; n = -(2* N1 +1) :(2* N1 +1) ; 80
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a (1) = (2* N1 +1) / N ; for k =1:2* N1 a ( k +1) = sin ((2* %pi * k *( N1 +0.5) ) / N ) / sin ( %pi * k / N ) ; a ( k +1) = a ( k +1) / N ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.1) a ( k +1) =0; end end a =a ; a_conj = conj ( a ) ; ak = [ a_conj ( $ : -1:1) ,a (2: $ ) ]; k = -2* N1 :2* N1 ; // figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,k , real ( ak ) ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( R e a l p a r t o f ( ak ) ) xlabel ( k )
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Figure 3.15: Results of Exa 3.12 Example 3.13 TFS:Expression of periodic sequence using
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example3 . 1 3 : DTFS // E x p r e s s i o n o f p e r i o d i c s e q u e n c e u s i n g // t h e summation two d i f f e r e n t s e q u e n c e clear ; close ; clc ; N = 5; n = 0: N -1; x1 = [1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1]; x1 = [ x1 ( $ : -1:1) x1 (2: $ ) ]; // S q u a r e Wave x1 [ n ] 82
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x2 = [1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1]; x2 = [ x2 ( $ : -1:1) x2 (2: $ ) ]; //DC s e q u e n c e o f x2 [ n ] x = x1 + x2 ; // sum o f x1 [ n ] & x2 [ n ] // Z e r o t h DTFS c o e f f i c i e n t o f dc s e q u e n c e c (1) = 1; // Z e r o t h DTFS c o e f f i c i e n t o f s q u a r e waveform b (1) = 3/5; // Z e r o t h DTFS c o e f f i c i e n t o f sum o f x1 [ n ] & x2 [ n ] a (1) = b (1) + c (1) ; // Wo = 2* %pi / N ; for k =1: N -1 a ( k +1) = sin ((3* %pi * k ) / N ) / sin ( %pi * k / N ) ; a ( k +1) = a ( k +1) / N ; if ( abs ( a ( k +1) ) <=0.1) a ( k +1) =0; end end a =a ; a_conj = conj ( a ) ; ak = [ a_conj ( $ : -1:1) ,a (2: $ ) ]; k = -(N -1) :( N -1) ; n = -(N -1) :( N -1) ; // figure subplot (3 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,n ,x ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( x [ n ] ) xlabel (
n ) 45 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) 46 a = gca () ; 83
47 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 48 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 49 plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , x1 ,5) 50 poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 51 poly1 . thickness = 3; 52 title ( x1 [ n ] ) 53 xlabel (
n )
54 subplot (3 ,1 ,3) 55 a = gca () ; 56 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 57 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 58 plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , x2 ,5) 59 poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 60 poly1 . thickness = 3; 61 title ( x2 [ n ] ) 62 xlabel (
n )
84
Figure 3.16: Results of Exa 3.13 Example 3.14 DTFS:Finding x[n] using parsevals relation of DTFS
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// Example3 . 1 4 : DTFS // F i n d i n g x [ n ] u s i n g p a r s e v a l s r e l a t i o n o f DTFS clear ; close ; clc ; N = 6; n = 0: N -1; a (1) = 1/3; a (2) =0; a (4) =0; 85
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a (5) =0; a1 = (1/6) *(( -1) ^ n ) ; x =0; for k = 0: N -2 if ( k ==2) x = x + a1 ; else x = x + a ( k +1) ; end end x = [ x ( $ : -1:1) ,x (2: $ ) ]; n = -(N -1) :( N -1) ; // figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,n ,x ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( x [ n ] ) xlabel ( n )
86
Figure 3.17: Results of Exa 3.14 Example 3.15 DTFS:Periodic Convolution Property
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// Example3 . 1 5 : DTFS : P e r i o d i c C o n v o l u t i o n P r o p e r t y clear ; clc ; close ; x = [1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1]; X = fft ( x ) ; W = X .* X ; w = ifft ( W ) ; w = abs ( w ) ; for i =1: length ( x ) 87
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if ( abs ( w ( i ) ) <=0.1) w ( i ) = 0; end end w = [ w ( $ : -1:1) w (2: $ ) ]; N = length ( x ) ; figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,[ -(N -1) :0 ,1: N -1] , w ,5) poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( w [ n ] ) xlabel ( n )
88
89
Chapter 4 The Continuous Time Fourier Transform

4.1 Scilab Codes
Example 4.1 Continuous Time Fourier Transform of a Continuous Time Signal x(t) = exp(A t)u(t), t > 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
// Example 4 . 1 : C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f a // C o n t i n u o u s Time S i g n a l x ( t )= exp (A t ) u ( t ) , t >0 clear ; clc ; close ; // Analog S i g n a l A =1; // A m p l i t u d e Dt = 0.005; t = 0: Dt :10; xt = exp ( - A * t ) ; // // C o n t i n u o u s t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m Wmax = 2* %pi *1; // Analog F r e q u e n c y = 1Hz K = 4; k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; XW = xt * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *t * W ) * Dt ;
90
18 XW_Mag = abs ( XW ) ; 19 W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
48
Wmax t o Wmax XW_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW_Mag ) , XW_Mag (2:1001) ]; [ XW_Phase , db ] = phasemag ( XW ) ; XW_Phase = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( XW_Phase ) , XW_Phase (2:1001) ]; // P l o t t i n g C o n t i n u o u s Time S i g n a l figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , xt ) ; xlabel ( t i n s e c . ) ; ylabel ( x ( t ) ) title ( C o n t i n u o u s Time S i g n a l ) figure // P l o t t i n g Magnitude R e s p o n s e o f CTS subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , XW_Mag ) ; xlabel ( F r e q u e n c y i n R a d i a n s / S e c o n d s > W ) ; ylabel ( a b s (X(jW) ) ) title ( Magnitude R e s p o n s e (CTFT) ) // P l o t t i n g Phase Reponse o f CTS subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , XW_Phase * %pi /180) ; xlabel ( Frequency in R a d i a n s / S e c o n d s > W ) ; ylabel ( <X (jW) ) title ( Phase R e s p o n s e (CTFT) i n R a d i a n s )
91
92
Figure 4.2: Results of Exa 4.1 Example 4.2 Continuous Time Fourier Transform of a Continuous Time Signal x(t) = exp(A abs(t))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 4 . 2 : C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f a // C o n t i n u o u s Time S i g n a l x ( t )= exp (A a b s ( t ) ) clear ; clc ; close ; // Analog S i g n a l A =1; // A m p l i t u d e Dt = 0.005; t = -4.5: Dt :4.5; 93
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xt = exp ( - A * abs ( t ) ) ; // // C o n t i n u o u s t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m Wmax = 2* %pi *1; // Analog F r e q u e n c y = 1Hz K = 4; k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; XW = xt * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *t * W ) * Dt ; XW = real ( XW ) ; W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW ) , XW (2:1001) ]; subplot (1 ,1 ,1) subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , xt ) ; xlabel ( t i n s e c . ) ; ylabel ( x ( t ) ) title ( C o n t i n u o u s Time S i g n a l ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , XW ) ; xlabel ( F r e q u e n c y i n R a d i a n s / S e c o n d s W ) ; ylabel ( X(jW) ) title ( C o n t i n u o u s t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m )
94
Figure 4.3: Results of Exa 4.2 Example 4.4 Continuous Time Fourier Transform and Frequency Response of a Square Waveform x(t) = A, f rom T 1toT 1
1 // Example 4 . 4 2 // C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m 3 // and F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e o f a S q u a r e Waveform 4 // x ( t )= A, from T1 t o T1 5 clear ; 6 clc ; 7 close ; 8 // CTS S i g n a l 9 A =1; // A m p l i t u d e
95
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Dt = 0.005; T1 = 4; // Time i n s e c o n d s t = - T1 /2: Dt : T1 /2; for i = 1: length ( t ) xt ( i ) = A ; end // // C o n t i n u o u s t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m Wmax = 2* %pi *1; // Analog F r e q u e n c y = 1Hz K = 4; k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; xt = xt ; XW = xt * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *t * W ) * Dt ; XW_Mag = real ( XW ) ; W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW_Mag ) , XW_Mag (2:1001) ]; // subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ; a = gca () ; a . data_bounds =[ -4 ,0;4 ,2]; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , xt ) ; xlabel ( t i n msec . ) ; title ( C o n t i u o u s Time S i g n a l x ( t ) ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , XW_Mag ) ; xlabel ( F r e q u e n c y i n R a d i a n s / S e c o n d s ) ; title ( C o n t i n u o u s t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m X(jW) )
96
Figure 4.4: Results of Exa 4.4 Example 4.5 Inverse Continuous Time Fourier Transform X(jW ) = 1, from -T1 to T1
1 // Example 4 . 5 2 // I n v e r s e C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m 3 // X(jW)= 1 , from T1 t o T1 4 clear ; 5 clc ; 6 close ; 7 // CTFT 8 A =1; // A m p l i t u d e 9 Dw = 0.005;
97
W1 = 4; // Time i n s e c o n d s w = - W1 /2: Dw : W1 /2; for i = 1: length ( w ) XW ( i ) = A ; end XW = XW ; // // I n v e r s e C o n t i n u o u s t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m t = - %pi : %pi / length ( w ) : %pi ; xt =(1/(2* %pi ) ) * XW * exp ( sqrt ( -1) *w * t ) * Dw ; xt = real ( xt ) ; figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , xt ) ; xlabel ( t time i n Seconds ); 27 title ( I n v e r s e C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m x ( t ) )
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98
Figure 4.5: Results of Exa 4.5 Example 4.6 Continuous Time Fourier Transform of Symmetric periodic Square waveform
1 // Example 4 . 6 2 // C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f Symmetric 3 // p e r i o d i c S q u a r e waveform 4 clear ; 5 clc ; 6 close ; 7 // CTFT 8 T1 = 2; 9 T = 4* T1 ;
99
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Wo = 2* %pi / T ; W = - %pi : Wo : %pi ; delta = ones (1 , length ( W ) ) ; XW (1) = (2* %pi * Wo * T1 / %pi ) ; mid_value = ceil ( length ( W ) /2) ; for k = 2: mid_value XW ( k ) = (2* %pi * sin (( k -1) * Wo * T1 ) /( %pi *( k -1) ) ) ; end figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,W ( mid_value : $ ) ,XW ,2) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; plot2d3 ( gnn ,W (1: mid_value -1) , XW ( $ : -1:2) ,2) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; xlabel ( W i n r a d i a n s / S e c o n d s ) ; title ( C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f P e r i o d i c S q u a r e Wave )
100
Figure 4.6: Results of Exa 4.6 Example 4.7 Continuous Time Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal waveforms (a)sin(Wot) (b)cos(Wot)
1 // Example 4 . 7 2 // C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m s o f 3 // S i n u s o i d a l w a v e f o r m s ( a ) s i n ( Wot ) ( b ) c o s ( Wot ) 4 clear ; 5 clc ; 6 close ; 7 // CTFT 8 T1 = 2; 9 T = 4* T1 ;
101
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Wo = 2* %pi / T ; W = [ - Wo ,0 , Wo ]; ak = (2* %pi * Wo * T1 / %pi ) / sqrt ( -1) ; XW = [ - ak ,0 , ak ]; ak1 = (2* %pi * Wo * T1 / %pi ) ; XW1 =[ ak1 ,0 , ak1 ]; // figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,W , imag ( XW ) ,2) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; xlabel ( W ) ;
25 title ( CTFT o f s i n ( Wot ) ) 26 // 27 figure 28 a = gca () ; 29 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 30 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 31 plot2d3 ( gnn ,W , XW1 ,2) ; 32 poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 33 poly1 . thickness = 3; 34 xlabel (
W ) ; 35 title ( CTFT o f c o s ( Wot ) )
102
103
Figure 4.8: Results of Exa 4.7 Example 4.8 Continuous Time Fourier Transform of Periodic Impulse Train
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// Example 4 . 8 // C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m s o f // P e r i o d i c I m p u l s e T r a i n clear ; clc ; close ; // CTFT T = -4:4;; T1 = 1; // S a m p l i n g I n t e r v a l xt = ones (1 , length ( T ) ) ; 104
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ak = 1/ T1 ; XW = 2* %pi * ak * ones (1 , length ( T ) ) ; Wo = 2* %pi / T1 ; W = Wo * T ; figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,T , xt ,2) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; xlabel ( t ); title ( P e r i o d i c I m p u l s e T r a i n ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,W , XW ,2) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; xlabel (
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t ); 33 title ( CTFT o f P e r i o d i c I m p u l s e T r a i n )
105
Figure 4.9: Results of Exa 4.8 Example 4.9 Continuous Time Fourier Transform Properties: Linearity and Time Shift Property
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// Example 4 . 9 : C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m Properties : // L i n e a r i t y and Time S h i f t P r o p e r t y clear ; clc ; close ; // CTFT t1 = -1/2:0.1:1/2; t2 = -3/2:0.1:3/2; 106
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x1 = ones (1 , length ( t1 ) ) ; x2 = ones (1 , length ( t2 ) ) ; t3 = t1 +2.5; t4 = t2 +2.5; x1 = (1/2) * x1 ; x = [ x2 (1: floor ( length ( x2 ) /3) ) , x1 + x2 ( ceil ( length ( x2 ) /3) :$ - floor ( length ( x2 ) /3) ) , x2 (( $ - ceil ( length ( x2 ) /3) ) +2: $ ) ]; subplot (3 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot ( t1 , x1 ) xtitle ( x1 ( t ) ) subplot (3 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot ( t2 , x2 ) xtitle ( x2 ( t ) ) subplot (3 ,1 ,3) a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot ( t4 , x ) xtitle ( x ( t ) )
107
Figure 4.10: Results of Exa 4.9 Example 4.12 Continuous Time Fourier Transform: Derivative property
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example 4 . 1 2 : C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m : // D e r i v a t i v e p r o p e r t y clear ; clc ; close ; // CTFT t = -1:0.1:1; x1 = ones (1 , length ( t ) ) ; x2 = [ -1 , zeros (1 , length ( t ) -2) , -1]; x = t; 108
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// d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f x can be e x p r e s s e d a s // summation o f x1 and x2 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , x1 ) xtitle ( x1 ( t ) ) subplot (3 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,t , x2 ) xtitle ( x2 ( t ) ) subplot (3 ,1 ,3) a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , x ) xtitle ( x ( t ) )
109
Figure 4.11: Results of Exa 4.12 Example 4.18 Frequency Response of Ideal Low pass Filter X(jW ) = 1, from -T1 to T1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 4 . 1 8 : F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e o f I d e a l Low p a s s Filter // X(jW)= 1 , from T1 t o T1 clear ; clc ; close ; Wc = 10; // 1 r a d / s e c W = - Wc :0.1: Wc ; // Passband o f f i l t e r HW0 = 1; // Magnitude o f F i l t e r 110
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HW = HW0 * ones (1 , length ( W ) ) ; // I n v e r s e C o n t i n u o u s t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m t = - %pi : %pi / length ( W ) : %pi ; Dw = 0.1; ht =(1/(2* %pi ) ) * HW * exp ( sqrt ( -1) *W * t ) * Dw ; ht = real ( ht ) ; figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , HW ) ; xtitle ( F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e o f F i l t e r H(jW) ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , ht ) ; xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e o f F i l t e r h ( t ) )
111
Figure 4.12: Results of Exa 4.18 Example 4.23 Multiplication Property of CTFT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// F i g u r e 4 . 2 3 : M u l t i p l i c a t i o n P r o p e r t y o f CTFT clear ; clc ; close ; W1 = -1:0.1:1; W2 = -2:0.1:2; W = -3:0.1:3; // F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f s i n c f u n c i o n i s s q u a r e wave XW1 = (1/ %pi ) * ones (1 , length ( W1 ) ) ; //CTFT o f x1 ( t ) XW2 = (1/(2* %pi ) ) * ones (1 , length ( W2 ) ) ; //CTFT o f x2 ( t ) 112
11 XW = (1/2) * convol ( XW1 , XW2 ) ; //CTFT o f x ( t )=x1 ( t ) x2 ( t
)
12 //X( jw ) = l i n e a r c o n v o l u t i o n o f X1 ( jw ) and X2 ( jw ) 13 figure 14 a = gca () ; 15 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 16 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 17 plot (W , XW ) ; 18 xlabel ( F r e q u e n c y i n R a d i a n s / S e c o n d s > W ) ; 19 title ( M u l t i p l i c a t i o n P r o p e r t y X(jW) )
113
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Example 4.22 // F i g u r e 4 . 2 2 1 // P l o t t i n g C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f // I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e h ( t )= exp (A t ) u ( t ) , t >0 clear ; clc ; close ; // Analog S i g n a l A =1; // A m p l i t u d e Dt = 0.005; t = 0: Dt :10; ht = exp ( - A * t ) ; // C o n t i n u o u s t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m Wmax = 2* %pi *1; // Analog F r e q u e n c y = 1Hz K = 4; k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; HW = ht * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *t * W ) * Dt ; HW_Mag = abs ( HW ) ; W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax HW_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( HW_Mag ) , HW_Mag (2:1001) ]; // P l o t t i n g C o n t i n u o u s Time S i g n a l figure a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , ht ) ; xlabel ( t i n s e c . ) ; title ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e h ( t ) ) figure // P l o t t i n g Magnitude R e s p o n s e o f CTS a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , HW_Mag ) ; xlabel ( F r e q u e n c y i n R a d i a n s / S e c o n d s > W ) ; title ( F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e H(jW) )
114
115
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Chapter 5 The Discreet Time Fourier Transform

5.1 Scilab Codes
Example 5.1 Discrete Time Fourier Transform of discrete sequence x[n] = (an ).u[n], a > 0anda < 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// Example 5 . 1 : D i s c r e t e Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f d i s c r e t e sequence // x [ n ]= ( a n ) . u [ n ] , a>0 and a<0 clear ; clc ; close ; // DTS S i g n a l a1 = 0.5; a2 = -0.5; max_limit = 10; for n = 0: max_limit -1 x1 ( n +1) = ( a1 ^ n ) ; x2 ( n +1) = ( a2 ^ n ) ; end n = 0: max_limit -1; // D i s c r e t e t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m Wmax = 2* %pi ;
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K = 4; k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; x1 = x1 ; x2 = x2 ; XW1 = x1 * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *n * W ) ; XW2 = x2 * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *n * W ) ; XW1_Mag = abs ( XW1 ) ; XW2_Mag = abs ( XW2 ) ; W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW1_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW1_Mag ) , XW1_Mag (2:1001) ]; XW2_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW2_Mag ) , XW2_Mag (2:1001) ]; [ XW1_Phase , db ] = phasemag ( XW1 ) ; [ XW2_Phase , db ] = phasemag ( XW2 ) ; XW1_Phase = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( XW1_Phase ) , XW1_Phase (2:1001) ]; XW2_Phase = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( XW2_Phase ) , XW2_Phase (2:1001) ]; // p l o t f o r a>0 figure subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , x1 ) ; xtitle ( D i s c r e t e Time S e q u e n c e x [ n ] f o r a>0 ) subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d (W , XW1_Mag ) ; title ( Magnitude R e s p o n s e a b s (X(jW) ) ) subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d (W , XW1_Phase ) ; title ( Phase R e s p o n s e <(X(jW) ) ) // p l o t f o r a<0 figure 118
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subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , x2 ) ; xtitle ( D i s c r e t e Time S e q u e n c e x [ n ] f o r a>0 ) subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d (W , XW2_Mag ) ; title ( Magnitude R e s p o n s e a b s (X(jW) ) ) subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d (W , XW2_Phase ) ; title ( Phase R e s p o n s e <(X(jW) ) )
119
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Figure 5.2: Results of Exa 5.1 Example 5.2 Discrete Time Fourier Transform of x[n] = (aa bs(n))a > 0anda < 0
1 // Example 5 . 2 : D i s c r e t e Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f 2 // x [ n ]= ( a a b s ( n ) ) a>0 and a<0 3 clear ; 4 clc ; 5 close ; 6 // DTS S i g n a l 7 a = 0.5; 8 max_limit = 10; 9 n = - max_limit +1: max_limit -1;
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x = a ^ abs ( n ) ; // D i s c r e t e t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m Wmax = 2* %pi ; K = 4; k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; XW = x * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *n * W ) ; XW_Mag = real ( XW ) ; W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW_Mag ) , XW_Mag (2:1001) ]; // p l o t f o r a b s ( a ) <1 figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , x ) ; xtitle ( D i s c r e t e Time S e q u e n c e x [ n ] f o r a>0 ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d (W , XW_Mag ) ; title ( D i s c r e t e Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m X( exp (jW) ) )
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Figure 5.3: Results of Exa 5.2 Example 5.3 Discrete Time Fourier Transform of x[n] = 1, abs(n) <= N 1
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// Example 5 . 3 : D i s c r e t e Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f // x [ n ]= 1 , a b s ( n )<=N1 clear ; clc ; close ; // DTS S i g n a l N1 = 2; n = - N1 : N1 ; x = ones (1 , length ( n ) ) ; // D i s c r e t e t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m 123
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Wmax = 2* %pi ; K = 4; k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; XW = x * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *n * W ) ; XW_Mag = real ( XW ) ; W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW_Mag ) , XW_Mag (2:1001) ]; // p l o t f o r a b s ( a ) <1 figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , x ) ; xtitle ( D i s c r e t e Time S e q u e n c e x [ n ] ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ; a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d (W , XW_Mag ) ; title ( D i s c r e t e Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m X( exp (jW) ) )
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Figure 5.4: Results of Exa 5.3 Example 5.5 Discrete Time Fourier Transform: x[n] = cos(nW o)
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// Example5 . 5 : D i s c r e t e Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m : x [ n ]= c o s (nWo) clear ; clc ; close ; N = 5; Wo = 2* %pi / N ; W = [ - Wo ,0 , Wo ]; XW =[ %pi ,0 , %pi ]; // 125
10 figure 11 a = gca () ; 12 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 13 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 14 plot2d3 ( gnn ,W , XW ,2) ; 15 poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 16 poly1 . thickness = 3; 17 xlabel (
W ) ; 18 title ( DTFT o f c o s (nWo) ) 19 disp ( Wo )
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Figure 5.5: Results of Exa 5.5 Example 5.6 Discrete Time Fourier Transform of Periodic Impulse Train
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example5 . 6 : D i s c r e t e Time F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m o f // P e r i o d i c I m p u l s e T r a i n clear ; clc ; close ; N = 5; N1 = -3* N :3* N ; xn = [ zeros (1 ,N -1) ,1]; x = [1 xn xn xn xn xn xn ]; ak = 1/ N ; 127
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XW = 2* %pi * ak * ones (1 ,2* N ) ; Wo = 2* %pi / N ; n = -N :N -1; W = Wo * n ; figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,N1 ,x ,2) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; xlabel ( n ); title ( P e r i o d i c I m p u l s e T r a i n ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot2d3 ( gnn ,W , XW ,2) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; xlabel (
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W ) ; 33 title ( DTFT o f P e r i o d i c I m p u l s e T r a i n ) 34 disp ( Wo )
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Figure 5.6: Results of Exa 5.6 Example 5.7 Frequency Shifting Property of DTFT:Frequency Response of Ideal Low pass Filter and HPF
1
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// Example 5 . 7 : F r e q u e n c y S h i f t i n g P r o p e r t y o f DTFT : F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e o f I d e a l Low p a s s F i l t e r and HPF clear ; clc ; close ; Wc = 1; // 1 r a d / s e c W = - Wc :0.1: Wc ; // Passband o f f i l t e r H0 = 1; // Magnitude o f F i l t e r 129
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HlpW = H0 * ones (1 , length ( W ) ) ; Whp1 = W + %pi ; Whp2 = -W - %pi ; figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ - %pi ,0; %pi ,2]; plot2d (W , HlpW ) ; xtitle ( F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e o f LPF H( exp (jW) ) ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -2* %pi ,0;2* %pi ,2]; plot2d ( Whp1 , HlpW ) ; plot2d ( Whp2 , HlpW ) ; xtitle ( F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e o f HPF H( exp (jW) ) )
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Figure 5.7: Results of Exa 5.7 Example 5.9 Time Expansion Property of DTFT
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// Example 5 . 9 : Time E x p a n s i o n P r o p e r t y o f DTFT clear ; close ; clc ; n = -1:11; x = [0 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,2 ,0 ,0]; y = [1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1]; y_2_n = zeros (1 ,2* length ( y ) +1) ; y_2_n (1:2:2* length ( y ) ) = y ; y_2_n = [0 y_2_n 0]; 131
11 y_2_n_1 = [0 , y_2_n (1: $ -1) ]; 12 x_r = y_2_n +2* y_2_n_1 ; 13 y = [0 ,y , zeros (1 ,7) ]; 14 figure 15 subplot (4 ,1 ,1) 16 plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , y ) 17 title ( y [ n ] ) 18 subplot (4 ,1 ,2) 19 plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , y_2_n ) 20 title ( y ( 2 ) [ n ] ) 21 subplot (4 ,1 ,3) 22 plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , y_2_n_1 ) 23 title ( y ( 2 ) [ n 1] ) 24 subplot (4 ,1 ,4) 25 plot2d3 ( gnn ,n , x ) 26 title ( x [ n ]= y ( 2 ) [ n ]+2 y ( 2 ) [ n 1] )
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Figure 5.8: Results of Exa 5.9 Example 5.12 IDTFT:Impulse Response of Ideal Low pass Filter
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// Example 5 . 1 2 : IDTFT : I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e o f I d e a l Low pass F i l t e r clear ; clc ; close ; Wc = 1; // 1 r a d / s e c W = - Wc :0.1: Wc ; // Passband o f f i l t e r H0 = 1; // Magnitude o f F i l t e r HlpW = H0 * ones (1 , length ( W ) ) ; // I n v e r s e D i s c r e t e t i m e F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m 133
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t = -2* %pi :2* %pi / length ( W ) :2* %pi ; ht =(1/(2* %pi ) ) * HlpW * exp ( sqrt ( -1) *W * t ) ; ht = real ( ht ) ; figure subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ - %pi ,0; %pi ,2]; plot2d (W , HlpW ,2) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; xtitle ( F r e q u e n c y R e s p o n s e o f LPF H( exp (jW) ) ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ -2* %pi , -1;2* %pi ,2]; plot2d3 ( gnn ,t , ht ) ; poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; xtitle ( I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e o f LPF h ( t ) )
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Figure 5.9: Results of Exa 5.12 Example 5.15 Multiplication Property of DTFT
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// Example5 . 1 5 : M u l t i p l i c a t i o n P r o p e r t y o f DTFT clear ; clc ; close ; n = 1:100; x2 = [3/4 , sin (0.75* %pi * n ) ./( %pi * n ) ]; x1 = [1/2 , sin (0.5* %pi * n ) ./( %pi * n ) ]; x = x1 .* x2 ; Wmax = %pi ; K = 1; 135
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k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; n = 0:100; XW1 = x1 * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *n * W ) ; XW2 = x2 * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *n * W ) ; XW = x * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *n * W ) ; XW1_Mag = real ( XW1 ) ; XW2_Mag = real ( XW2 ) ; XW_Mag = real ( XW ) ; W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2: $ ) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW1_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW1_Mag ) , XW1_Mag (2: $ ) ]; XW2_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW2_Mag ) , XW2_Mag (2: $ ) ]; XW_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW_Mag ) , XW_Mag (2: $ ) ]; figure subplot (3 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , XW1_Mag ) ; title ( DTFT X1 ( exp (jW) ) ) ; subplot (3 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , XW2_Mag ) ; title ( DTFT X2 ( exp (jW) ) ) ; subplot (3 ,1 ,3) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; plot (W , XW_Mag ) ; title ( M u l t i p l i c a t i o n P r o p e r t y o f DTFT ) ;
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Chapter 6 Time and Frequency Characterization of Signals and Systems

6.1 Scilab Codes
Example 6.1 Phase Response and Group Delay

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// Example6 . 1 : Phase R e s p o n s e and Group D e l a y clear ; clc ; close ; f1 = 50; f2 = 150; f3 = 300; w1 = 315; tuo1 = 0.066; w2 = 943; tuo2 = 0.033; w3 = 1888; tuo3 = 0.058; f = 0:0.1:400; W = 2* %pi * f ; for i =1: length ( f )
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num1 ( i ) = (1+( sqrt ( -1) * f ( i ) / f1 ) ^2 -2* sqrt ( -1) * tuo1 *( f ( i ) / f1 ) ) ; den1 ( i ) = (1+( sqrt ( -1) * f ( i ) / f1 ) ^2+2* sqrt ( -1) * tuo1 *( f ( i ) / f1 ) ) ; H1W ( i ) = num1 ( i ) / den1 ( i ) ; num2 ( i ) = (1+( sqrt ( -1) * f ( i ) / f2 ) ^2 -2* sqrt ( -1) * tuo2 *( f ( i ) / f2 ) ) ; den2 ( i ) = (1+( sqrt ( -1) * f ( i ) / f2 ) ^2+2* sqrt ( -1) * tuo2 *( f ( i ) / f2 ) ) ; H2W ( i ) = num2 ( i ) / den2 ( i ) ; num3 ( i ) = (1+( sqrt ( -1) * f ( i ) / f3 ) ^2 -2* sqrt ( -1) * tuo3 *( f ( i ) / f3 ) ) ; den3 ( i ) = (1+( sqrt ( -1) * f ( i ) / f3 ) ^2+2* sqrt ( -1) * tuo3 *( f ( i ) / f3 ) ) ; H3W ( i ) = num3 ( i ) / den3 ( i ) ; H_W ( i ) = H1W ( i ) * H2W ( i ) ; HW ( i ) = H_W ( i ) * H3W ( i ) ; phase1 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo1 *( f ( i ) / f1 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f1 ) ^2) ) ; phase2 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo2 *( f ( i ) / f2 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f2 ) ^2) ) ; phase3 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo3 *( f ( i ) / f3 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f3 ) ^2) ) ; phase_total ( i ) = phase1 ( i ) + phase2 ( i ) + phase3 ( i ) ; if ( f ( i ) <=50) W_phase1 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo1 *( f ( i ) / f1 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f1 ) ^2) ) ; W_phase2 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo2 *( f ( i ) / f2 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f2 ) ^2) ) ; W_phase3 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo3 *( f ( i ) / f3 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f3 ) ^2) ) ; group_delay ( i ) = - phase_total ( i ) *0.1/ %pi ; // d e l t a f= 0.1 elseif ( f ( i ) >=50 & f ( i ) <=150) W_phase1 ( i ) = -2* %pi -2* atan ((2* tuo1 *( f ( i ) / f1 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f1 ) ^2) ) ; W_phase2 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo2 *( f ( i ) / f2 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f2 ) ^2) ) ; 139
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W_phase3 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo3 *( f ( i ) / f3 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f3 ) ^2) ) ; group_delay ( i ) = - phase_total ( i ) *0.1/(2* %pi ) ; elseif ( f ( i ) >=150 & f ( i ) <=300) W_phase1 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo1 *( f ( i ) / f1 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f1 ) ^2) ) ; W_phase2 ( i ) = -4* %pi -2* atan ((2* tuo2 *( f ( i ) / f2 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f2 ) ^2) ) ; W_phase3 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo3 *( f ( i ) / f3 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f3 ) ^2) ) ; group_delay ( i ) = - phase_total ( i ) *0.1/(4* %pi ) ; elseif ( f ( i ) >300 & f ( i ) <=400) W_phase1 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo1 *( f ( i ) / f1 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f1 ) ^2) ) ; W_phase2 ( i ) = -2* atan ((2* tuo2 *( f ( i ) / f2 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f2 ) ^2) ) ; W_phase3 ( i ) = -6* %pi -2* atan ((2* tuo3 *( f ( i ) / f3 ) ) /(1.001 -( f ( i ) / f3 ) ^2) ) ; group_delay ( i ) = - phase_total ( i ) *0.1/(4* %pi ) ; end if ( f ( i ) ==300.1) W_phase_total ( i ) = 2* %pi + W_phase1 ( i ) + W_phase2 ( i ) + W_phase3 ( i ) ; else W_phase_total ( i ) = W_phase1 ( i ) + W_phase2 ( i ) + W_phase3 ( i ) ; end end figure plot2d (f , phase_total ,2) xtitle ( P r i n c i p a l p h a s e , F r e q u e n c y ( Hz ) , Phase ( r a d ) ); figure plot2d (f , W_phase_total ,2) xtitle ( unwrapped p h a s e , F r e q u e n c y ( Hz ) , Phase ( r a d ) ); figure plot2d (f , abs ( group_delay ) ,2) 140
67
xtitle ( g r o u p d e l a y , F r e q u e n c y ( Hz ) , Group D e l a y ( s e c ) );
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Figure 6.3: Results of Exa 6.1 Example 6.3 Analog Lowpass IIR lter design Cuto frequency Fc = 500Hz Passband ripple 1-0.05 and stopband ripple = 0.05
1 // Example6 . 3 : Analog Lowpass I I R f i l t e r d e s i g n 2 // C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y Fc = 500 Hz 3 // Passband r i p p l e 1 0.05 and s t o p b a n d r i p p l e = 0 . 0 5 4 clear ; 5 close ; 6 clc ; 7 hs_butt = analpf (5 , b u t t ,[0.05 ,0.05] ,500) ; 8 hs_ellip = analpf (5 , e l l i p ,[0.05 ,0.05] ,500) ; 9 fr =0:.1:2000;
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10 hf_butt = freq ( hs_butt (2) , hs_butt (3) , %i * fr ) ; 11 hm_butt = abs ( hf_butt ) ; 12 hf_ellip = freq ( hs_ellip (2) , hs_ellip (3) , %i * fr ) ; 13 hm_ellip = abs ( hf_ellip ) ; 14 // P l o t t i n g Magnitude R e s p o n s e o f Analog I I R F i l t e r s 15 a = gca () ; 16 plot2d ( fr , hm_butt ) 17 poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 18 poly1 . foreground = 2; 19 poly1 . thickness = 2; 20 poly1 . line_style = 3; 21 plot2d ( fr , hm_ellip ) 22 poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; 23 poly1 . foreground = 5; 24 poly1 . thickness = 2; 25 xlabel ( F r e q u e n c y ( Hz ) ) 26 ylabel ( Magnitude o f f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e ) 27 legend ([ B u t t e r w o r t h F i l t e r ; E l l i p t i c F i l t e r ])
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Figure 6.4: Results of Exa 6.3 Example 6.4 Bode Plot

1 // Example 6 . 4 : Bode P l o t 2 s = %s ; 3 // Open Loop T r a n s f e r F u n c t i o n 4 H = syslin ( c ,[20000/( s ^2+100* s +10000) ]) ; // jw
r e p l a c e d by s 5 clf ; 6 bode (H ,0.01 ,10000)
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Figure 6.5: Results of Exa 6.4 Example 6.5 Bode Plot

1 // Example 6 . 5 : Bode P l o t 2 s = %s ; 3 // Open Loop T r a n s f e r F u n c t i o n 4 H = syslin ( c ,[(100*(1+ s ) ) /((10+ s ) *(100+ s ) ) ]) ; // jw
r e p l a c e d by s 5 clf ; 6 bode (H ,0.01 ,10000)
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Chapter 7 Sampling
7.1 Scilab Codes
Example 7.1 Sinusoidal signal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
// Example7 . 1 : S i n u s o i d a l s i g n a l clear ; close ; clc ; Wm = 2* %pi ; Ws = 2* Wm ; t = -2:0.01:2; phi = - %pi /2; x = cos (( Ws /2) * t + phi ) ; y = sin (( Ws /2) * t ) ; subplot (2 ,1 ,1) a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; plot (t , x ) title ( c o s (Ws/2 t+p h i ) ) subplot (2 ,1 ,2) a = gca () ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ;
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21 22
plot (t , y ) title ( s i n (Ws/2 t ) )
Figure 7.1: Results of Exa 7.1 Example 7.2 Digital Dierentiator

1 // Example7 . 2 : D i g i t a l D i f f e r e n t i a t o r 2 syms t n ; 3 T = 0.1; // S a m p l i n g t i m e i n s e c o n d s 4 xct = sin ( %pi * t / T ) /( %pi * t ) ; 5 yct = diff ( xct , t ) ; 6 disp ( yct , yc ( t )= ) ;
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t = n*T; xdn = sin ( %pi * t / T ) /( %pi * t ) ; ydn = diff ( xdn , n ) ; disp ( ydn , yd [ n ]= ) ; hdn = T * ydn ; disp ( hdn , hd [ n ]= ) ; // R e s u l t // yc ( t ) = ( 1 0 c o s ( 3 1 . 4 1 5 9 2 7 t ) / t ) ( 0 . 3 1 8 3 0 9 9 s i n (31.415927 t ) /( t 2) ) 15 // yd [ n ] = ( 1 0 c o s ( 3 . 1 4 1 5 9 2 7 n ) / n ) 3.183 s i n ( 3 . 1 4 1 5 9 2 7 n) /(n 2) 16 // hd [ n ] = ( c o s ( 3 . 1 4 1 5 9 2 7 n ) / n ) 0.3183 s i n ( 3 . 1 4 1 5 9 2 7 n ) /(n 2) Example 7.3 Half Sample Delay system
1 // Example7 . 3 : H a l f Sample D e l a y s y s t e m 2 syms t n T ; 3 //T = 0 . 1 ; // S a m p l i n g t i m e i n s e c o n d s 4 xct = sin ( %pi * t / T ) /( %pi * t ) ; 5 t = t - T /2; 6 yct_del = sin ( %pi * t / T ) /( %pi * t ) ; 7 disp ( yct_del , Output o f H a l f Sample d e l a y s y s t e m
c o n t i n u o u s = );
8 t = n *T - T /2; 9 xdn = sin ( %pi * t / T ) /( %pi * t ) ; 10 ydn_del = xdn ; 11 disp ( ydn_del , Output o f H a l f Sample d e l a y s y s t e m
d i s c r e t e = );
12 hdn = T * ydn_del ; 13 disp ( hdn , I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e o f 14 15 16 17 18
d i s c r e t e time h a l f s a m p l e d e l a y s y s t e m= ) ; // R e s u l t // Output o f H a l f Sample d e l a y s y s t e m c o n t i n u o u s = // s i n ( 3 . 1 4 ( tT/ 2 ) /T) / ( 3 . 1 4 ( tT/ 2 ) ) // Output o f H a l f Sample d e l a y s y s t e m d i s c r e t e = // s i n ( 3 . 1 4 ( nTT/ 2 ) /T) / ( 3 . 1 4 ( nTT/ 2 ) )
150
19
// I m p u l s e R e s p o n s e o f d i s c r e t e t i m e h a l f s a m p l e d e l a y s y s t e m= 20 // T s i n ( 3 . 1 4 ( nTT/ 2 ) /T) / ( 3 . 1 4 ( nTT/ 2 ) ) Example 7.4 Finding the period of the sampled signal and Sampling frequency
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example7 . 4 : F i n d i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t h e s a m p l e d signal // and S a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y clear ; close ; clc ; Wm = 2* %pi /9; N = floor (2* %pi /(2* Wm ) ) disp (N , P e r i o d o f t h e d i s c r e t e s i g n a l ) Ws = 2* %pi / N ; disp ( Ws , The S a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e period N) Example 7.5 Multirate Signal Processing:Sampling Rate Conversion (1)Downsampling by 4 (2)Upsampling by 2 (3)Upsampling by 2 and followed by downsampling by 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
// Example7 . 5 : M u l t i r a t e S i g n a l P r o c e s s i n g : S a m p l i n g Rate C o n v e r s i o n // ( 1 ) Downsampling by 4 // ( 2 ) Upsampling by 2 // ( 3 ) Upsampling by 2 and f o l l o w e d by d o w ns a m p l i n g by 9 clear ; close ; clc ; Wm = 2* %pi /9; //Maximum f r e q u e n c y o f s i g n a l Ws = 2* Wm ; // S a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y N = floor (2* %pi / Ws ) ; // p e r i o d o f d i s c r e t e s i g n a l // O r i g i n a l d i s c r e t e t i m e s i g n a l g e n e r a t i o n and Magnitude r e s p o n s e 151
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
n = 0:0.01: N ; x = sin ( Wm * n ) ; Wmax = 2* %pi /9; K = 4; k = 0:( K /1000) : K ; W = k * Wmax / K ; XW = x * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) *n * W ) ; XW_Mag = real ( XW ) ; XW_Mag = XW_Mag / max ( XW_Mag ) ; W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW_Mag ) , XW_Mag (2:1001) ]; // ( 1 ) d o wn s a m p l i n g by 4 and c o r r e s p o n d i n g m a g n i t u d e response n1 = 0:0.01: N /4; y = x (1:4: length ( x ) ) ; k1 = 0:( K /2000) : K ; W1 = k1 *4* Wmax / K ; XW4 = y * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * n1 * W1 ) ; XW4_Mag = real ( XW4 ) ; XW4_Mag = XW4_Mag / max ( XW4_Mag ) ; W1 = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W1 ) , W1 (2: $ ) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW4_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW4_Mag ) , XW4_Mag (2: $ ) ]; // ( 2 ) Upsampling by 2 and c o r r e s p o n d i n g m a g n i t u d e response n2 = 0:0.01:2* N ; z = zeros (1 , length ( n2 ) ) ; z ([1:2: length ( z ) ]) = x ; k2 = 0:( K /500) : K ; W2 = k2 * Wmax /(2* K ) ; XW2 = z * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * n2 * W2 ) ; XW2_Mag = real ( XW2 ) ; XW2_Mag = XW2_Mag / max ( XW2_Mag ) ; W2 = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W2 ) , W2 (2: $ ) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW2_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW2_Mag ) , XW2_Mag (2: $ ) ]; // ( 3 ) Upsampling by 2 and Downsampling by 9 152
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
c o r r e s p o n d i n g magnitude r e s p o n s e n3 = 0:0.01:2* N /9; g = z ([1:9: length ( z ) ]) ; k3 = 0: K /(9*500) : K ; W3 = k3 *9* Wmax /(2* K ) ; XW3 = g * exp ( - sqrt ( -1) * n3 * W3 ) ; XW3_Mag = real ( XW3 ) ; XW3_Mag = XW3_Mag / max ( XW3_Mag ) ; W3 = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W3 ) , W3 (2: $ ) ]; // Omega from Wmax t o Wmax XW3_Mag = [ mtlb_fliplr ( XW3_Mag ) , XW3_Mag (2: $ ) ]; // figure subplot (2 ,2 ,1) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ - %pi ,0; %pi ,1.5]; plot2d (W , XW_Mag ,5) ; title ( Spectrum o f D i s c r e t e S i g n a l X( exp (jW) ) ) subplot (2 ,2 ,2) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ - %pi ,0; %pi ,1.5]; plot2d ( W1 , XW4_Mag ,5) ; title ( Spectrum o f downsampled s i g n a l by 4 X( exp (jW /4) ) ) subplot (2 ,2 ,3) a = gca () ; a . y_location = o r i g i n ; a . x_location = o r i g i n ; a . data_bounds =[ - %pi ,0; %pi ,1.5]; plot2d ( W2 , XW2_Mag ,5) ; title ( Spectrum o f Upsampled s i g n a l by 2 X( exp ( 2jW) ) ) subplot (2 ,2 ,4) a = gca () ; 153
79 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 80 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 81 a . data_bounds =[ - %pi ,0; %pi ,1.5]; 82 plot2d ( W3 , XW3_Mag ,5) ; 83 title ( Spectrum o f Upsampled by 2 and Downsampled by
X( exp ( 2jW/ 9 ) ) )
154
Chapter 9 The Laplace Transform

9.1 Scilab Codes
Example 9.1 Lapalce Transform x(t) = exp(at).u(t)

1 // Example9 . 1 : L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m x ( t ) = exp ( a t ) . u ( t ) 2 syms t s ; 3 a = 3; 4 y = laplace ( %e( a t ) ,t , s ) ; 5 disp ( y ) 6 // R e s u l t 7 // 1 / ( s+a )
Example 9.2 Lapalce Transform x(t) = exp(at).u(t)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
// Example9 . 2 : L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m x ( t ) = exp ( a t ) . u( t ) syms t s ; a =3; y = laplace ( %e ( a t ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( y ) // R e s u l t // 1 / ( s+a ) Example 9.3 Lapalce Transform x(t) = 3exp(2t)u(t) 2exp(t)u(t) 155
1 2 3 4 5 6
// Example9 . 3 : L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m x ( t ) = 3 exp (2 t ) u ( t ) 2exp ( t ) u ( t ) syms t s ; y = laplace ( 3%e( 2 t ) 2%e( t ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( y ) // R e s u l t // ( 3 / ( s +2) ) (2/( s +1) ) Example 9.4 Lapalce Transform x(t) = exp(2t)u(t) + exp(t)(cos3t)u(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
// Example9 . 4 : L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m x ( t ) = exp (2 t ) u ( t )+ exp ( t ) ( c o s 3 t ) u ( t ) syms t s ; y = laplace ( %e( 2 t )+%e( t ) c o s ( 3 t ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( y ) // R e s u l t // [ ( s +1) / ( s 2+2 s +10) ] + [ 1 / ( s +2) ] r e f e r equation 9.29 // E q u i v a l e n t t o ( 2 s 2+5 s +12) / ( ( s 2+2 s +10) ( s +2) ) r e f e r equation 9.30 Example 9.5 Lapalce Transform x(t) = s(t)(4/3)exp(t)u(t)+(1/3)exp(2t)u(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
// Example9 . 5 : L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m o f x ( t )=s ( t ) (4/3) exp ( t ) u ( t ) + ( 1 / 3 ) exp ( 2 t ) u ( t ) syms t s ; y = laplace ( (4/3) %e( t ) + ( 1 / 3 ) %e ( 2 t ) ,t , s ) ; y = 1+ y ; disp ( y ) // R e s u l t // [ 4 / ( 3 ( s +1) ) ] + [ 1 / ( 3 ( s 2) ) ]+1 Example 9.6 Lapalce Transform x(t) = exp(at)u(t), 0 < t < T
1 2 3
// Example9 . 6 // L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m x ( t ) = exp ( a t ) u ( t ) , 0<t<T syms t s ; 156
4 a = 3; 5 T = 10; 6 // t = T ; 7 y = laplace ( %e( a t )%e( a t ) %e( ( s+a ) T) ,t , s )
; 8 disp ( y ) 9 // R e s u l t 10 // [ 1 / ( s+a ) ] [ ( exp (( sa ) T) ) / ( s+a ) ] Example 9.7 Lapalce Transform x(t) = exp(b.abs(t)).u(t), 0 < t < T x(t) = exp(bt).u(t) + exp(bt).u(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example9 . 7 // L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m x ( t ) = exp (b . a b s ( t ) ) . u ( t ) , 0<t< T // x ( t ) = exp ( b t ) . u ( t )+exp ( b t ) . u( t ) syms t s ; b = 3; y = laplace ( %e(b t )%e ( b t ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( y ) // R e s u l t // [ 1 / ( s+b ) ] [ 1 / ( sb ) ] Example 9.8 Inverse Lapalce Transform X(S) = 1/((s + 1)(s + 2))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
// Example9 . 8 : I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m //X( S ) = 1 / ( ( s +1) ( s +2) ) s = %s ; G = syslin ( c ,(1/(( s +1) *( s +2) ) ) ) ; disp (G , G( s )= ) plzr ( G ) x = denom ( G ) ; disp (x , Ch a r a c t e r i s t i c s P o l y n o m i a l= ) y = roots ( x ) ; disp (y , P o l e s o f a s y s t e m= ) // R e s u l t // 1 and 2 157
Figure 9.1: Results of Exa 9.8 Example 9.9 Inverse Lapalce Transform X(S) = 1/((s + 1)(s + 2))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example9 . 9 : I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m //X( S ) = 1 / ( ( s +1) ( s +2) ) s = %s ; syms t ; [ A ]= pfss (1/(( s +1) *( s +2) ) ) // p a r t i a l f r a c t i o n o f F ( s ) F1 = ilaplace ( A (1) ,s , t ) F2 = ilaplace ( A (2) ,s , t ) F = F1 + F2 ; disp (F , f ( t )= ) // R e s u l t 158
11
// ( %e t ) (%e (2 t ) ) Example 9.10 Inverse Lapalce Transform X(S) = 1/((s+1)(s+2))Re(s) < 1, Re(s) < 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
// Example9 . 1 0 : I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m //X( S ) = 1 / ( ( s +1) ( s +2) ) Re ( s )< 1 ,Re ( s )< 2 s = %s ; syms t ; [ A ]= pfss (1/(( s +1) *( s +2) ) ) // p a r t i a l f r a c t i o n o f F ( s ) F1 = ilaplace ( A (1) ,s , t ) F2 = ilaplace ( A (2) ,s , t ) F = -F1 - F2 ; disp (F , f ( t )= ) // R e s u l t // %e (2 t )%e t Example 9.11 Inverse Lapalce Transform X(S) = 1/((s + 1)(s + 2)) 2 < Re(s) < 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
// Example9 . 1 1 : I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m //X( S ) = 1 / ( ( s +1) ( s +2) ) 2< Re ( s )< 1 s = %s ; syms t ; [ A ]= pfss (1/(( s +1) *( s +2) ) ) // p a r t i a l f r a c t i o n o f F ( s ) F1 = ilaplace ( A (1) ,s , t ) F2 = ilaplace ( A (2) ,s , t ) F = - F1 + F2 ; disp (F , f ( t )= ) // R e s u l t // (%e t ) (%e (2 t ) ) Example 9.12 Inverse Lapalce Transform X(S) = 1/(s + (1/2))Re(s) > 1/2
1 2
// Example9 . 1 2 : I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m //X( S ) = 1 / ( s + ( 1 / 2 ) ) Re ( s )> 1/2 159
3 s = %s ; 4 G = syslin ( c ,(1/( s +0.5) ) ) 5 disp (G , G( s )= ) 6 plzr ( G )
Example 9.13 Inverse Lapalce Transform X1(S) = 1/(s+1)Re(s) > 1, X2(S) = 1/((s + 1)(s + 2))Re(s) > 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
// Example9 . 1 3 // I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m //X1 ( S ) = 1 / ( s +1) Re ( s )> 1 //X2 ( S ) = 1 / ( ( s +1) ( s +2) ) Re ( s )>1 s = %s ; syms t ; G1 = syslin ( c ,(1/( s +1) ) ) ; disp ( G1 , G( s )= ) figure plzr ( G1 ) G2 = syslin ( c ,(1/(( s +1) *( s +2) ) ) ) ; disp ( G2 , G( s )= ) figure plzr ( G2 ) G3 = syslin ( c ,(1/( s +1) ) -(1/(( s +1) *( s +2) ) ) ) ; disp ( G3 , G( s )= ) figure plzr ( G3 )
160
161
162
Figure 9.4: Results of Exa 9.13 Example 9.14 Lapalce Transform x(t) = t.exp(at), t > 0, x(t) = (t2 )/2.exp(at), t > 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example9 . 1 4 : L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m // x ( t ) = t . exp ( a t ) , t >0 // x ( t ) = ( t 2 ) / 2 . exp ( a t ) , t >0 s = %s ; syms t ; a =10; x1 = laplace ( t %e( 10 t ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( x1 ) x2 = laplace ( ( ( t 2 ) / 2 ) %e( 10 t ) ,t , s ) ; 163
10 11 12 13
disp ( x2 ) // R e s u l t // 1 / ( ( s +10) 2 ) // 1 / ( ( s +10) 3 ) Example 9.15 Inverse Lapalce Transform X(S) = (2s2 + 5s + 5)/((s + 1)2 )(s + 2))Re(s) > 1
1 // Example9 . 1 5 : I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m 2 //X( S ) = ( 2 s 2+5 s +5) / ( ( s +1) 2 ) ( s +2) ) Re ( s )>1 3 s = %s ; 4 syms t ; 5 [ A ]= pfss ((2*( s ^2) +5* s +5) /((( s +1) ^2) *( s +2) ) ) ; //
p a r t i a l f r a c t i o n o f F( s )
6 F1 = ilaplace ( A (1) ,s , t ) 7 F2 = ilaplace ( A (2) ,s , t ) 8 // F3 = i l a p l a c e (A( 3 ) , s , t ) 9 F = F1 + F2 ; 10 disp (F , f ( t )= ) 11 // R e s u l t 12 // ( 2 t ( %e t ) ) (%e t ) +(3%e (2 t ) )
Example 9.16 Initial Value Theorem of Lapalace Transform

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
// Example9 . 1 6 : I n i t i a l V a l u e Theorem o f L a p a l a c e Transform syms s ; num = poly ([12 5 2] , s , c o e f f ) den = poly ([20 14 4 1] , s , c o e f f ) X = num / den disp (X , X( s )= ) SX = s * X ; Initial_Value = limit ( SX ,s , %inf ) ; disp ( Initial_Value , x ( 0 )= ) // R e s u l t // ( 2 % i n f 3+5 % i n f 2+12 % i n f ) / ( % i n f 3+4 % i n f 2+14 % i n f +20) =2 164
Example 9.17 Analysis and Characterization of LTI System Lapalce Transform h(t) = exp(t).u(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
// Example9 . 1 7 : A n a l y s i s and C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f LTI System // L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m h ( t ) = exp ( t ) . u ( t ) syms t s ; h = laplace ( %e( t ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( h ) // R e s u l t // 1 / ( s +1) Example 9.18 Analysis and Characterization of LTI System Lapalce Transform x(t) = exp(abs(t))x(t) = exp(t).u(t) + exp(t).u(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example9 . 1 8 : A n a l y s i s and C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f LTI System // L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m x ( t ) = exp ( a b s ( t ) ) // x ( t ) = exp ( t ) . u ( t )+exp ( t ) . u( t ) syms t s ; y = laplace ( %e( t )%e ( t ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( y ) // R e s u l t // ( 1 / ( s +1) ) (1/( s 1) ) Example 9.19 Analysis and Characterization of LTI System Inverse Lapalce Transform X(S) = (es )/(s + 1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example9 . 1 9 : A n a l y s i s and C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f LTI System // I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m //X( S ) = ( e s ) / ( s +1) syms s t ; h1 = exp ( -1) ; // I n v e r s e L a p l a c e T r a n s f o r m o f exp ( s ) H2 =1/( s +1) ; h2 = ilaplace ( H2 ,s , t ) h = h1 * h2 ; disp (h , h ( t )= ) 165
10 11
// R e s u l t // ( 1 8 0 8 9 ( %e t ) ) / 4 9 1 7 1 =
0 . 3 6 7 8 7 9 4 ( %e t )
Example 9.20 Inverse Lapalce Transform X(S) = ((s1)/((s+1)(s2)))

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example9 . 2 0 : I n v e r s e L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m //X( S ) = ( ( s 1) / ( ( s +1) ( s 2) ) ) s = %s ; syms t ; [ A ] = pfss ( s /(( s +1) *( s -2) ) ) ; [ B ] = pfss (1/(( s +1) *( s -2) ) ) ; F1 = ilaplace ( A (1) ,s , t ) F2 = ilaplace ( A (2) ,s , t ) F3 = ilaplace ( B (1) ,s , t ) F4 = ilaplace ( B (2) ,s , t ) F = F1 + F2 - F3 - F4 ; disp (F , f ( t )= ) // R e s u l t // f ( t )= 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 exp ( 2 t ) / 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 %e t / 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 15 // i . e . f ( t ) = 0 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 exp ( 2 t ) + 0 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 %e( t ) 16 // R e f e r e q u a t i o n 9 . 1 2 0 . ( 1 / 3 ) = 0 . 3 3 3 3 and ( 2 / 3 ) = 0.66666 Example 9.21 Analysis and Characterization of LTI System Lapalce Transform h(t) = exp(2t)u(t), Re(s) > 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
// Example9 . 2 1 : A n a l y s i s and C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f LTI System // L a p a l c e T r a n s f o r m h ( t ) = exp ( 2 t ) u ( t ) , Re ( s ) >2 syms t s ; X = laplace ( %e ( 2 t ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( X ) // R e s u l t // 1 / ( s 2)
166
Example 9.25 LTI Systems Characterized by Linear Constant Coecient dierential Equation Finding Transfer function H(S) of LTI system x(t) = exp(3t).u(t)y(t) = [exp(t) exp(2t)].u(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
// Example9 . 2 5 : LTI S y s t e m s C h a r a c t e r i z e d by L i n e a r Constant // C o e f f i c i e n t d i f f e r e n t i a l E q u a t i o n // F i n d i n g T r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n H( S ) o f LTI s y s t e m // x ( t ) = exp (3 t ) . u ( t ) // y ( t ) = [ exp ( t )exp (2 t ) ] . u ( t ) syms t s ; X = laplace ( %e( 3 t ) ,t , s ) ; Y = laplace ( %e( t )%e( 2 t ) ,t , s ) ; H = Y/X; disp ( H ) // R e s u l t // ( s +3) ( 1 / ( s +1) 1/( s +2) ) Example 9.31 Causal LTI Systems described by dierential equations and Rational System functions Partial Fraction H(S) = ((s1)/((s+1)(s2)))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// Example9 . 3 1 : C a u s a l LTI S y s t e m s d e s c r i b e d by d i f f e r e n t i a l equations // and R a t i o n a l System f u n c t i o n s // P a r t i a l F r a c t i o n //H( S ) = ( ( s 1) / ( ( s +1) ( s 2) ) ) s = %s ; syms t ; [ A ] = pfss ((2* s ^2+4* s -6) /( s ^2+3* s +2) ) ; disp (A , H( S )= ) // R e s u l t H( S )= // // 8 // // 1 + s // 6 // // 2 + s // 167
17
//
Example 9.33 Unilateral Laplace Transform:Time Shifting Property x(t) = exp(a(t + 1)).u(t + 1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example9 . 3 3 : U n i l a t e r a l L a p l a c e T r a n s f o r m : Time S h i f t i n g Property // x ( t ) = exp (a ( t +1) ) . u ( t +1) syms t s ; a = 2; X = laplace ( %e( a ( t +1) ) ,t , s ) ; disp ( X ) // R e s u l t //%ea / ( s+a ) Example 9.34 Unilateral Laplace Transform x(t) = s(t) + 2u(t) + et .u(t)
1 // Example9 . 3 4 : U n i l a t e r a l L a p l a c e T r a n s f o r m 2 // x ( t ) = s ( t ) +2u ( t )+e t . u ( t ) 3 syms t s ; 4 a = 2; 5 X = laplace ( 2+%e ( t ) ,t , s ) ; 6 Y = 1+ X ; 7 disp ( X ) 8 disp ( Y ) 9 // R e s u l t 10 // ( 2 / s ) +(1/( s 1) ) +1
Example 9.35 Unilateral Inverse Laplace Transform X(S) = 1/((s+1)(s+ 2))

1 // Example9 . 3 5 : U n i l a t e r a l 2 //X( S ) = 1 / ( ( s +1) ( s +2) ) 3 s = %s ; 4 syms t ; 5 X = 1/(( s +1) *( s +2) ) ; 6 x = ilaplace (X ,s , t ) ;
I n v e r s e Laplace Transform
168
7 8 9 10
disp ( X ) disp ( x ) // R e s u l t // ( %e t ) (%e (2 t ) ) Example 9.36 Unilateral Laplace Transform X(S) = ((s2 ) 3)/(s + 2)
1 // Example9 . 3 6 : U n i l a t e r a l Laplace Transform 2 //X( S ) = ( ( s 2 ) 3) / ( s +2) 3 s = %s ; 4 syms t ; 5 [ X ] = pfss ((( s ^2) -3) /( s +2) ) ; 6 disp ( X )
Example 9.37 Unilateral Laplace Transform:Solving Dierential Equation Y (S) = alpha/(s(s + 1)(s + 2))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
// Example9 . 3 7 : U n i l a t e r a l Laplace Transform : S o l v i n g D i f f e r e n t i a l Equation //Y( S ) = a l p h a / ( s ( s +1) ( s +2) ) s = %s ; syms t ; alpha = 1; // Alpha v a l u e a s s i g n e d a s some c o n s t a n t one [ A ] = pfss ( alpha /( s *( s +1) *( s +2) ) ) ; F1 = ilaplace ( A (1) ,s , t ) F2 = ilaplace ( A (2) ,s , t ) F3 = ilaplace ( A (3) ,s , t ) F = F1 + F2 + F3 disp ( F ) // r e s u l t // (%e t ) +((%e (2 t ) ) / 2 ) +(1/2 ) Example 9.38 Unilateral Laplace Transform:Solving Dierential Equation Y (S) = [beta(s+3)/((s+1)(s+2))]+[gamma/((s+2)(s+2))]+[alpha/(s(s+ 1)(s + 2))]
169
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// Example9 . 3 8 : U n i l a t e r a l Laplace Transform : S o l v i n g D i f f e r e n t i a l Equation //Y( S ) =[ b e t a ( s +3) / ( ( s +1) ( s +2) ) ] + [ gamma / ( ( s +2) ( s +2) ) ] + [ a l p h a / ( s ( s +1) ( s +2) ) ] s = %s ; syms t ; alpha = 2; // i n p u t c o n s t a n t beta_B = 3; // i n t i a l c o n d i t i o n gamma_v = -5; // i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n Y1 = 1/ s ; Y2 = 1/( s +1) ; Y3 = 3/( s +2) ; Y = Y1 - Y2 + Y3 ; disp ( Y ) y = ilaplace (Y ,s , t ) disp ( y ) // r e s u l t // ( %e( t ) ) +3(%e( (2 t ) ) ) +1
170
Chapter 10 The Z-Transform

10.1 Scilab Codes
Example 10.1 Ztransform of x[n] = (a)n .u[n]

1 // Example10 . 1 : Z t r a n s f o r m o f x [ n ] = ( a ) n . u [ n ] 2 syms n z ; 3 a = 0.5; 4 x =( a ) ^ n 5 X = symsum ( x *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 , %inf ) 6 disp (X , a n s= ) 7 // R e s u l t 8 // 1 . 0 ( 2 ( %inf 1) z ( %inf 1) 1) / ( 1 / ( 2 z ) 1) 9 // E q u i v a l e n t t o 1 / ( 0 . 5 ( z 1) 1)
Example 10.2 Ztransform of x[n] = an .u[n 1]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 1 0 . 2 : Z t r a n s f o r m o f x [ n ] = a n . u[n 1] // a = 0 . 5 clear all ; close ; clc ; syms n z ; a = 0.5; x = -(0.5) ^( - n ) X = symsum ( x *( z ^( n ) ) ,n ,1 , %inf ) 171
10 11 12 13
disp (X , a n s= ) // R e s u l t // 1 . 0 ( 2 ( % i n f +1) z ( % i n f +1)2 z ) / ( 2 z 1) // E q u i v a l e n t t o 12 z / ( 2 z 1) = 1 / ( 1 0 . 5 z 1) Example 10.3 Ztransform of x[n] = 7.(1/3)n .u[n] 6.(1/2)n .u[n]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
// Example 1 0 . 3 : Z t r a n s f o r m o f x [ n ] = 7 . ( 1 / 3 ) n . u [ n ] 6 . ( 1 / 2 ) n . u [ n ] syms n z ; x1 =(0.33) ^( n ) X1 = symsum (7* x1 *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 , %inf ) x2 =(0.5) ^( n ) X2 = symsum (6* x2 *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 , %inf ) X = X1 - X2 disp (X , a n s= ) // R e s u l t // 6.0(2( %inf 1) z ( %inf 1) 1) / ( 1 / ( 2 z ) 1) // E q u i v a l e n t t o 6 1/(0.5 z 1 1) // The R e g i o n o f C o n v e r g e n c e i s | z | >1/2 Example 10.4 Z-transform of sine signal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example10 . 4 : Zt r a n s f o r m o f s i n e s i g n a l syms n z ; Wo = %pi /4; a = (0.33) ^ n ; x1 = %e ^( sqrt ( -1) * Wo * n ) ; X1 = symsum ( a * x1 *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 , %inf ) x2 = %e ^( - sqrt ( -1) * Wo * n ) X2 = symsum ( a * x2 *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 , %inf ) X =(1/(2* sqrt ( -1) ) ) *( X1 - X2 ) disp (X , a n s= ) Example 10.5 Z-transform of Impulse Sequence
// Example10 . 5 : Zt r a n s f o r m o f I m p u l s e S e q u e n c e 172
2 syms n z ; 3 X = symsum (1*( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 ,0) ; 4 disp (X , a n s= ) 5 // R e s u l t 6 // 1
Example 10.6 Ztransform of x[n] = an , 0 < n < N 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 1 0 . 6 : Z t r a n s f o r m o f x [ n ] = a n , 0 < n < N 1 syms n z ; a = 0.5; N =6; x =( a ) ^( n ) X = symsum ( x *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 , N ) disp (X , a n s= ) // R e s u l t // 0 . 5 / z + 0 . 2 5 / z 2 + 0 . 1 2 5 / z 3 + 0 . 0 6 2 5 / z 4 + 0 . 0 3 1 2 5 / z 5+0.015625/ z 6+1.0 Example 10.7 Ztransform of x[n] = bn .u[n] + b n.u[n 1]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
// Example 1 0 . 7 : Z t r a n s f o r m o f x [ n ] = b n . u [ n ]+ bn . u [n 1] syms n z ; b = 0.5; x1 =( b ) ^( n ) x2 =( b ) ^( - n ) X1 = symsum ( x1 *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 , %inf ) X2 = symsum ( x2 *( z ^( n ) ) ,n ,1 , %inf ) X = X1 + X2 ; disp (X , a n s= ) // R e s u l t // +1.0(2( %inf 1) z ( %inf 1) 1) / ( 1 / ( 2 z ) 1) // E q u i v a l e n t t o 1 / ( 0 . 5 z 1 1 ) // R e g i o n o f C o n v e r g e n c e | z | > 0 . 5 Example 10.9 Inverse Z Transform :ROC |z| > 1/3 173
1 // Example10 . 9 : I n v e r s e Z T r a n s f o r m :ROC | z | >1/3 2 z = %z ; 3 syms n z1 ; //To f i n d o u t I n v e r s e z t r a n s f o r m z must 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
be l i n e a r z = z 1 X = z *(3* z -(5/6) ) /(( z -(1/4) ) *( z -(1/3) ) ) X1 = denom ( X ) ; zp = roots ( X1 ) ; X1 = z1 *(3* z1 -(5/6) ) /(( z1 -(1/4) ) *( z1 -(1/3) ) ) F1 = X1 *( z1 ^( n -1) ) *( z1 - zp (1) ) ; F2 = X1 *( z1 ^( n -1) ) *( z1 - zp (2) ) ; h1 = limit ( F1 , z1 , zp (1) ) ; disp ( h1 , h1 [ n ]= ) h2 = limit ( F2 , z1 , zp (2) ) ; disp ( h2 , h2 [ n ]= ) h = h1 + h2 ; disp (h , h [ n ]= ) // // R e s u l t // h [ n ]= ( 1 / 4 ) n + ( 2 / 3 ) n Example 10.10 Inverse Z Transform :ROC 1/4 < |z| < 1/3
1 // Example10 . 1 0 : I n v e r s e Z T r a n s f o r m :ROC 1/4 <| z | <1/3 2 z = %z ; 3 syms n z1 ; //To f i n d o u t I n v e r s e z t r a n s f o r m z must 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
be l i n e a r z = z 1 X = z *(3* z -(5/6) ) /(( z -(1/4) ) *( z -(1/3) ) ) X1 = denom ( X ) ; zp = roots ( X1 ) ; X1 = z1 *(3* z1 -(5/6) ) /(( z1 -(1/4) ) *( z1 -(1/3) ) ) F1 = X1 *( z1 ^( n -1) ) *( z1 - zp (1) ) ; F2 = X1 *( z1 ^( n -1) ) *( z1 - zp (2) ) ; h1 = limit ( F1 , z1 , zp (1) ) ; disp ( h1 * u ( n ) , h1 [ n ]= ) h2 = limit ( F2 , z1 , zp (2) ) ; disp (( h2 ) * u(n 1) , h2 [ n ]= ) disp (( h1 ) * u ( n ) -( h2 ) * u ( n1) , h [ n ]= ) // // R e s u l t // h [ n ]= u ( n ) /4 n2u ( n 1) /3 n 174
17
// E q u i v a l e n t t o h [ n ] = ( 1 / 4 ) n . u [ n ] 2 ( 1 / 3 ) n . u[n 1] Example 10.11 Inverse Z Transform :ROC |z| < 1/4
1 // Example10 . 1 1 : I n v e r s e Z T r a n s f o r m :ROC | z | <1/4 2 z = %z ; 3 syms n z1 ; //To f i n d o u t I n v e r s e z t r a n s f o r m z must 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
be l i n e a r z = z 1 X = z *(3* z -(5/6) ) /(( z -(1/4) ) *( z -(1/3) ) ) X1 = denom ( X ) ; zp = roots ( X1 ) ; X1 = z1 *(3* z1 -(5/6) ) /(( z1 -(1/4) ) *( z1 -(1/3) ) ) F1 = X1 *( z1 ^( n -1) ) *( z1 - zp (1) ) ; F2 = X1 *( z1 ^( n -1) ) *( z1 - zp (2) ) ; h1 = limit ( F1 , z1 , zp (1) ) ; disp ( h1 * u(n 1) , h1 [ n ]= ) h2 = limit ( F2 , z1 , zp (2) ) ; disp (( h2 ) * u(n 1) , h2 [ n ]= ) disp ( -( h1 ) * u(n 1) -( h2 ) * u(n 1) , h [ n ]= ) // // R e s u l t // h [ n ]= u(n 1) /4 n2u(n 1) /3 n // E q u i v a l e n t t o h [ n ] = (1/4) n . u[n 1] 2(1/3) n . u[ n 1] Example 10.12 Inverse z tranform:For Finite duration discrete sequence
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example10 . 1 2 : I n v e r s e z t r a n f o r m : For F i n i t e duration d i s c r e t e sequence syms z ; X = [4* z ^2 0 2 3* z ^ -1]; n = -2:1; for i = 1: length ( X ) x ( i ) = X ( i ) *( z ^ n ( i ) ) ; end disp (x , x [ n ]= ) Example 10.13 Inverse z tranform ofInFinite duration discrete sequence Power Series Method (OR) Long Division Method 175
1 2 3 4 5
// Example10 . 1 3 : I n v e r s e z t r a n f o r m o f I n F i n i t e duration d i s c r e t e sequence // Power S e r i e s Method (OR) // Long D i v i s i o n Method z = %z ; a = 2; X = ldiv (z ,z -a ,5) Example 10.18 Ztransform-Dierentiation Property x[n] = (a)n .u[n]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
// Example10 . 1 8 : Z t r a n s f o r m D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n P r o p e r t y // x [ n ] = ( a ) n . u [ n ] syms n z ; a = 0.5; x =( a ) ^ n X = symsum ( x *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n ,0 , %inf ) X1 = -1/((1/(2* z ) ) -1) // z t r a n s f o r m o f 0 . 5 n . u [ n] Y = -z * diff (X , z ) // D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n p r o p e r t y o f z transform disp (X , a n s= ) disp (Y , a n s= ) // R e s u l t //X( z ) = 1 . 0 ( 2 ( %inf 1) z ( %inf 1) 1) / ( 1 / ( 2 z ) 1) //Y( z ) = 1.0( %inf 1) 2( %inf 1) z ( %inf 1) / ( 1 / ( 2 z ) 1) //Y1 ( z ) = 1 / ( 2 ( 1 / ( 2 z ) 1) 2 z ) // E q u i v a l e n t t o Y1 ( z ) = 0 . 5 z 1/((1 0.5 z 1) 2 ) Example 10.19 Z Transform : Initial Value Theorem
1 // Example10 . 1 9 : Z T r a n s f o r m : I n i t i a l V a l u e Theorem 2 z = %z ; 3 syms n z1 ; //To f i n d o u t I n v e r s e z t r a n s f o r m z must
be l i n e a r z = z 1 4 X = z *( z -(3/2) ) /(( z -(1/3) ) *( z -(1/2) ) ) 5 X1 = denom ( X ) ; 6 zp = roots ( X1 ) ; 7 X1 = z1 *( z1 -(3/2) ) /(( z1 -(1/3) ) *( z1 -(1/2) ) ) 176
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
F1 = X1 *( z1 ^( n -1) ) *( z1 - zp (1) ) ; F2 = X1 *( z1 ^( n -1) ) *( z1 - zp (2) ) ; x1 = limit ( F1 , z1 , zp (1) ) ; x2 = limit ( F2 , z1 , zp (2) ) ; x = x1 + x2 ; disp (x , x [ n ]= ) x_initial = limit (x ,n ,0) ; disp ( x_initial , x [ 0 ] = ) // // R e s u l t // x [ n ]= 7 / 3 n 32(1 n ) // x [ 0 ] = 1 ; I n i t i a l V a l u e Example 10.23 Inverse Z Transform H(z) =z/z-a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example10 . 2 3 : I n v e r s e Z T r a n s f o r m H( z ) =z / za // z = %z ; syms n z ; a = 2; H = z /( z - a ) ; F = H * z ^( n -1) *( z - a ) ; h = limit (F ,z , a ) ; disp (h , h [ n ]= ) Example 10.25 LTi Systems characterized by Linear Constant Coecient Dierence equations Inverse Z Transform
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
// Example10 . 2 5 : LTi S y s t e m s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by L i n e a r Constant // C o e f f i c i e n t D i f f e r e n c e e q u a t i o n s // I n v e r s e Z T r a n s f o r m // z = %z ; syms n z ; H1 = z /( z -(1/2) ) ; H2 = (1/3) /( z -(1/2) ) ; F1 = H1 * z ^( n -1) *( z -(1/2) ) ; F2 = H2 * z ^( n -1) *( z -(1/2) ) ; h1 = limit ( F1 ,z ,1/2) ; disp ( h1 , h1 [ n ]= ) 177
12 h2 = limit ( F2 ,z ,1/2) ; 13 disp ( h2 , h2 [ n ]= ) 14 h = h1 + h2 ; 15 disp (h , h [ n ]= ) 16 // R e s u l t 17 // h [ n ]= [ ( 1 / 2 ) n ] + [ 2 (1 n ) ] / 3 18 // Which i s E q u i v a l e n t t o h [ n ] = [ ( 1 / 2 ) n ] + [ ( 1 / 2 ) ( n
1) ] / 3 Example 10.33 Dierentiation Property of Unilateral Ztransform x[n] = (a)( n + 1).u[n + 1]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example10 . 3 3 : D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n P r o p e r t y o f U n i l a t e r a l Ztransform // x [ n ] = ( a ) ( n+1) . u [ n +1] syms n z ; a = 0.5; x =( a ) ^( n +1) X = symsum ( x *( z ^( - n ) ) ,n , -1 , %inf ) disp (X , a n s= ) // R e s u l t //X( z )= 0 . 5 ( 2 ( %inf 1) z ( %inf 1)2 z ) / ( 1 / ( 2 z ) 1) // E q u i v a l e n t t o z / ( 1 0 . 5 z 1) Example 10.34 Unilateral Ztransform- partial fraction X(z) = (3 (5/6) (z 1))/((1 (1/4) (z 1)) (1 (1/3) (z 1)))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
// Example10 . 3 4 : U n i l a t e r a l Z t r a n s f o r m p a r t i a l fraction // X( z ) =(3 (5/6) ( z 1) ) / ( ( 1 ( 1 / 4 ) ( z 1) ) ( 1 ( 1 / 3 ) ( z 1) ) ) z = %z ; s = %s ; syms n t ; a = 0.5; [ A ]= pfss ((3 -(5/6) *( z ^ -1) ) /((1 -(1/4) *( z ^ -1) ) *(1 -(1/3) *( z ^ -1) ) ) ) 178
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
x1 = horner ( A (1) ,z ) x2 = horner ( A (2) ,z ) x3 = A (3) x = x1 + x2 + x3 disp ( x1 , a n s= ) disp ( x2 , a n s= ) disp ( x3 , a n s= ) disp (x , a n s= ) // R e s u l t // // // // // // // 3 // sum o f t h e s e , g i v e s t h e o r i g i n a l v a l u e // 2 // 0.8333333 z + 3z // // 2 // 0.0833333 0.5833333 z + z Example 10.36 Output response of an LTI System 0.6666667 0.3333333 + z 0.25 0.25 + z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 1 0 . 3 6 : To f i n d o u t p u t r e s p o n s e o f an LTI System syms n z ; H = z /( z +3) X = z /( z -1) Y = X*H F1 = Y *( z ^( n -1) ) *( z -1) ; y1 = limit ( F1 ,z ,1) ; F2 = Y *( z ^( n -1) ) *( z +3) ; 179
9 y2 = limit ( F2 ,z , -3) ; 10 disp ( y1 * u ( n ) + y2 * u ( n ) , y [ n ]= ) 11 // R e s u l t 12 // y [ n ] = u ( n ) /4 ( 3) ( n+1) u ( n ) /4 13 // E q u i v a l e n t t o = ( 1 / 4 ) . u [ n ] ( 3 / 4 ) ( 3) n . u [ n ]
Example 10.37 Output response of an LTI System

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
// Example 1 0 . 3 7 : To f i n d o u t p u t r e s p o n s e o f an LTI System syms n z ; alpha = 8; // i n p u t c o n s t a n t beta_b = 1; // i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n y [ 1 ] = 1 Y1 = -((3* beta_b * z ) /( z +3) ) Y2 = ( alpha * z ^2/(( z +3) *( z -1) ) ) F1 = Y1 *( z ^( n -1) ) *( z +3) ; y1 = limit ( F1 ,z , -3) ; F2 = Y2 *( z ^( n -1) ) *( z +3) ; y2 = limit ( F2 ,z , -3) ; F3 = Y2 *( z ^( n -1) ) *( z -1) ; y3 = limit ( F3 ,z ,1) ; disp (( y1 + y2 + y3 ) * u ( n ) , y [ n ]= ) // R e s u l t // y [ n ] = (2 ( 3) ( n+1) ) u ( n )
180
Chapter 11 Linear Feedback Systems

11.1 Scilab Codes
Example 11.1 Root locus Analysis of Linear Feedback Systems Continuous Time Systems
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example11 . 1 : Root l o c u s A n a l y s i s o f L i n e a r Feedback Systems // C o n t i n u o u s Time S y s t e m s // R e f e r f i g u r e 1 1 . 1 2 ( a ) i n Openhiem &W i l l k s y p a g e 840 s = %s ; H = syslin ( c ,[1/( s +1) ]) ; G = syslin ( c ,[1/( s +2) ]) ; F = G*H; clf ; evans (F ,3)
181
Figure 11.1: Results of Exa 11.1 Example 11.2 Root locus Analysis of Linear Feedback Systems Continuous Time Systems
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
// Example11 . 2 : Root l o c u s A n a l y s i s o f L i n e a r Feedback Systems // C o n t i n u o u s Time S y s t e m s // R e f e r f i g u r e 1 1 . 1 4 ( a ) i n Openhiem &W i l l k s y p a g e 844 s = %s ; G = syslin ( c ,[(s -1) /(( s +1) *( s +2) ) ]) ; clf ; evans (G ,2) 182
Figure 11.2: Results of Exa 11.2 Example 11.3 Root locus Analysis of Linear Feedback Systems Discrete time system // Example11 . 3 : Root l o c u s A n a l y s i s o f L i n e a r Feedback Systems 2 // // D i s c r e t e t i m e s y s t e m 3 // R e f e r f i g u r e 1 1 . 1 6 ( a ) i n Openhiem &W i l l k s y p a g e 846 4 z = %z ;
1
183
5 G = syslin ( d ,[ z /(( z -0.5) *( z -0.25) ) ]) ; 6 clf ; 7 evans (G ,2)
Figure 11.3: Results of Exa 11.3 Example 11.5Bode Nyquist criterion for Continuous Time Systems Bode Plot // Example 1 1 . 5 : N y q u i s t c r i t e r i o n f o r C o n t i n u o u s Time Systems 2 // Bode P l o t 3 s = %s ;
1
184
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Open Loop T r a n s f e r F u n c t i o n G = syslin ( c ,[1/( s +1) ]) ; H = syslin ( c ,[1/(0.5* s +1) ]) ; F = G*H; clf ; bode (F ,0.01 ,100) show_margins ( F )
Figure 11.4: Results of Exa 11.5Bode Example 11.5Nyquist Nyquist criterion for Continuous Time Systems Nyquist Plot
185
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example 1 1 . 5 : N y q u i s t c r i t e r i o n f o r C o n t i n u o u s Time Systems // N y q u i s t P l o t s = %s ; // Open Loop T r a n s f e r F u n c t i o n G = syslin ( c ,[1/( s +1) ]) ; H = syslin ( c ,[1/(0.5* s +1) ]) ; F = G*H; clf ; nyquist ( F ) show_margins (F , n y q u i s t )
Figure 11.5: Results of Exa 11.5Nyquist 186
Example 11.6 Nyquist criterion for Continuous Time Systems Nyquist Plot
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 1 1 . 6 : N y q u i s t c r i t e r i o n f o r C o n t i n u o u s Time Systems // N y q u i s t P l o t s = %s ; // Open Loop T r a n s f e r F u n c t i o n F = syslin ( c ,[( s +1) /(( s -1) *(0.5* s +1) ) ]) clf ; nyquist ( F ) show_margins (F , n y q u i s t )
Figure 11.6: Results of Exa 11.6 187
Example 11.7 Nyquist Plot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 1 1 . 7 // N y q u i s t P l o t s = %s ; T =1; // Open Loop T r a n s f e r F u n c t i o n G = syslin ( c ,[ - %e ^( - s * T ) ]) ; clf ; nyquist ( G ) show_margins (G , n y q u i s t ) Example 11.8 Nyquist criterion for Discrete Time Systems Nyquist Plot Discrete Time System
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 1 1 . 8 : N y q u i s t c r i t e r i o n f o r D i s c r e t e Time Systems // N y q u i s t P l o t // D i s c r e t e Time System z = %z ; // Open Loop T r a n s f e r F u n c t i o n F = syslin ( d ,[1/( z *( z +0.5) ) ]) clf ; nyquist ( F ) show_margins (F , n y q u i s t )
188
Figure 11.7: Results of Exa 11.8 Example 11.9 Gain and Phase Margins and their associated cross over frequencies
1 // Example 1 1 . 9 : Gain and Phase M a r g i n s and t h e i r 2 // a s s o c i a t e d c r o s s o v e r f r e q u e n c i e s 3 s = poly (0 , s ) ; // D e f i n e s s a s p o l y n o m i a l v a r i a b l e 4 // C r e a t e s t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n i n f o r w a r d p a t h 5 F = syslin ( c ,[(4*(1+0.5* s ) ) /( s *(1+2* s ) *(1+0.05* s
+(0.125* s ) ^2) ) ])
6 B = syslin ( c ,(1+0* s ) /(1+0* s ) ) 7 OL = F * B ; 8 fmin = 0.01; // Min f r e q i n Hz
189
9 fmax = 10; // Max f r e q i n Hz 10 scf (1) ; 11 // c l f ; 12 // P l o t f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e o f open l o o p 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
transfer function bode ( OL ,0.01 ,10) ; // d i s p l a y g a i n and p h a s e m a r g i n and c r o s s o v e r frequencies show_margins ( OL ) ; [ gm , fr1 ] = g_margin ( OL ) [ phm , fr2 ] = p_margin ( OL ) disp ( gm , g a i n m a r g i n i n dB ) disp ( fr1 , g a i n c r o s s o v e r f r e q u e n c y i n Hz ) disp ( phm , p h a s e m a r g i n i n dB ) disp ( fr2 , p h a s e c r o s s o v e r f r e q u e n c y i n Hz )
190
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Example 11.9 // F i g u r e 1 1 . 9 : Root l o c u s a n a l y s i s o f 1 Linear feedback systems s = %s ; beta_b1 = 1; beta_b2 = -1; G1 = syslin ( c ,[2* beta_b1 / s ]) ; G2 = syslin ( c ,[2* beta_b2 / s ]) ; H = syslin ( c ,[ s /( s -2) ]) ; F1 = G1 * H ; F2 = G2 * H ; clf ; 191
11 12 13
evans ( F1 ,2) figure evans ( F2 ,2)
192
193

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Scilab Code for Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan V. Willsky, S.

11 Linear Feedback Systems 181 11.1 Scilab Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

List of Scilab Code

Chapter 1 Signals and Systems

Example 1.1 Time Shifting

Example 1.4 Combinationation two periodic signals Aperiodic signal

xtitle ( F u l l wave r e c t i f i e d s i n u s o i d , t i m e t , Magnitude ) ;

6 clc ; 7 x = [2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,10 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1]; 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Example 1.13 Determination of stablility of a given system

24 if ( y3 ( t ) == z ( t ) ) 25 count = count +1; 26 end 27 end 28 if ( count == length ( y3 ) ) 29 disp ( S i n c e I t s a t i s i f i e s 30 31 32 33 34

Chapter 2 Linear Time Invariant Systems

Example 2.1 Linear Convolution Sum

Figure 2.1: Results of Exa 2.1 27

Figure 2.2: Results of Exa 2.1

Figure 2.4: Results of Exa 2.3

Figure 2.5: Results of Exa 2.3

Figure 2.7: Results of Exa 2.4

Figure 2.8: Results of Exa 2.4

Figure 2.10: Results of Exa 2.5

Figure 2.11: Results of Exa 2.5

Figure 2.13: Results of Exa 2.6

Figure 2.14: Results of Exa 2.6

Figure 2.16: Results of Exa 2.7

Figure 2.17: Results of Exa 2.7

Figure 2.19: Results of Exa 2.8

Figure 2.20: Results of Exa 2.8

Figure 2.21: Results of Exa 2.8

Chapter 3 Fourier Series Repreentation of Periodic Signals

Example 3.2 CTFS of a periodic signal x(t)Expression of continuous time signal

Figure 3.1: Results of Exa 3.2

Figure 3.2: Results of Exa 3.2

Figure 3.3: Results of Exa 3.2

// Example3 . 3 : C o n t i n u o u s Time F o u r i e r S e r i e s Coefficients of // a p e r i o d i c s i g n a l x ( t ) = s i n ( Wot ) clear ; close ; clc ; t = 0:0.01:1; T = 1; Wo = 2* %pi / T ; 60

Figure 3.6: Results of Exa 3.5

poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( x ( t ) ) xlabel ( t )

Figure 3.9: Results of Exa 3.7

9 t1 = - T1 : T1 /100: T1 ; 10 gt = ones (1 , length ( t1 ) ) ; // G e n e r a t i o n o f 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

9 xn = ones (1 , length ( n ) ) + sin ( Wo * n ) +3* cos ( Wo * n ) + cos (2* Wo 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 subplot (2 ,1 ,2) 39 a = gca () ; 40 a . y_location = o r i g i n ; 41 a . x_location = o r i g i n ; 42 plot2d3 ( gnn ,k , imag ( ak ) ,5)

poly1 = a . children (1) . children (1) ; poly1 . thickness = 3; title ( i m a g i n a r y p a r t o f ( ak ) ) xlabel ( k )

Figure 3.13: Results of Exa 3.11

n ) 45 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) 46 a = gca () ; 83

Figure 3.18: Results of Exa 3.15

Chapter 4 The Continuous Time Fourier Transform

18 XW_Mag = abs ( XW ) ; 19 W = [ - mtlb_fliplr ( W ) , W (2:1001) ]; // Omega from 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Figure 4.1: Results of Exa 4.1

W ) ; 35 title ( CTFT o f c o s ( Wot ) )

Figure 4.7: Results of Exa 4.7

11 XW = (1/2) * convol ( XW1 , XW2 ) ; //CTFT o f x ( t )=x1 ( t ) x2 ( t

Figure 4.13: Results of Exa 4.23

Figure 4.14: Results of Exa 4.22

Figure 4.15: Results of Exa 4.22

Chapter 5 The Discreet Time Fourier Transform

Figure 5.1: Results of Exa 5.1

W ) ; 18 title ( DTFT o f c o s (nWo) ) 19 disp ( Wo )

W ) ; 33 title ( DTFT o f P e r i o d i c I m p u l s e T r a i n ) 34 disp ( Wo )

Figure 5.10: Results of Exa 5.15

Chapter 6 Time and Frequency Characterization of Signals and Systems

Example 6.1 Phase Response and Group Delay

Figure 6.1: Results of Exa 6.1

Figure 6.2: Results of Exa 6.1

Figure 6.4: Results of Exa 6.3 Example 6.4 Bode Plot