Scilab Code for Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by Warren L. McCabe, Julian C.

Smith, Peter Harriott1

Created by Prashant Dave Sr. Research Fellow Chem. Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay College Teacher and Reviewer ............. .............. IIT Bombay 30 October 2010

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT, http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This text book companion and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project Section at the website http://scilab.in/

1 Funded

Book Details
Author: Warren L. McCabe, Julian C. Smith, Peter Harriott Title: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering Publisher: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Edition: Fifth Year: 1993 Place: New Delhi ISBN: 0-07-112738-0

Contents
List of Scilab Code 1 Denitions and Principles 1.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Fluid Statics and its Application 2.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Basic Equations of Fluid Flow 4.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Conduits and Thin Layers 5.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Flow of Compressible Fluids 6.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Flow Past Immersed Bodies 7.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Transportation and Metering of Fluids 8.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Agitation and Mixing of Liquids 9.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Heat Transfer by Conduction 10.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 9 11 11 13 13 18 18 20 20 25 25 29 29 36 36 44 44

11 Principles of Heat Flow in Fluids 11.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Heat Transfer to Fluids without Phase Change 12.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Heat Transfer to Fluids with Phase Change 13.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Radiation Heat Transfer 14.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Heat-Exchange Equipment 15.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Evaporation 16.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Equilibrium-Stage Operations 17.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Distillation 18.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation 19.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Leaching and Extraction 20.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48 48 50 50 56 56 60 60 62 62 67 67 71 71 75 75 86 86 93 93

21 Principles of Diusion and Mass Transer between Phases 102 21.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 22 Gas Absorption 108 22.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 23 Humidication Operations 122 23.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

24 Drying of Solids 126 24.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 25 Adsorption 132 25.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 26 Membrane Separation Processes 141 26.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 27 Crystallization 146 27.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 28 Properties, Handling and Mixing of Particulate Soilds 155 28.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 29 Size Reduction 158 29.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 30 Mechanical Separations 162 30.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

List of Scilab Code

1.1 2.1 2.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example 1.1.sce 2.1.sce 2.2.sce 4.1.sce 4.2.sce 4.3.sce 4.4.sce 5.1.sce 6.1.sce 6.2.sce 6.3.sce 7.1.sce 7.2.sce 7.3.sce 8.1.sce 8.2.sce 8.3.sce 8.4.sce 8.5.sce 8.6.sce 9.1.sce 9.2.sce 9.3.sce 9.4.sce 9.5.sce 9.6.sce 9.7.sce 9.8.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 11 11 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 23 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 37 38 39 39 41 42

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 11.1 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 13.1 13.2 14.1 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 16.1 16.2 16.3 17.1 17.2 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.8 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 20.1 20.2 20.3 21.1 21.2

Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example

10.1.sce 10.2.sce 10.3.sce 10.4.sce 10.5.sce 11.1.sce 12.1.sce 12.2.sce 12.3.sce 12.4.sce 13.1.sce 13.2.sce 14.1.sce 15.1.sce 15.2.sce 15.3.sce 15.4.sce 16.1.sce 16.2.sce 16.3.sce 17.1.sce 17.2.sce 18.1.sce 18.2.sce 18.3.sce 18.4.sce 18.6.sce 18.7.sce 18.8.sce 19.2.sce 19.3.sce 19.4.sce 19.5.sce 20.1.sce 20.2.sce 20.3.sce 21.1.sce 21.2.sce

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44 44 46 46 47 48 50 50 53 54 56 58 60 62 63 64 65 67 69 69 71 73 75 76 79 80 81 84 85 86 88 89 91 93 94 97 102 103

21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 23.1 23.3 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 26.1 26.4 26.5 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 28.1 28.2 29.1 29.2 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5

Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example

21.3.sce 21.4.sce 21.5.sce 21.6.sce 22.1.sce 22.2.sce 22.3.sce 22.4.sce 22.5.sce 22.6.sce 23.1.sce 23.3.sce 24.1.sce 24.2.sce 24.3.sce 24.4.sce 25.1.sce 25.2.sce 25.3.sce 25.4.sce 26.1.sce 26.4.sce 26.5.sce 27.1.sce 27.2.sce 27.3.sce 27.4.sce 27.5.sce 27.6.sce 28.1.sce 28.2.sce 29.1.sce 29.2.sce 30.1.sce 30.2.sce 30.3.sce 30.4.sce 30.5.sce

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103 104 105 107 108 109 110 114 115 118 122 124 126 127 128 129 132 133 136 138 141 143 144 146 147 148 148 149 150 155 156 158 158 162 164 169 170 173

List of Figures
17.1 Diagram for Example 17.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 Results of Example 18.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 Diagram for Example 20.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 Diagram for Example 20.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 Diagram for Example 22.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Diagram for Example 22.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.1 Breakthrough curves for Example 25.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 Population density vs. length Example 27.6 . . . . . . . . . 27.2 Size-distribution relations for Example 27.6 . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 Mass-fractions of Example 29.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Analysis for Example 30.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . t/V vs. V for Example 30.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . Rm vs. deltaP for Example 30.2 . . . . . . . . . . alpha vs. deltaP for Example 30.2 . . . . . . . . . Eect of pressure drop and concentration on ux ple 30.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exam. . . . 73 76 97 100 113 121 136 153 154 161 164 167 168 169 173

Chapter 1 Denitions and Principles

1.1 Scilab Code

Example 1.1 Example 1.1.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 1 . 1 5 6 // S o l u t i o n 7 // ( a ) 8 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 . 6 , ) , ( 1 . 2 6 ) , and ( 1 . 2 7 ) 9 // L e t N = 1N 10 N = 0.3048/(9.80665*0.45359237*0.3048) ; // [ l b f ] 11 12 // ( b ) 13 // U s i n g ( 1 . 3 8 ) , ( 1 . 1 6 ) , ( 1 . 2 6 ) , and ( 1 . 3 1 ) 14 // L e t B = 1 Btu 15 B = 0.45359237*1000/1.8; // [ c a l ] 16 17 // ( c ) 18 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 . 6 ) , ( 1 . 1 4 ) , ( 1 . 1 5 ) , ( 1 . 2 6 ) , ( 1 . 2 7 ) , 19

and ( 1 . 3 6 ) // L e t P = 1 atm

20 P = 1 .0 13 2 5* 1 0^ 5* 0 .3 04 8 /( 3 2. 17 4 *0 .4 5 35 9 23 7* 1 2^ 2 ) ; //

[ l b f / in . 2 ]
21 22 23

// ( d ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 . 8 ) , ( 1 . 3 3 ) , ( 1 . 3 7 ) , ( 1 . 2 6 ) , and (1.27) 24 // L e t hp = 1 hp 25 hp = 550 *32.174* 0.453592 37*0.304 8^2/1000 ; // [kW]

10

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics and its Application

2.1 Scilab Code

Example 2.1 Example 2.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 . 1 rho_A = 13590; rho_B = 1260; Pa = 14000; gc = 1; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 . 5 ) ; Zb = 250 mmHg Pb = -(250/1000) *(9.80665/1) *13590; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 . 1 0 ) Rm = (14000+33318) /(9.80665*(13590 -1260) ) disp ( mm ,Rm , The r e a d i n g i n t h e mamometer i s (Rm) = ) Example 2.2 Example 2.2.sce 11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 . 2 // ( a ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 . 1 5 ) t = (100*1.1) /(1153 -865) rate_each_stream = (1500*42) /(24*60) total_liquid_holdup = 2*43.8*23 vol = total_liquid_holdup /0.95 disp ( g a l ,vol , v e s s e l s i z e = ) // ( b ) t a n k d i a m e t e r Zt = 0.90*4 ZA1 = 1.8 // [ f t ] ; ZA2 = 1.8 + (3.6 -1.8) *(54/72) disp ( f t ,ZA2 , t a n k d i a m e t e r = )

12

Chapter 4 Basic Equations of Fluid Flow

4.1 Scilab Code

Example 4.1 Example 4.1.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 4 . 1 5 6 // ( a ) 7 // d e n s i t y o f t h e f l u i d 8 rho = 0.887*62.37; // [ l b / f t 3 ] 9 // t o t a l v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e 10 q = 30*60/7.48; // [ f t 3/ h r ] 11 // mass f l o w r a t e i n p i p e A and p i p e B i s same 12 mdot = rho * q // [ l b / h r ] 13 // mass f l o w r a t e i n e a c h p i p e o f C i s h a l f o f t h e 14 15 16 17 18 19

total flow mdot_C = mdot /2 // [ l b / h r ] disp ( l b / h r , mdot , mass f l o w r a t e p i p e A = ) disp ( l b / h r , mdot , mass f l o w r a t e p i p e B = ) disp ( l b / h r , mdot_C , mass f l o w r a t e p i p e C = ) // ( b )

13

20 // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 4 ) , 21 // v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e A 22 V_Abar = 240.7/(3600*0.0233) // [ f t / s ] 23 24 // v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e B 25 V_Bbar = 240.7/(3600*0.0513) // [ f t / s ] 26 27 // v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h e a c h p i p e o f C 28 V_Cbar = 240.7/(2*3600*0.01414) // [ f t / s ] 29 30 disp ( f t / s , V_Abar , v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e 31 disp ( f t / s , V_Bbar , v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e 32 disp ( f t / s , V_Cbar , v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e 33 34 // ( c ) 35 // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 8 ) , 36 // mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e A 37 GA = mdot /0.0233 // [ kg /m2 s ] 38 39 // mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e B 40 GB = mdot /0.0513 // [ kg /m2 s ] 41 42 // mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h e a c h p i p e o f C 43 GC = mdot /(2*0.01414) // [ kg /m2 s ] 44 45 disp ( kg /m2 s ,GA , mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h 46

A = ) B = ) C = )

pipe A =

) disp ( kg /m2 s ,GB , mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e B = ) 47 disp ( kg /m2 s ,GC , mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e C = ) Example 4.2 Example 4.2.sce
1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 4 . 2

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5 // A p p l y i n g Eq . ( 4 . 2 5 ) 6 // Pa = Pb , Ua = 0 7 // Zb = 0 , Za = 5m 8 9 // The v e l o c i t y a t s t r e a m l i n e d i s c h a r g e 10 Ub = sqrt (5*2*9.80665) // [m/ s ] 11 disp ( m/ s ,Ub , s t r e a m l i n e d i s c h a r g e v e l o c i t y

( Ub ) =

) Example 4.3 Example 4.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

clear all ; clc ; // Example 4 . 3 rho = 998; // [ kg /m 3 ] Da = 50; // [mm] Db = 20; // [mm] pa = 100; // [ N/m 2 ] // ( a ) Va_bar = 1.0; // [m/ s ] Vb_bar = Va_bar *( Da / Db ) ^2 // [m/ s ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 2 9 ) // Za = Zb , h f = 0 pb = pa - rho *( Vb_bar ^2 - Va_bar ^2) /(2*1000) // [ kN/m 2 ] disp ( kN/m2 ,pb , pb = ) // ( b ) // Combining Eqs . ( 4 . 1 4 ) & ( 4 . 1 5 ) // For x d i r e c t i o n , // s i n c e Fg = 0 , we g e t Eq . ( 4 . 3 0 ) theta = %pi /4; Va_xbar = Va_bar ; Sa = ( %pi /4) *( Da /1000) ^2; // [m 2 ] Sax = Sa ; // From FIg 4 . 5 Vb_xbar = Vb_bar * cos ( theta ) ; // [m/ s ] 15

28 Sb = %pi /4*( Db /1000) ^2; // [m 2 ] 29 Sbx = Sb * sin ( theta ) ; // [m 2 ] 30 // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 6 ) 31 mdot = Va_bar * rho * Sa ; // [ kg / s ] 32 // S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Eq . ( 4 . 3 0 ) 33 // S o l v i n g f o r Fw , x 34 beta_a = 1; beta_b = 1; 35 Fw_x = mdot *( beta_b * Vb_xbar - beta_a * Va_xbar ) - Sax * pa

*1000+ Sbx * pb *1000 // [ N ]

36 37 // For y d i r e c t i o n , 38 // V a y b a r = 0 , Say = 0 39 Vb_ybar = Vb_bar * sin ( theta ) ; // [m/ s ] 40 Sby = Sb * cos ( theta ) ; // [m 2 ] 41 Va_ybar = 0; // [m/ s ] 42 Say = 0; // [m/ s ] 43 44 Fw_y = mdot *( beta_b * Vb_ybar - beta_a * Va_ybar ) - Say * pa

*1000+ Sby * pb *1000 // [ N ] Example 4.4 Example 4.4.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

clear all ; clc ;

// Example 4 . 4 gc = 32.17; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] rho_w = 62.37; // [ l b / f t 3 ] , d e n s i t y o f w a t e r sp_gravity = 1.84; neta = 0.60; hf = 10; // [ f t l b f / l b ] , f r i c t i o n l o s s e s Va_bar = 3; // [ f t / s ] Da = 3; // [ i n . ] Db = 2; // [ i n . ] // From Appendix c o r s s s e c i o n a l a r e a r e s p e c t i v e t o 3 i n . and 2 i n . d i a m e t e r 14 Sa = 0.0513; // [ f t 2 ] 15 Sb = 0.0233; // [ f t 2 ] 16

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Za = 0 ; // [ f t ] Zb = 50 ; // [ f t ] Vb_bar = Va_bar *( Sa / Sb ) ; // [ f t / s ] g = gc // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 3 2 ) Wp = (( Zb * g / gc ) + Vb_bar ^2/(2* gc ) + hf ) / neta ; // [ f t l b f / lb ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 3 2 ) on pump i t s e l f // s t a t i o n a i s t h e s u c t i o n c o n n e c t i o n and s t a t i o n b i s the discharge // Za = Zb // Eq . ( 4 . 3 2 ) becomes // t h e p r e s s u r e d e v e l o p e d by pume i s d e l t a P = pbpa deltaP = sp_gravity * rho_w *((( Va_bar ^2 - Vb_bar ^2) /(2* gc ) ) + neta * Wp ) // [ l b f / f t 3 ]

29 30 mdot = Sa * Va_bar * sp_gravity * rho_w ; 31 32 // t h e Power 33 P = mdot * Wp /550 // [ hp ]

17

Chapter 5 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Conduits and Thin Layers

5.1 Scilab Code

Example 5.1 Example 5.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Example 5 . 1 // Given mu = 0.004; // [ kg /m s ] D = 0.0779; // [m] rho = 0.93*998; // [ kg /m 3 ] L = 45; // [m] // For f i t t i n g s , form T a b l e 5 . 1 sum_Kf = 0.9 + 2*0.2; // From Eq . ( 4 . 2 9 ) , a s s u m i n g a l p h a a = 1 , // s i n c e pa = pb , and V a b a r = 0 //A = Vb bar 2 / 2 + h f = g ( ZaZb ) A = 9.80665*(6+9) ; // [m2/ s 2 ] // U s i n g F i g 5 . 9 f = 0.0055;

18

19 20 21 22 23 24

// U s i n g Eq . ( 5 . 6 8 ) , There i s no e x a p n s i o n l o s s and Ke = 0. // From Eq . ( 5 . 6 6 ) , s i n c e Sa i s v e r y l a g e , Kc = 0 . 4 . Hence Vb_bar = sqrt (294.2/(2.7+2311* f ) ) ; // [m/ s ] // From Appendix 5 , c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e p i p e S = 0.00477; // [m 2 ] flow_rate = S * Vb_bar *3600 // [m3/ h r ]

19

Chapter 6 Flow of Compressible Fluids

6.1 Scilab Code

Example 6.1 Example 6.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Example 6 . 1 // Given gama = 1.4; M = 29; R = 82.0568*10^ -3; // [ atmm3/Kg molK ] Nma = 0.8; gc = 1; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] // At E n t r a n c e p0 = 20; // [ atm ] T0 = 555.6; // [ K ]

// ( a ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 8 ) // P r e s s u r e a t t h r o a t pt = (1/(1+(( gama -1) /2) * Nma ^2) ^(1/(1 -1/ gama ) ) ) * p0 // [ atm ] 19 // From Eq . ( 6 . 1 0 )

20

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

rho0 = ( p0 * M ) /( R * T0 ) ; // [ kg /m 3 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 1 0 ) and Eq . ( 6 . 2 6 ) , t h e v e l o c i t y i n the throat ut = sqrt ((2* gama * gc * R * T0 ) /( M *( gama -1) ) *(1 -( pt / p0 ) ^(1 -1/ gama ) ) ) ; // [m3 am/ kg ] 0 . 5 // I n t e r m s o f [m/ s ] , U s i n g Appendix 2 , 1 atm = 1 . 0 1 3 2 5 1 0 [ N/m 2 ] ut = ut * sqrt (1.01325*10^5) // [m/ s ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 3 ) , d e n s i t y a t t h r o a t rho_t = rho0 *( pt / p0 ) ^(1/ gama ) // [ kg /m 3 ] // The mass v e l o c i t y a t t h e t h r o a t , Gt = ut * rho_t // [ kg /m2 s ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 4 ) , The t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h r o a t Tt = T0 *( pt / p0 ) ^(1 -1/ gama ) // [ K ]

// ( b ) // From Eq . ( 6 . 2 9 ) pstar = ((2/( gama +1) ) ^(1/(1 -1/ gama ) ) ) * p0 // [ atm ] // From Eq . ( 6 . 2 4 ) and ( 6 . 2 9 ) Tstar = T0 *( pstar / p0 ) ^(1 -1/ gama ) // [ K ] // From Eq . ( 6 . 2 3 ) rho_star = rho0 *( pstar / p0 ) ^(1/ gama ) // [ Kg/m 3 ] // From Eq . ( 6 . 3 0 ) G_star = sqrt (2* gama * gc * rho0 * p0 *101.325*10^3/( gama -1) ) *( pstar / p0 ) ^(1/ gama ) * sqrt (1 -( pstar / p0 ) ^(1 -1/ gama ) ) // [ Kgm2/ s ] 41 u_star = G_star / rho_star // [m/ s ]
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

// ( c ) // By c o n t i n u i t y , G i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o S , t h e mass v e l o c i t y a t d i s c h a g e i s G_r = G_star /2 // [ Kg/m3 s ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 3 0 ) // L e t x = p r / p0 err = 1; eps = 10^ -3; x = rand (1 ,1) ;

21

52 while ( err > eps ) 53 xnew = ((0.1294) / sqrt (1 - x ^(1 -1/1.4) ) ) ^1.4; 54 err = x - xnew ; 55 x = xnew ; 56 end 57 58 // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 7 ) 59 // The Mach Number a t d i s c h a g e i s 60 Nmr = sqrt ((2/( gama -1) ) *(1/ x ^(1 -1/ gama ) -1) )

Example 6.2 Example 6.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

clear all ; clc ; // Example 6 . 2 // Given Tr = 1000; // [ R ] pr = 20; // [ atm ] Ma_a = 0.05; gama = 1.4; gc = 32.174; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] M = 29; R = 1545; // ( a ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 4 5 ) A = 2*(1+(( gama -1) /2) * Ma_a ^2) /(( gama +1) * Ma_a ^2) ; fLmax_rh = (1/ Ma_a ^2 -1 -( gama +1) * log ( A ) /2) / gama // ( b ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 8 ) , t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f t h e i s e n t r o p i c n o z z l e pa A = (1+( gama -1) *( Ma_a ^2) /2) ; pa = pr /( A ^( gama /( gama -1) ) ) // [ atm ] // From Example 6 . 1 , t h e d e n s i t y o f a i r a t 20 atm and 1 0 0 0R i s 0 . 7 9 5 l b / f t 3 // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 1 7 ) , t h e a c o u s t i c v e l o c i t y Aa = sqrt ( gc * gama * Tr * R / M ) // [m/ s ] 22

25 // The v e l o c i t y a t t h e e n t r a n c e o f t h e p i p e 26 ua = Ma_a * Aa // [m/ s ] 27 //When L b = L max , t h e g a s l e a v e s t h e p i p e a t t h e

a s t e r i s k c o n d i t i o n s , where
28 Ma_b = 1; 29 // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 4 3 ) 30 A = ( gama -1) /2; 31 Tstar = Tr *(1+ A * Ma_a ^2) /(1+ A * Ma_b ^2) // [ K ] 32 // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 4 4 ) 33 rho_star = 0.795* Ma_a / sqrt (2*(1+( gama -1) * Ma_a ^2/2) 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

/(2.4) ) // [ l b / f t 3 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 3 9 ) pstar = p0 * Ma_a / sqrt (1.2) // [ atm ] // Mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h t h e e n t i r e p i p e G = 0.795* ua // [ l b / f t 2 s ] ustar = G / rho_star // [ f t / s ] // ( c ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 4 5 ) w i t h f L m a x r h = 400 err = 1; eps = 10^ -3; Ma_ac = rand (1 ,1) ; i =1; while (( err > eps ) ) A = 2*(1+(( gama -1) /2) * Ma_ac ^2) /(( gama +1) * Ma_ac ^2) ; B = gama *400+1+( gama +1) * log ( A ) /2; Ma_anew = sqrt (1/ B ) ; err = Ma_ac - Ma_anew ; Ma_ac = Ma_anew ; end Ma_ac ; uac = Ma_ac * ua / Ma_a // [ f t / s ] Gc = uac *0.795 // [ l b / f t 2 s ] Example 6.3 Example 6.3.sce

clear all ; 23

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

clc ; // Example 6 . 3 // Given pa = 2.7; // [ atm ] T = 288; // [ K ] D = 0.075; // [m] L = 70; // [m] Vbar = 60; // [m/ s ] M = 29; rh = D /4; // [m] mu = 1.74*10^ -5 // [ kg /m s ] Appendix 8 rho_a = (29/22.4) *(2.7/1) *(273/288) // [ kg /m 3 ] R = 82.056*10^ -3; G = Vbar * rho_a // [ kg /m2 s ] Nre = D * G / mu ; kbyd = 0.00015*(0.3048/0.075) ; f = 0.0044; // [ from F i g . 5 . 9 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 5 2 ) // p b a r = 1 . 9 8 2 ; / / [ atm ] // pb = 1 . 2 6 4 ; / / [ atm ] err = 1; eps = 10^ -3; pb = 1.5; while ( err > eps ) pbar = ( pa + pb ) /2; A = (( f * L /(2* rh ) ) + log ( pa / pb ) ) ; pb_new = pa -( R * T * G ^2/( pbar *29*101325) ) * A ; err = pb - pb_new ; pb = pb_new ; end pb ; // [ atm ] pbar = ( pa + pb ) /2 // [ atm ]

24

Chapter 7 Flow Past Immersed Bodies

7.1 Scilab Code

Example 7.1 Example 7.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

clear all ; clc ; // Example 7 . 1 // Given rho_p = 2800; // [ kg /m 3 ] g = 9.80665; // [m/ s 2 ] ac = 50* g ; // [m/ s 2 ] // ( a ) // From a p p e n d i x 20 Dp_100 = 0.147; // [mm] Dp_80 = 0.175; // [mm] Dp = ( Dp_100 + Dp_80 ) /2; // [mm] // From Appendix 14 mu = 0.801; // [ cP ] rho = 995.7; // [ kg /m 2 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 4 5 ) K = Dp *10^ -3*( g * rho *( rho_p - rho ) /( mu *10^ -3) ^2) ^(1/3) ; // T h i s i s s l i g h t l y a b o v e t h e S t o k e s law r a n g e

25

21 // Assuming 22 N_rep = 4.4; 23 // From F i g . 7 . 6 24 Cd = 7.9; 25 // From Eq . ( 7 . 3 7 ) 26 mu_ta = sqrt (4* g *( rho_p - rho ) * Dp *10^ -3/(3* Cd * rho ) ) //

[m/ s ]
27 28 // ( b ) 29 // U s i n g ac i n p l a c e o f g i n Eq . ( 7 . 4 5 ) 30 K = K *50^(1/3) ; // S i n c e o n l y a c c e l e r a t i o n c h a n g e s 31 // E t i m a t i n g 32 N_rep = 80; // From F i g . ( 7 . 6 ) 33 Cd = 1.2; 34 mu_tb1 = sqrt (4* ac *( rho_p - rho ) * Dp *10^ -3/(3* Cd * rho ) ) 35 36 37 38

// [m/ s ] // For i r r e g u l a r p a r t i c l e s Cd i s a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t greater // t h a n t h a t f o r s p h e r e s Cd = 1.2*1.2; mu_tb2 = sqrt (4* ac *( rho_p - rho ) * Dp *10^ -3/(3* Cd * rho ) ) // [m/ s ] Example 7.2 Example 7.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

clear all ; clc ; // Example 7 . 2 // Given g = 32.174; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] eps = 0.8; speg_s = 4.0; speg_c = 1.594; Ds = 0.004; // [ i n . ] rho_w = 62.37; // [ l b f / f t 3 ] delta_speg = speg_s - speg_c ; delta_rho = rho_w * delta_speg ; // [ l b f / f t 3 ] 26

14 rho_c = rho_w * speg_c ; // [ l b f / f t 3 ] 15 // From Appendix 9 16 mu = 1.03; // [ cP ] 17 // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 4 5 ) 18 K = Ds /12*( g * rho_c *( delta_rho ) /( mu *6.72*10^ -4) ^2)

^(1/3) ; 19 // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 4 0 ) 20 ut = g *( Ds /12) ^2* delta_rho /(18* mu *6.72*10^ -4) // [ f t / s]

21 22 // The t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y i n h i n d e r e d s e t t l i n g 23 // C a l c u l a t i n g R e y n o l d s Number 24 Nre = ut * rho_c * Ds /(12* mu *6.72*10^ -4) ; 25 // From F i g . ( 7 . 7 ) 26 n = 4.1; 27 // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 4 6 ) 28 us = ut * eps ^ n // [ f t / s ]

Example 7.3 Example 7.3.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 7 . 3 5 // The q u a n t i t i e s n e e d e d a r e 6 mu = 0.01; // [ P ] 7 delta_rho = 0.24; // [ g /cm 3 ] 8 // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 5 1 ) , s o l v i n g t h e q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

for

Vom bar a = 1.75*1/(0.11*0.4^3) ; b = 150*0.01*0.6/(0.11^2*0.4^3) ; c = - 980*0.24; Vom_bar = ( - b + sqrt ( b ^2 -4* a * c ) ) /(2* a ) ; // [ cm/ s ] // C o r r e s p o n d i n g R e y n o l d s number Nre = 0.11*0.194*0.124/0.01; // From F i g 7 . 1 3 m = 3.9; // For 25 p e r c e n t e x a p n s i o n 27

18 LbyLm = 1.25; 19 eps = 0.52; 20 // From Eq . ( 7 . 5 9 ) 21 Vo_bar = 1.94*(0.52/0.40) ^3.9 // [mm/ s ]

28

Chapter 8 Transportation and Metering of Fluids

8.1 Scilab Code

Example 8.1 Example 8.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Example 8 . 1 // Given vdot = 40; // [ g a l / min ] pb = 50; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] Za = 4; // [ f t ] Zb = 10; // [ f t ] hfs = 0.5; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] hfd = 5.5; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] neta = 0.6; rho = 54; // [ l b / f t 3 ] pv = 3.8; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] g = 9.8; // [m/ s 2 ] gc = 32.17 // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] hf = hfs + hfd ; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] // ( a )

29

Wp_neta = ((14.7+ pb ) *144/ rho ) +( g / gc *10) +( Vb_bar ^2/(2* gc ) ) +( hf *144/54) -(14.7*144/54) ; // [ f t l b f / lb ] 24 delta_H = Wp_neta ;
25 26 // ( b ) 27 mdot = vdot * rho /(7.48*60) ; // [ l b / s ] 28 // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 7 ) , t h e i n p u t power i s 29 Pb = mdot * delta_H /(550* neta ) // [ hp ] 30 31 // ( c ) 32 padash = 14.7*144/ rho ; 33 // The v a p o r p r e s s u r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a head 34 hv = pv *144/ rho ; // [ f t l b f / l b ] 35 // f r i c t i o n i n t h e s u c t i o n l i n e 36 hfs = 0.5*144/ rho ; // [ f t l b f / l b ] 37 // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 7 ) , v a l u e o f a v a i l a b l e 38 NPSH = padash - hv - hfs - Za // [ f t ]

19 20 21 22 23

// U s i n g d a t a from Appendix 5 Vb_bar = vdot /6.34; // [ f t / s ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 3 2 )

Example 8.2 Example 8.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

clear all ; clc ; // Example 8 2 // Given pa = 29; // [ i n . Hg ] pb = 30.1; // [ i n . Hg ] va = 0; // [ f t / s ] vb = 150; // [ f t / s ] Ta = 200; // [ F ] vdot = 10000; // [ f t 3/ min ] neta = 0.65; M = 31.3; 30

14 R = 29.92; 15 gc = 32.17; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] 16 // a c t u a l s u c t i o n d e n s i t y 17 rho_a = M * pa *(460+60) /(378.7*30*(460+ Ta ) ) ; // [ l b / f t 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

3] // a c u a l d i s c h a r g e d e n s i t y rho_b = rho_a * pb / pa ; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // a v e r a g e d e n s i t y o f t h e f l o w i n g g a s rho = ( rho_a + rho_b ) /2; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // mass f l o w r a t e mdot = vdot * M /(378.7*60) // [ l b / s ] // d e v e l o p e d p r e s s u r e dev_p = ( pb - pa ) *144*14.7/( R * rho ) ; // [ f t l b f / l b ] // v e l o c i t y head vel_head = vb ^2/(2* gc ) ; // [ f t l b f / l b ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 1 ) , a l p h a a = a l p h a b = 1 , va = 0 , Za = Zb , Wp = ( dev_p + vel_head ) / neta // [ f t l b f / l b ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 4 ) Pb = mdot * Wp /550 // [ hp ] Example 8.3 Example 8.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

clear all ; clc ; // Example 8 . 3 // Given vdot = 180; // [ f t 3/ min ] pa = 14; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] pb = 900; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] Ta = 80+460; // [ K ] q0 = 0.063; // [m3/ s ] Cp = 9.3; // [ Btu / lbmol F ] gama = 1.31; delta_Tw = 20; // [ F ] // ( a ) neta = 0.80; 31

16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

// For a m u l t i s t a g e c o m p r e s s o r t h e t o t a l power i s a minimum i f e a c h s t a g e doed t h e same amount o f work // Hence u s i n g same c o p r e s s i o n r a t i o n f o r e a c h s t a g e // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 2 5 ) // For one s t a g e comp_ratio = (900/14) ^(1/3) ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 2 9 ) , t h e power r e q u i r e d by e a c h s t a g e Pb = ( Ta * q0 * gama * vdot ) *( comp_ratio ^(1 -1/ gama ) -1) /(520*( gama -1) * neta ) ; // [ hp ] // T o t a l Power Pt = 3* Pb // [ hp ]

// ( b ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 2 2 ) , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e e x i t o f each s t a g e 28 Tb = Ta * comp_ratio ^(1 -1/ gama ) // [ R ]

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

// ( c ) S i n c e 1 l b mol = 3 7 8 . 7 s t d f t 3 , t h e f l o w r a t e is vdot = vdot *60/378.7; // [ l b mol / h ] // Heat l o a d i n e a c h c o o l e r i s Hl = vdot * Cp *( Tb - Ta ) // [ Btu / h ] // T o t a l h e a t l o s s Htotal = 3* Hl ; // [ Btu / h ] // C o o l i n g w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t cwr = Htotal / delta_Tw // [ l b /h ] Example 8.4 Example 8.4.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

clear all ; clc ; // Example 8 . 4 // Given q = 75/3600 ; // [m3/ s ] rho = 62.37*16.018; // [ kg /m 3 ] From Appendix 4 Cv = 0.98; 32

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

g = 9.80665; // [m/ s 2 ] Sw = 1; Sm = 13.6; h = 1.25; // [m] // ( a ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 . 1 0 ) delta_p = g * h *( Sm - Sw ) * rho ; // [ N/m 2 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 3 6 ) , n e g l e c t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f b e t a Sb = q /( Cv * sqrt (2* delta_p / rho ) ) ; Db = sqrt (4* Sb / %pi ) *100 // [mm] // ( b ) press_loss = 0.1* delta_p ; // [ N/m 2 ] // Power r e q u i r e d a t f u l l f l o w P = q * press_loss /1000 // [kW] Example 8.5 Example 8.5.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

clear all ; clc ; // Example 8 . 5 // Given T = 100; // [ F ] mu_O = 5.45; // [ cP ] spg_O = 0.8927; spg_m = 13.6; spg_gl = 1.11; q = 12000; // [ b b l /d ] rho_ratio = 0.984; rho_w = 62.37; // [ l b / f t 3 ] h = 30; // [ i n . ] gc = 32.174; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] // ( a ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 4 2 ) rhoB_60 = spg_O * rho_w ; // [ l b / f t 3 ] rho_100 = spg_O * rho_w * rho_ratio ; // [ l b / f t 3 ] mdot = q *42* rhoB_60 /(24*3600*7.48) ; // [ l b / s ] 33

21 Da = 4.026/12; // [ f t ] 22 delta_p = h /12*( spg_m - spg_gl ) * rho_w *(1) ; // [ l b f / f t 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

2] // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 4 2 ) beeta = sqrt (4* mdot /(0.61* %pi * Da ^2* sqrt (2* gc * delta_p * rho_100 ) ) ) ; Do = Da * beeta ; // [ f t ] // t h e o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r D = 12* Do // [ i n . ]

// ( b ) // U s i n g F i g . 8 . 2 0 , t h e f r a c t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t i a l pressure loss is 31 fra_prss_loss = 0.68; 32 //Maximum power c o n s u m p t i o n 33 P = mdot * delta_p * fra_prss_loss /( rho_ratio * rho_w * spg_O *550) // [ hp ] Example 8.6 Example 8.6.sce
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ; // Example 8 . 4 // Given Cpt = 0.98; Ta = 200; // [ F ] Da = 36; // [ i n . ] pa = 15.25; // [ i n . ] h = 0.54; // [ i n . ] P = 29.92; // [ i n . ] spg_m =13.6; // [ s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y ] rho_w = 62.37; // [ l b / f t 3 ] gc = 32.174; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 5 2 ) Pabs = P + pa / spg_m ; // [ i n . ] rho = 29*492*31.04/(359*(200+460) *29.92) ; // [ l b / f t 3] 34

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

// From manometer r e a d i n g delta_p = h /12* rho_w // [ l b f / f t 3 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 5 3 , m aximum v e l o c i t y , a s s u m i n g Nma i s negligible umax = Cpt * sqrt (2* gc * delta_p / rho ) // [ f t / s ] // The r e y n o l d s number b a s e d on maximum v e l o c i t y mu_air = 0.022 ; // [ cP ] form Appendix 8 Nre_max = ( Da /12) * umax * rho /( mu_air *0.000672) ; // U s i n g F i g 5 . 7 , t o o b t a i n a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y Vbar = 0.86* umax // [ f t / s ] Nre = Nre_max *0.86; // The v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e q = Vbar *( Da /12) ^2* %pi /4*520/660* Pabs / P *60 // [ f t 3/ min ]

35

Chapter 9 Agitation and Mixing of Liquids

9.1 Scilab Code

Example 9.1 Example 9.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Exapmle 9 . 1 // Given Dt = 6; // [ f t ] h = 2; // [ f t ] n = 90/60; // [ r p s ] mu = 12*6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ] g = 32.17; // [ f t / s 2 ] rho = 93.5; // [ l b / f t 3 ] Da = 2; // [ f t ] Nre = Da ^2* n * rho / mu ; // From c u r v e A o f F i g . 9 . 1 2 Np = 5.8 // Form Eq . ( 9 . 2 0 ) P = Np * rho * n ^3* Da ^5/ g // [ f t l b f / s ]

36

19 P = P /550 // [ hp ]

Example 9.2 Example 9.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

clear all ; clc ; // Example 9 . 2 // Given Dt = 6; // [ f t ] h = 2; // [ f t ] n = 90/60; // [ r p s ] mu = 12*6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ] g = 32.17; // [ f t / s 2 ] rho = 93.5; // [ l b / f t 3 ] Da = 2; // [ f t ] Nre = Da ^2* n * rho / mu ; // Froude number Nfr = n ^2* Da / g ; // From T a b l e 9 . 1 a = 1; b = 40.0; // U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 1 9 ) m = (a - log ( Nre ) /2.303) / b ; // U s i n g F i g . 9 . 1 2 , c u r v e D, Np = 1.07; // C o r r e c t e d v a l u s o f Np Np = Np * Nfr ^ m ; // Form Eq . ( 9 . 2 0 ) P = Np * rho * n ^3* Da ^5/ g // [ f t l b f / s ] P = P /550 // [ hp ] Example 9.3 Example 9.3.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ;

37

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

// Example 9 . 3 // Given Dt = 6; // [ f t ] h = 2; // [ f t ] n = 90/60; // [ r p s ] mu = 1200*6.72*10^ -2; // [ l b / f t s ] g = 32.17; // [ f t / s 2 ] rho = 70 // [ l b / f t 3 ] Da = 2; // [ f t ] Nre = Da ^2* n * rho / mu ; // From T a b l e 9 . 3 KL = 65; // From Eq . ( 9 . 2 1 ) Np = KL / Nre ; P = Np * rho * n ^3* Da ^5/ g P = P /550 // [ hp ] Example 9.4 Example 9.4.sce

// [ f t l b f / s ]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

clear all ; clc ; // Example 9 . 4 // Given Dt = 6; // [ f t ] Da = 2; // [ f t ] n = 80/60; // [ r p s ] T = 70; // [ F ] rho = 62.3; // [ l b / f t 3 ] , From Appendix 14 mu = 6.6*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ] , From Appendix 14 Nre = Da ^2* n * rho / mu ; // From F i g . 9 . 1 5 ntT = 36; tT = ntT /1.333 // [ s ]

38

Example 9.5 Example 9.5.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ;

// Example 9 . 5 // Given Dt = 6; // [ f t ] H = 8; // [ f t ] T = 70; // [ F ] sp_gr = 3.18; w_fr = 0.25; Da = 2; // [ f t ] h = 1.5; // [ f t ] gc = 32.17; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ] // ( a ) // U s i n g d a t a o f Buurman e t a l . i n F i g . ( 9 . 1 9 ) // c h a n g e i n nc delta_nc = (104/200) ^0.2*(2.18/1.59) ^0.45*(33.3/11.1) ^0.13; 18 // c h a n g e i n P 19 dalta_P = delta_nc ^3;
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

// U s i n g F i g . 9 . 1 9 V = %pi /4* Dt ^2* H *7.48 ; // [ g a l ] P = 3.3* V /1000 // [ hp ] // ( b ) // From T a b l e 9 . 3 , f o r a c o u r b l a d e t u r b i n e , KT = 1.27; Np = KT ; // s l u r r y d e n s i t y rho_m = 1/(( w_fr / sp_gr ) +(1 - w_fr ) ) *62; // [ l b / f t 3 ] nc = ( P * gc *550/( Np * rho_m * Da ^5) ) ^(1/3) // [ r / s ] Example 9.6 Example 9.6.sce

39

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

clear all ; clc ; // Example 9 . 6 // Given Dt = 2; // [m] Da = 0.667; // [m] n = 180/60; // [ r p s ] T = 20; // [ C ] qg = 100; // [m3/ h ] rho = 1000; // [ kg /m 3 ] mu = 10^ -3; // [ kg /m s ] ut = 0.2; // [m/ s ] // ( a ) // The power i n p u t i s c a l c u l a t e d and f o l l o w e d by c o r r e c t i o n of gas e f f e c t Nre = n * Da ^2* rho / mu ; // For a f l a t b l a d e t u r b i n e , from T a b l e 9 . 3 KT = 5.75; // U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 2 4 ) Po = KT * n ^3* Da ^5* rho /1000; // [kW] At = %pi /4* Dt ^2; // [m 2 ] // S u p e r f i c i a l g a s v e l o c i t y Vs_bar = At * qg /3600/10 // [m/ s ] // From F i g . 9 . 2 0 Pg/Po = 0 . 6 0 Pg = Po *0.6; // [kW] // From F i g . 9 . 7 , d e p t h o f l i q u i d i s e q u a l t o d i a m e t e r o f the tank // Hence , l i q u i d volume V = %pi /4* Dt ^2* Dt ; // [m 3 ] // The i n p u t power p e r u n i t volume PgbyV = Pg / V ; // [kW/m 3 ] // ( b ) sigma = rho_L = PgbyV = // U s i n g

72.75; // [ g / s 2 ] 10^ -3; // [ g /mm] PgbyV *10^3 ; // [ g /mm s 2 ] Eq . ( 9 . 4 6 ) 40

37 // L e t x = s h i ( 0 . 5 ) 38 // s o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n a s q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n 39 a = 1; 40 b = -( Vs_bar / ut ) ^0.5; 41 c = -0.216*(( PgbyV ) ^0.4) *( rho_L ^0.2) /( sigma ^0.6) *(

Vs_bar / ut ) ^(0.5) ; 42 x = ( - b + sqrt ( b ^2 -4* a * c ) ) /(2* a ) ; 43 shi = x ^2;

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

// ( c ) //To f i n d o u t mean b u b b l e d i a m e t e r // U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 4 4 ) Ds_bar = 4.15* sigma ^0.6/( PgbyV ^0.4* rho_L ^0.2) * shi ^0.5+0.9 // [mm] // ( d ) // From Eq . ( 9 . 4 0 ) aprime = 6* shi / Ds_bar // [mm 1] Example 9.7 Example 9.7.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ; // Exapmle 9 . 7 // Given Dt = 2; // [m] Da = 0.667; // [m] n = 180/60; // [ r p s ] T = 20; // [ C ] qg = 100; // [m3/ h ] rho = 1000; // [ kg /m 3 ] mu = 10^ -3; // [ kg /m s ] ut = 0.2; // [m/ s ] At = %pi /4* Dt ^2; // [m 2 ] // U s i n g v a l u e s form Example 7 . 6 // Assuming Pg/Po d e c r e s a e s t o 0 . 2 5 PgbyV = 0.25*20490/6.28; // [W/m 3 ] 41

18 // U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 4 7 ) 19 Vs_barc = 0.114*( PgbyV ) *( Dt /1.5) ^0.17/1000 // [m/ s ] 20 qg = Vs_barc * At *3600 // [m3/ h ] 21 // The c a l c u l a t e d f l o o d i n g v e l o c i t y i s beyond t h e

r a n g e o f t h e d a t a on which Eq . ( 9 . 4 7 ) 22 // was based , s o i t may n o t be r e l a i b l e . Based on V s b a r c , t h e h i g h e s t m e a s u r e d v a l u e , qg 23 // would be 850 m3/ h . Example 9.8 Example 9.8.sce
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

clear all ; clc ; // Example 9 . 8 // Given D1 = 1; // [ f t ] D6 = 6 Nre_i = 10^4; Da = 4; // [ i n . ] t1 = 15; // [ s ] P = 2; // [ hp / g a l ] // ( a ) // U s i n g F i g . 9 . 1 5 // t h e m i x i n g f a c t o r ntT i s c o n s t a n t and t i m e tT i s asumed c o n s t a n t , // s p e e d n w i l l be t h e same i n b o t h v e s s e l s . // U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 2 4 ) w i t h c o n s a n t d e n s i t y PbyD_ratio = ( D6 / D1 ) ^2; // The Power i n p u t r e q u i r e d i n t h e 6 f t v e s s e l i s then Pin = 2* PbyD_ratio // [ hp / 1 0 0 0 g a l ]

// ( b ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 5 4 ) w i t h same i n p u t power p e r u n i t volume i n b o t h v e s s e l s 24 n6byn1 = ( D6 / D1 ) ^(2/3) 42

25 // b l e n d i n g i n t h e 6 f t 26 t6 = t1 * n6byn1 // [ s ]

v e s s e l would be

43

Chapter 10 Heat Transfer by Conduction

10.1 Scilab Code

Example 10.1 Example 10.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ; // Exmple 1 0 . 1 // Given T1 = 32; // [ F ] T2 = 200; // [ F ] k1 = 0.021; // [ Btu / f t hF ] k2 = 0.032; // [ Btu / f t hF ] A = 25; // [ f t 2 ] B = 6/12; // [ f t ] // a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e r m a l c o n d u t i v i t y o f t h e wall Tavg = (40+180) /2; // [ F ] kbar = k1 +( Tavg - T1 ) *( k2 - k1 ) /( T2 - T1 ) ; // [ Btu / f t hF ] delta_T = 180 -40; // [ F ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 0 . 5 ) q = kbar * A * delta_T / B // [ Btu / h ] Example 10.2 Example 10.2.sce

44

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 0 . 2 // Given delta1 = 4.5/12 ; // [ f t ] k1 = 0.08; // [ Btu / f t hF ] delta2 = 9/12; // [ f t ] k2 = 0.8; // [ f t ] Tin = 1400 // [ F ] Tout = 170 // [ F ] Rc = 0.5; // [ f t 2 hF/ Btu ] // ( a ) // C o n s i d e r i n g u n i t c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a A = 1; // [ f t 2 ] RA = delta1 / k1 ; // [ f t 2 hF/ Btu ] RB = delta2 / k2 ; // [ f t 2 hF/ Btu ] R = RA + RB ; // [ f t 2 hF/ Btu ] delta_T = Tin - Tout ; // [ F ] o v e r a l l t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 0 . 9 ) q = A * delta_T / R // [ Btu / h ] // ( b ) // The t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i n one s e r i e s o f r e s i s t a n c e s i s to the // i n d i v i d u a l r e s i s t a n c e a s t h e o v e r a l l t e m p e r a t u r e drop i s to the // o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e , o r delta_TA = RA * delta_T / R ; // [ F ] // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i n t e f a c e Tf = Tin - delta_TA // [ F ]

// ( c ) The t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e w i l l now i n c l u d e c o n t a c t resistance 32 R = R + Rc ; // [ f t 2 hF/ Btu ] 33 // t h e h e a t l o s s from u n i t s q u a r e a r e a 34 q = delta_T / R // [ Btu / h ]

45

Example 10.3 Example 10.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 0 . 3 // Given r1 = 60/2; // [mm] r2 = (50+ r1 ) ; // [mm] k2 = 0.055; // [W/m C ] r3 = 40+ r2 ; // [mm] k3 = 0.05; // [W/m C ] To = 30; // [ C ] Ti = 150; // [ C ] // L o g r i t h i m i c mean f o r s i l i c a l a y e r and c o r k l a y e r rl_s = ( r2 - r1 ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) // [mm] rl_c = ( r3 - r2 ) / log ( r3 / r2 ) // [mm] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 0 . 1 5 ) and Eq . ( 1 0 . 1 4 ) s i m u l a t a n e o u s l y //And Adding t h e s e two E q u a t i o n s qbyL = ( Ti - To ) /4.13 // [W/m] Example 10.4 Example 10.4.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 0 . 4 // Given k = 0.075; // [ Btu / f t hF ] rho = 56.2; // [ l b / f t 3 ] Cp = 0.40; // [ Btu / l b F ] s = 0.5/12; // [ f t . ] Ts = 250; // [ F ] Ta = 70; // [ F ] Tb_bar = 210; // [ F ] // ( a ) 46

15 Temp_diff_ratio = ( Ts - Tb_bar ) /( Ts - Ta ) ; 16 alpha = k /( rho * Cp ) ; 17 // From F i g . 1 0 . 6 18 N_Fo =0.52; 19 tT = N_Fo * s ^2/ alpha // [ h ] 20 21 // ( b ) 22 // S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Eq . ( 1 0 . 2 3 ) 23 QTbyA = s * rho * Cp *( Tb_bar - Ta ) // [ Btu / f t 2 ]

Example 10.5 Example 10.5.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 0 . 5 // Given Ts = -20; // [ C ] Ta = 5; // [ C ] T = 0; // [ C ] t = 12; // [ h ] alpha = 0.0011; // [m2/ h ] // ( a ) Temp_diff_ratio = ( Ts - T ) /( Ts - Ta ) ; // From F i g . ( 1 0 . 8 ) , Z = 0.91; // t h e r e f o r e d e p t h x = Z *2* sqrt ( alpha * t ) // [m] // ( b ) // From Eq . ( 1 0 . 2 7 ) , t h e p e n e t r a t i o n d i s t a n c e i s x_rho = 3.64* sqrt ( alpha * t ) // [m]

47

Chapter 11 Principles of Heat Flow in Fluids

11.1 Scilab Code

Example 11.1 Example 11.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 1 . 1 // From Appendix 5 Di = 1.049/12; // [ f t ] Do = 1.315/12; // [ f t ] xw = 0.133/12; // [ f t ] km = 26; // [ Btu / f t hF ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 0 . 1 5 ) f o r L o g r i t h m i c mean d i a m e t e r DL bar DL_bar = ( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di ) ; // [ f t ] // From T a b l e 1 1 . 1 hi = 180; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] ho = 300; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] hdi = 1000; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] hdo = 500; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ]

48

18 // O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t 19 Uo = 1/( Do /( Di * hdi ) + Do /( Di * hi ) +( xw * Do ) /( km * DL_bar )

+1/ ho +1/ hdo ) // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ]

49

Chapter 12 Heat Transfer to Fluids without Phase Change

12.1 Scilab Code

Example 12.1 Example 12.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 2 . 1 To = 230; // [ F ] Ti = 80; // [ F ] // U s i n g T a b l e 1 2 . 1 hi = 400; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] ho = 500; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] // From Appendix 6 Di = 0.620; // [ i n . ] Do = 0.750; // [ i n . ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 3 9 ) detla_Tt = (1/ hi ) /(1/ hi +( Di /( Do * ho ) ) ) *( To - Ti ) Example 12.2 Example 12.2.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ;

50

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

// Example 1 2 . 2 // Given Tb1 = 141; // [ F ] Tb2 = 79; // [ F ] / Tw1 = 65; // [ F ] Tw2 = 75; // [ F ] Vb_bar = 5; // [ f t / s ] rho_b = 53.1; // [ l b / f t 3 ] mu_b = 1.16; // [ l b / f t h ] , Form Appendix 9 k_b = 0.089; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , From Appendix 13 Cp_b = 0.435; // [ Btu / l b F ] , From Appendix 16 // U s i n g Appndix 14 rho_w = 62.3; // [ l b / f t 3 ] mu_w = 2.34; // [ l b / f t h ] k_w = 0.346; // [ Btu / f t hF ] Cp_w = 1; // [ Btu / l b F ]

// S o u l t i o n Tavg_b = ( Tb1 + Tb2 ) /2; // [ F ] Tavg_w = ( Tw1 + Tw2 ) /2; // [ F ] Dit = 0.745/12; // [ f t ] Dot = 0.875/12; // [ f t ] // U s i n g Appendix 5 // The i n s i d e d i a m e t e r o f t h e j a c k e t Dij = 1.610/12; // [ f t ] // From Appendix 6 , t h e i n s i d e s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e c o p p e r t u b e ( f o r a 7/8 i n . BWG 16 t u b e ) S = 0.00303; // [ f t 2 ] // E q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r o f t h e a n n u l a r j a c k e t s p a c e De = 4*( %pi /4*( Dij ^2 - Dot ^2) /( %pi *( Dij + Dot ) ) ) ; // [ f t ] mb_dot = Vb_bar * rho_b * S ; // [ l b / s ] // The r a t e o f h e a t f l o w q = mb_dot * Cp_b *( Tb1 - Tb2 ) ; // [ Btu / s ] // mass f l o w r a t e o f w a t e r mw_dot = q /( Cp_w *( Tw2 - Tw1 ) ) ; // [ l b / s ] // Water v e l o c i t y 51

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

Vw_bar = mw_dot /( %pi /4*( Dij ^2 - Dot ^2) * rho_w ) ; // [ f t / s ] // R e y n o l d s number f o r b e n z e n e and w a t e r Nre_b = Dit * Vb_bar * rho_b *3600/ mu_b ; Nre_w = De * Vw_bar * rho_w *3600/ mu_w ; // P r a n d t l Number f o r b e n z e n e and w a t e r Npr_b = Cp_b * mu_b / k_b ; Npr_w = Cp_w * mu_w / k_w ; // P r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e o b t a i n e d u s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 3 2 ) , o m i t t i n g t h e // c o r r e c t i o n f o r v i s c o s i t y r a t i o : // Benzene hi = 0.023* Vb_bar *3600* rho_b * Cp_b /( Nre_b ^0.2* Npr_b ^(2/3) ) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] // Water ho = 0.023* Vw_bar *3600* rho_w * Cp_w /( Nre_w ^0.2* Npr_w ^(2/3) ) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 3 9 ) // T e m p e r a t u r e d r o p o v e r t h e b e n z e n e r e s i s t a n c e delta_Ti = (1/ hi ) /(1/ hi + Dit /( Dot * ho ) ) *( Tavg_b - Tavg_w ) ; // [ F ] Tw = Tavg_b - delta_Ti ; // [ F ] // The v i s c o s i t i e s o f t h e l i q u i d s a t Tw muw_b = 1.45; // [ l b / f t h ] muw_w = 2.42*0.852; // [ l b / f t h ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 4 ) , v i s c o s i t y c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s p h i are phi_b = ( mu_b / muw_b ) ^0.14; phi_w = ( mu_w / muw_w ) ^0.14; // The c o r r e c t e d c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e hi = hi * phi_b ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] ho = ho * phi_w ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] // The t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p o v e r t h e b e n z e n e r e s i s t a n c e and t h e w a l l t e m p e r a t u r e delta_Ti = (1/ hi ) /(1/ hi + Dit /( Dot * ho ) ) *( Tavg_b - Tavg_w ) ; // [ F ] 52

70 Tw = Tavg_b - delta_Ti // [ F ] 71 // T h i s i s s o c l o s e t o p r e v i o u s l y 72 73 74 75 76

calculated wall temperature that a second approximation // i s u n n e c e s s a r y // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 1 . 2 9 ) , n e g l e c t i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e tube wall Uo = 1/( Dot /( Dit * hi ) +1/ ho ) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] disp ( The o v e r a l l c o e f f i c i e n t i s ) ; disp ( Btu / f t 2 hF , Uo ) ;

Example 12.3 Example 12.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

clear all ; clc ;

// Example 1 2 . 3 // Given L = 15; // [ f t ] k = 0.082; // [ Btu / f t hF ] Cp = 0.48; // [ Btu / l b F ] T1 = 150; // [ F ] T2 = 250; // [ F ] Tw = 350; // [ F ] // From T a b l e 1 2 . 3 mu1 = 6; // [ cP ] mu2 = 3.3; // [ cP ] mu_w = 1.37; // [ cP ] mu = ( mu1 + mu2 ) /2; // [ cP ] // From Appendix 5 D = 0.364/12; // [ f t ] // v i s c o s i t y c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r p h i i s phi = ( mu / mu_w ) ^0.14; // Assuming Laminar f l o w and G r a e t z number l a r g e enough t o a p p l y Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) 22 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) 23 // h = k /D 2 p h i ( Cp mdot / ( k L ) ) ( 1 / 3 ) ; 24 //To u s e Eq . ( 1 2 . 1 8 )

53

25

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 disp ( Btu / f t 2 hF ,h , E x p e c t e d C o e f f i c i e n t ) 35 Ngz = mdot * Cp /( k * L ) ; 36 // T h i s i s l a r g e enough s o t h a t Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) a p p l i e s , 37 // R e y n o l d s Number 38 Nre = D * mdot /(( %pi /4* D ^2) * mu *2.42) ; 39 // Nre i s i n Laminar Range

Log_T = (( Tw - T1 ) -( Tw - T2 ) ) / log (( Tw - T1 ) /( Tw - T2 ) ) ; // [ F ] // From Eq . ( 1 2 . 1 8 ) // h = Cp 1 0 0 mdot / ( %pi D L Log T ) // From Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) and Eq . ( 1 2 . 1 8 ) mdot = (4.69/0.233) ^(3/2) ; // [ l b / h ] // and h = 0.233* mdot ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] disp ( l b / h , mdot , o i l f l o w r a t e )

Example 12.4 Example 12.4.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 2 . 4 // Given P = 1; // [ atm ] Vbar = 1.5; // [ f t / s ] Ti = 68; // [ F ] To = 188; // [ F ] Tw = 220; // [ F ] Tbar = ( Ti + To ) /2; // [ F ] D = 2.067/12; // [ f t ] , from Appendix 5 mu = 0.019; // [ cP ] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ] , from Appendix 8 rho = 29/359*(492/(68+460) ) ; // [ l b / f t 3 ] , a t 6 8 [ F ] G = Vbar * rho *3600; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] Nre = D * G /( mu *2.42) ; g = 32.14; // Hence t h e f l o w i s l a m i n a r // A p p l y i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) 54

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Cp = 0.25; // [ Bu/ l b F ] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ] , Appendix 15 k = 0.0163; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ] , Appendix 12 //By l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n mu_w = 0.021; // [ cP ] , Appendix 5 // i n t e r n a l c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f p i p e i s S = 0.02330; // [ f t 2 ] , Appendix 5 // mass f l o w r a t e mdot = G * S ; // [ l b / h ] // t h e h e a t l o a d q = mdot * Cp *( To - Ti ) ; // [ Btu / h ] // The l o g r i t h m i c mean t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i s delta_T1 = Tw - To ; // [ F ] delta_T2 = Tw - Ti ; // [ F ] Log_T = ( delta_T1 - delta_T2 ) / log ( delta_T1 / delta_T2 ) ; // [ F ] // h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t h = q /A Log T //A = 0 . 5 4 1 L // A l s o from Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) , t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r coefficient is // h = 2 k /D ( mdot Cp/ k L ) ( 1 / 3 ) (mu/mu w ) ( 1 / 4 ) // E q u a t i n g t h e two r e a l t i o n s h i p s f o r h L = (6.820/0.9813) ^(3/2) ; // [ f t ] // T h i s r e s u l t i s c o r r e c t e d f o r t h e e f f e c t o f n a t u r a l convection //To u s e Eq . ( 1 2 . 8 0 ) beeta = 1/(460+ Tbar ) ; // [ R 1] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ] delta_T = Tw - Tbar ; // [ F ] rho = 0.0676; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // G r a s h o f number Ngr = D ^3* rho ^2* g * beeta * delta_T /( mu *6.72*10^ -4) ^2; // From Eq . ( 1 2 . 8 0 ) phi_n = 2.25*(1+0.01* Ngr ^(1/3) ) / log10 ( Nre ) ; // t h i s i s f a c t o r i s u s e d t o c o r r e c t t h e v a l u e o f L L = L / phi_n ; // [ f t ] disp ( f t ,L , l e n g h t o f h e a t e d s e c t i o n i s )

55

Chapter 13 Heat Transfer to Fluids with Phase Change

13.1 Scilab Code

Example 13.1 Example 13.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 3 . 1 // Given Pa = 1; // [ atm ] lambda = 139.7; // [ Btu / l b ] L = 5; // [ f t ] Tw = 175; // [ F ] hi = 400; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] g = 4.17*10^8; // [ f t / h 2 ] Th = 270; // [ F ] rho_f = 65.4; // [ l b / f t 3 ] kf = 0.083; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , from Appendix 13 muf = 0.726; // [ l b / f t h ] , from Appendix 9 Do = 0.75/12; // [ f t ] Di = Do -(2*0.065) /12; // [ f ] // ( a )

56

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Twall = 205; // [ F ] err = 50; h = 1.13; while ( err >10) delta_To = Th - Twall ; // from Eq . ( 1 3 . 1 1 ) Tf = Th -3*( Th - Twall ) /4; // [ F ] h = h *( kf ^3* rho_f ^2* g * lambda /( delta_To * L * muf ) ) ^(1/4) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 9 ) delta_Ti = 1/ hi /(1/ hi + Di /( Do * h ) ) *( Th - Tw ) ; // [ F ] Twall_new = Tw + delta_Ti ; // [ F ] err = Twall_new - Twall ; // [ F ] Twall = Twall_new ; // [ F ] end //To c k e c k w h e t h e r t h e f l o w i s a c t u a l l y l a m i n a r Ao = 0.1963* L ; // [ f t 2 ] , from Appendix 6 // t h e r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r q = h * Ao *( Th - Twall ) ; // [ Btu / h ] mdot = q / lambda ; // [ l b / f t h ] disp ( [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] ,h , c o e f f i c i e n t o f chlorobenzene i s )

// ( b ) // For a h o r i z o n t a l c o n d e n s e r , U s i n g Eq . ( 1 3 . 1 6 ) N =6; Twall = 215; // [ F ] err = 50; h = 0.725; muf = 0.68; // [ l b / f t h ] , from Appendix 6 while ( err >10) delta_To = Th - Twall ; // from Eq . ( 1 3 . 1 1 ) Tf = Th -3*( Th - Twall ) /4; // [ F ] h = h *( kf ^3* rho_f ^2* g * lambda /(6* delta_To * Do * muf ) ) ^(1/4) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] 53 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 9 ) 57

54 delta_Ti = 1/ hi /(1/ hi + Di /( Do * h ) ) *( Th - Tw ) ; // [ F ] 55 Twall_new = Tw + delta_Ti ; // [ F ] 56 err = Twall_new - Twall ; // [ F ] 57 Twall = Twall_new ; // [ F ] 58 end 59 disp ( [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] ,h , c o e f f i c i e n t o f

chlorobenzene i s ) Example 13.2 Example 13.2.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 1 3 . 2 5 // Given 6 P = 2; // [ atm ] 7 8 // ( a ) 9 // From F i g . 1 3 . 7 10 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e o f b e n z e n e 11 Pc = 47.7; // [ atm ] 12 PbyPc = P / Pc ; 13 // From F i g . 1 3 . 7 t h e o r d i n a t e ( q /A) max/ Pc i s 14 15 16 17 18

about

19 20 21 22 23 // ( b ) 24 // Given 25 P = 0.2; // [ atm ]

1 9 0 , and qbyA_max = 190* Pc *14.696; // [ Btu /h f t 2 ] disp ( Btu /h f t 2 , qbyA_max , The maximum h e a t f l u x i s ) // A l s o from F i g . 1 3 , 7 delta_Tc = 62; // [ F ] disp ( F , delta_Tc , The c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e difference is ) // f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t h = qbyA_max / delta_Tc ; // [ Btu /h f t 2 F ] disp ( Btu /h f t 2 F ,h , The f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t i s )

58

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

PbyPc = P / Pc ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 3 . 2 0 ) // n o t i n g t h a t lambda , s i g m a and r h o L a r e n e a r l y c o n s t a n t and r h o L >rho V // qbyA max rho V ( 1 / 2 ) P ( 1 / 2 ) qbyA_max = qbyA_max *(0.2/2) ^(1/2) ; // [ Btu /h f t 2 ] disp ( Btu /h f t 2 , qbyA_max , The maximum h e a t f l u x i s ) // The c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e would be g r e a t e r t h a n 100 [ F ] and // t h e f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t would be l e s s t h a n 410 [ Btu /h f t 2 F ]

59

Chapter 14 Radiation Heat Transfer

14.1 Scilab Code

Example 14.1 Example 14.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 4 . 1 // Given d = 150; // [mm] T1 = 300+272; // [ K ] T3 = 25+273; // [ K ] eps1 = 0.56; eps2 = 1.0; eps3 = eps1 ; sigma = 5.672 // ( a ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 4 . 3 8 ) // q12 = s i g m a A1 F12 ( T14 T2 4 ) // q23 = s i g m a A2 F23 ( T24 T3 4 ) // At e q u i l i b r i u m , q12=q23 // From Eq . ( 1 4 . 3 9 ) F12 = 1/(1/ eps1 +1/ eps2 -1)

60

21 F23 = F12 ; 22 //A1 = A2 23 T2 = (100*(( T1 /100) ^4+( T3 /100) ^4) ^(1/4) ) /2^(1/4) ; // 24 25 26 27 28

[K] disp ( F ,T2 , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f l a c q u e r e d s h e e t i s )

// ( b ) // From Eq . ( 1 4 . 3 8 ) , h e a t f l u x q12byA = sigma * F12 *(( T1 /100) ^4 -( T2 /100) ^4) ; // [W/m 2] 29 disp ( W/m2 , q12byA , t h e h e a t f l u x i s )

61

Chapter 15 Heat-Exchange Equipment

15.1 Scilab Code

Example 15.1 Example 15.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 5 . 1 // Given Ds = 35/12; // [ f t ] Do = 0.75/12; // [ f t ] p = 1/12; // [ f t ] P = 1; // [ f t ] mdot = 10^5; // [ l b / h ] mu_60 = 0.70; // [ cP ] , a t 60 [ F ] , from Appendix 9 mu_140 = 0.38; // [ cP ] , a t 140 [ F ] , from Appendix 9 Cp = 0.41; // [ Btu / l b F ] , from Appendix 16 k = 0.092; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , from Appendix 13

// S h e l l s i d e c o e f f i c i e n t i s f o u n d u s i n g Donohue Eq .(15.4) 17 // From Eq . ( 1 5 . 2 ) , t h e a r e a f o r c r o s s f l o w i s 18 Sc = 2.9167* P *( P - Do / p ) ; // [ f t 2 ] 19 // The number o f t u b e s i n t h e b a f f l e window i s

62

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

33

approximately equal to the f r a c t i o n a l // a r e a o f t h e window f t i m e s t h e t o t a l nmber o f t u b e s . For a 25 p e r c e n t b a f f l e f = 0.1955 Nb = f *828; //Nb 1 6 1 Nb = 161; // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 1 ) , a r e a o f t h e b a f f l e window Sb = ( f * %pi * Ds ^2/4) -( Nb * %pi * Do ^2/4) ; // [ f t 2 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 3 ) , t h e mass v e l o c i t i e s a r e Gc = mdot / Sc ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] Gb = mdot / Sb ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] Ge = sqrt ( Gc * Gb ) ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 4 ) ho = k / Do *(0.2*( Do * Ge /( mu_60 *2.42) ) ^0.6*( Cp * mu_60 *2.42/ k ) ^0.33*( mu_60 / mu_140 ) ^0.14) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 h F] disp ( Btu / f t 2 hF ,ho , The i n d i v i d u a l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c e n t of benzene i s ) Example 15.2 Example 15.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 5 . 2 // Given Tca = 70; // [ C ] Tcb = 130; // [ C ] Tha = 240; // [ C ] Thb = 120; // [ C ] // S o l u t i o n // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 7 ) and ( 1 5 . 8 ) neta_h = ( Tcb - Tca ) /( Tha - Tca ) ; Z = ( Tha - Thb ) /( Tcb - Tca ) ; // From F i g 1 5 . 7 a , t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r i s f o u n d Fg = 0.735; // t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p s a r e 63

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

// At s h e l l i n l e t : deltaT_i = Tha - Tcb ; // [ C ] // At s h e l l o u t l e t : deltaT_o = Thb - Tca ; // [ C ] Log_T = ( deltaT_i - deltaT_o ) / log ( deltaT_i / deltaT_o ) ; // t h e c o r r e c t v a l u e o f Log T i s Log_T = Fg * Log_T ; // [ C ] disp ( C , Log_T , The c o r r e c t mean e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i s ) 25 // B e c a u s e o f low v a l u e o f Fg , a 1 2 h e a t e x c h a n g e r i s n o t s u i t a b l e f o r t h i s duty Example 15.3 Example 15.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

clear all ; clc ; // Exapmle 1 5 . 3 // Given Tca = 70; // [ C ] Tcb = 130; // [ C ] Tha = 240; // [ C ] Thb = 120; // [ C ] // S o l u t i o n // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 7 ) and ( 1 5 . 8 ) neta_h = ( Tcb - Tca ) /( Tha - Tca ) ; Z = ( Tha - Thb ) /( Tcb - Tca ) ; // U s i n g F i g 1 5 . 7 b , t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r i s Fg = 0.945; // t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p s a r e // At s h e l l i n l e t : deltaT_i = Tha - Tcb ; // [ C ] // At s h e l l o u t l e t : deltaT_o = Thb - Tca ; // [ C ] Log_T = ( deltaT_i - deltaT_o ) / log ( deltaT_i / deltaT_o ) ; // t h e c o r r e c t v a l u e o f Log T i s Log_T = Fg * Log_T ; // [ C ]

64

24

disp ( C , Log_T , The c o r r e c t mean e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i s ) Example 15.4 Example 15.4.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

clear all ; clc ;

// Example 1 5 . 4 // Given N = 28; xF = 0.5/12; // [ f t ] yF = 0.035/12; // [ f t ] km = 26; // [ Btu / f t hF ] AT = 2.830; // [ f t 2/ f t ] Ab = 0.416; // [ f t 2/ f t ] hi = 1500; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] G = 5000; // [ l b /h f t 2 ] Tavg = 130; // [ F ] Tw = 250; // [ F ] mu = 0.046; // [ l b / f t h ] , from Appendix 8 Cp = 0.25; // [ Btu / l b F ] , from Appendix 15 k = 0.0162; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , from Appendix 12 ID_shell = 3.068/12; // [ f t ] , from Appendix 5 OD_pipe = 1.9/12; // [ f t ] , from Appendix 5 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f s h e l l s p a c e Ac = %pi /4*( ID_shell ^2 - OD_pipe ^2) -N * xF * yF // [ f t 2 ] // The p e r i m e t e r o f a i r s p a c e Ap = %pi * ID_shell + AT ; // [ f t ] // h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s rh = Ac / Ap ; // [ f t ] // e q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r De = 4* rh ; // [ f t ] // R e y n o l d s Number Nre = De * h / mu // I n c o m p u t i n g mu w t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e w a l l and t h e steam f i l m 32 // a r e c o n s i d e r e d n e g l i g i b l e , s o 65

33 mu_w = 0.0528; // [ l b / f t h ] 34 Npr = mu * Cp / k 35 // U s i n g F i g . 1 5 . 1 7 , t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r f a c t o r i s 36 jh = 0.0031; 37 ho = jh * Cp * G *( mu / mu_w ) ^0.14/ Npr ^(2/3) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 h

F ]
38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 1 0 ) , t h e o v e r a l l c o e f f i c i e n t 52 Ut = 1/( Ai /( ho *( netaF * AF + Ab ) ) +( xw * Dt /( km * DLbar ) ) +1/

// For r e c t a n g u l a r f i n s , d i s r e a g r d i n g t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f the ends o f the f i n s to // t h e p e r i m e t e r , Lp = 2L and S = Lyf , where y f i s t h e f i n t h i c k n e s s and L i s t h e // l e n g t h o f t h e f i n . Then , from Eq . ( 1 5 . 1 1 ) aFxF = xF * sqrt (2* ho /( km * yF ) ) ; // From F i g . 1 5 . 1 6 netaF = 0.93; Dt = 1.610/12; // [ f t ] , from Appendix 5 DLbar = ( OD_pipe - Dt ) / log ( OD_pipe / Dt ) ; // [ f t ] Ai = %pi * Dt *1.0; // [ f t 2 ] AF = AT - Ab ; // [ f t 2/ f t ] xw = ( OD_pipe - Dt ) /2; // [ f t ]

hi ) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] 53 disp ( Btu / f t 2 hF ,Ut , The o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r coefficent is )

66

Chapter 16 Evaporation
16.1 Scilab Code

Example 16.1 Example 16.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 6 . 1 // Given mdot = 20000; // [ l b / h ] xin = 0.20; xout = 0.50; Pg = 20; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] Pabs = 1.93; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] U = 250; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] Tf = 100; // [ F ] // S o l u t i o n // t h e amount o f w a t e r i n f e e d and t h i c k l i q u o r , from material balance w_feed = 80/20; // [ l b / p e r pound o f s o l i d ] w_liquor = 50/50; // [ l b / p e r pound o f s o l i d ] // w a t e r e v a p o r a t e d w_eva = w_feed - w_liquor ; // [ l b / p e r pound o f s o l i d ]

67

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

// o r w_eva = w_eva * mdot * xin ; // [ l b / h ] // Flow r a y e o f t h i c k l i q u o r i s ml_dot = mdot - w_eva // [ l b / h ] // Steam consumed // S i n c e w i t h s t r o n g s o l u t i o n s o f NaOH t h e h e a t o f d i l u t i o n i s not n e g l i g i b l e , // t h e r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i s f o u n d from Eq . ( 1 6 . 4 ) and F i g . 1 6 . 8 . // The v a p o r i z t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e 50 p e r c e n t s o l u t i o n a t a p r e s s u r e o f 100 mmHg // i s f o u n d a s f o l l o w s Tb_w = 124; // [ F ] , a t 100 mmHg, from Appendix 7 Tb_s = 197; // [ F ] , from F i g . 1 6 . 8 BPE = Tb_s - Tb_w ; // [ F ] // From F i g . 1 6 . 8 , t h e e n t h a l p i e s o f t h e f e e d and t h i c k l i q u o r are found Hf = 55; // [ Btu / l b ] , 20% s o l i d s , 100 [ F ] H = 221; // [ Btu / l b ] , 50% s o l i d s , 197 [ F ] // E n t h a l p y o f t h e l e a v i n g w a t e r v a p o r i s f o u n d from t h e steam t a b l e Hv = 1149; // [ Btu / l b ] , At 197 [ F ] and 1 . 9 3 [ l b f / i n .2] // E n t h a l p y o f t h e v a p o r l e a v i n g t h e e v a p o r a t o r lambda_s = 939; // [ Btu / l b ] , At 20 [ l b f / i n . 2 ] , from Appendix 7 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 6 . 4 ) , t h e r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r and steam c o n s u m p t i o n q = ( mdot - ml_dot ) * Hv + ml_dot * H - mdot * Hf ; // [ Btu / h ] ms_dot = q / lambda_s ; // [ l b / h ] disp ( l b / h , ms_dot , steam consumed i s ) // Economy Economy = ml_dot / ms_dot disp ( Economy , Economy ) // H e a t i n g S u r f a c e // The c o n d e n s a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e steam i s 259 [ F ] , the heating area required i s 68

49 50 A = q /( U *(259 -197) ) // [ f t 2 ] 51 disp ( f t 2 ,A , h e a t i n g a r e a r e q u i r e d

is )

Example 16.2 Example 16.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 6 . 2 // Given Ti = 108; // [ C ] Tl = 52; // [ C ] U1 = 2500; // [W/m 2 ] U2 = 2000; // [W/m 2 ] U3 = 1000; // [W/m 2 ] // S o l u t i o n // T o t a l t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p delta_T = Ti - Tl ; // [ C ] // From Eq . ( 1 6 . 1 3 ) , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p s i n s e v e r a l e f f e c t s w i l l be // a p p r o x i m a e l y i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e c o e f i c i e n t s . Thus delta_T1 = 1/ U1 /(1/ U1 +1/ U2 +1/ U3 ) * delta_T ; // [ C ] delta_T2 = 1/ U2 /(1/ U1 +1/ U2 +1/ U3 ) * delta_T ; // [ C ] delta_T3 = 1/ U3 /(1/ U1 +1/ U2 +1/ U3 ) * delta_T ; // [ C ] // C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e b o i l i n g p o i n t s w i l l be Tb1 = Ti - delta_T1 ; // [ C ] Tb2 = Tb1 - delta_T2 ; // [ C ] disp ( C ,Tb1 , The b o i l i n g p o i n t i n t h e f i r s t e f f e c t is ) disp ( C ,Tb2 , The b o i l i n g p o i n t i n t h e s e c o n d e f f e c t is ) Example 16.3 Example 16.3.sce

clear all ; 69

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

clc ; // Example 1 6 . 3 // Given mdot_ft = 60000; // [ l b / h ] xin = 0.10; Tin = 180; // [ F ] xout = 0.50 Ps = 50; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] Tc = 100; // [ F ] // S o l u t i o n // From T a b l e 1 6 . 2 U1 = 700; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] U2 = 1000; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] U3 = 800; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] // The t o t a l r a t e o f e v a p o r a t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d from an o v e r a l l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e // a s s u m i n g t h e s o l d s go t h r o u g h t h e e v a p o r a t o r without l o s s // T a b l e 1 6 . 3 mdot_fs = 6000; // [ l b / h ] mdot_fw = 54000; // [ l b / h ] mdot_lt = 12000; // [ l b / h ] mdot_ls = 6000; // [ l b / h ] mdot_lw = 6000; // [ l b / h ] w_evap = mdot_ft - mdot_fs ; // [ l b / h ]

70

Chapter 17 Equilibrium-Stage Operations

17.1 Scilab Code

Example 17.1 Example 17.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 7 . 1 // Given yb = 0.30;

// L e t Vb = 100; // [ mol ] Ace_in = yb * Vb ; // [ mol ] Air_in = Vb - Ace_in ; // [ mol ] // 97 p e r c e n t a c e t o n e aborbed , A c e t o n e l e a v i n g i s Ace_out = 0.03* Ace_in ; // [ mol ] ya = Ace_out /( Air_in + Ace_out ) ; // A c e t o n e a b s o r b e d Ace_abs = Ace_in - Ace_out ; // [ mol ] // 10 p e r c e n t a c e t o n e i n t h e l e a v i n g s o l u t i o n and no acetone in the e n t e r i n g o i l 18 Lb = Ace_abs /0.1; // [ mol ] 19 La = Lb - Ace_abs ; // [ mol ]

71

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

//To f i n d o u t a s i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t on t h e o p e r a t i n g l i n e , making an a c e t o n e b a l a n c e // a r o u n d t h e t o p p a r t o f t h e tower , a s s u m i n g a p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e o f yV t h e m o l e s o f // a c e t o n e l e f t i n t h e g a s . for i =1:30 y ( i ) = i /( i + Air_in ) ; // The m o l e s o f a c e t o n e l o s t by t h e g a s i n t h e s e c i o n , must e q u a l t o t h e m o l e s g a i n e d by // t h e l i q u i d Ace_lost = i - Ace_out ; // [ mol ] // Hence x ( i ) = Ace_lost /( La + Ace_lost ) ; end xe = linspace (0.001 ,0.15 ,100) ; ye = 1.9* xe ; plot (x , y ) plot ( xe , ye , r ) xlabel ( x ) ylabel ( y ) legend ( O p e r a t i n g l i n e , E q u i l i b r i u m l i n e ) title ( Diagram Example 1 7 . 1 ) // The number o f i d e a l s t a g e s d e t e r m i n e d from F i g i s 4

72

Figure 17.1: Diagram for Example 17.1 Example 17.2 Example 17.2.sce
1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 1 7 . 2 5 // Given 6 Nreal = 7; 7 VbyL = 1.5; 8 m = 0.8; 9 yb = 0;

73

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

xb_star = 0; // xb =0.1 xa ; // ( a ) // S t r i p p i n g F a c t o r S = m * VbyL ; // From an ammonia b a l a n c e , // ya =0.9 xa /VbyL ; // A l s o // x a s t a r = ya /m // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 7 . 2 8 ) //N = l n ( ( xa 0.75 xa ) / ( 0 . 1 xa 0) ) / l n ( S ) N = log (0.25/0.1) / log ( S ) ; disp (N , Number o f i d e a l t r a y s r e q u i r e d a r e ) stage_eff = N / Nreal *100; disp ( % , stage_eff , S t a g e E f f i c i e n c y i s ) // ( b ) VbyL = 2; S = m * VbyL ; // Then , // L e t A = ( xa x a s t a r ) / xb A = exp (5.02) ; // L e t f be t h e f r a c t i o n o f NH3 removed . Then xb = (1 f ) xa . //By a m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e // y = L/V ( xa xb ) = 1 / 2 ( xa (1 f ) xa )= 1/2 f xa // x a s t a r = ya /m = 0 . 5 f xa / 0 . 8 = 0 . 6 2 5 f xa // Thus , // xa x a s t a r = ( 1 0 . 6 2 5 f ) xa // Also , // xa x a s t a r = 1 0 . 5 9 xb = 1 0 . 5 9 ( 1 f ) xa // from t h e s e f = 0.962 disp ( % ,f , p e r c e n t a g e r e m o v a l o b t a i n e d i n t h i s c a s e is )

74

Chapter 18 Distillation
18.1 Scilab Code

Example 18.1 Example 18.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 8 . 1 // Given xF = 0.50; P = 1; // [ atm ] f =0.0001:0.2:1.2; A = -(1./ f -1) ; x = [0.01:0.01:1]; for i =1: length ( f ) y (i ,:) = - A ( i ) * x + xF / f ( i ) end // From F i g . 1 8 . 2 xB = [0.50 ,0.455 ,0.41 ,0.365 ,0.325 ,0.29]; yD = [0.71 ,0.67 ,0.63 ,0.585 ,0.54 ,0.5]; // From F i g 1 8 . 3 T = [92.2 ,93.7 ,95.0 ,96.5 ,97.7 ,99]; plot (f , T ./100 , f , xB ,f , yD ) xlabel ( f m o l e s v a p o r i z e d p e r mole o f f e e d )

75

21 22

ylabel ( C o n c e n t r a t i o n , mole f r a c t i o n Benzene ) legend ( T e m p e r a t u r e (C) 10 0 , Con . o f Bnzene i n l i q u i d , Con . o f Bnzene i n v a p o r )

Figure 18.1: Results of Example 18.1 Example 18.2 Example 18.2.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 1 8 . 2

76

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

// Given mdot = 30000; // [ kg /h ] wF_b = 40; wD = 97; wB = 2; R = 3.5; lambda_b = 7360; // [ c a l / g mol ] lambda_t = 7960; // [ c a l / g mol ] alpha = 2.5; TB = 95; // [ C ] TF = 20; // [ C ] P = 1; // [ atm ] Mb = 78; Mt = 92; Cp = 0.44; // [ c a l / gC ] // ( a ) // The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f f e e d , o v e r h e a d and b o t t o m s i n mole f r a c t i o n o f b e n z e n e a r e xF = ( wF_b / Mb ) /( wF_b / Mb +((100 - wF_b ) / Mt ) ) ; xD = ( wD / Mb ) /( wD / Mb +((100 - wD ) / Mt ) ) ; xB = ( wB / Mb ) /( wB / Mb +((100 - wB ) / Mt ) ) ; // The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f t h e f e e d i s Mavg = 100/( wF_b / Mb +(100 - wF_b ) / Mt ) ; // t h e a v e r a g e h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n lambda_avg = xF * lambda_b +(1 - xF ) * lambda_t ; // [ c a l / g mol ] // Feed r a t e F = mdot / Mavg ; // [ kg mol / h ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 5 ) , by o v e r a l l b e n z e n e b a l a n c e D = F *( xF - xB ) /( xD - xB ) ; // [ kg mol / h ] B = F - D ; // [ kg mol / h ] disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , kg mol / h ,B , kg mol / h ,F , t h e mole o f o v e r h e a d and bottom p r o d u c t s a r e )

// ( b ) D e t e m i n a t i o n o f number o f i d e a l p l a t e s and position of feed plate 38 // ( i ) 77

39 40 41 42 43

44 45 46 // ( i i ) 47 // The l a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n o f t h e f e e d 48 lambda = lambda_avg / Mavg ; // [ c a l / g ] 49 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 2 4 ) 50 q = 1+ Cp *( TB - TF ) / lambda ; 51 // From Eq . ( 1 8 . 3 1 ) 52 slope = -q /(1 - q ) ; 53 // From F i g . 1 8 . 1 7 54 // I t i s f o u n d t h a t a r e b o i l e r and 10 i d e a l p l a t e s

// U s i n g F i g . 1 8 . 1 6 // Drawing t h e f e e d l i n e w i t h f = 0 on e q u i l i b r i u m diagram , // P l o t t i n g t h e o p e r a t i n g l i n e s w i t h i n t e r c e p t from Eq . ( 1 8 . 1 9 ) i s 0 . 2 1 6 //By c o u n t i n g t h e r e c t a n g u l a r s t e p s i t i s f o u n d t h a t , b e s i d e s the r e b o i l e r , // 11 i d e a l p l a t e s a r e neded and f e e d s h o u l d be i n t r o d u c e d on t h e 7 t h p l a t e from // t h e t o p .

a r e n e e d e d and f e e d i s t o be i n t r o d u c e d 55 // on t h e f i f t h p l a t e
56 57 // ( i i i ) 58 q = 1/3; 59 slope = -q /(1 - q ) ; 60 // From F i g . 1 8 . 1 8 61 // I t c a l l s f o r a r e b o i l e r and 12 p l a t e s , w i t h t h e

f e e d e n t e r i n g on t h e 7 t h p l a t e
62 63 // ( c ) 64 // v a p o r f l o w i n t h e r e c t i f y i n g s e c t i o n i s 65 V = 4.5* D ; // [ kg mol / h ] 66 lambda_s = 522; // [ c a l / g ] , From Appendix 7 67 q = [1 , 1.37 , 0.333] 68 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 2 7 ) 69 Vbar = V - F *(1 - q ) 70 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 3 2 ) , steam r e q u i r e d

78

71 72

ms_dot = lambda_t / lambda_s * Vbar ; // [ kg /h ] disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , kg /h , ms_dot (3) , kg /h , ms_dot (2) , kg /h , ms_dot (1) , t h e steam c o n s u m p t i o n i n the above t h r e e c a s e s i s )

73 74 75 // ( d ) 76 Tw1 = 25; // [ C ] 77 Tw2 = 40; // [ C ] 78 // The c o o l i n g w a t e r n e e d e d 79 80 81 82

i s same i n a l l c a s e s ,

U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 3 3 ) mw_dot = V * lambda_t /( Tw2 - Tw1 ) ; // [ kg /h ] rho_25 = 62.24*16.018; // [ kg /m 3 ] vw_dot = mw_dot / rho_25 ; // [m3/ h ] disp ( m3/ h , vw_dot , c o o l i n g w a t e r n e e d e d i s ) Example 18.3 Example 18.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 8 . 3 // Given mdot = 30000; // [ kg /h ] wF_b = 40; wD = 97; wB = 2; R = 3.5; lambda_b = 7360; // [ c a l / g mol ] lambda_t = 7960; // [ c a l / g mol ] alpha = 2.5; TB = 95; // [ C ] TF = 20; // [ C ] P = 1; // [ atm ] Mb = 78; Mt = 92; Cp = 0.44; // [ c a l / gC ] // S o l u t i o n 79

21 xF = ( wF_b / Mb ) /( wF_b / Mb +((100 - wF_b ) / Mt ) ) ; 22 xD = ( wD / Mb ) /( wD / Mb +((100 - wD ) / Mt ) ) ; 23 xB = ( wB / Mb ) /( wB / Mb +((100 - wB ) / Mt ) ) ; 24 // The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f t h e f e e d i s 25 Mavg = 100/( wF_b / Mb +(100 - wF_b ) / Mt ) ; 26 // t h e a v e r a g e h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n 27 lambda_avg = xF * lambda_b +(1 - xF ) * lambda_t ; // [ c a l / g 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 // ( a ) 38 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 4 3 ) 39 RDm = ( xD - yprime ) ./( yprime - xprime ) 40 disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , RDm (3) , RDm (2) , RDm (1) , Minimum

mol ] // Feed r a t e F = mdot / Mavg ; // [ kg mol / h ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 5 ) , by o v e r a l l b e n z e n e b a l a n c e D = F *( xF - xB ) /( xD - xB ) ; // [ kg mol / h ] B = F - D ; // [ kg mol / h ] // U s i n g T a b l e 1 8 . 3 , i n a l l t h r e e c a s e s r e s p e c t i v e l y xprime = [0.44 ,0.521 ,0.3]; yprime = [0.658 ,0.730 ,0.513];

Reflux Ratio f o r three c a s e s i s )

41 42 43

// ( b ) // For minimum umber o f p l a t e s the , t h e r e f l u x r a t i o i s i n f i n i t e , the operating l i n e s 44 // c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e d i a g o n a l , and t h e r e a r e no d i f f e r e n c e s between the t h r e e c a s e s . 45 // The p l o t i s g i v e n by F i g 1 8 . 2 2 . A r e b o i l e r and e i g h t p l a t e s are needed . Example 18.4 Example 18.4.sce
1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 1 8 . 4 5 // Given

80

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

xa = 0.02; Vbar = 0.2; // [ mol / mol o f Feed ] xb = 0.0001; yb = 0; xe = 0:0.01:1; m = 9 ye = m * xe ; // L e t F = 1; // [ mol ] Lbar = F ; // [ mol ]

// S o l u t i o n ya_star = m * xa ; yb_star = m * xb ; //By o v e r a l l e t h o n a l b a l a n c e ya = Lbar / Vbar *( xa - xb ) + yb // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 7 . 2 7 ) , As b o t h o p e r t i n g l i n e s and equilibrium l i n e s are s t r a i g h t 23 N = log (( ya - ya_star ) /( yb - yb_star ) ) / log (( yb_star ya_star ) /( yb - ya ) ) ;
24 25

disp (N , I d e a l p l a t e s n e e d e d a r e ) Example 18.6 Example 18.6.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 8 . 6 // Given xF = 0.40; P = 1; // [ atm ] D = 5800; // [ kg /h ] R = 3.5; LbyV = R /(1+ R ) ; // S o l u t i o n // P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f m e t h a n o l M = 32; 81

14 Tnb = 65; // [ C ] 15 rho_v = M *273/(22.4*338) ; // [ kg / 3 ] 16 rho_l_0 = 810; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 0C , from P e r r y , 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r s Handbook rho_l_20 = 792; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 20C , from P e r r y , C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r s Handbook rho_l = 750; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 65C sigma = 19; // [ dyn /cm ] , from Lange s Handbook o f Chemistry // ( a ) // Vapor v e l o c i t y and column d i a m e t e r // U s i n g F i g . 1 8 . 2 8 , t h e a b s c i s s a i s abscissa = LbyV *( rho_v / rho_l ) ^(1/2) ; // f o r 18 i n . p l a t e s p a c i n g Kv = 0.29; // A l l o w a b l e v a p o r v e l o c i t y uc = Kv *(( rho_l - rho_v ) / rho_v ) ^(1/2) *( sigma /20) ^(0.2) ; // [ f t / s ] // Vapor f l o w r a t e V = D *( R +1) /(3600* rho_v ) ; // [m3/ s ] // C r o s s s e t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e column Bubbling_area = V /2.23; // [m 2 ] // I f t h e b u b b l e a r e a i s 0 . 7 o f t h e t o t a l column a r e a Column_area = Bubbling_area /0.7; // [m 2 ] // Column d i a m e t e r Dc = sqrt (4* Column_area / %pi ) ; // [m] disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , m ,Dc , and , f t / s ,uc , t h e a l l o w a b l e v e l o c i t y and colmn d i a m e t e r a r e )

// ( b ) // P r e s s u r e d r o p : // Area o f one u n i t o f t h r e e h o l e s on a t r a n g u l a r 3/4 i n . p i t c h i s 41 // 1 / 2 3 / 4 ( 3 / 4 s q r t ( 3 / 2 ) ) i n . 2 . The h o l e a r e a i n this section ( half a hole ) i s 42 // 1/2 %pi / 4 ( 1 / 4 ) 2 i n . 2 . Thus t h e h o l e a r e a i s %pi /12864/9 s q r t ( 3 ) , or 10.08 percent 43 // o f t h e b u b b l i n g a r e a . 82

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 // ( c ) 71 // F r o t h h e i g h t i n t h downcomer : 72 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 6 2 ) . , E s t i m a t i n g 73 hf_L = 10; // [mm m e t h a n o l ] 74 // Then , 75 Zc = (2* hI ) + hd + hf_L ; // [mm] 76 // from Eq . ( 1 8 . 6 3 ) 77 Z = Zc /0.5; // [mm] 78 disp ( mm m e t h a n o l ,Z , F r o t h h e i g h t i n t h e downcomer

// Vapor v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h h o l e s : uo = 2.23/0.1008; // [m/ s ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 5 8 ) , // From F i g . 1 8 . 2 7 Co = 0.73; hd = 51.0* uo ^2* rho_v /( Co ^2* rho_l ) ; // [mm m e t h a n o l ] // Head o f l i q u i d on p l a t e : // Weir h e i g h t hw = 2*25.4; // [mm] // H e i g h t o f t h e l i q u i d a b o v e w e i r : // Assuming t h e downcomer a r e a i s 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e column // a r e a on e a c h s i d e o f t h column . From P e r r y , t h e chord // l e n g t h f o r s u c h a s e g m e n t a l downcomer i s 1 . 6 2 t i m e s the radius // o f t h e colmn , s o Lw = 1.62*2.23/2; // [m] // L i q i u d Flow r a t e : qL = D *( R +1) /( rho_l *60) ; // [m3/ min ] // From Eq . ( 1 8 . 6 0 ) how = 43.4*( qL / Lw ) ^(2/3) // [mm] // From Eq . ( 1 8 . 5 9 ) , w i t h beeta = 0.6; hI = beeta *( hw + how ) ; // [mm] // T o t a l h e i g h t o f l i q u i d , from Eq . ( 1 8 . 6 2 ) hT = hd + hI ; // [mm] disp ( mm m e t h a n o l ,hT , p r e s s u r e d r o p p e r p l a t e i s )

83

is ) Example 18.7 Example 18.7.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 8 . 7 // Given xF = 0.40; P = 1; // [ atm ] D = 5800; // [ kg /h ] R = 3.5; LbyV = R /(1+ R ) ; // S o l u t i o n // P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f m e t h a n o l M = 32; Tnb = 65; // [ C ] rho_v = M *273/(22.4*338) ; // [ kg / 3 ] rho_l_0 = 810; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 0C , from P e r r y , C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r s Handbook rho_l_20 = 792; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 20C , from P e r r y , C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r s Handbook rho_l = 750; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 65C sigma = 19; // [ dyn /cm ] , from Lange s Handbook o f Chemistry // ( a ) // Vapor v e l o c i t y and column d i a m e t e r // U s i n g F i g . 1 8 . 2 8 , t h e a b s c i s s a i s abscissa = LbyV *( rho_v / rho_l ) ^(1/2) ; // f o r 18 i n . p l a t e s p a c i n g Kv = 0.29; // A l l o w a b l e v a p o r v e l o c i t y uc = Kv *(( rho_l - rho_v ) / rho_v ) ^(1/2) *( sigma /20) ^(0.2) /(3.2825112) ; // [ f t / s ] // From Eq . ( 1 8 . 7 1 ) , t h e F f a c t o r i s F = uc * sqrt ( rho_v ) ; disp (F , t h e v a l u e o f F f a c t o r i s ) 84

Example 18.8 Example 18.8.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 8 . 8 // Given xOA = 0.15; xAi = 0.015; P = 1; // [ atm ] // S o l u t i o n Pv = 3.4; // [ atm ] alpha_o = 3.4; // a t 36 C Tbi = 27; // [ C ] alpha_i = 3.6 alpha = ( alpha_o + alpha_i ) /2; // B a s i s 1 mol Feed nOA = 0.15; // [ mol ] nA = 0.015; // [ mol ] nOB = 0.85; // [ mol ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 7 9 ) nB = nOB *( nA / nOA ) ^(1/ alpha ) ; // [ mol ] n = nA + nB ; // [ mol ] xA = nA / n ; disp ( mol ,nB , p e n t a n e removed i s ) disp ((1 - xA ) , xB ,xA , xA , c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e remaining l i q u i d i s )

85

Chapter 19 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation

19.1 Scilab Code

Example 19.2 Example 19.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 9 . 2 // Given P = 1.2; // [ atm ] Tb = 97; // [ C ] Td = 105; // [ C ] f = 0.6; xF (1) = 0.33; xF (2) = 0.37; xF (3) = 0.30; // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) // From F i g . 1 9 . 1

86

19 K (1) = 2.68/ P ; 20 K (2) = 1.21/ P ; 21 K (3) = 0.554/ P ; 22 // I n Eq . ( 1 9 . 1 2 ) , t h e r i g h t hand s i d e 23 24 25 26

27 28

of the equation becomes RHS = ( xF ./( f *( K -1) +1) ) ; RHS2 = sum ( RHS ) disp ( C ,Td , f l a s h t e m p e r a t u r e i s ) ; disp ( p e r c e n t , RHS (3) , n o c t a n e e x a n e , p e r c e n t , RHS (2) , n h e p t a n e , p e r c e n t , RHS (1) , nh e x a n e , Composition o f the l i q u i d product i s ); y = RHS .* K ; disp ( p e r c e n t ,y (3) , n o c t a n e , p e r c e n t ,y (2) , n h e p t a n e , p e r c e n t ,y (1) , nh e x a n e , C o m p o s i t i o n o f the vapor product i s ); // ( b ) //To d e t e r m i n e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f e e d b e f o r e flashing , // an e n t h a l p y b a l a n c e i s made u s i n g 105 C a s t h e r e f e r e n c e temperature . // The h e a t s o f v a p o r i z a t i o n a t 105 C and t h e a v e r a g e heat c a p a c i t i e s of the // l i q u i d from 105 t o 200 C a r e o b t a i n e d from t h e literature . Cp = [62 ,70 ,78] ; // [ c a l / molC ] , Cp ( 1 ) = nhexane , Cp ( 2 ) = nh e p t a n e , and Cp ( 3 ) = n o c t a n e delta_Hv = [6370 ,7510 ,8560] ; // [ c a l / mol ] , d e l t a h v ( 1 ) = nhexane , d e l t a h v ( 2 ) = nh e p t a n e , and d e l t a h v ( 3 ) = n o c t a n e // Based on l i q u i d a t 105 C , t h e e n t h a l p i e s o f t h e product are H_vapor = f * sum (( y .* delta_Hv ) ) // [ c a l ] H_liquid = 0; // For t h e f e e d Cp_bar = sum ( xF .* Cp ) // [ c a l / molC ] T0 = H_vapor / Cp_bar + Td ; disp ( C ,T0 , p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e i s ) 87

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Example 19.3 Example 19.3.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 1 9 . 3 5 // Given 6 xF = [0.33 ,0.37 ,0.30] ; // [ mole f r a c t i o n ] xF ( 1 ) = n 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

hexane , xF ( 2 ) = nh e p t a n e , and xF ( 3 ) = n o c t a n e P = 1.2; // [ atm ] f = 0.60; xD_hex = 0.99; // [ mole f r a c t i o n ] xB_hex = [0.01]; // [ mole f r a c t i o n ] K (1) = 2.68/ P ; K (2) = 1.21/ P ; K (3) = 0.554/ P ; // S o l u t i o n // The nh e x a n e i s t h e l i g h t key (LK) , t h e nh e p a n e i s t h e heavy key (HK) , and t h e // n o c t a n e i s a heavy nonkey (HNK) // A p l y i n g mass b a l a n c e and a s s u m i n g no n o c t a n e and 0 . 9 9 mole f r a c t i o n nh e x a n e i n t h e // d i s t i l l a t e . // B a s i s : F = 100; // [ mol / h ] //B+D = 1 0 0 ; // For hexane , //F xF = D xD+B xB // from t h e a b o v e two e q u a i t o n A_BD = [1 ,1; xD_hex xB_hex ]; B_BD = [ F ; F * xF (1) ]; //A BD x BD = B BD x_BD = inv ( A_BD ) * B_BD ; D = x_BD (1) ; B = x_BD (2) ; xD = [0.99 ,0.01 ,0.0] ; 88

32 xB = [0.01 ,0.544 ,0.446] ; 33 comp_D = xD .* D ; 34 comp_B = xB .* B ; 35 36 disp ( mol / h , comp_D (3) , n o c t a n e , mol / h , comp_D (2) ,

n h e p t a n e , mol / h , comp_D (1) , nh e x a n e , The c o m p o s i t i o n o f the overhead product i s ); 37 disp ( mol / h , comp_B (3) , n o c t a n e , mol / h , comp_B (2) , n h e p t a n e , mol / h , comp_B (1) , nh e x a n e , The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e bottom p r o d u c t i s ) ;
38 39 40 41 42 43 44

//To f i n d o u t minimum number o f p l a t e s , u s i n g Eq . ( 1 9 . 1 3 ) [ Fenske Equation ] // u s i n g r e l a t i v e v o l a t i v i t y o f t h e l i g h t key t o t h e heavy key , which i s t h e // r a t i o o f t h e K f a c t o r s . The K v a l u e s a t t h e f l a s h t e m p e r a t u e a r e t a k e n from Example 1 9 . 2 alpha_LK_HK = K (1) / K (2) ; Nmin = log (( xD (1) / xD (2) ) /( xB (1) / xB (2) ) ) / log ( alpha_LK_HK ) -1; disp ( p l u s a r e b o i l e r , Nmin , The minimum number o f i d e a l s t a g e s i s ); Example 19.4 Example 19.4.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 1 9 . 4 5 // Given 6 // x ( 1 ) = np e n t a n e , x ( 2 ) = nhexane , x ( 3 ) = n 7 8 9 10 11 12

h e p t a n e and x ( 4 ) = n o c t a n e // xF = f e e d , xD = d i s t i l l a t e and xB = bottom xF = [4 40 50 6] ./100 // [ mole f r a c t i o n ] P = 1; // [ atm ] xD1 (2) = 0.98; xD1 (3) = 0.01;

89

13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 // ( a ) 30 // The b u b b l e p o i n t i s 80 C , and a t t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e 31 alphaLK_HK = K_80 ./ K_80 (3) ; 32 // For an a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n , u s i n g Eq . ( 1 9 . 1 5 ) 33 RDm = ( F / D ) *((( D * xD (2) /( F * xF (2) ) ) - alphaLK_HK (2) *( D *

// S o l u t i o n // The k e y s a r e nh e x a n e and nh e p t a n e , and t h e o t h e r c o m p o n e n ts a r e // s u f f i c i e n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n v o l a t i l i t y t o be distributed . // B a s i s : F = 100; // [ mol ] xD1 (1) = 1; xD1 (4) = 0; D = sum ( F * xF .* xD1 ) ; // [ mol ] xD = ( F * xF .* xD1 ) ./( D ) B = F - D ; // [ mol ] xB = ( F * xF - D * xD ) / B ; K_80 = [3.62 ,1.39 ,0.56 ,0.23] ; K_81 = [3.72 ,1.43 ,0.58] ; K_81_2 = [3.74 ,1.44 ,0.584] ; KxF = [0.145 ,0.556 ,0.280 ,0.014] ;

xD (3) /( F * xF (3) ) ) ) /( alphaLK_HK (2) -1) )

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

//To u s e Underwood method , t h e K v a l u e s a t 80 C a r e converted to r e l a t i v e // v o l a t i l i t i e s and t h e r o o t o f Eq . ( 1 9 . 2 9 ) b e t w e e n 1 and 2 . 4 8 i s f o u n d by t r i a l . // S i n c e q = 1 . 0 , t h e t e r m s must sum t o z e r o . phi = 1.5 f = 0; err = 1; while ( err >0.1) fnew = sum ((( alphaLK_HK .* xD ) ./( alphaLK_HK - phi ) ) ) ; err = abs (f - fnew ) ; if (f > fnew ) phi = phi +0.01; 90

46 else 47 phi = phi -0.01; 48 end 49 f = fnew ; 50 end 51 RDm = f -1; 52 53 // ( b ) 54 //To g e t t h e c o n d i t i o n s 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

i n t h e u p p e r i n v a r i a n t zone , u s i n g Eq . ( 1 9 . 2 4 ) w i t h VbyD = RDm +1; DbyV = inv ( VbyD ) ; VbyF = VbyD * D / F ; LbyV = RDm /( RDm +1) ; y_80 = DbyV * xD (1:3) ./(1 - LbyV ./ K_80 (1:3) ) y_81_1 = [0.046 ,0.637 ,0.317] ; x_81_1 = y_81_1 ./ K_81 ; // The v a p o r c o m p o s i t i o n f o r l o w e r i n a v a r i a n t z o n e i s // u s i n g Eq . ( 1 9 . 2 8 ) , f o r q = 1 . 0 BbyVb = 0.552; LbbyVb = 1.55; K_83 = [1.52 ,0.618 ,0.258] ; y_83 = BbyVb * xB (2:4) ./( LbbyVb ./ K_83 -1) ; y_83_3 = [0.662 ,0.326 ,0.012] ; x_83_3 = y_83_3 ./ K_83 ;

disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , C ,81.1 , C ,83.3 , The t e m p e a t u r e i n Lower z o n e and Upper z o n e i s ) disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , y_83_3 (1) , y = , x_83_3 (1) , x , The LK c o m p o s i t i o n i n Lower z o n e i s ) disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , y_83_3 (2) , y = , x_83_3 (2) , x The HK c o m p o s i t i o n i n Lower z o n e i s ) disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , y_81_1 (2) , y = , x_81_1 (2) , x The LK c o m p o s i t i o n i n Upper z o n e i s ) disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , y_81_1 (3) , y = , x_81_1 (3) , x The HK c o m p o s i t i o n i n Upper z o n e i s ) Example 19.5 Example 19.5.sce 91

= =, =, =,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

clear all ; clc ; // Example 1 9 . 5 // Given Nmin = 9.4+1; // From Example 1 9 . 3 xF = [0.33 ,0.37 ,0.30] ; xD = [0.99 ,0.01 ,0] ; K = [2.23 ,1.01 ,0.462] ; alpha = [2.21 ,1.0 ,0.457] ; // For a l i q u i d f e e d q = 1; phi = 1.45; f = 0; err = 1; while ( err >0.1) fnew = sum ((( alpha .* xD ) ./( alpha - phi ) ) ) ; err = abs (f - fnew ) ; if (f > fnew ) phi = phi +0.01; else phi = phi -0.01; end f = fnew ; end RDm = f -1; RD = RDm *1.5; //A = (RDRDm) /RD+1 // from F i g . 1 9 . 5 N = ( Nmin +0.41) /(1 -0.41) ; disp (N , The number o f i d e a l p l a t e r e q u i r e d a r e )

92

Chapter 20 Leaching and Extraction

20.1 Scilab Code

Example 20.1 Example 20.1.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 20 1 5 // Given 6 Fin = 2*10^3; // [ kg / day ] 7 //w ( 1 ) = p a r a f f i n wax , w ( 2 ) = p a p e r p u l p 8 wi = [0.25 ,0.75] ; // [ w i e g h t p e r c e n t ] 9 10 // S o l u t i o n 11 // U s i n g c o n v e n i e n t u n i t s i n Eq . ( 1 7 . 2 4 ) 12 // As t h e r a t i o o f k e r o s e n e t o p u l p i s c o n s t a n t , 13 14 15 16 17

flow

r a t e s s h o u l d be // e x p r e s s e d i n pounds o f k e r o s e n e . Then , a l l t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s must // be i n pound o f wax f r e e k e r o s e n e . The u n e x t r a c t e d p a p e r had no k e r o s e n e // s o t h e f i r s t c e l l must be t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y . // R e f e r i n g t o t h e F i g . 2 0 . 3 // B a s i s :

93

18 F = 100; // [ l b wax + k e r o s e n e f r e e p u l p ] 19 //By making a mass b a l a n c e o v e r wax 20 // w a x i n = F ( wi ( 1 ) / wi ( 2 ) )+ 0 . 0 0 0 5 s ( s i s 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

t h e wax

input with s o l v e n t ) // w a x o u t = F ( 0 . 0 0 2 ) +( s 200) 0 . 0 5 // by w a x i n = w a x o u t s_in = (33.33+9.8) /(0.05 -0.0005) ; // [ l b ] // The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h i s s t r e a m i s , t h e r e f o r e s_out = 200; // [ l b ] s_stsol = s_in - s_out ; // [ l b ] wax_sol = s_stsol *0.05; // [ l b ] // The c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e u n d e r f l o w t o t h e s e c o n d unit equals that // o f t h e o v e r f l o w from t h e f i r s t s t a g e , o r 0 . 0 5 l b o f wax p e r pound // o f k e r o s e n e . The wax i n t h e u n d e r f l o w t o u n i t 2 i s wax_uflow_2 = s_out *0.05; // [ l b ] wax_oflow_21 = wax_uflow_2 + wax_sol - F *( wi (1) / wi (2) ) // [ l b ] // The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h i s s t r e a m i s , t h e r e f o r e , ya = wax_oflow_21 /871; yastar = 0.05; xa = yastar ; ybstar = 0.2/ s_out ; xb = ybstar ; yb = 0.0005;

// S i n c e 1 s t a g e h a s a l r e a d y ben t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , // Eq . ( 1 7 . 2 4 ) , w i l l g i v e N1 s t a g e s , Hence N = log (( yb - ybstar ) /( ya - yastar ) ) / log (( yb - ya ) /( ybstar - yastar ) ) ; 45 disp ( N +1 , The t o t a l number o f i d e a l s t a g e s i s ) ; Example 20.2 Example 20.2.sce
1 clear all ; 2 clc ;

94

3 4 // Example 2 0 . 2 5 // Given 6 F = 1000; // [ kg ] 7 solv_O = 10; // [ kg ] 8 solv_B = 655; // [ kg ] 9 w_out = 60; // [ kg ] 10 // S o l u t i o n 11 // L e t s o l u t i o n r e t a i n e d 12 SR =

i s SR , from T a b l e 2 0 . 1

[0.5 ,0.505 ,0.515 ,0.530 ,0.550 ,0.571 ,0.595 ,0.620] ; 13 xb = 0:0.1:0.7; 14 // L e t x and y be t h e mass f r a c t i o n o f o i l i n t h e u n d e r f l o w and 15 // o v e r f l o w s o l u t i o n s .
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 // At t h e s o l i d i n l e 37 La = 400+25; // [ kg s o l u t i o n s / h ]

// At t h e s o l v e n t i n l e t , Vb = solv_O + solv_B ; // [ kg s o l u t i o n / h ] yb = solv_O / Vb ; err = 1; i = 1; sr = SR (2) ; xb1 = 0.0; while ( err >0.001) Lb = sr * F ; xbnew = w_out / Lb ; err = abs ( xb1 - xbnew ) ; xb1 = xbnew ; sr = SR ( i ) +( xb1 - xb ( i ) ) /( xb ( i +1) - xb ( i ) ) *( SR ( i +1) - SR (i)); i = i +1; end Lb = sr * F ; // Benzene i n t h e u n d e r f l o w a t Lb i s Underlow_B = Lb - w_out ; // [ kg s o l u t i o n s / h ]

95

38 xa = 400/ La ; 39 w_in = 10+400; // [ kg /h ] 40 Extract_O = w_in - w_out ; // [ kg /h ] 41 Extract_B = 655+25 -447; // [ kg /h ] 42 Va = Extract_O + Extract_B ; // [ kg /h ] 43 ya = Extract_O / Va ; 44 45 // The a n s w e r s t o p a r t s ( a ) t o ( d ) a r e 46 // ( a ) 47 disp ( ya , The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s t r o n g s o l u t i o n i s ) ; 48 // ( b ) 49 disp ( xb1 , The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s o u l t i o n a d h e r i n g 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

to the e x t r a c t e d s o l i d s i s ); // ( c ) disp ( kg /h ,Lb , The mass o f s o l u t i o n l e a v i n g w i t h t h e e x t r a c t e d meal i s ) ; // ( d ) disp ( kg /h ,Va , The mass o f e x t r a c t i s ) ; // ( e ) //To d e t e r m i n e an i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t on t h e operating line , choosing , xn = 0.5; // S o u l i o n r e t a i n e d Ln = 0.571* F ; // [ kg /h ] //By o v e r a l l b a l a n c e , Eq . ( 2 0 . 1 ) V_n_1 = Va + Ln - La ; // [ kg /h ] //By o i l b a l a n c e y_n_1 = ( Ln * xn + Va * ya - La * xa ) / V_n_1 ; y =0:0.1:1; x = y; plot (x ,y ,[ xb1 , xn , xa ] ,[ yb , y_n_1 , ya ]) xgrid () xlabel ( x ) ylabel ( y ) title ( F i g u r e 2 0 . 4 ) legend ( y=x , o p e r a t i n g l i n e ) // U s i n g F i g u r e 2 0 . 4 , number o f i d e a l s t a g e s r e q u i r e d 96

are 73 N = 4; 74 disp (N , Number o f s t a g e s r e q u i r e d a r e )

Figure 20.1: Diagram for Example 20.2 Example 20.3 Example 20.3.sce
1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 2 0 . 3

97

5 // Given 6 T = 25; // [ C ] 7 // x ( 1 ) = Acetone , x ( 2 )= w a t e r and x ( 3 )= MIK 8 //F = f e e d 9 xF = [0.40 , 0.60 ,0.0] ; 10 xMIK_i = [0.0 ,0.0 ,1.0] ; 11 12 // S o l u t i o n 13 // U s i n g d a t a from F i g . 2 0 . 1 0 , t o p l o t e q u i l i b r i u m 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

curve // F i g . 2 0 . 1 3 . // B a s i s : F = 100; // [ mass u n i t s / h ] // L e t n = mass f l o w r a t e o f H2O i n e x t a r c t //m = mass f l o w r a t e o f MIK i n r a f f i n a t e // For 99 p e r c e n t r e c o v e r y o f A, t h e e x t a r c t h a s E_A = 0.99* xF (1) * F ; //And t h e R a f f i n a t e h a s R_A = xF (1) *F - E_A ; // The t o t a l f l o w s a r e // At t h e top , // La = F = 40 A+60 H2O //Va = 3 9 . 6 A+n H20+(100 m) MIK = 1 3 9 . 6 + nm // At t h e bottom , Vb = 100; // MIK // Lb = 0 . 4 A+(60 n ) H2O+mMIK = 6 0 . 4 +m n // S i n c e n and m a r e s m a l l and t e n d t o c a n c e l i n t h e summatios f o r Va and La , // t h e t o t a l e x t r a c t f l o w Va i s a b o u t 1 4 0 , which would make yA_a = 39.6/140; xA = 0.4/60; // From F i g 2 0 . 1 0 , f o r yA = 0.283 , yH2O = 0.049 xA = 0.007 , xMIK = 0.02 nm = [6;2]; err = 1; while ( err >0.1) 98

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

nmold = nm ; nm (1) = yH2O /(1 - yH2O ) *(39.6+100 - nm (2) ) ; nm (2) = xMIK /(1 - xMIK ) *(0.4+60 - nm (1) ) ; err = norm ( nm - nmold ) ; end n = nm (1) ; m = nm (2) ; Va = 139.6+ n - m ; yA_a = 39.6/ Va ; Lb = 60.4+ m - n ; xA_b = 0.4/ Lb ; // For an i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t on t h e o p e r a t i n g l i n e , picking yA = 0.12; // From F i g . 2 0 . 1 0 , yH2O = 0.03; yMIK = 0.85; // S i n c e t h e r a f f i n a t e p h a s e h a s o n l y 2 t o 3 p e c e n t MIK , a s s u m i n g // t h a t t h e amount o f MIK i n t h e e x t r a c t i s 1 0 0 , t h e same a s t h e s o l v e n t // f e d : V = 100/ yMIK ; //By an o v e r a l l b a l a n c e from t h e s o l v e n t i n l e t ( bottom ) t o t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e // p o i n t , xb = xA_b ; L = Lb +V - Vb ; yb = 0; //A b a l a n c e on A o v e r t h e same s e c t i o n g i v e s xA ; xA = (0.4+117.6*0.12 -0) / L ; // For xA and xMIK = 0 . 0 3 , A b a l a n c e on MIK from t h e solvent // i n l e t t o t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t g i v e s V_revised = 101.1/0.85; L_revised = 54.4+118.9 -100; xA_revised = (0.4+118.9*0.12) /73.3; 99

73 y =0:0.1:1; 74 x = y ; 75 plot (x ,y ,[0.00074 ,0.2 ,0.4 ,] ,[0 ,0.12 ,0.272 ,]) 76 xgrid () 77 xlabel ( x ) 78 ylabel ( y ) 79 title ( F i g u r e 2 0 . 1 3 ) 80 legend ( y=x , o p e r a t i n g l i n e ) 81 82 // From F i g . 2 0 . 1 3 83 disp (3.4 , Number o f s t a g e s )

Figure 20.2: Diagram for Example 20.3 100

101

Chapter 21 Principles of Diusion and Mass Transer between Phases

21.1 Scilab Code

Example 21.1 Example 21.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Exapmle 2 1 . 1 // Given yA = 0.20; yAi = 0.10; // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) // L e t A = Dv rho M /BT A = 1; // assumed // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 1 9 ) , f o r e u i l m o l a l d i f f u s i o n , JA = A *( yA - yAi ) ; // Form Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 4 ) , f o r one way d i f f u s i o n , NA = A * log ((1 - yAi ) /(1 - yA ) ) ; NAbyJA = NA / JA ;

102

19

disp ( I n t h i s c a s e t h e t r a n s f e r r a t e w i t h one way d i f f u s i o n i s , NAbyJA -1 , p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t with e q u i m o l a l d i f f u s i o n );

20 21 // ( b ) 22 //Whwn, b = BT/2 23 A = A *2; 24 yA = 1 - exp ( NA /2) *(1 - yA ) 25 disp ( yA , The v a l u e o f yA h a l f w a y t h r o u g h t h e l a y e r

f o r one way d i f f u s i o n Example 21.2 Example 21.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

i s );

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 1 . 2 // Given K = 273.16 T = 100+ K ; // [ K ] P = 10; // [ atm ] // From T a b l e 2 1 . 1 TcA = 198+ K ; // [ K ] TcB = -147+ K ; // [ K ] rho_cA = 0.552; // [ g /cm 3 ] rho_cB = 0.311; // [ g /cm 3 ] MA = 137.5; MB = 28;

// S o l u t i o n VcA = MA / rho_cA // [ cm3/ g mol ] VcB = MB / rho_cB // [ cm3/ g mol ] // S u b s t i t u i n g i n Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 5 ) Dv = (0.01498* T ^1.81*(1/ MA +1/ MB ) ^0.5) /( P *( TcA * TcB ) ^0.1405*( VcA ^0.4+ VcB ^0.4) ^2) ; // [ cm2/ s ] 22 disp ( cm2/ s ,Dv , V o l u m e t r i c D i f f u s i v i t y ( Dv ) = ) Example 21.3 Example 21.3.sce 103

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 1 . 3 // Given // 1 = b e n z e n e and 2 = t o l u e n e M1 = 78.11; M2 = 92.13; T1_bp = 80.1+273; // [ K ] T2_bp = 110.6+273; // [ K ] VA1 = 96.5; // [ cm3/ mol ] VA2 = 118.3; // [ cm3/ mol ] mu1 = 0.24; // [ cP ] mu2 = 0.26; // [ cP ] T = 110+273; // [ K ] // S o l u t i o n // From Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 6 ) // For b e n z e n e i n t o u l e n e , Dv1 = 7.4*10^ -8*( M2 ) ^0.5* T /( mu2 * VA1 ^0.6) ; // [ cm2/ s ] // For t o l u e n e i n b e n z e n e , Dv2 = 7.4*10^ -8*( M1 ) ^0.5* T /( mu1 * VA2 ^0.6) ; // [ cm2/ s ]

disp ( cm2/ s ,Dv1 , D i f f u s i v i t y o f b e n z e n e i n t o l u e n e i s ); 25 disp ( cm2/ s ,Dv2 , D i f f u s i v i t y o f t o l u e n e i n b e n z e n e i s ); Example 21.4 Example 21.4.sce
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 1 . 4 // Given Nre = 20000; T = 40; // [ C ] D = 2; // [ i n . ] 104

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Dv1 = 0.288; // [ cm2/ s ] , f o r water a i r Dv2 = 0.145; // [ cm2/ s ] , f o r e t h a n o l a i r // S o l u t i o n // For a i r a t 40 C rho = 29/22410*273.16/313.16; // [ g /cm 3 ] mu = 0.0186; // [ cP ] , from Appendix 8 mubyrho = mu *10^ -2/ rho ; // [ cm2/ s ]

// ( a ) // For t h e a i r w a t e r system , Nsc = mubyrho / Dv1 ; // Form Eq . ( 2 1 . 5 4 ) Nsh = 0.023*( Nre /2) ^0.81* Nsc ^0.44; // I n t h e f i l m t h e o r y kc = D/BT and s i n c e Nsh = kc D/ Dv 23 BT1 = D / Nsh ; // [ i n . ] 24 disp ( i n . ,BT1 , E f f e c t i v e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e g a s f i l m is )
25 26 // ( b ) 27 // For t h e s y s t e m a i r e t h a n o l , 28 Nsc = mubyrho / Dv2 ; 29 Nsh = 0.023*( Nre /2) ^0.81* Nsc ^0.44; 30 BT2 = D / Nsh ; // [ i n . ] 31 disp ( i n . ,BT2 , E f f e c t i v e t h i c k n e s s

of the gas f i l m

is ) Example 21.5 Example 21.5.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 1 . 5 // Given T = 110; // [ C ] P = 1; // [ atm ] mu = 0.26; // [ cP ] 105

10 Dvx = 6.74*10^ -5; // [ cm2/ s ] 11 rho_mx = 8.47; // [ mol /L ] 12 Dvy = 0.0494; // [ cm2/ s ] 13 rho_my = 0.0318; // [ mol /L ] 14 15 // ( a ) 16 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 7 8 ) 17 kybykx = ( Dvy / Dvx ) ^0.5*( rho_my / rho_mx ) ; 18 // The gas f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t p r e d i c t e d i s o n l y 10

percent 19 // and i f m=1 , 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e t o mass 20 // t r a n s f e r would be i n t h e g a s f i l m . 21 disp ( kybykx *100 , f r a c t i o n o f t h e o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e i n the gas phase i s );
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

// ( b ) // Assuming t h e column i s o p e r a t e d a t t h e same f a c t o r F // Gas f i l m : rho_myprime = 0.00894; // [ mol /L ] Dvyprime = (341/383) ^1.81*( Dvy /0.25) ; deltakyprime = sqrt ( Dvyprime / Dvy ) * rho_myprime / rho_my ; // L i q u i d f i l m : rho_mxprime = 8.93; // [ mol /L ] muprime = 0.35; // [ cP ] Dvxprime =(341/383) *0.26* Dvx / muprime ; deltakxprime = sqrt ( Dvxprime / Dvx ) *( rho_mxprime / rho_mx ) ; // k y p r i m e = d e l t a k y p r i m e ky ; // k x p r i m e = d e l t a k x p r i m e / 0 . 1 0 2 ky ; // At 1 atm and ky = 0 . 1 0 2 kx and Ky = 0 . 9 0 7 / ky // Kyprime = 0 . 4 7 6 ky // For o v e r a l l t r a n s f e r u n i t s NOy = 2*0.476/0.53; neta = 1 - exp ( - NOy ) ; disp ( neta , The e f f i c i e n y w i l l be ) 106

Example 21.6 Example 21.6.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

clear all ; clc ;

// Example 2 1 . 6 // Given Dvprime = 10^ -7; // [ cm2/ s ] rp = 0.04/2; // [ cm ] t = 30*60; // [ s ] // Then , beeta = Dvprime * t / rp ^2; // form F i g . 1 0 . 6 phi = 0.26; // Murphree e f f i c i e n c y neta_M = 1 - phi ; // Here t h e a v e r a g e e f f i c i e n y i s n e a r l y e q u a l t o t h e Murphree e f f i c i e n c y . 16 disp (4/ neta_M , The a c t u a l number o f s t a g e s i s )

107

Chapter 22 Gas Absorption

22.1 Scilab Code

Example 22.1 Example 22.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 2 . 1 // Given Dp = 1; // [ i n . ] vdot = 25000; // [ f t 3/ h ] T = 68; // [ F ] P = 1; // [ atm ] ya = 0.02; Mair = 29; Mg = 17; // S o l u t i o n // The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i h t o f t h e e n t e r i n g g a s M = (1 - ya ) * Mair + ya * Mg ; rho_y = M *492/(359*(460+68) ) ; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // ( a ) // U s i n g F i g . 2 2 . 5 , when Gy =Gx ; Gy = 0.472; // [ l b / f t 2 s ]

108

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Gx = Gy ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] des_value = Gy /2; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] mdot = vdot * rho_y /3600; // [ l b / s ] // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e t o w e r S = mdot / des_value // [ f t 2 ] // t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e t o w e r i s Dtower = sqrt (4* S / %pi ) ; // [ f t ] disp ( f t , Dtower , The t o w e r d i a m e t e r i s ) ; // ( b ) h = 20; // [ f t ] // U s i n g F i g 2 2 . 4 , t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p f o r Gy = 850; // [ l b / f 2 h ] Gx = Gy ; delta_P = 0.35; // [ i n . ] (H2O/ f t ) // The t o t a l p r e s s u r e d r o p Pt = delta_P * h ; // [ i n . ] H2O disp ( i n . H2O ,Pt , The p r e s s u r e d r o p would be ) ; Example 22.2 Example 22.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 2 . 2 // Given Dp = 1; // [ i n . ] vdot = 25000; // [ f t 3/ h ] T = 68; // [ F ] P = 1; // [ atm ] ya = 0.02; Mair = 29; Mg = 17; // S o l u t i o n // The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i h t o f t h e e n t e r i n g g a s M = (1 - ya ) * Mair + ya * Mg ; rho_y = M *492/(359*(460+68) ) ; // [ l b / f t 3 ] rho_x = 62.3; // [ l b / f t 3 ] 109

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

// ( a ) // U s i n g F i g . ( 2 2 . 8 ) , from Example 2 2 . 1 A = Gx/Gy = 1 and // L e t A = 1; B = A * sqrt ( rho_y / rho_x ) ; // Form F i g 2 2 . 8 , t h e s u p e r f i c i a l v a p o r v e l o c i t y a t flooding // i s u o f s q r t ( r h o y / ( r h o x r h o y ) ) = 0 . 1 1 , t h e r e f o r e uof = 0.11/ sqrt ( rho_y /( rho_x - rho_y ) ) ; // [m/ s ] // The a l l o w a b l e v a p o r v e l o c i t y uo = uof *0.5; // [m/ s ] uo = uo *3.28; // [ f t / s ] // t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g mass v e l o c i t y Gy = uo * rho_y ; // [ l b / f t 2 s ] // The a l l o w a b l e mass v e l o c i t y i n t h e e x a m p l e was 0 . 2 3 6 l b / f t 2 s . // The i n c r e a s e by u s i n g s t r u c t u r e d p a c k i n g i s increase = ( Gy /0.236) -1; disp ( increase *100 , The p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n mass v e l o c i t y i s );

// ( b ) // The p r e s s u r e d r o p delta_P = 20*1.22*(0.5/0.9) ^1.8; // [ i n . H2O ] // T h i s i s 1 . 2 t i m e s t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p o f 7 i n . H2O i n the I n to la x saddles . 40 disp ( The p r e s s u r e d r o p w i l l be g r e a t e r t h a n I n t o l a x Saddles ) Example 22.3 Example 22.3.sce
1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 2 2 . 3 5 // Given 6 vdot = 4500; // [ SCFM ]

110

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

yin = 0.06; yout = 0.0002; P = 1; // [ atm ] Tiy = 20; // [ C ] Tix = 25; // [ C ] // S o l u t i o n // From P e r r y x = [0.0308 ,0.0406 ,0.0503 ,0.0735] ; y20 = [0.0239 ,0.0328 ,0.0417 ,0.0658] ; y30 = [0.0389 ,0.0528 ,0.0671 ,0.1049] ; y40 = [0.0592 ,0.080 ,0.1007 ,0.1579] ; deltaH = -8.31*10^3; // [ c a l / g mol ] , f r o NH3=NH3( aq ) // B a s i s : gas_in = 100; // [ g mol d r y ] air_in = (1 - yin ) * gas_in ; // [ mol ] NH3_in = yin * gas_in ; // [ mol ] H2O_in = 2.4; // [ mol ] air_out = air_in ; // [ mol ] // The m o l e s o f NH3 i n t h e o u t l e t gas , NH3_out = air_out *( yout /(1 - yout ) ) ; // [ mol NH3 ] // The amount o f NH3 a b s o r b e d NH3_abs = NH3_in - NH3_out ; // [ mol ] // Heat E f f e c t s : // The h e a t o f a b s o r p t i o n Qa = - NH3_abs * deltaH ; // [ c a l ] // S e n s i b l e h e a t c h a n g e s i n t h e g a s a r e Qair = air_in *7*5; // [ c a l ] QH2O = H2O_in *8*5; // [ c a l ] Qsy = 3290+96; // [ c a l ] // The amount o f v a p o r i z a t i o n o f w a t e r from t h e liquid pH2O_20 = 17.5; // [mm Hg ] , a t 20C pH2O_25 = 23.7; // [mm Hg ] , a t 25C H2O_inlet = gas_in *( pH2O_20 /742.5) ; // [ mol ] H2O_outlet = 94.02*( pH2O_25 /736.3) ; // [ mol ] // The amount o f w a t e r v a p o r i z e d H2O_vaporized = H2O_outlet - H2O_inlet ; // [ mol ] 111

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

deltaHv = 583; // [ c a l / g ] Qv = deltaHv * H2O_vaporized *18.02; // [ c a l ] // From Eq . ( 2 2 . 3 1 ) Qsx = Qa -( Qv + Qsy ) ; // [ c a l ] Cp = 18; // [ c a l / gmolC ] xmax = 0.031; Tb = 40; // [ C ] Ta = 25; // [ C ] err =1; while ( err >0.01) Lb = NH3_abs / xmax ; Tbnew = Qsx /( Lb * Cp ) + Ta ; err = Tb - Tbnew ; Tb = Tbnew ; xmax = xmax +0.002; end Lmin = Lb - NH3_in ; // [ mol H2O ] La = 1.25* Lmin ; // [ mol ] Lb = La + NH3_in ; // [ mol ] // The t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t h e l i q u u i d i s Tb = Qsx /( Lb * Cp ) + Ta ; // [ C ] xb = NH3_in / La ; // [ C ] ystar = 0.044; // Assuming t e m p e r a t u r e t o be l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o f x , so T = 30; // x = 0 . 0 1 3 7 ; // U s i n g t h e d a t a g i v e n f o r 30C and i n t e r p o l a t i n g t o get the // i n i t i a l s l o p e f o r 25 and t h e f i n a l v a l u e y s t a r f o r 35 , the // e u i l i b r i u m l i n e i s drawn y = [0.06 , 0.03 ,0.01 ,0.0002] ; ystar = [0.048 ,0.017 ,0.0055 ,0] ; delta_y = y - ystar ; delta_yL = [0.0125 , 0.0080 ,0.00138] ; delta_NOy = [2.4 ,2.5 ,7.1] ; 112

79 NOy = sum ( delta_NOy ) ; 80 disp ( NOy , The v a l u e o f NOy i s ) ; 81 82 83 84 plot (x , y20 ,x , y30 ,x , y40 ) ; 85 xgrid () ; 86 xlabel ( x ) ; 87 ylabel ( y ) ; 88 legend ( 20C , 30C , 40C ) ; 89 title ( x v s y o f NH3 a t d i f f e r e n t

t e m p e r a t u r e s );

Figure 22.1: Diagram for Example 22.3 113

Example 22.4 Example 22.4.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 2 . 4 // Given ieee () ; H = 0.0075; // [ TCE ] T = 20; // [ C ] P = 1; // [ atm ] wa = 6*10^ -6; // [ g ] Ca = 6; // [ ppm ] wb = 4.5*10^ -9 // [ g ] M = 18; // S o l u t i o n m = H / P *10^6/ M ; // With t h i s l a r g e v a l u e o f m, t h e d e s o r p t i o n i s l i q u i d p h a s e c o n t r o l l e d . // At t h e minimum a i r r a t e , t h e e x i t g a s w i l l be i n e q u i l i b r i u m with the // i n c o m i n g s o l u t i o n . MTCE = 131.4; j = 1.5; for i = 1:7 xa = wa / MTCE * M ; ya = m * xa ; // Per c u b i c m e t e r o f s o l u t i o n f e d , t h e TCE removed is VTCE = 10^6*( wa - wb ) / MTCE ; // [ mol ] // The t o t a l amount o f g a s l e a v i n g i s V = VTCE / ya ; // [ mol ] Fmin = V *0.0224; // [ s t d m 3 ] , a s 1 gmol = 0 . 0 2 2 4 s t d m3 Vmin = Fmin * j ; 114

31 // D e n s i t y a t t h e s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s , 32 rho = 1.259; // [ kg /m 3 ] , 33 // s o t h e minimum r a t e on a mass b a s i s i s , 34 // L e t A = ( Gy/Gx ) min 35 A = Vmin * rho /1000; // [ kg a i r / kg w a t e r ] 36 // I f t h e a i r r a t e i s 1 . 5 t i m e s t h e minimum v a l u e ,

then
37 ya = ya / j ; 38 xastar = ya / m ; 39 Castar = xastar * MTCE / M *10^6; // [ ppm ] 40 delta_Ca = Ca - Castar ; 41 42 // At bottom 43 Cb = 0.0045; // [ ppm ] 44 Cbstar = 0; // [ ppm ] 45 delta_Cb = Cb - Cbstar ; // [ ppm ] 46 delta_CL = ( delta_Ca - delta_Cb ) / log ( delta_Ca / delta_Cb

) ; // [ ppm ] 47 Nox ( i ) = ( Ca - Cb ) / delta_CL ; 48 j = j +0.5; 49 end

50 51 Hox = 3; // [ f t ] 52 Z = Hox * Nox ; // [ f t ] 53 // Going from 1 . 5 t o 2Vmin o r from 2 t o 3Vmin 54 55 56 57 58 59

d e c r e a s e s the tower height // c o n s i d e r a b l y , and t h e r e d u c t i o n i n pumping work f o r w a t e r i s more t h a n // t h e a d d i t i o n a l e n e r g y n e e d e d t o f o r c e a i r t h r o u g h t h e column . F u r t h e r // i n c r e a s e i n V d o e s n o t c h a n g e Z v e r y much , and t h e optimum a i r r a t e i s // p r o b a b l y i n t h e r a n g e 3 t o 5Vmin . / disp ( Nox , Number o f T r a n s f e r u n i t s w i t h minimum a i r rates ) Example 22.5 Example 22.5.sce 115

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 2 2 . 5 5 // S o l u t i o n 6 // E q u l i b r i u m d a t a a r e shown i n F i g . 2 2 . 2 2 7 //By a h e a t b a l a n c e s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Eample 2 2 . 3 8 // The t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t h e l i q u i was e s t i m a t e d 9 // t o be 10 delta_T = 12.5; // [ C ] 11 // B a s i s : 12 dry_gas_in = 100; // [ mol ] 13 sol_in = 140; // [ mol ] 14 N2_in = 87; // [ mol ] 15 CO2_in = 10; // [ mol ] 16 EO_in = 3; // [ mol ] 17 N2_out = 87; // [ mol ] 18 CO2_out = 10; // [ mol ] 19 EO_out = 3*0.02; // [ mol ] 20 IN = N2_in + CO2_in + EO_in ; // [ mol ] 21 OUT = N2_out + CO2_out + EO_out ; // [ mol ] 22 // Assuming n e g l i g i b l e CO2 a b s o r p t i o n and n e g l e c t 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

e f f e c t o f H2O on // g a s c o m p o s i t i o n . // At t o p : xt = 0.004; yt = EO_out / OUT ; // M o l e s o f EO a b s o r b e d EO_abs = 3*0.98; // [ mol ] // M o l e s o f EO a b s o r b e d i n w a t e r EO_H2O = 140*0.0004; // [ mol ] // At bottom : xb = ( EO_abs + EO_H2O ) /(140+ EO_abs ) ; yb = 0.03; // From F i g 2 2 . 2 2 y = [0.03 ,0.015 ,0.005 ,0.0006] ; delta_y1 = [0.008 ,0.0006 ,0.0024 ,0.0003] ;

116

38 for i = 1: length ( y ) -1 39 delta_y = y ( i ) -y ( i +1) ; 40 delta_yL = ( delta_y1 ( i ) - delta_y1 ( i +1) ) / log (

delta_y1 ( i ) / delta_y1 ( i +1) ) ;

41 Noy1 ( i ) = delta_y / delta_yL ; 42 end 43 Noy = sum ( Noy1 ) ; 44 45 // Column d i a m e t e r : 46 // U s i n g g e n e r a l i z e p r e s s u r e d r o p c o r r e l a t i o n , F i g 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

.22.6 // Based on t h e i n l e t gas , Mbar = 0.87*28+0.1*44+0.03*44; // At 40C , rho_y = 30.1/359*20*273/313 // [ l b / f t 3 ] rho_x = 62.2; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // L e t A = Gx/Gy s q r t ( r h o y / ( r h o x r h o y ) ) A = 1.4*18/(1*30.1) * sqrt ( rho_y /( rho_x - rho_y ) ) ; // From F i g . 2 2 . 6 , f o r delta_P = 0.5; // [ i n . H2O/ f t ] // L e t B = Gy2 Fp mux 0 . 1 / ( r h o y ( r h o x r h o y ) g c ) B = 0.045; // From T a b l e 2 2 . 1 , Fp = 40; mu = 0.656; // [ cP ] // s o Gy = sqrt ( B *( rho_y ) *( rho_x - rho_y ) *32.2/( Fp * mu ^0.1) ) ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] // o r Gy = Gy *3600; // [ l b / f t 2 s ] Gx = 1.4*18/(1* Mbar ) * Gy ; // [ l b / f 2 s ] // For a f e e d r a t e F = 10000* Mbar ; // [ l b / h ] S = F / Gx ; // [ f t 2 ] D = sqrt ( S *4/ %pi ) ; // [ f t ] // Column h e i g t h : // From F i g . 2 2 . 2 0 a t Gy = 500 and Gx = 1 5 0 0 Hy_NH3 = 1.4; // [ f t ] 117

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

mu_40 =0.0181*10^ -2; // [ P ] , Appendix 8 Dv = 7.01*10^ -3; // [ cm2/ s ] , from Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 5 ) rho = 2.34*10^ -2; // [ l b / f t 3 ] Nsc = mu_40 /( rho * Dv ) ; // Form T a b l e 2 2 . 1 , fp = 1.36; Hy_EO = 1.4*(1.1/0.66) ^0.5*1/1.36*( Gy /500) ^0.3*(1500/ Gx ) ^0.4; // [ f t ] // Form F i g . 2 2 . 1 9 , Hx_O2 = 0.9; // [ f t ] Gx1 = 1500; mu1 = 0.00656; // [ P ] rho1 = 1; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 8 ) Dv1 = 2.15*10^ -5; // [ cm2/ s ] Nsc1 = mu1 /( rho1 * Dv1 ) ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 2 . 3 5 ) , w i t h t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r f p and Nsc = 3 8 1 , // f o r O2 i n w a t e r a t 25 C Hx_EO = Hx_O2 *( Gx /( mu1 *100) /( Gx1 /0.894) ) ^0.3*( Nsc1 /381) ^0.5/1.36; // [ f t ] // From F i g 2 2 . 2 2 , t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f m m = 1.0; // From Eq . ( 2 2 . 3 0 ) HOy = 1.71+(1*0.96) /1.4; // [ f t ] disp ( NOy , number o f t r a n s f e r u n i t s r e q u i r e d ) disp ( f t ,D , d i a m e t e r o f t h e column ) disp ( f t ,HOy , p a c k i n g h e i g h t ) Example 22.6 Example 22.6.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 2 2 . 6 5 // S o l u t i o n 6 rho_m = 62.2/18; // [ mol / f t 3 ]

118

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

// kya = 0 . 0 2 5 Gy 0 . 7 Gx 0 . 2 5 H2ObySO2 = 2*0.98964/0.01036; // and xb = 1/( H2ObySO2 +1) ; // The m o l a l mass v e l o c i t y o f t h e f e e d g a s Gm i s Gm_in = 200/29*(1/0.8) ; // [ mol / f t 2 h ] SO2_in = Gm_in *0.2; // [ mol / f t 2 h ] Air_in = Gm_in *0.8; // [ mol / f t 2 h ] Air_out = Air_in ; // [ mol / f t 2 h ] SO2_out = Air_out *(0.005/(1 -0.005) ) ; // [ mol / f t 2 h ] SO2_abs = SO2_in - SO2_out ; // [ mol / f t 2 h ] H2O_in = H2ObySO2 * SO2_abs ; // [ mol / f t 2 h ] // O p e r a t i n g l i n e x = 0:6; x = x /10^3; A = x ./(1 - x ) ; B = H2O_in / Air_in * A +(0.005/0.995) ; y = B ./( B +1) ; plot (x , y ) xgrid () ; xlabel ( x ) ; ylabel ( y ) ; // l e g e n d ( 2 0 C , 3 0 C , 4 0 C ) ; title ( x v s y ) ; Gxbar = H2O_in *18.02+ SO2_abs *64.1/2; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] kxa = 0.131* Gxbar ^0.82; // [ mol / f t 3 h ] // The g a s f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e bottom // and t h e t o p o f t h e t o w e r : // At bottom : Gy_B = ( Air_in *29) +( SO2_in *64.1) ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] kya_B = 0.025* Gy_B ^0.7* Gx ^0.25; // [ mol / f t 3 h ] // At t o p : Gy_T = ( Air_out *29) +( SO2_out *64.1) ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] kya_T = 0.025* Gy_T ^0.7* Gx ^0.25; // [ mol / f t 3 h ] // Assuming yLbar = 0.82 C = kxa * yLbar / kya_B ; 119

44 // a l i n e from ( yb , xb ) w i t h a s l o p e o f C , g i v e s 45 yi = 0.164; 46 yLbar = 0.818; 47 m = 20.1 48 Kya_prime = 1/( yLbar / kya_B + m / kxa ) ; // [ mol / f t 3 h ] 49 // The f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e t h a t i s i n

the l i q u i d i s
50 Rf = m / kxa /(1/ Kya_prime ) ; 51 // For d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f y1 52 y1 =[0.2 ,0.15 ,0.1 ,0.05 ,0.02 ,0.005] ; 53 delta_y1 = [0.103 ,0.084 ,0.062 ,0.034 ,0.015 ,0.005] ; 54 y1i = [0.164 ,0.118 ,0.074 ,0.034 ,0.012 ,0.002] ; 55 delta_yi = y1 - y1i ;

120

Figure 22.2: Diagram for Example 22.6

121

Chapter 23 Humidication Operations

23.1 Scilab Code

Example 23.1 Example 23.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 3 . 1 // Given T = 320; // [ F ] P = 1 ; // [ atm ] // ( 1 )=CO2 , ( 2 )=H2O , ( 3 )=O2 , ( 4 )=N2 y_in = [0.14 ,0.07 ,0.03 ,0.76] ; Tw = 80; // [ F ] // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) // B a s i s F = 100; // [ mol ] , o f g a s Ts = 120; // [ F ] Cps = [9.72 ,8.11 ,7.14 ,6.98] ; n_in = F * y_in ; // [ mol ] nCp = n_in .* Cps ; // sum_nCp = sum ( nCp ) ; sum_n_in = sum ( n_in ) ; // [ mol ]

122

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 // ( b ) 44 // f o r Tin = Ts , by h e a t b a l a n c e 45 z = sum_nCp *( T - Ts ) /( lambda_s ) ; 46 n_out (2) = z + n_in (2) ; // [ mole ] 47 // P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e e x i t g a s 48 PH2O = n_out (2) /107.85*760; // [mm Hg ] 49 // T h i s i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e v a p o r p r e s s u r e o f w a t e r a t

Tavg = ( Ts + T ) /2; // [ F ] lambda_s = 1025.8*18; // [ Btu / l b mol ] , a t Ts , from Appendix 7 // Making a h e a t b a l a n c e f o r z m o l e s o f w a t e r evaporated z = sum_nCp *( T - Ts ) /( lambda_s +18*( Ts - Tw ) ) ; // T o t a l m o l e s o f w a t e r i n e x i t g a s n_out (2) = z + n_in (2) ; // [ mole ] // P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e e x i t g a s PH2O = n_out (2) /107.76*760; // [mm Hg ] // But a t 120 F , PH2Oprime = 8 7 . 5 mm Hg ( Appendix 7 ) . Saturation // t e m p e r a t u r e Ts must be g r e a t e r t h a n 120 F . T r y i n g Ts = 126; // [ F ] Tavg = ( Ts + T ) /2; // [ F ] lambda_s = 1022.3*18; // [ Btu / l b mol ] , a t Ts , from Appendix 7 // Making a h e a t b a l a n c e f o r z m o l e s o f w a t e r evaporated z = sum_nCp *( T - Ts ) /( lambda_s +18*( Ts - Tw ) ) ; // T o t a l m o l e s o f w a t e r i n e x i t g a s n_out (2) = z + n_in (2) ; // [ mole ] // P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e e x i t g a s PH2O = n_out (2) /107.76*760; // [mm Hg ] // T h i s i s c l o s e enough t o t h e v a l u e o f PH2Oprime disp ( F ,Ts , A d i a b a t i c s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ) ;

126 F ,
50 // 1 0 3 . 2 mm Hg , and Ts > 126 F . T r y i n g 51 Ts = 127; // [ F ] 52 Tavg = ( Ts + T ) /2; // [ F ]

123

53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

lambda_s = 1021.7*18; // [ Btu / l b mol ] , a t Ts , from Appendix 7 // Making a h e a t b a l a n c e f o r z m o l e s o f w a t e r evaporated z = sum_nCp *( T - Ts ) /( lambda_s ) ; // T o t a l m o l e s o f w a t e r i n e x i t g a s n_out (2) = z + n_in (2) ; // [ mole ] // P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e e x i t g a s PH2O = n_out (2) /107.76*760; // [mm Hg ] // Thus 127 i s t o o h i g h and 126 i s t o o low . Hence , Ts = (126+127) /2; // [ F ] disp ( F ,Ts , A d i a b a t i c s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ) ; Example 23.3 Example 23.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

clear all ; clc ;

// Example 2 3 . 3 // Given Hair_in = 0.022; Tair_inpre = 70; // [ F ] mdot = 15000; // [ l b / h ] // S o l u t i o n // U s i n g F i g . 2 3 . 1 0 Tair_inreh = 85; // [ F ] Tair_outreh = 130; // [ F ] Hin = 0.0030; hya = 85; Ts = 81; // [ F ] Tair_outpre = 168; // [ F ] humid_heat1 = 0.241; // [ Btu / l b F ] // Heat r e q u i r e d t o p r e h e a t t h e a i r i s Qpre = humid_heat1 * mdot *( Tair_outpre - Tair_inpre ) ; // [ Btu / h ] 20 humid_heat2 = 0.250; // [ Btu / l b F ] 21 // Heat r e q u i r e d i n t h e r e h e a t e r i s

124

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Qreh = humid_heat2 * mdot *( Tair_outreh - Tair_inreh ) ; // [ Btu / h ] // T o t a l h e a t r e q u i r e d Qt = Qpre + Qreh ; // [ Btu / h ] //To c a l u c u l a t e t h e volume o f t h e s p r q y chamber , Eq . ( 2 3 . 4 1 ) may // be u s e d . The a v e r a g e humid h e a t i s csbar = ( humid_heat1 + humid_heat2 ) /2; // [ Btu / l b d r y a i r F ] // S u b s t i t u i n g i n Eq . ( 2 3 . 4 1 ) g i v e s VT = log (( Tair_outpre - Ts ) /( Tair_inreh - Ts ) ) * mdot * csbar / hya ; // [ f t 3 ] disp ( f t 3 ,VT , The volume o f t h e s p r a y chamber i s )

125

Chapter 24 Drying of Solids

24.1 Scilab Code

Example 24.1 Example 24.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 4 . 1 // Given Twb = 80; // [ F ] Tdb = 120; // [ F ] v = 3.5; // [ f t / s ] rho = 120; // [ l b / f t 3 ] Xe = 0; Xc = 0.09; lambda = 1049; // [ Btu / l b ] M = 29; B = 24; // [ i n . ] D = 2; // [ i n . ] Dc = 2; // [ f t ] // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) // mass v e l o c i t y G = v * M *492*3600/(359*(460+120) ) ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ]

126

21 // t h e c o e f f i c e n t , by Eq . ( 2 4 . 1 3 ) , i n f p s u n i t s , i s 22 h = 0.01* G ^0.2/2^0.2; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] 23 // S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Eq . ( 2 1 . 1 5 ) g i v e s 24 Rc = 1.94*( Tdb - Twb ) /( lambda ) ; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] 25 disp ( l b / f t 2 h ,Rc , D r y i n g r a t e d u r i n g t h e c o n s t a n t

period is )
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

// ( b ) // S i n c e d r y i n g i s from b o t h f a c e s , a r e a A = Dc *( B /12) ^2; // [ f t 2 ] // The r a t e o f d r y i n g mvdot = Rc * A ; // [ l b / h ] // Volume o f t h e c a k e Vc = ( B /12) ^2* D /12; // [ f t 3 ] // mass o f t h e bone d r y s o l i d i s mdot_bd = rho * Vc ; // [ l b ] // The q u a n t i t y o f m o i s t u r e t o be v a p o r i z e d i s X2 = 0.20; X1 = 0.10; Q = mdot_bd *( X2 - X1 ) ; // [ l b ] // D r y i n g t i m e tT = Q / mvdot ; // [ h ] disp ( h ,tT , d r y i n g t i m e ) Example 24.2 Example 24.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 4 . 2 // Given X1 = 0.25; X = 0.05; Dvprime = 8.3*10^ -6; // [ cm2/ s ] D = 25.4; // [mm] // S o l u t i o n s = D /(2*10) ; // [ cm ] 127

13 tT = 4* s ^2/( %pi ^2* Dvprime ) * log (8* X1 /( %pi ^2* X ) ) /3600; 14

// [ h ] disp ( h ,tT , d r y i n g t i m e i s ) Example 24.3 Example 24.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 4 . 3 // Given Tw = 80; // [ F ] Tdb = 120; // [ F ] v = 3.5; // [ f t / s ] rho = 120; // [ l b / f t 3 ] Xe = 0; Xc = 0.09; lambda = 1049; // [ Btu / l b ] M = 29; B = 24; // [ i n . ] D = 2; // [ i n . ] Dc = 2; // [ f t ] X2 = 0.20; X1 = 0.10; Dcyl = 1/4; // [ i n . ] L = 4; // [ i n . ] Vbar = 3.5; // [ f t / s ] Thb = 120; // S o l u t i o n // S i n c e t h e Xc i s l e s s t h a n 10 p e r c e n t , a l l d r y i n g takes place // i n t h e c o n s t a n t r a t e p e r i o d and t h e v a p o r r i z a t i o n temperature , // a s b e f o r e , i s 80 F . // From Exapmle 2 4 . 1 , mass o f w a t e r t o be e v a p o r a t e d mdot = 8*( X2 - X1 ) ; // [ l b ] // The q u a n t i t y o f h e a t t o be t r a n s f e r r e d 128

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

QT = mdot * lambda ; // [ Btu ] // mass o f t h e d r y s o i l d i n one c y l i n d e r i s mp = %pi /4*( Dcyl /12) ^2*( L /12) * rho ; // [ l b ] // s u r f a c e a r e a o f one c y l i n d e r i s Ap = %pi *( Dcyl /12) *( L /12) ; // [ f t 2 ] // T o t a l a r e a e x p o s e d by 8 l b s o l i d s A = 8/ mp * Ap ; // [ f t 2 ] // The h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s f o u n d from t h e // e q u i v a l e n t form o f Eq . ( 2 1 . 6 2 ) // hDbyk = 1 . 1 7 Nre 0 . 5 8 5 Npr ( 1 / 3 ) // For a i r a t 1 atm and 120F , t h e p r o p e r t i e s a r e rho_a = M /359*492/580; // [ l b / f t 3 ] mu_a = 0.019; // [ cP ] , from Appendix 8 k_a = 0.0162; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , from Appendix 12 Cp_a = 0.25; // [ Btu / l b F ] , from Appendix 15 Nre = 1/48* Vbar * rho_a /( mu_a *6.72*10^ -4) ; Npr = mu_a *2.42* Cp_a / k_a ; // Form Eq . ( 2 1 . 6 2 ) h = ( k_a *1.17* Nre ^0.585* Npr ^(1/3) ) /(1/48) ; // [ Btu / f t 2 hF ] mdot_g = v *3600* rho_a ; // [ l b ] // From F i g . 2 3 . 2 cs = 0.25; delta_Thb = Thb - Tw ; // [ F ] delta_Tha = 8.24; // [ F ] // The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d form t h e g a s t o a t h i n s e c t i o n o f t h e bed delta_TL = ( delta_Thb - delta_Tha ) / log ( delta_Thb / delta_Tha ) ; // [ F ] // r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r qT = h * A * delta_TL ; // [ Btu / h ] // d r y i n g t i m e tT = QT / qT ; // [ h ] disp ( h ,tT , R e q u i r e d d r y i n g t i m e i s ) Example 24.4 Example 24.4.sce

clear all ; 129

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

clc ; // Example 2 4 . 4 // Given msdot = 2800; // [ l b / h ] Xa = 0.15; Xb = 0.005; Ti = 80; // [ F ] To = 125; // [ F ] Thb = 260; // [ F ] Hb = 0.01; // [ l b w a t e r / l b d r y a i r ] G = 700; // [ l b / f t 2 h ] Cps = 0.52; // [ Btu / l b F ] // S o l u t i o n // C o u n t e r c u r r e n t o p e r a t i o n w i l l be u s e d . // Assuming Nt = 1.5; //NTU // From F i g . 2 3 . 2 Twb = 102; // [ F ] // From Eq . ( 2 . 4 8 ) Tha = ( Thb - Twb ) / exp ( Nt ) + Twb ; // [ F ] Tsb = To ; // [ F ] lambda = 1036; // [ Btu / l b ] , a t 102 F , from Appendix 7 Cpv = 0.45; // [ Btu / l b F ] , from Appendix 15 Cpl = 1.0; // [ Btu / l b F ] // From Eq . ( 2 4 . 9 ) mvdot = msdot *( Xa - Xb ) ; // [ l b / h ] // The h e a t duty i s f o u n d form s u b s t i t u t i o n i n Eq .(24.1) qTdot = Cps *( To - Ti ) + Xa * Cpl *( Twb - Ti ) +( Xa - Xb ) * lambda + Xb * Cpl *( To - Twb ) +( Xa - Xb ) * Cpv *( Tha - Twb ) ; // [ Btu / l b ] qT = qTdot * msdot ; // [ Btu / h ] // The f l o w r a t e o f t h e e n t e r i n g a i r i s f o u n d from a h e a t b a l a n c e and t h e humid h e a t c s b . // From F i g . 2 3 . 2 csb = 0.245; // [ Btu / l b F ] , mgdot = qT /( csb *( Thb - Tha ) *(1+ Hb ) ) ; // [ l b / h o f d r y 130

air ] 37 // From Eq . ( 2 4 . 1 0 ) , The o u t l e t h u m i d i t y 38 Ha = Hb + mvdot / mgdot ; // [ l b / l b ]

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

// For a g i v e n f l o w r a t e , t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e d r y e r must be Ac = qT /( csb *( Thb - Tha ) ) / G ; // [ f t 2 ] // The d r y e r d i a m e t e r i s D = (4* Ac / %pi ) ^0.5; // [ f t ] delta_TL = (( Thb - Twb ) -( Tha - Twb ) ) / log (( Thb - Twb ) /( Tha Twb ) ) ; // [ F ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 4 . 2 9 ) , t h e d r y e r l e n g t h L = qT /(0.125* %pi * D * G ^0.67* delta_TL ) ; // [ f t ] disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , f t ,L , f t ,D , R e q u i r e d d i a m e t e r and l e n g t h o f t h e d r y e r i s )

131

Chapter 25 Adsorption
25.1 Scilab Code

Example 25.1 Example 25.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 5 . 1 // Given ya = 0.002; T = 20+273; // [ K ] // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) M = 86.17; // from P e r r y s C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r s Handbook , 6 t h ed . Pprime = 120; // [mm Hg ] fs = Pprime ; // [mm Hg ] rho_L = 0.615; // [ g /cm 3 ] , a t n o r m a l b o i l i n g p o i n t ( 6 8 . 7 C) P = 760; // [mm Hg ] p = ya * P ; // [mm Hg ] f = p ; // [mm Hg ] V = M / rho_L ; // [ cm3/ g mol ]

132

20 // L e t 21 A = T / V * log10 ( fs / f ) ; 22 // From F i g . 2 5 . 4 , volume a d s o r b e d 23 V_ads = 31/100; // [ cm3 l i q u i d / g c a r b o n ] 24 W = V_ads * rho_L ; // [ g / g c a r b o n ] 25 disp ( g / g c a r b o n ,W , The e q u i l i b r i u m c a p a c i t y

for

t h e bed i s )
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

// ( b ) T = 40+273; // [ K ] Pprime = 276; // [mm Hg ] fs = Pprime ; // [mm Hg ] A = T / V * log10 ( fs / f ) ; // From F i g . 2 5 . 4 , volume a d s o r b e d V_ads = 27/100; // [ cm3 l i q u i d / g c a r b o n ] W = V_ads * rho_L ; // [ g / g c a r b o n ] disp ( g / g c a r b o n ,W , The e q u i l i b r i u m c a p a c i t y f o r t h e bed i s ) Example 25.2 Example 25.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 5 . 2 // S o l u t i o n cbyc0 =0.05; u0 = 58; // [ cm/ s ] Dv = 0.37; // [m2/ g ] c0 = 365; // [ ppm ] S = 1194; // [m2/ g ] T = 25; // [ C ] rho_b = 0.461; // [ g /cm 3 ] P = 737; // [mm Hg ] M = 74.12; // [ g / mol ] eps = 0.457; t = 1:0.5:8.5; t (4) = 2.4; t (5) = 2.8; t (6) = 3.3; 133

18

cbyc0 =[0.005 ,0.01 ,0.027 ,0.05 ,0.1 ,0.2 ,0.29 ,0.56 ,0.0019 ,0.003 ,0.0079 ,0.01

19 t1 = t (1:8) ; 20 t2 = t (9:16) ; 21 cbyc01 = cbyc0 (1:8) ; 22 cbyc02 = cbyc0 (9:16) ; 23 plot ( t1 , cbyc01 , t2 , cbyc02 ) ; 24 xgrid () ; 25 xlabel ( t , Hours ) ; 26 ylabel ( c / c 0 ) ; 27 title ( B r a k t h r o u g h c u r v e s f o r Example 2 5 . 2 ) ; 28 legend ( L = 8cm , L = 16cm ) ; 29 30 // ( a ) 31 FA = u0 * c0 *10^ -6/22400*273/298*737/760* M *3600; // [ g / 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

cm2 h ] // The t o t a l s o l u t e a d s o r b e d i s t h e a r e a a b o v e t h e graph m u l t i p l i e d // by FA . For t h e 8cm bed , t h e a r e a i s Area_bed = 4.79; // [ h ] // T h i s a r e a c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e i d e a l t i m e t h a t would be r e q u i r e d t o a d s o r b // t h e same amount i f t h e b r e a k t h r o u g h c u r v e w e r e a v e r t i c a l l i n e . The mass // o f c a r b o n p e r u n i t c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e bed is Ac = 8* rho_b ; // [ g /cm 2 ] // Thus , Wsol = FA * Area_bed / Ac ; // [ g s o l u t e / g c a r b o n ] // At t h e b r e a k p o i n t , where cbyc0_break = 0.05; // and t_break =2.4; // [ h ] Area_bed_break = 2.37; // [ h ] // The amount a d s o r b e d up t o t h e b r e a k p o i n t i s t h e n Wb = FA * t_break / Ac ; // [ g s o l u t e / g c a r b o n ] ratio_W = Wb / Wsol ; 134

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

// Thus 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e bed c a p a c i t y i s unused , which can be r e p r e s e n t d // by a l e n g t h 4 cm . // For t h e 16 cm bed t h e b r e a k t h r o u g h c u r v e h a s t h e same i n i t i a l s l o p e a s t h e c u v e // f o r 8cm bed , and a l t h o u g h d a t a w e r e n o t t a k e n beyond c b y c 0 = 0 . 2 5 , // t h e c u r v e s a r e assumed t o be p a r a l l e l // For t h e e n t i r e bed , tT = 9.59; // [ h ] Wsat = FA * tT /(16* rho_b ) ; // [ g s o l u t e / g c a r b o n ] // At cbyc0_break = 0.05; t_break =7.1; // [ h ] Area_break = 7.07; // [ h ] Wb = FA * Area_break /(16* rho_b ) ; // [ g s o l u t e / g c a r b o n ] ratio_W = Wb / Wsat ; // At t h e b r e a k p o i n t , 74 p e r c e n t o f t h e bed c a p a c i t y i s used , // which c o r r e s p o n d s t o an u n u s e d s e c t i o n o f l e n g t h 0 . 2 6 1 6 cm . // Within e x p e r i m e n t a l e r r o r , t h e l e n g t h s o f u n u s e d bed a g r e e , // and 4 . 1 cm i s e x p e c t e d v a l u e f o r a s t i l l l o n g e r bed . disp ( cm ,4.2 , l e n g t h o f t h e bed u s e d , p e r c e n t , ratio_W , s a t u r a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f t h e c a r b o n )

68 69 // ( b ) 70 L = 32; // [ cm ] 71 L_exp = L -4.1; // [ cm ] 72 // F r a c t i o n o f t h e bed u s e d 73 fra_bed = L_exp / L ; 74 // The b r e a k p o i n t t i m e i s , 75 tb = L_exp * rho_b * Wsat / FA ; // [ h ] 76 disp ( h ,tb , b r e a k p o i n t t i m e )

135

Figure 25.1: Breakthrough curves for Example 25.2 Example 25.3 Example 25.3.sce
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 5 . 3 // S o l u t i o n cbyc0 =0.05; u0 = 58; // [ cm/ s ] Dv = 0.37; // [m2/ g ] c0 = 365; // [ ppm ] 136

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

S = 1194; // [m2/ g ] T = 25; // [ C ] rho_b = 0.461; // [ g /cm 3 ] P = 737; // [mm Hg ] M = 74.12; // [ g / mol ] eps = 0.457; L = 8; // [ cm ] // ( a ) // From Example 2 5 . 2 ratio_W = 0.495; tou = 0.495; // From F i g . 2 5 . 1 0 N = -1.6/( tou -1) ; // a t c / c 0 = 0 . 0 5 Kca = N * u0 / L ; // [ s 1] disp ( s 1 ,Kca , Kca = ,N , N = ) // p l o t ( t1 , cbyc01 , t2 , c b y c 0 2 ) // ( b ) Dp = 0.37; // [ cm ] mubyrho = 0.152; // [ cm2/ s ] , a t 25C , 1 atm Dv = 0.0861; // [ cm2/ s ] Nre = Dp * u0 / mubyrho ; Nsc = mubyrho / Dv ; // From Eq . ( 2 1 . 6 2 ) , Nsh = 1.17* Nre ^0.585* Nsc ^(1/3) ; kc = Nsh * Dv / Dp ; // [ cm/ s ] a = 6*(1 - eps ) / Dp ; // [ cm2/cm 3 ] kca = kc * a ; // [ s 1] // S i n c e Kca i s s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n h a l f t h e p r e d i c t e d v a l u e o f kca , // t h e e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i s c l o s e t o h a l f t h e t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e , and // t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f N n e e d n o t be r e v i s e d . The internal // c o e f f i c i e n t can be o b t a i n e d from Kc = Kca / a ; // [ cm/ s ] kc_int1 = 1/(1/ Kc -1/ kc ) ; // [ cm/ s ] 137

45

// I f t h e d i f f u s i o n i n t o t h e p a r t i c l e o c c u r e d o n l y i n t h e g a s phase , t h e 46 //maximum p o s s i b l e v a l u e o f De would be a b o u t Dv / 4 , which l e a d s t o 47 kc_int2 = 10* Dv /(4* Dp ) ; // [ cm/ s ] 48 disp ( Kca i s s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n h a l f t h e p r e d i c t e d v a l u e o f kca ); Example 25.4 Example 25.4.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 5 . 4 y = 0.0012; vdot = 16000; // [ f t 3/ min ] P = 760; // [mm Hg ] rho_b = 30; // [ l b / f t 3 ] Lun = 0.5; // [ f t ] // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) // Form t h e hand book Pprime = 151; // [mm Hg ] fs = Pprime ; // [mm Hg ] rho_L = 0.805; // [ g /cm 3 ] , a t 20C Tnb = 79.6; // [ C ] rho_e = 0.75; // [ g /cm 3 ] M = 72.1; V = M / rho_e ; p = y * P ; // [mm Hg ] f = p ; // [mm Hg ] // At 35C T = 35+273; // [ K ] A = T / V * log10 ( fs / f ) ; // Form F i g . 2 5 . 4 , // t h e volume a d s o r b e d V_ads = 24; // [ cm 3 / 1 0 0 g c a r b o n ] 138

29 Wsat = V_ads * rho_e ; // [ g / 1 0 0 g c a r b o n ] 30 W0 = 1/3* Wsat ; // [ g / 1 0 0 g c a r b o n ] 31 Working_capacity = Wsat - W0 ; // [ g / 1 0 0 g c a r b o n ] 32 // o r 33 Working_capacity = Working_capacity /100; // [ l b / l b

carbon ] 34 disp ( Working_capacity , Working c a p a c i t y o f t h e bed is ) // ( b ) u0 = 1; // [ f t / s ] A = vdot / u0 ; // [ f t 2 ] D = sqrt (4* A / %pi ) ; // [ f t ] Abed = 10*27; // [ f t 2 ] L1 = 4; // [ f t ] c0 = y /359*273/298*72.1; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // Form Eq . ( 2 5 . 3 ) tstar = L1 * rho_b *( Working_capacity ) /( u0 * c0 *3600) ; // [h] 45 Lu1 = L - Lun ; // [ f t ] 46 tb1 = Lu1 / L * tstar ; // [ h ]
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

// i f L2 = 3; // [ f t ] Lu2 = L2 - Lun ; tb2 = Lu2 / L * tstar ; // [ h ] // c h e c k i n g f o r d e l t a P // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 2 2 ) phi_s = 0.7; // from T a b l e 2 8 . 1 eps = 0.35; // from T a b l e 7 . 1 mu = 1.21*10^ -5; // [ l b / f t s ] rho = 0.074; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // For a 4 10 mesh c a r b o n Dp = 1.108*10^ -2; // [ f t ] deltaPbyL = 150*1* mu *(1 - eps ) ^2/(32.2* phi_s ^2* Dp ^2* eps ^3) +(1.75* rho *1^2*(1 - eps ) /(32.2*0.7* Dp * eps ^3) ) ; // [ l b f / f t 2 f t ] 61 deltaPbyL = deltaPbyL *12/62.4; // [ i n . H2O/ f t ] 139

62 // f o r 63 L = 3; 64 deltaP = 3* deltaPbyL ; // [ i n . H2O ] 65 // which s a t i s f a c t o r y . 66 mc = 2*(10*27*3) *30; // [ l b ] 67 68 disp ( f t ,L2 , A l l o w i n g f o r u n c e r t a i n t i e s

in the c a l c u l a t i o n s , s a t i s f a c t o r y bed l e n g t h w i l l be ) 69 disp ( f t / s ,u0 , g a s v e l o c i t y n e e d e d ) 70 disp ( l b ,mc , c a r b o n n e e d e d )

140

Chapter 26 Membrane Separation Processes

26.1 Scilab Code

Example 26.1 Example 26.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 6 . 1 // Given alpha = 5; per = 0.2; // [ s c f / f t 2 hatm ] Pf = 150; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] Pp = 15; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ] // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) R = Pp / Pf ; // At t h e f e e d i n l e t xin = 0.209; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 6 . 1 7 ) A = alpha -1; B = 1 - alpha -1/ R - xin *( alpha -1) / R ;

141

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

C = alpha * xin / R ; yi_in = ( -B - sqrt ( B ^2 -4* A * C ) ) /(2* A ) ; // At t h e d i s c h a r g e end xd = 0.05; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 6 . 1 7 ) A = alpha -1; B = 1 - alpha -1/ R - xd *( alpha -1) / R ; C = alpha * xd / R ; yi_d = ( -B - sqrt ( B ^2 -4* A * C ) ) /(2* A ) ; // For an a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n , t h e s e t e r m i n a l compositions are // a v e r a g e d t o g i v e ybar = ( yi_in + yi_d ) /2; // From an o v e r a l l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e // B a s i s Lin = 100; // [ s c f h ] V = ( Lin * xin - Lin * xd ) /( ybar - xd ) ; // d i s p ( ybar , and p e r m e a t e c o m p o s i t i o n i s , p e r c e n t , V/ L i n 1 0 0 , The p e r m e a t e i n t h e f e e d i s ) ;

// For more a c c u r a t e c a l c u l a t i o n j = 2; yi_in (1) = 0.5148; x (1) = 0.209; y (1) = 0.5148; L = Lin ; deltaV = []; deltaVybar = []; ybar = []; for i = 0.2: -0.01: xd x(j) = i; A = alpha -1; B = 1 - alpha -1/ R - x ( j ) *( alpha -1) / R ; C = alpha * x ( j ) / R ; yi_in ( j ) = ( -B - sqrt ( B ^2 -4* A * C ) ) /(2* A ) ; ybar (j -1) = ( yi_in (j -1) + yi_in ( j ) ) /2; 142

55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

deltaV ( j ) = L *( x (j -1) -x ( j ) ) /( ybar (j -1) -x ( j ) ) ; V = sum ( deltaV ) ; L = Lin - V ; deltaVybar ( j ) = deltaV (j -1) * ybar (j -1) ; deltaVybarsum = sum ( deltaVybar ) ; y (j -1) = deltaVybarsum / V ; j = j +1; end disp ( y ( $ ) , and p e r m e a t e c o m p o s i t i o n i s , p e r c e n t ,V / Lin *100 , The p e r m e a t e r e c o v e r e d ) ;;

// ( b ) // The membrane a r e a o b t a i n e d from t h e f l u x o f A using // Eq . ( 2 6 . 2 9 ) and ( 2 6 . 1 3 ) // f o r t h e f i r s t i n c r e m e n t x = 0 . 2 0 9 t o x = 0 . 2 deltaybar1 = 1.4856; // [ s c f h ] , f o r L i n = 100 s c f h // At x = 0 . 2 0 9 A1 = 0.209 -0.1*0.5148; // At x = 0 . 2 A2 = 0.2 -0.1*(0.50) ; Aavg = ( A1 + A2 ) /2 QAP1 = 0.2*10; // s c f h / f t 3 // f o r s p e c i f i e d f l o w o f 300 s c f h deltaA = 1/2*1.486/ Aavg *180; // [ f t 2 ] // The c a l c u l a t i o n c o n t i n u e d w i t h i n c r e m e n t s o f 0 . 0 1 A = 211/2.0*180; // [ f t 2 ] disp ( f t 2 ,A , The membrane a r e a n e e d e d i s ) Example 26.4 Example 26.4.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 2 6 . 4 5 // Given 6 F = 10; // [ g a l / day f t 3 ]

143

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Do = 300*10^ -6; // [m] Di = 200*10^ -6; // [m] vi = 0.5; // [ cm/ s ] rho = 1; // [ g /cm 3 ] mu = 0.01; // [ g /cm s ] , assumed f = 0.97; // S o l u t i o n // For 10 g a l / day f t 2 Jw = F *231*16.3871/(24*3600*929) ; // [ cm/ s ] Nre = Do *100* vi * rho / mu ; Ds = 1.6*10^ -5; // [ cm2/ s ] Nsc = mu /( rho * Ds ) ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 6 9 ) , A n a l o g o u s l y t o mass t r a n s f e r Nsh = (0.35+0.56* Nre ^0.52) / Nsc ^ -0.3; kc = Nsh * Ds /( Do *100) ; // [ cm/ s ] // From Eq . ( 2 6 . 4 9 ) gama = Jw * f / kc ; disp ( A c o n c e n t r a t i o n d i f f e r n c e o f 12 p e r c e n t w i l l n o t be s i g n i f i c a n t t i l l good f l o w d i s t r i b u t i o n i s maintained ); Example 26.5 Example 26.5.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 6 . 5 // Given ( from Example 2 6 . 4 ) F = 10; // [ g a l / day f t 2 ] , b a s e d on e x t e r n a l a r e a Do = 300*10^ -6; // [m] Di = 200*10^ -6; // [m] vi = 0.5; // [ cm/ s ] rho = 1; // [ g /cm 3 ] mu = 10^ -3; // [ Pa s ] , assumed f = 0.97; L = 3; // [m] 144

14 15 // S o l u t i o n 16 // ( a ) 17 //Jw b a s e d on a r e a 18 Jw = 4.72*10^ -4* Do / Di *10^ -2; // [m/ s ] 19 dt = 200*10^ -6; // [m] 20 D = dt ; // [m] 21 // From Eq . ( 2 6 . 5 3 ) 22 Vbar = 4*( Jw ) * L / Di ; // [m/ s ] 23 // From Eq . ( 2 6 . 5 6 ) 24 delta_ps = ( Vbar *32* mu * L ) /( D ) ^2*(1/2) /10^5; // [ atm ] 25 disp ( atm , delta_ps , p r e s s u r e d r o p = , m/ s , Vbar ,

e x i t v e l o c i t y = );
26 27 28 29 30 31 32

// ( b ) // I f t h e f i b r e s a r e open a t b o t h ends , t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h i s 1 . 5m and // t h e e x i t v e l o c i t y i s h a l f a s g r e a t . The p r e s s u r e d r o p i s one f o u r t h a s // l a r g e a s i t was : deltaP = delta_ps /4; // [ atm ] disp ( atm , deltaP , p r e s s u r e d r o p ( i f b o t h e n d s a r e open ) = )

145

Chapter 27 Crystallization
27.1 Scilab Code

Example 27.1 Example 27.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 7 . 1 // Given T = 60; // [ F ] wA = 0.30; // [ MgSO4 ] wB = 0.70; // [ H2O ] // S o l u t i o n // From F i g . 2 7 . 3 i t i s n o t e d t h a t t h e c r y s t a l s a r e MgSO4 . 7 H2O // and t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e mother l i q u i d i s xA = 0.245; // [ a n h y d r o u s MgSO4 ] xB = 0.755; // [ H2O ] // B a s e s : F_in = 1000; // [ kg ] H2O_in = F_in * wB ; // [ kg ] H2O_evp = 0.05* H2O_in ; // [ kg ] M1 = 120.4; // [ MgSO4 m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t ]

146

20 M2 = 246.5; // [ MgSO4 . 7 H2O m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t ] 21 M2_in = wA * F_in * M2 / M1 ; // [ kg ] 22 H2O_free = F_in - H2O_evp - M2_in ; // [ kg ] 23 ML = 100; // [ kg ] 24 M2_in100 = ML * xA * M2 / M1 ; // [ kg ] 25 H2O_free100 = ML - M2_in100 ; // [ kg ] 26 M2_ML = M2_in100 / H2O_free100 * H2O_free ; // [ kg ] 27 FC = M2_in - M2_ML ; // [ kg ] 28 disp ( FC , k i l o g r a m s o f c r y s t a l s o b t a i n e d p e r k i l o g r a m

of o r i g i n a l mixture = ) Example 27.2 Example 27.2.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 7 . 2 // Given //A = MgSO4 , B = MgSO4 . 7 H2O and C = H2O T = 120; // [ F ] wA = 0.325; // S o l u t i o n // From F i g 2 7 . 4 // E n t h a l p y c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e p o i n t wA H1 = -33; // [ Btu / l b ] // E n t h a l p y c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e f i n a l magma a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n wA H2 = -78.4; // [ Btu / l b ] // Per hundred pouds o f o r i g i n a l s o l u t i o n t h e c h a n g e in enthalpy F = 100; // [ l b ] delta_H = F *( H1 - H2 ) ; // [ Btu ] // A p p l y i n g c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y p r i n c i p l e t o 70 F isotherm in Fig . 27.3 C_ML = 0.259; C_CRY = 0.488; // C r y s t a l s a r e 147

23 Cry = F *( wA - C_ML ) /( C_CRY - C_ML ) ; // [ l b / 1 0 0 l b s l u r r y ] 24 // The h e a t e v o l v e d p e r t o n o f c r y s t a l s i s 25 H = delta_H / Cry *2000; // [ Btu / t o n ] 26 disp ( Btu / t o n ,H , The h e a t e v o l v e d p e r t o n o f

crystals is ) Example 27.3 Example 27.3.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 7 . 3 // Given sigma = 2.5; // [ e r g /cm 3 ] T = 300; // [ K ] N = 6.0222*10^23; R = 8.3134*10^7; // [ e r g / g mol K ] // S o l u t i o n M = 74.56; // [ M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t ] rho = 1.988; // [ g /cm 3 ] nu = 2; VM = M / rho // [ cm3/ g mol ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 1 1 ) // E x p o n e n t i a l term , e x c l u d i n g s A = 16* %pi * VM ^2* N * sigma ^3*10/(3*( T * R ) ^3* nu ^2) B0 = 1; s (1) = sqrt ( - A / log ( B0 /10^25) ) ; // For B0 ; s = s (1) :0.0001:0.029; B0 = exp (57.565) * exp ( - A ./ s .^2) ; plot (s , B0 ) title ( B0 v s s ) xlabel ( s ) ylabel ( B0 ) Example 27.4 Example 27.4.sce

clear all ; 148

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

clc ; // Example 2 7 . 4 // Given alpha = 1+0.029; // From Example 2 7 . 3 sigma = 2.5; // [ e r g /cm 3 ] T = 300; // [ K ] N = 6.0222*10^23; R = 8.3134*10^7; // [ e r g / g mol K ] M = 74.56; // [ M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t ] rho = 1.988; // [ g /cm 3 ] nu = 2; VM = M / rho ; // [ cm3/ g mol ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 9 ) L = 4* VM * sigma /(2* R * T * log ( alpha ) ) *10^7; // [ nm ] disp ( nm ,L , s i z e o f n u c l u e s ( L ) = ) ; Example 27.5 Example 27.5.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 7 . 5 // L e t : A = MgSO4 ; B = MgSO4 . 7 H2O ; C = H2O // Given xA = 0.31; T = 86; // [ F ] Tb = 2; // [ F ] vbys = 0.15; //PB = rho_cr = 105; // [ l b / f t 3 ] rho_ml = 82.5; // [ l b / f t 3 ] // S o l u t i o n // B a s i s : F = 10000; // [ l b / h ] 149

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

// From F i g 2 7 . 1 3 and F i g 2 7 . 4 crbyml = vbys * rho_cr /((1 - vbys ) * rho_ml ) ; ml_prod = F / crbyml ; // [ l b / h ] magma_prod = F + ml_prod // [ l b / h ] xA_avg = ( crbyml *0.488+0.285) /1.224; // The e n t h a l p y o f t h e magam Hmag = ( crbyml *( -149) +( -43) ) /1.224; // [ Btu / l b ] // These a r e t h e c o n c e n r a t i o n s o f t h e p o i n t e . The p o i n t f o r t h e f e e d must // l i e on t h e s t r a i g h t l i n e a e . // The e n t h a l p y o f t h e f e e d Hf = -21; // [ Btu / l b ] // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f e e d Tf = 130; // [ F ] //By COG p r i n c i p l e , t h e e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e evap_rate = magma_prod *( Hf - Hmag ) /(1098 - Hf ) ; // [ l b / h ] Total_feed = magma_prod + evap_rate ; // [ l b / h ] disp ( F ,Tf , T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f e e d i s ) ; disp ( l b / h , Total_feed , T o t a l f e e d r a t e ) ; disp ( l b / h , evap_rate , T o t a l e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e ) ; Example 27.6 Example 27.6.sce

// Example 2 7 . 6 // Given G = 0.0018; // [ f t / h ] // S o l u t i o n // S c r e e n o p e n i n g o f 20 mesh s t a n d a r d s c r e e n i s , L = 0.00273; // [ f t ] , Appendix 20 a = 1; // [ Eq . 2 7 . 1 6 ] // From Example 2 7 . 5 // The volume f l o w r a t e o f mother l i q u o r i n t h e p r o d u c t magma 13 Q = 44520/82.5; // [ f t 3/ h ] 14 // S i n c e , when z =3 , 150

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

clear all ; clc ;

15 Lpr = L ; // [ f t ] 16 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 2 8 ) 17 // drawdown t i m e 18 tou = Lpr /(3* G ) ; // [ h ] 19 // volume o f t h e l i q u i d i n t h e c r y s t a l l i z e r 20 Vc = tou * Q ; // [ f t 3 ] 21 // T o t a l magma volume 22 Vmagma = Vc /0.85*7.47; // [ g a l ] 23 disp ( g a l , Vmagma , The magma volume i n t h e 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

c r y s t a l l i z e r be ) ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 4 4 ) // The n u c l e a t i o n r a t e i s C = 10000; // [ l b / h ] rho_c = 105; B0 = 9* C /(2* rho_c * Vc * Lpr ^3) ; // [ n u c l e i / f t 3 h ] disp ( n u c l e i / f t 3 h ,B0 , The n u c l e a t i o n r a t e n e c e s s a r y i s ); // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 4 0 ) , t h e z e r o s i z e p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y is n0 = B0 /0.0018; // [ n u c l e i / f t 4 ] L1 = (0:8) *10^ -3; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 2 7 ) // L e t A = l o g 1 0 ( n ) , B = l o g 1 0 ( n0 ) B = log10 ( n0 ) ; A = B - 1.1*10^3* L1 /(2.3026) ; figure (1) ; plot ( L1 *10^3 , A ) ; xgrid () ; xlabel ( L x 1 0 3 f t ) ; ylabel ( l o g n ) ; title ( P o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y v s l e n g t h ) ; // From F i g . 2 7 . 1 5 c f o r v a l u e s o f z c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o mesh o p e n i n g s . L1 = [11 ,14 ,16 ,19 ,23 ,27 ,33 ,38 ,46 ,54 ,65 ,78] *10^ -2; z = L1 /( tou * G *100) ; // [mm] t = 0; function f = fun (z , xm ) 151

49 f = z ^3* exp ( - z ) /6; 50 endfunction 51 [ xm ]= ode (0 ,0 ,z , fun ) ; 52 for i =1: length ( xm ) 53 Diff ( i ) = z ( i ) ^3* exp ( - z ( i ) ) /6; 54 end 55 figure (2) ; 56 subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ; 57 plot (z , xm ) ; 58 xgrid () ; 59 xlabel ( z ) ; 60 ylabel ( xm ) ; 61 title ( c u m u l a t i v e mass d i s t r i b u t i o n ) ; 62 subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ; 63 plot (z , Diff ) 64 xgrid () ; 65 xlabel ( z ) ; 66 ylabel ( dxm/ dz ) ; 67 title ( d i f f e r e n t i a l mass d i s t r i b u t i o n ) ;

152

Figure 27.1: Population density vs. length Example 27.6

153

Figure 27.2: Size-distribution relations for Example 27.6

154

Chapter 28 Properties, Handling and Mixing of Particulate Soilds

28.1 Scilab Code

Example 28.1 Example 28.1.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 2 8 . 1 5 // Given 6 rho_p = 0.002650; // [ g /mm 3 ] 7 a = 2; 8 phi_s = 0.571; 9 // S o l u t i o n 10 // ( a ) 11 // For t h e 4/6 mesh i n c r e m e n t , from T a b l e 2 8 . 2 12 x =

[0 ,2.51 ,12.5 ,32.07 ,25.7 ,15.9 ,5.38 ,2.10 ,1.02 ,0.77 ,0.58 ,0.41 ,0.31 ,0. // [ mass f r a c t i o n ] 13 Dp = [4.699 ,3.327 ,2.362 ,1.651 ,1.168 ,0.833 ,0.589 ,0.417 ,0.295 ,0.208 ,0.147 // [mm] 14 Dpbar (1) = 10^ -5;

155

15 for i =2: length ( Dp ) 16 Dpbar ( i ) = ( Dp (i -1) + Dp ( i ) ) /2; 17 end 18 19 // ( a ) 20 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 4 ) 21 Aw = 6/( phi_s * rho_p ) * sum ( x (1: $ -1) ./ Dpbar (1: $ -1) ) /(1 -

x ( $ ) ) ; // [mm2/ g ] 22 Nw = 1/( a * rho_p ) * sum ( x (1: $ -1) ./ Dpbar (1: $ -1) ^3) /(1 - x ( $ ) ) ; // [ p a r t i c l e s / g ] 23 disp ( p a r t i c l e s / g ,Nw , Nw = , mm2/ g ,Aw , Aw = ) ;
24 25 26 27

// ( b ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 9 ) Dvbar = (1/ sum ( x (1: $ -1) ./ Dpbar (1: $ -1) ^3) /(1 - x ( $ ) ) ) ^(1/3) ; // [mm] ; 28 disp ( mm , Dvbar , Dvbar = ) ;
29 30 31 32

// ( c ) // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 6 ) Dsbar = 1/ sum ( x (1: $ -1) ./ Dpbar (1: $ -1) ) /(1 - x ( $ ) ) ; // [ mm] 33 disp ( mm , Dsbar , Dsbar = ) ;

34 35 // ( d ) 36 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 8 ) and T a b l e 2 8 . 3 37 Dwbar = sum ( x .* Dpbar ) ; // [mm] 38 disp ( mm , Dwbar , Dwbar = ) ; 39 40 // ( e ) 41 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 1 1 ) 42 N2 = x ($ -1) /( a * rho_p * Dpbar ($ -1) ^3) ; // [ p a r t i c l e s / g ] 43 disp ( p a r t i c l e s / g ,N2 , Nt = ) ; 44 fra = N2 / Nw ; 45 disp ( fra , F r a c t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e s i n t e t o p 12

i n c r e m e n t s = ); Example 28.2 Example 28.2.sce 156

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 8 . 2 // Given x = 0.14; xavg = 0.10; t = 3; // [ min ] x =[10.24 ,9.3 ,7.94 ,10.24 ,11.08 ,10.03 ,11.91 ,9.72 ,9.20 ,10.76 ,10.97 ,10

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

// S o l u t i o n mu = xavg ; N =12; xbar = mean ( x ) ; // S u b s t i t u i n g i n Eq . ( 2 8 . 2 0 ) Ip = sqrt (( N -1) * mu *(1 - mu ) /( sum ( x ^2) - xbar * sum ( x ) ) ) ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 1 8 ) s = stdev ( x ) ; disp (s , s = ,Ip , I p = )

157

Chapter 29 Size Reduction

29.1 Scilab Code

Example 29.1 Example 29.1.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

clear all ; clc ; // Example 2 9 . 1 // Given mdot = 100; // [ t o n / h ] w1 = 0.80; w2 = 0.80; // S o l u t i o n Wi = 12.74; // From T a b l e 2 9 . 1 Dpa = 2*25.4; // [mm] Dpb = 0.125*25.4; // [mm] // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 9 . 1 0 ) P = mdot *0.3162* Wi *(1/ Dpb ^0.5 -1/ Dpa ^0.5) ; // [kW] disp ( kW ,P , Power r e q u i r e d (P) = ) ; Example 29.2 Example 29.2.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3

158

4 // Example 2 9 . 2 5 // Given 6 n = 1:7; 7 beeta = 1.3; 8 // From T a b l e 2 9 . 2 9 Dpn = [3.327 ,2.362 ,1.651 ,1.168 ,0.833 ,0.589 ,0.417] ;

// [mm]
10 Dpu = Dpn ; // [mm] 11 xn0 =

[0.0251 ,0.125 ,0.3207 ,0.2570 ,0.1590 ,0.0538 ,0.0210] ;

12 Su (1) = 10*10^ -4; // [ s 1] 13 //B ( 1 ) = 1 ; 14 // S o l u t i o n 15 16 // ( a ) 17 // For t h e 4/6 mesh m a t e r i a l s 18

19 20 21 22 23 // ( b ) 24 25 // Assuming Su v a r i e s w i t h Dp3 26 for i = 1: length ( Dpn ) -1 27 Su ( i +1) = Su ( i ) *( Dpn ( i +1) / Dpn ( i ) ) ^3; // [ s 1] 28 end 29 for i = 1: length ( Dpn ) 30 for j = 1: length ( Dpu ) 31 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 9 . 1 3 ) 32 if (j < i ) 33 B (i , j ) =0; 34 else 35 B (i , j ) = ( Dpn ( j ) / Dpn ( i ) ) ^ beeta ; 36 end

t h e r e i s no i n p u t from coarser // m a t e r i a l and a p p l y i n g Eq . ( 2 9 . 1 1 ) . At t h e end o f t i m e tT x1 = xn0 (1) *0.9; tT = 1/ Su (1) * log ( xn0 (1) / x1 ) ; // [ s ] disp ( s ,tT , R e q u i r e d t i m e i s ) ;

159

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

end end for i = 1: length ( Dpn ) -1 for j = 1: length ( Dpu ) -1 if (j < i ) delta_B (i , j ) =0; else delta_B (i , j ) = B (i , j ) -B (i , j +1) ; end end end disp ( delta_B , i n d i v i d u a l b r e a k a g e f u n c t i o n s ) ; // ( c ) deltaT = 30; // [ s ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 9 . 1 5 ) x =[]; x (: ,1) = xn0 ; for n = 1: length ( xn0 ) for t = 1:720 if ( n ==1) x (n , t +1) = x (n , t ) *(1 - Su ( n ) * deltaT ) ; else x (n , t +1) = x (n , t ) *(1 - Su ( n ) * deltaT ) + deltaT * Su ( n -1) * delta_B (n -1 ,n -1) * x (n -1 , t ) ; end end end time = linspace (0 ,6 ,721) ; for i =1: length ( xn0 ) plot2d ( time , x (i ,:) , style = i ) ; xgrid () ; xlabel ( t i m e ( h ) ) ; ylabel ( mass f r a c t i o n ( xa ) ) ; title ( Mass f r a c t i o n s ) ; legend ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 , x7 ) ; end 160

Figure 29.1: Mass-fractions of Example 29.2

161

Chapter 30 Mechanical Separations

30.1 Scilab Code

Example 30.1 Example 30.1.sce

1 clear all ; 2 clc ; 3 4 // Example 3 0 . 1 5 // Given 6 // From T a b l e 3 0 . 1 7 Dp =

[4.699 ,3.327 ,2.362 ,1.651 ,1.168 ,0.833 ,0.589 ,0.417 ,0.208 ,0.0000001] // [mm] 8 F = [0 ,0.025 ,0.15 ,0.47 ,0.73 ,0.885 ,0.94 ,0.96 ,0.98 ,1.0] ;
9 O = [0 ,0.071 ,0.43 ,0.85 ,0.97 ,0.99 ,1.00] ; // [ 1 t o 7 ] 10 U = [0.0 ,0.195 ,0.58 ,0.83 ,0.91 ,0.94 ,0.975 ,1.00] ; //

[ 3 to 10]
11 12 13 14 15

// S o l u t i o n plot ( Dp , F ) plot ( Dp (1:7) ,O , r ) plot ( Dp (3: $ ) ,U , g )

162

// Cut p o i n t d i a m e t e r from t h e T a b l e 3 0 . 1 Dcp = 1.651; // [mm] xF = 0.47; xD = 0.85; xB = 0.195; // From Eq . ( 3 0 . 3 ) DbyF = ( xF - xB ) /( xD - xB ) ; BbyF = 1 - DbyF ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 7 ) , o v e r a l l e f f e c t i v e n e s s E = ( xF - xB ) *( xD - xF ) *(1 - xB ) *( xD ) /(( xD - xB ) ^2*((1 - xF ) * xF ) ) ; 32 disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , BbyF , DbyF , mass r a t i o o f o v e r f l o w and u n d e r f l o w i s ) ; 33 disp (E , O v e r a l l E f f e c t i v e n e s s (E) = ) ;

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

xgrid () ; xlabel ( Dp mm ) ; ylabel ( C u m u l a t i v e mass f r a c t i o n l a r g e r t h a n Dp ) ; title ( A n a l y s i s f o r Example 3 0 . 1 ) ; legend ( Feed , O v e r s i z e , U n d e r s i z e ) ;

163

Figure 30.1: Analysis for Example 30.1 Example 30.2 Example 30.2.sce
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clear all ; clc ; // Example 3 0 . 2 // Given // From T a b l e 3 0 . 2 V = linspace (0.5 ,6 ,12) ; // [ L ] t1 = [17.3 ,41.3 ,72 ,108.3 ,152.1 ,201.7] ; // [ s ] t2 = [6.8 ,19 ,34.6 ,53.4 ,76 ,102 ,131.2 ,163] ; // [ s ] 164

10 t3 = [6.3 ,14 ,24.2 ,37 ,51.7 ,69 ,88.8 ,110 ,134 ,160] ; // [

s]
11 t4 =

12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

[5 ,11.5 ,19.8 ,30.1 ,42.5 ,56.8 ,73 ,91.2 ,111 ,133 ,156.8 ,182.5] ; // [ s ] t5 = [4.4 ,9.5 ,16.3 ,24.6 ,34.7 ,46.1 ,59 ,73.6 ,89.4 ,107.3] ; // [ s ] figure (1) ; plot ( V (1: length ( t1 ) ) , t1 ./ V (1: length ( t1 ) ) ) ; plot ( V (1: length ( t2 ) ) , t2 ./ V (1: length ( t2 ) ) , r ) ; plot ( V (1: length ( t3 ) ) , t3 ./ V (1: length ( t3 ) ) , g ) ; plot ( V (1: length ( t4 ) ) , t4 ./ V (1: length ( t4 ) ) , k ) ; plot ( V (1: length ( t5 ) ) , t5 ./ V (1: length ( t5 ) ) , y ) ; xgrid () ; xlabel ( V ( L ) ) ; ylabel ( t /V ( s /L ) ) ; legend ( deptaP = 6 . 7 , deptaP = 1 6 . 2 , deptaP = 2 8 . 2 , deptaP = 3 6 . 3 , deptaP = 4 9 . 1 ) ; title ( t /V v s V ) ; deltaP = [965 ,2330 ,4060 ,5230 ,7070] ; // [ l b f / f t 2 ] // From F i g . 3 0 . 1 5 // S l o p e ( Kc / 2 ) slope = [10440 ,5800 ,3620 ,3060 ,2400] ; // [ s / f t 6 ] Kc = slope *2; // [ s / f t 6 ] // I n t e r c e p t ( 1 / q0 ) Inter = [800 ,343 ,267 ,212 ,180] ; // [ s / f t 3 ] // V i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r muw = 5.95*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ] , from Appendix 14 // F i l t e r a r e a A = 440/30.48^2; // [ f t 2 ] // c o n c e n t r a t i o n c = 23.5*28.31/454; // [ l b / f t 3 ] gc = 32.14; // U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 2 2 ) Rm = A * gc / muw * deltaP .*( Inter ) /10^10; // [ f t 1 1010] 165

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 2 4 ) alpha = A ^2* gc /( c * muw ) * deltaP .*( Kc ) /10^11; // [ f t / l b 10 11] figure (2) ; plot2d ( deltaP , Rm ) ; xgrid () ; xlabel ( d e l t a P ( l b f / f t 2 ) ) ; ylabel ( Rm ( f t 1 10 10) ) ; title ( Rm v s d e l t a P ) ; figure (3) ; plot2d ( log ( deltaP ) , log ( alpha ) ) ; xgrid () ; xlabel ( d e l t a P ( l b f / f t 2 ) ) ; ylabel ( a l p h a ( l b / f t 10 11) ) ; title ( a l p h a v s d e l t a P ) ; // Form 3 0 . 1 7 disp ( Rm , Rm ( f t 1 10 10) = ) ; disp ( alpha , a l p h a ( l b / f t 10 11) = ) ; alpha0 = 1.75*10^11/1000^0.26; disp ( a l p h a = 2 . 9 1 0 1 0 d e l t a P 2 . 6 , E m p e r i c a l Equation f o r the cake );

166

Figure 30.2: t/V vs. V for Example 30.2

167

Figure 30.3: Rm vs. deltaP for Example 30.2

168

Figure 30.4: alpha vs. deltaP for Example 30.2 Example 30.3 Example 30.3.sce
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clear all ; clc ; // Example 3 0 . 3 // Given f = 0.30; tc = 5*60; // [ s ] n = 1/ tc ; // [ s 1] cF = 14.7; // [ l b / f t 3 ] 169

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

deltaP = 1414; mFbymC = 2 // S o l u t i o n alpha0 = 2.9*10^10; // [ f t / l b ] , From Example 3 0 . 2 s = 0.26; mu = 6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ] rho = 62.3; // [ l b / f t 3 ] gc =32.17; // U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 1 9 ) c = cF /(1 -( mFbymC -1) *( cF / rho ) ) ; // [ l b / f t 3 ] mcdot = 10/(60*7.48) *(1/( cF /168.8+1) ) * cF ; // [ l b / s ] // S o l v i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 3 4 ) AT = mcdot *( alpha0 * mu /(2* c *1414^(1 - s ) * gc * f * n ) ) ^(0.5) ; 23 disp ( f t 2 ,AT , F i l t e r Area (AT) = ) ; Example 30.4 Example 30.4.sce

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

clear all ; clc ; // Example 3 0 . 4 // Given D = 2; // [ cm ] Vbar = 150; // [ cm/ s ] rho = 1; // [ g /cm 3 ] mu = 0.01; // [ g /cm s ] Dv = 4*10^ -7; // [ cm2/ s ] // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) Nre = Vbar * D * rho / mu ; Nsc = mu /( rho * Dv ) ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 5 5 ) Nsh = 0.0096* Nre ^0.913* Nsc ^0.346; kc = Nsh * Dv / D ; // [ cm/ s ] pi = poly ([0 ,4.4*10^ -3 , -1.7*10^ -6 ,7.9*10^ -8] , c , c o e f f ); 170

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

// For c1 = 10; // [ g /L ] v = 10^ -3; // [ cm/ s ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 5 3 ) cs = c1 * exp ( v / kc ) ; // [ g /L ] deltaPi = horner ( pi , cs ) ; Qm = 250/36000; // [ cm/ s atm ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 5 0 ) deltaP = v / Qm + deltaPi ; // [ atm ] // U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 5 3 ) cs = 400; vmax = kc * log ( cs / c1 ) ; // [ cm/ s ] deltaP = vmax / Qm + horner ( pi , cs ) ; // [ tm ] c = [10 ,20 ,40]; V =[]; deltaP =[]; for j = 1: length ( c ) c1 = c ( j ) ; i = 1; vmax = kc * log ( cs / c1 ) *10^4; h = ( vmax -1) /1000; for v = 1: h : vmax cs = c1 * exp ( v *10^ -4/ kc ) ; // [ g /L ] deltaPi = horner ( pi , cs ) ; // [ atm ] deltaP (j , i ) = v *10^ -4/ Qm + deltaPi ; // [ atm ] V (j , i ) = v *10^ -4; i = i +1; end end V = V *36000; for l =1: length ( c ) figure (1) plot2d ( deltaP (l ,:) ,V (l ,:) , style = l ) ; xgrid () ; xlabel ( d e l t a P ( atm ) ) ; ylabel ( Pe rmeate f l u x ( L/m2 h ) ) ; title ( E f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e d r o p and c o n c e n t r a t i o n on f l u x ) 171

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

legend ( Cf =10 , , Cf =20 , Cf =40 ) ; end // ( b ) Qmb = Qm /5; // [ cm/ s atm ] vb = 10^ -3; // [ cm/ s ] c = 40; // [ g /L ] c1 = 40; csb = c1 * exp ( vb / kc ) ; deltaPi = horner ( pi , csb ) ; deltaPb = vb / Qmb + deltaPi ; disp ( The l a r g e s t e f f e c t o f t h e l o w e r membrane p e r m e a b i l i t y i s a 30 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n low p r e s s u r e drop ); i = 1; vmax = kc * log (400/ c1 ) *10^4; h = ( vmax -1) /1000; for vb = 1: h : vmax csb = c1 * exp ( vb *10^ -4/ kc ) ; // [ g /L ] deltaPi = horner ( pi , csb ) ; // [ atm ] deltaPb ( i ) = vb *10^ -4/ Qmb + deltaPi ; // [ atm ] Vb ( i ) = vb *10^ -4; i = i +1; end Vb = Vb *36000; plot2d ( deltaPb , Vb , style = l +1) legend ( Cf =10 , , Cf =20 , Cf =40 , Cf = 4 0 (Qm = 2 5 0 / 5 ) );

69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

172

Figure 30.5: Eect of pressure drop and concentration on ux for Example 30.4 Example 30.5 Example 30.5.sce
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

clear all ; clc ; // Example 3 0 . 5 // Given D = 1.5; // [ cm ] Nre = 25000; Qm = 40; // [ L/m62h ] 173

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Mw = 30000; Dv = 5*10^ -7; // [ cm2/ s ] R = 0.75; // S o l u t i o n // ( a ) // Base c a s e : v = Qm *2.78*10^ -5; // [ cm/ s ] Nsc = 0.01/ Dv ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 5 5 ) Nsh = 0.0096* Nre ^0.913* Nsc ^0.346; kc = Nsh * Dv / D ; // [ cm/ s ] // L e t A = K/(1 K) A = (1 - R ) / R * exp ( - v / kc ) ; K = A /(1+ A ) ; // I f t h e f l u x i s r e d u c e d t o 0 . 5 5 6 1 0 3 cm/ s // L e t B = (1 R) /R B = K /(1 - K ) * exp (0.556*10^ -3/ kc ) ; R = 1/(1+ B ) ; // As f l u x a p p r o a c h e s z e r o R a p p r a o c h e s 1K : Rmax = 1 - K ; disp (R , f r a c t i o n r e j e c t e d (R) = ) ; disp ( Rmax , maximum r e j e c t i o n ( Rmax ) = ) ; // ( b ) // U s i n g F i g . ( 3 0 . 2 4 ) kc1 = kc ; M2 = 10000; R2 = 0.35; K1 = K ; lambda1 = 1 - K1 ^0.5; lambda2 = lambda1 *(10000/ Mw ) ^(1/3) ; K2 = (1 - lambda2 ) ^2; kc2 = kc1 *3^0.22; // [ cm/ s ] // L e t B2 = (1 R2 ) /R2 B2 = K2 /(1 - K2 ) * exp ( v / kc2 ) ; R2 = 1/(1+ B2 ) ; disp ( R2 , f r a c t i o n r e j e c t e d ( R2 ) = ) ; 174

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

// ( c ) Dpore = 10^ -7; // [ cm2/ s ] eps = 0.5; tou = 2; De = 2.5*10^ -8; // [ cm2/ s ] L = 2*10^ -5; // [ cm ] v = 5.56*10^ -4; // [ cm/ s ] vLbyDe = v * L / De ; // U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 6 3 ) K = 0.101; c2bycs = K * exp ( vLbyDe ) /( K -1+ exp ( vLbyDe ) ) ; disp ( D i f f u s i o n i n t h e membrane makes t h e p r e m e a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a b o u t t w i c e a s h i g h a s i t would be i f c 2=Kcs = 0 . 1 0 1 c s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s l o w e r than t h a t e s t i m a t e d i n p a r t ( a ) );

175