MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT

SMALLHOLDER DAIRY COMMERCIALIZATION PROGRAMME (SDCP)

SMALLHOLDER FARMERS GUIDE TO DAIRY FARMING AS A BUSINESS

SMALLHOLDER FARMERS GUIDE TO DAIRY FARMING AS A BUSINESS PREFACE

Farming as a business is a relatively new concept for small-scale farmers who have traditionally farmed as a way of life to provide for their subsistence needs. Commercial farming was previously associated with industrial crops and large-scale farms. The current approach involves a deliberate choice of farm enterprises with an aim of maximizing on the benefits that farmers gain from their activities. It involves a change in the way smallholder farming is perceived. This is because farming is a profitable venture which provides gainful employment and a source of livelihood for many people.

SDCP has an overall objective of increasing the income of poor rural households that depend substantially on production and trade of dairy products for their livelihood. This is being achieved through the two programme purposes. First, improving the financial returns of market oriented production and trade activities by small operators, through improved information on market opportunities, increased productivity, cost reduction, value addition and more reliable trade relations. Second, enabling more rural households to create employment through, and benefit from expanded opportunities for market oriented dairy activities, in particular because of strengthened farmer organizations.

This guide is intended to introduce smallholder farmers to the concept of farming as a business and outlines some of the activities they can engage in to make their dairy farming activities more profitable. It has been compiled by the Dairy Enterprise

Development Officer, SDCP. The contribution of Bernard Kimoro, the Dairy Production Officer in providing livestock records and Jeff Otieno, the Assistant Monitoring and Evaluation Officer in providing images and illustrations is acknowledged.

Lorna Mbatia Dairy Enterprise Development Officer Smallholder Dairy Commercialization Programme June 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREAMBLE ...................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION TO FARMING AS A BUSINESS ....................................................... 1 MY FARM BUSINESS ...................................................................................................... 5 FARM LEVEL DAIRY ENTERPRISE PLAN ............................................................ 10 RECORD KEEPING ........................................................................................................ 13 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... 16 MONEY ........................................................................................................................ 16 SAVING ....................................................................................................................... 17 INVESTMENT ............................................................................................................. 18 CREDIT ........................................................................................................................ 18 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... i INDIVIDUAL COW RECORD ...................................................................................... i GENERAL HEALTH RECORD ..................................................................................... i VACCINATION RECORD............................................................................................ ii MILK PRODUCTION RECORD ................................................................................. iii

iv

INTRODUCTION TO FARMING AS A BUSINESS

What is a business? A business is an organization that buys or sells products or services for money. It can also be defined as an activity in which a person earns a profit from providing a service or from supplying goods.

A business involves buying and selling something. The buyer wants to meet a need. He therefore pays some money for the goods or services he requires to meet that need. The seller produces products or offers services that are needed by customers. He does this in order to meet the needs of customers and earn profit in the process. Profit is the amount left after subtracting the cost of giving a service or supplying goods from the amount paid for the service or goods by the customer who buys them, i.e. Profit = Income Expenses

Similarities between farming and other businesses Farming is similar to other businesses that we are familiar with. In our local market there are businesses like kiosks, furniture shops, tailoring and others. These businesses help us to get what we need. They provide their owners with income and provide employment to those who work there.

Dairy farmers on their part supply consumers with milk and milk products. They invest in land, cows, capital, animal feeds and labour so that they can provide their families and other consumers with milk. They must however earn profits from their activities if they are going to operate as a successful business.

For farming to be carried out as a business the farmer must plan how he is going to sell the milk so that he can get a good price and a reliable market. Like other businesses he will need information about the price, availability of milk products, buyers, competitors, input suppliers and other factors that affect his business. He will also carry out marketing activities such as value addition, transporting milk to the collection point and selling.

Like other businesses farming is affected by seasonal patterns. Business like tailoring and carpentry are also influenced by seasonal patterns such as demand for school uniform and desks at the beginning of the year and demand for new clothes during the Christmas season. Likewise a farmer must plan knowing that there are seasonal variations in availability of feeds and other seasonal patterns such as high supply of milk in the wet season. He may conserve feeds for the dry season to ensure that his cows have enough to eat and produce milk throughout the year. He may also choose to have a contract with those who buy from him so that the amount of milk sold and the price are determined beforehand.

Importance of business There are many benefits that businesses bring to a community and individuals. Some of them are listed below. 1. A business is a source of employment for the business operator and his employees. 2. A business is a source of income. This helps in meeting the needs of the business operator, his/her family and those who depend on the business. 3. A business helps in meeting the needs of the community through providing goods and services close to where they are.

Tuiyo Mosop Multipurpose Groups agro-vet shop in Kapsaret assists farmers to access inputs nearby

4. Businesses promote economic development and promote the welfare of the community. 5. By creating employment, providing income generating opportunities and promoting development in rural areas, businesses help in reducing rural-urban migration and the accompanying problems such as mushrooming of slums.

Importance of farming as a business Subsistence farming involves producing just enough for consumption by the farmer and his family. Farming as a business on the other hand involves carrying out farming with the aim of making profit. It involves planning and choosing farming enterprises that will enable farmers to earn profit. It also involves having the market in mind when making decisions about what and when to produce.

In order to engage in farming as a business the farmer invests so that he can make more money. He may spend money to buy good quality animals, use A.I. services, provide better feeds, engage in good husbandry practices and add value to what is produced because these help him to earn more income.

Investing by providing enough quality feeds raises milk production and profit

Record keeping is an important business practice because it helps the businessman to know how the business is performing. Farmers ought to keep records to help them assess if they are making profit from their activities. The records also provide them with useful information for decision making.

Besides farm records, the farmer will need to seek information on the opportunities available and how best to carry out his business so that he can get more profit from his farm. He can get information on how to improve on his farm business from extension officers, field days, radio programmes, agricultural shows, magazines, brochures and booklets.

MY FARM BUSINESS
Now that we have seen that dairy farming is a business like any other there is need to consider how the business is performing and what we can do to improve it.

Example Sotet farm is on a 3 acre plot and has 2 cows which are in milk and a calf. One of the cows produces an average of 5 litres and the other 3 litres of milk per day. The family consumes 3 litres while the other 5 are sold through New KCC Ltd Below is a statement showing the income and expenditure of the farm in the year 2009.

Sotet Farm Income and expenditure of dairy enterprise for the year 2009 Kshs. Income Sale of milk to New KCC (5 lts @ 21/-*300 days) Sale of manure (24 bags @ 600/-) Milk consumed at home (3 lts*365 days*21/-)* Gross Income Expenditure Labour (1 farm hand paid 2,500 monthly) Dairy meal (2Kg*2cows*300days/90kg*1,800/-) Minerals (100g x 365 x2)/1000g*100/Hay (3 bales*120days*200/-) AI services (4 *900/-) Veterinary costs Dipping charges (15/- per head per week) Milking salve Deworming Transport for milk to cooler in the town (3/- per litre) Maintenance costs Stationery (for records) Depreciation Total expenditure Profit/(Loss) for the year 31,500 14,400 22,995 68,895 Kshs.

30,000 24,000 7,300 72,000 3,600 5,000 2,340 1,200 1,000 4,500 5,000 500 2,500 158,940 (90,045)

The dairy enterprise did not make profit during the year. Instead it made a loss of Kshs.90,045.

With a total expenditure of Kshs.158,940 the farmer would need to sell at least 7,569 litres of milk at 21/- to avoid making losses. This is an average of 21 litres per day throughout the year. The amount at which the business does not make a profit or a loss is referred to as the break even point. The farmer needs to operate above that level in order to make a profit.

Income

Expenses

There are actions that the farmer can take to change this so that the dairy enterprise can give him profit. In order to increase profit he can i. ii. iii. Increase income without raising costs by the same amount Maintain the same level of income while reducing the costs Increase income and reduce cost at the same time

Increasing income A dairy farmer can increase income by i. Increasing the amount of milk sold.

This involves increasing milk production and reducing milk losses. To increase milk production he can feed his cows on better feeds and apply good management practices. If the cows are of low genetic potential the farmer may replace them with cows that yield more milk. The farmer can improve the quality of his herd by using artificial

insemination (AI) services and select the qualities that are desirable for the offspring. Milk losses can be reduced through hygienic milk handling to prevent contamination and

spoilage. Losses can also be reduced by using appropriate containers to avoid spillage during transportation.

Investing in quality cows and good husbandry practices for increased profit

ii.

Selling where prices are higher.

Farmers can identify alternative markets that can pay higher prices without them incurring transport and other marketing costs that are equal to or in excess of additional income to be earned at the alternative market. Through bulking milk farmers can collect large volumes that give them bargaining power when negotiating for better prices.

iii.

Preparing and selling high value products e.g. mursik, mala, cheese and yoghurt.

This enables farmers to earn more income after converting the milk into other forms that are sold at a higher price. The demand for such products should be assessed and how they will be marketed determined before starting such processes. There are additional costs including licences, culture, flavour, packaging, energy, transport and labour. These costs should not exceed the additional income earned if the business is to make profit.

iv.

Selling by-products.

Farmers can sell manure and other farm by-products that other people require and are willing to pay for. Farmers can produce surplus hay which they can sell during the dry season when animal feed is in high demand and fetches high prices.

Reducing cost in order to increase profit Another approach is to identify the respective costs and consider what can be done to reduce them without reducing the level of milk production. In the previous example the farmer can reduce costs by growing high quality feeds on the farm to reduce the expenditure on dairy meal. He can also conserve feeds to avoid buying hay in the dry season. Farmers who do not have sufficient land to plant fodder could buy hay when there is plenty of feed because the prices are significantly lower and store it for the dry season.

Timely heat detection can be used to reduce the number of repeats in AI service. Similarly improved husbandry practices can lower the incidence of management diseases and thus reduce the cost of veterinary services. Transport costs could be reduced by bulking the milk with other farmers and using economies of scale as a means of reducing the transport cost per litre of milk. Farmers can come together to purchase inputs in bulk at a lower cost per unit in order to reduce the cost incurred.

Planning The first step in running a successful business is to have a plan. Planning involves identifying ones goals and the necessary steps to achieve them. The farmer should plan his farm to cater for the enterprises chosen in a way that will optimize the production.

The farmer will identify opportunities available based on market demand for various products and consider the activities he will implement to take advantage of them. The resources required to carry out the activities are then identified. The farmer plans for how the resources will be availed and provide a timeframe for the implementation. A plan is an important management tool because it guides what is to be done to achieve the goals set and helps to monitor progress made.

Below is a sample farm plan

FARM LEVEL DAIRY ENTERPRISE PLAN

BACKGROUND INFORMATION Name of farmer: Mfugaji Bora Date: May 15, 2010 District: Mashariki Location: Katikati Farm size: 3 acres Gender: M

Description of general features of the farm: Structures Farmers house: Semi-permanent Housing for cattle: None save for enclosure with barbed wire fence Fencing: Barbed wire fence surrounding entire farm Paddocks: None Water harvesting and storage: None Slope gentle slope Soils loamy clay Water availability: Water is fetched from a stream 500 metres from the farm Current farm sketch

Existing enterprises Enterprise Unit 1 Dairy Cow

No. of units 2

Gross margin (90,045)

Remarks 8 lts / per day. Costs are more than income

10

2 Maize

Acre

1.5

12,300

therefore the farm is making a loss 18 bags/acre

Opportunities identified for improvement of dairy enterprise Measures to increase income 1. Adoption of good husbandry practices 2. Increasing the herd to 4 dairy cows 3. Replacing the current herd with higher yielding cows Measures to reduce costs and cut losses 1. Fodder establishment to reduce amount spent on feed purchases 2. Baling of hay and silage making for dry season feeding 3. Investing in proper milk handling equipment to prevent spillage and spoilage Proposed activities
Opportunity Adoption of good husbandry practices Action Establishment of zero grazing unit Resources required Wood Iron sheets Cement Sand Murram Blocks Labour Transport Funds for purchase of cows Cost 5,000 8,000 4,000 1,400 5,000 6,000 5,000 200,000 Source of the resources Savings and sale of farm produce. Wood from farm Time frame October to November 2010 Remarks

Acquiring high quality breeds

Fodder establishment

Scouting for and purchasing good cows with the assistance of livestock extension officer. Sale of current herd Land preparation Acquisition of planting material Planting

Proceeds from sale of herd 50,000. Loan from Bidii Microfinance 155,000. Planting material from SDCP supported bulking plot. Manure from farm. Casual labour to complement family labour. Wood for hay box from farm. Others to be bought from sale of farm produce

Labour Planting material Manure

1,000 -

Loan processing Sept Oct 2010. Acquisition of cows December 2010 January 2011 September October 2010

Cows to be bought after zero-grazing unit is complete Target is cows producing a minimum of 25 lts daily Planting to coincide with short rains

Feed conservation

Baling of hay. Silage making.

Hay box Sisal twine Polythene tubes Molasses

400 150 2,000 300

December 2010

Activity depends on readiness of material for conservation

11

Opportunity Proper milk handling

Action Purchase of milk equipment

Resources required Buckets Milk cans Sieves Towels

Cost 1,000 15,000 100 500

Source of the resources 1,600 from savings, cans from milk sales

Time frame January 2011

Remarks Cans will be acquired from Society and paid for on check off

Proposed farm plan

Live fences of fodder trees will be planted to provide complementary feed. Sorghum, oats, lucerne, desmodium and napier grass will be planted in the former grazing field. The enclosure will be replaced with a zero-grazing unit. Maize and beans will be grown for the familys food. Farm residues from the beans and maize plots will be used as animal feeds. Expected/target performance following interventions Enterprise Unit No. of units Gross margin 1 Dairy Cow 4 360,640 2 Maize Acre 1 26,300 3 Beans Acre 0.25 7,500 4 Poultry Number 100 25,000

Remarks Average 25 lts per cow per day Target is 25 bags at 2,000/ For home consumption From sale of eggs, live birds

12

RECORD KEEPING
Introduction Recording keeping is an important practice for any business. Records are written information about what has been done, bought, sold, etc

Importance of records They help us to stay in control of resources. They help us in decision making. They help in monitoring performance. They communicate about the farm business to other parties. When we are dealing with other parties they may require information and evidence from records kept e.g. when seeking business development assistance or when we approach financial institutions for a loan.

Our minds cannot store all the important information which we may need to refer to later. We may also not remember all the important information instantly as and when required even if we have a good memory. It is therefore necessary to document information for reference by the farmer and other parties who work with him.

3. What records should the farmer keep? Below are some records kept by dairy farmers. There are other samples in the annex.

a. Farm plan showing homestead, partitions for various enterprises, other developments, pathways and unused land.

b. Milk production records Date Morning Evening Total Calf Home Sales consumption consumption Price Value

13

c. Inputs such as feeds and drugs, showing the quantity, value, usage, date of purchased Input purchase record Date Type of input Quantity Value

d. Breeding and calving records Cow identification: .. Date of last calving: . Lactation no: Dates on heat Service dates AI/Bull Breed Pregnancy test: Date and result Date to dry Date to calve e. Animal health records Treatment record Date Illness/events Treatment Cost Remarks

Vaccination record Vaccine type Date vaccinated Date due Date vaccinated Date due f. Income and expenditure records Date Description Receipts (Kshs) (Income/Cash In) Payments (Kshs) (Expenditure/Cash out) Balance

14

g. Activity record Activity Start date Completion date Resources used Cost Remarks

There are other records which a farmer can keep to aid him in obtaining information about his business, making decisions, assessing performance and obtaining external assistance. These records provide information which is used to generate financial

statements such as profit and loss account and balance sheet.

15

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
MONEY
Money is a medium of exchange. Before money was used for exchange there was barter trade where parties exchanged the commodities they needed. Money is preferred as a medium of exchange for several reasons: 1. It is widely acceptable. 2. It can be held in various denominations making it divisible. 3. It is easy to carry. 4. It facilitates trade in different areas and commodities.

Importance of money Money is important because it enables us to pay for the things that we need such as: food, clothes, shelter, school fees, medicine, utilities such as telephone and other necessities of life. Money is used for investment e.g. plots of land, poultry, sheep, goats, dairy cows, shares, equipment, business and rental houses. People also save money to meet future needs and leave inheritance for their children.

Sources of money Money is acquired through different ways. Some of them are: sale of farm produce, sale of assets, trading, employment, dividends, interest income and loans.

The loans can be given to individuals or groups by merry-go-rounds, village savings and loan associations, cooperative societies, banks, microfinance institutions and some government programmes among others. Njaa Marufuku Kenya a programme under the Ministry of Agriculture, CDF, Youth Enterprise Fund and Women Enterprise Fund are some of the government programmes that can be approached for funds by groups.

16

SAVING

A clay money bank used for keeping savings

Purpose of saving 1. Daily financial management: to manage and deal with day-to day expenses and occurrences as well as emergencies. 2. Consumption smoothing: dealing with seasonality by holding over income from one period to another. 3. Accumulation: building up savings to meet large future expenses such as purchase of land, equipment, payment of school fees, etc. 4. Insurance: building up savings to deal with irregular events such as illness, burials, marriage, ceremonies, etc

Savings may be in the form of money or in kind e.g. livestock, foodstuff in granary, etc. There are advantages and disadvantages of savings in the different forms. For some people saving in the form of money may tempt them to use it for other purposes. Where the savings are held in kind there are risks such as disease outbreaks which can affect livestock making it disadvantageous to the owner. On the other hand there is the

likelihood that the livestock will have offspring and the value of the herd will increase. The farmer should choose the form that is appropriate to his circumstances such as

17

income patterns and the purpose for which he is saving. The circumstances of the farmer will also determine how frequently he saves.

When deciding on where to keep savings there is need to consider safety, ease of withdrawal when there is need to access money, closeness to avoid high travelling costs, high interest rates on savings and simplicity of procedures.

INVESTMENT
Investment is putting aside money in something that will increase in value or increase the ability to earn additional income in future. People invest for various reasons. Some of them are: To increase income so that one is able to meet future needs and aspirations. Wealth and employment creation. Security for old age and to create a reserve for use in times of emergencies. Leaving inheritance for children.

There is need to consider the feasibility of an investment. One should not put money in a venture which will not generate sufficient returns just because someone else has invested in the same. Get-rich-quick ventures such as the pyramid schemes result in losses and should therefore be avoided.

CREDIT
This is one of the sources of money. It is money given by one party to another for a time with the understanding that the party which has received it will pay it back at a later date according to the terms agreed on.

People take loans for different purposes some of which are listed below. Investment e.g. in business, plots of land, livestock, etc Consumption purposes e.g. to buy food or household items, pay school fees, etc Attending to emergencies e.g. illness

18

Sources of loan funds There are various places where people can obtain loans. The availability of loans varies from place to place as well as with the circumstances of the person seeking the loan. 1. Groups which have merry-go-round where members can save and also get loans based on their level of savings. 2. Savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCO) which give loans to members. 3. Banks. Some of the banks have specialized products to meet the needs of clients. E.g. Cooperative bank (maziwa loan) and Equity bank (mifugo loan) for livestock farmers. 4. Agricultural Finance Corporation (AFC). 5. Micro Finance Institutions (MFI) e.g. K-REP, Faulu Kenya, Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT), SMEP, SISDO, KADET, etc. 6. Youth Enterprise Fund. 7. Women Enterprise Fund. 8. Traders who give goods and services on credit. The different sources have advantages and disadvantages. The farmer should therefore choose the source that meets his needs and is convenient to his circumstances.

Features of a loan Principal: This is the amount of money borrowed Interest: refers to the cost of the loan which is calculated as a percentage of the principal. Interest may be charged on a fixed amount or on a reducing balance. This will affect the total amount paid on the loan. Grace period: This is the duration between the time a loan is disbursed and the time that repayment begins. Repayment period: refers to the time given for the loan and interest to be paid in full. Instalment: Payments are divided into amounts to be paid periodically. The amounts comprise a portion of the principal and interest. Security/collateral: Usually the lender requires an asset that can be sold in event of the borrowers failure to repay the loan. The type and value of the security depends on the loan amount and the policy of the lender. Land title deeds, motor vehicle

19

logbooks, equipment, warehouse receipts and group guarantee are some of the forms of security which are commonly used. Preliminary expenses e.g. application fees, agreement fees.

When taking a loan it is important to understand the terms and conditions. It is also important to know various costs that will be charged e.g. application fees, agreement fees, management fees and the amount of principal and interest that are due each month.

When one takes a loan he should realize that it is not free money. It is money that comes at a cost and which must be repaid at a future date. Failure to repay may have legally enforceable consequences resulting in loss to the borrower. Borrowing money as a group There are various loans available for different purposes such as development, school fees, purchase of shares, household items, dairy cows, farm equipment and construction of farm structures. Loans are available to individuals and groups. A group may have a proposed investment project but may lack sufficient funds to implement it. They may opt to finance the project using a loan. Members are responsible for repaying the loan. Group guarantee is one of the ways of securing money advanced to group members. Under this method members commit themselves to repay funds owed to the lender when the borrower defaults. The method is increasingly popular because borrowers who lack title deeds, motor vehicle log books or other forms of security can take loans. Managing default When a borrower fails to pay money owed on the specified date as agreed with the lender he is said to have defaulted. The reasons for failure to repay on time are diverse. In event of failure to repay on time there are consequences. 1. The lender may sell the asset pledged as security resulting in loss to the borrower. 2. The borrower may be sued. 3. Where members of the group have committed themselves as guarantors they will put pressure on the defaulter to force him to repay. In the event that he still does not repay they may take his possessions so that they are sold and money obtained to cover the outstanding amount.

20

4. The defaulter may lose credibility depending on the reasons for default. The guarantors may not want to guarantee him in future while to the lender the credit rating will be negative making it difficult to access a loan in future When borrowing one should remember that the money belongs to someone else. The borrower should therefore be a good steward and use it for productive purposes and repay it as agreed with the lender. If it becomes difficult to raise the instalments as agreed, the borrower can consider the options available to him including negotiating with the lender to accept lower instalments or extending the loan period. With the many possible sources of credit a borrower may find himself over-burdened with loans. The borrower should therefore protect himself by making sure that he is not over-exposed. When taking a loan 1. Make sure that you borrow an amount that you are able to repay 2. Consider the cost of the loan. The investment being funded by borrowed funds should give profit that is more than the amount paid for borrowing in the form of interest, application fees, processing fees and other costs associated with using borrowed funds. 3. Consider the expected cash-flows and whether they will meet the requirements for payment of instalments and leave a surplus that justifies taking the loan. 4. Know the terms and conditions of the loan. Are you ready to abide by them?

21

MARKETING Farming as a business involves production with the market in mind. It is driven by what is being demanded by consumers. The farmer should therefore identify his market so that he can know what to produce, when to produce and how much of it. Marketing is important to farming as a business because it involves the processes that move products from the farm to the consumer and translates it into income. Four key components of marketing should be considered when making decisions. These are: product; price; place; and promotion. Product The product to be sold will be determined by the customers needs, tastes and preferences. The dairy farmer has the option of selling fresh milk or milk products if there is a market for them and they can be produced and sold at a profit. The products should be well packaged and labelled for them to be attractive to customers. Price The price of the product will be influenced by production costs, the price being offered by the buyers, the level of supply and demand, the price of similar products or substitutes, desired profit margin and the bargaining power of the farmer among other factors. Place This involves decisions on how the product will reach the consumer. There different ways of reaching consumers depending on the people involved in the marketing chain. The farmer may take milk to a collection centre or engage a transporter to carry the milk for him, sell it direct to consumers or sell through middlemen. The decision of how the product will reach the consumer will depend on the distance, costs involved, presence of middlemen, transporters, processors and collection centres among other considerations. Promotion This involves creating awareness about a product for example through advertising and making samples available for tasting. It is essential to the success of the business because customers must become aware of the products so that they can buy. This is particularly important for new products and new brands which are being introduced in the market. Conclusion The farmer who is engaging in dairy farming as a business should be prepared to invest in good quality cows, proper housing, good management practices and feeding. He should plan his business and focus on the market, what the customers want and are willing to pay for. Like other businesses dairy farming is a profitable business if the business farmer invests and makes the right decisions regarding his enterprise.

22

APPENDICES
INDIVIDUAL COW RECORD
TAG/TATTOO NO: COW NAME SIRE SIRE DAM BREEDING RECORD WEIGHT AT FIRST SERVICE (KGS) AGE AT FIRST SERVICE (DAYS) HEAT DATES DATE OF A.I./BULL SERVICE PREG. DIAGNOSIS DATE DATE TO DRY DATE DUE TO CALF AGE AT FIRST CALVING (DAYS) AGE AT CONCEPTION (DAYS) DATE CALVED CALF SEX NO. CALVING INTERVAL (DAYS) REMARKS DAM SIRE DAM DATE BORN REGISTER NO: HOW DISPOSED REASON FOR DISPOSAL

GENERAL HEALTH RECORD

DATE SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT GIVEN REMARKS

VACCINATION RECORD
DISEASE DATE DATE DATE DATE DATE DATE

Foot and mouth Brucellosis Rinderpest Anthrax/Black Quarter Lumpy Skin Disease Rabies Leptospirosis Rift Valley Fever Mastitis

TREATMENT (DEWORMER)

DATE

DATE

DATE

DATE

DATE

DATE

ii

MILK PRODUCTION RECORD

Time JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Year total Milk Lactation total Number of days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Total milk Av./ day Comment

iii