4

t H e 2011 Mot H eR S I nDe X Norway Tops List, Afghanistan Ranks Last, United States Ranks 31st

Afghanistan

Save the Childrens twelfth annual Mothers age 5. At this rate, every mother in AfghaniIndex compares the well-being of mothers and stan is likely to suffer the loss of a child. children in 164 countries more than in any Zeroing in on the childrens well-being porprevious year. The Mothers Index also provides tion of the Mothers Index, Sweden finishes first information on an additional eight countries, and Somalia is last out of 168 countries. While four of which report sufficient data to present nearly every Swedish child girl and boy alike findings on childrens indicators. When these enjoys good health and education, children in are included, the total comes to 172 countries. Somalia face a more than 1 in 6 risk of dying norway, Australia and Iceland top the before age 5. Thirty-six percent of Somali rankings this year. The top 10 countries, in children are malnourished and 70 percent lack general, attain very high scores for mothers access to safe water. one in 3 primary-schooland childrens health, educational and ecoaged children in Somalia are enrolled in school, nomic status. Afghanistan ranks last among and within that meager enrollment, boys the 164 countries surveyed. The 10 bottomoutnumber girls almost 2 to 1. ranked countries eight from sub-Saharan These statistics go far beyond mere Africa are a reverse image of the top 10, pernumbers. The human despair and lost opporforming poorly on all indicators. The united tunities represented in these numbers demand States places 31st this year. mothers everywhere be given the basic tools Conditions for mothers and their children they need to break the cycle of poverty and in the bottom countries are grim. on average, improve the quality of life for themselves, 1 woman in 30 will die from pregnancy-related their children, and for generations to come. causes. one child in 6 dies before his or her See the Appendix for the Complete Mothers fifth birthday, and 1 child in 3 suffers from Index and Country Rankings. malnutrition. nearly 50 percent of the population lacks access to safe water and only 4 girls 2011 MoTheRS' InDex RANKINGS for every 5 boys are enrolled in primary school. tOP 10 BOttOM 10 The gap in availability of maternal and BESt PlACES tO BE A MOthER WORSt PlACES tO BE A MOthER child health services is especially dramatic RANK COUNtRy RANK COUNtRy when comparing norway and Afghanistan. 1 Norway 155 Central African Republic Skilled health personnel are present at virtualAustralia 156 Sudan ly every birth in norway, while only 14 percent 2 2 Iceland 157 Mali of births are attended in Afghanistan. A typi4 Sweden 158 Eritrea cal norwegian woman has 18 years of formal 5 denmark 159 dR Congo education and will live to be 83 years old; 82 6 New Zealand 160 Chad percent are using some modern method of 7 finland 161 yemen contraception, and only 1 in 175 will lose a 8 Belgium 162 Guinea-Bissau child before his or her fifth birthday. At the 9 Netherlands 163 Niger opposite end of the spectrum, in Afghanistan, 10 france 164 Afghanistan a typical woman has fewer than five years of education and will not live to be 45. less than 16 percent of women are using modern contraception, and 1 child in 5 dies before reaching
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A PPenDI X : t He Mot H eR S I nDe X A nD Cou n t Ry R A n K I nGS

The twelfth annual Mothers Index helps document conditions for mothers and children in 164 countries 43 developed nations and 121 in the developing world and shows where mothers fare best and where they face the greatest hardships. All countries for which sufficient data are available are included in the Index. Why should Save the Children be so concerned with mothers? Because more than 75 years of field experience have taught us that the quality of childrens lives depends on the health, security and well-being of their mothers. In short, providing mothers with access to education, economic opportunities and maternal and child health care gives mothers and their children the best chance to survive and thrive. The Index relies on information published by governments, research institutions and international agencies. The Complete Mothers Index, based on a composite of separate indices for womens and childrens well-being, appears in the fold-out table in this appendix. A full description of the research methodology and individual indicators appears after the fold-out. Mothers Index Rankings european countries along with Australia and new Zealand dominate the top positions while countries in sub-Saharan Africa dominate the lowest tier. The united States places 31st this year. While most industrialized countries cluster tightly at the top of the Index with the majority of these countries performing well on all indicators the highest ranking countries attain very high scores for mothers and childrens health, educational and economic status. The top 10 countries this year are (from 1 to 10): norway, Australia and Iceland (tied), Sweden, Denmark, new Zealand, Finland, Belgium, netherlands and France. The bottom 10 countries are (from 155 to 164): Central African Republic, Sudan, Mali, eritrea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, yemen, Guinea-Bissau, niger and Afghanistan. The 10 bottom-ranked countries in this years Mothers Index are a reverse image of the top 10, performing poorly on all indicators. Conditions for mothers and their children in these countries are devastating.
Mali

1 child in 6 dies before his or her fifth birthday. 1 child in 3 suffers from malnutrition. 1 child in 7 is not enrolled in primary school. only 4 girls are enrolled in primary school for every 5 boys. on average, females have fewer than 6 years of formal education. Women earn only 40 percent of what men do. 9 out of 10 women are likely to suffer the loss of a child in their lifetime. The contrast between the top-ranked country, norway, and the lowest-ranked country, Afghanistan, is striking. Skilled health personnel are present at virtually every birth in norway, while only 14 percent of births are attended in Afghanistan. A typical norwegian woman has 18 years of formal education and will live to be 83 years old, 82 percent are using some modern method of contraception, and only one in 175 will lose a child before his or her fifth birthday. At the opposite end of the spectrum, in Afghanistan, a typical woman has fewer than 5 years of education and doesnt live to be 45. less than 16 percent of women are using modern contraception, and 1 child in 5 dies before reaching age 5. At this rate, every mother in Afghanistan is likely to suffer the loss of a child. The data collected for the Mothers Index document the tremendous gaps between rich and poor countries and the urgent need to accelerate progress in the health and well-being of mothers and their children. The data also highlight the regional dimension of this tragedy. eight of the bottom 10 countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa also accounts for 18 of the 20 lowest-ranking countries.
WhAt thE NUMBERS dONt tEll yOU
The national-level data presented in the Mothers Index provide an overview of many countries. However, it is important to remember that the condition of geographic or ethnic sub-groups in a country may vary greatly from the national average. Remote rural areas tend to have fewer services and more dire statistics. War, violence and lawlessness also do great harm to the well-being of mothers and children, and often affect certain segments of the population disproportionately. These details are hidden when only broad national-level data are available.

over half of all births are not attended by skilled health personnel. on average, 1 woman in 30 dies from pregnancyrelated causes.

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Individual country comparisons are especially startling when one considers the human suffering behind the statistics: Fewer than 15 percent of births are attended by skilled health personnel in Chad and Afghanistan. In ethiopia, only 6 percent of births are attended. Compare that to 99 percent in Sri lanka and 95 percent in Botswana. 1 woman in 11 dies in pregnancy or childbirth in Afghanistan. The risk is 1 in 14 in Chad and Somalia. In Italy and Ireland, the risk of maternal death is less than 1 in 15,000 and in Greece its 1 in 31,800.

In Central African Republic and Chad, 7 girls for every 10 boys are enrolled in primary school. In Afghanistan and Guinea-Bissau, its 2 girls for every 3 boys. And in Somalia, boys outnumber girls by almost 2 to 1. 1 child in 5 does not reach his or her fifth birthday in Afghanistan, Chad and Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Finland, Greece, Iceland, Japan, luxembourg, norway, Singapore, Slovenia and Sweden, only 1 child in 333 dies before age 5. over 40 percent of children under age 5 suffer from malnutrition in Bangladesh, Madagascar, nepal, niger and yemen. In India and timor-leste, nearly half of all young children are moderately or severely underweight.

A typical woman will die before the age of 50 in Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Mozambique, nigeria, Sierra leone, Zambia and Zimbabwe. life expectancy for women More than half of the population of Afghanistan, DR is only 46 in lesotho and Swaziland. In Afghanistan, Congo, equatorial Guinea, ethiopia, Fiji, Madagasthe average woman does not live to see her 45th birthcar, Mauritania, Mozambique, niger, Papua new day while in Japan women on average live to almost Guinea and Sierra leone lacks access to safe drinking 87 years old. water. In Somalia, 70 percent of people lack access to safe water. In Somalia, only 1 percent of women use modern contraception. Rates are less than 5 percent in Angola, Statistics are far more than numbers. It is the human Chad and Guinea. And fewer than 1 in 10 women use despair and lost opportunities behind these numbers modern contraception in 15 other developing counthat call for changes to ensure that mothers everywhere tries. By contrast, 80 percent or more of women in have the basic tools they need to break the cycle of povChina, norway, Thailand and the united Kingdom erty and improve the quality of life for themselves, their use some form of modern contraception. children, and for generations to come. In Afghanistan, Jordan, lebanon, libya, Morocco, oman, Pakistan, Syria and yemen women earn 25 cents or less for every dollar men earn. Saudi and Palestinian women earn only 16 and 12 cents respectively to the male dollar. In Mongolia, women earn 87 cents for every dollar men earn and in Mozambique they earn 90. In Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the Solomon Islands, not one seat in parliament is occupied by a woman. In Comoros and Papua new Guinea women have only 1 seat. Compare that to Rwanda, where over half of all seats are held by women. A typical female in Afghanistan, Angola, Djibouti, eritrea and Guinea-Bissau receives fewer than 5 years of formal education. In niger, its fewer than 4 years and in Somalia, women receive less than 2 years of education. In Australia and new Zealand, the average woman stays in school for over 20 years. In Somalia, 2 out of 3 children are not enrolled in primary school. More than half (52 percent) of all children in eritrea are not in school. In Djibouti and Papua new Guinea out-of-school rates are 45 percent. In comparison, nearly all children France, Italy, Spain and Sweden make it from preschool all the way to high school.
28

Sierra leone

fREQUENtly ASKEd QUEStIONS ABOUt thE MOthERS INdEx

Why doesnt the United States do better in the rankings? The United States ranked 31st this year based on several factors: One of the key indicators used to calculate wellbeing for mothers is lifetime risk of maternal mortality. The United States rate for maternal mortality is 1 in 2,100 the highest of any industrialized nation. In fact, only three Tier I developed countries Albania, the Russian Federation and Moldova performed worse than the United States on this indicator. A woman in the U.S. is more than 7 times as likely as a woman in Italy or Ireland to die from pregnancy-related causes and her risk of maternal death is 15-fold that of a woman in Greece. Similarly, the United States does not do as well as most other developed countries with regard to under-5 mortality. The U.S. under-5 mortality rate is 8 per 1,000 births. This is on par with rates in Latvia. Forty countries performed better than the U.S. on this indicator. At this rate, a child in the U.S. is more than twice as likely as a child in Finland, Greece, Iceland, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, Slovenia, Singapore or Sweden to die before reaching age 5. Only 58 percent of children in the United States are enrolled in preschool making it the fifth lowest country in the developed world on this indicator. The United States has the least generous maternity leave policy both in terms of duration and percent of wages paid of any wealthy nation. The United States is also lagging behind with regard to the political status of women. Only 17 percent of congressional seats are held by women, compared to 45 percent in Sweden and 43 percent in Iceland. Why is Norway number one? Norway generally performed as well as or better than other countries in the rankings on all indicators. It has the highest ratio of female-to-male earned income, the highest contraceptive prevalence rate, one of the lowest under-5 mortality rates and one of the most generous maternity leave policies in the developed world.

Why is Afghanistan last? Afghanistan has the highest lifetime risk of maternal mortality and the lowest female life expectancy in the world. It also places second to last on skilled attendance at birth, under-5 mortality and gender disparity in primary education. Performance on most other indicators also places Afghanistan among the lowest-ranking countries in the world. Why are some countries not included in the Mothers Index? Rankings were based on a country's performance with respect to a defined set of indicators related primarily to health, nutrition, education, economic and political status. There were 164 countries for which published information regarding performance on these indicators existed. All 164 were included in the study. The only basis for excluding countries was insufficient or unavailable data or national populations below 250,000.

What should be done to bridge the divide between countries that meet the needs of their mothers and those that dont?
Governments and international agencies need to increase funding to improve education levels for women and girls, provide access to maternal and child health care and advance womens economic opportunities. The international community also needs to improve current research and conduct new studies that focus specifically on mothers and childrens well-being. In the United States and other industrialized nations, governments and communities need to work together to improve education and health care for disadvantaged mothers and children.

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2011 Mot HeR S I nDe X R A n K I nGS

COUNtRy MOthERS WOMENS ChIldRENS INdEx RANK* INdEx RANK** INdEx RANK*** 1 2 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 16 16 18 19 20 21 22 22 24 24 26 27 28 28 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 23 24 25 25 25 28 28 30 30 32 33 34 35 36 36 38 38 2 1 5 7 4 3 6 9 8 12 15 13 10 16 19 11 17 17 21 14 25 21 20 27 23 33 26 34 28 29 24 35 29 41 32 31 37 35 39 40 37 42 43 1 2 3 6 5 6 8 9 4 14 10 13 22 12 14 23 18 11 17 20 20 18 29 23 25 34 26 30 38 36 26 34 30 26 37 44 52 41 49 7 30 7 1 20 26 19 15 21 6 4 12 23 13 9 29 11 17 14 24 2 22 25 16 26 5 32 2 31 28 34 10 33 18 36 38 35 39 37 40 42 41 43 9 3 1 15 3 2 9 21 52 6 34 12 13 35 27 5 22 43 53 31 42 36 19 40 38 29 40 37 17 16 51 30 39 55 23 23 19 28 11 COUNtRy MOthERS WOMENS ChIldRENS INdEx RANK* INdEx RANK** INdEx RANK*** 39 50 54 33 58 32 59 41 45 40 50 52 45 57 64 48 65 43 60 60 45 70 55 56 71 72 68 62 67 68 66 63 77 73 74 76 75 79 78 80 1 2 3 6 5 11 4 8 12 15 10 9 7 12 18 14 18 16 23 17 21 22 27 20 24 29 28 26 30 31 25 36 33 38 35 37 34 32 39 40 41 42 49 23 32 59 7 67 7 49 48 65 46 57 57 43 17 66 13 70 54 56 71 26 72 68 32 45 46 69 62 62 73 74 60 78 76 75 81 77 80 79 4 9 2 7 9 2 26 22 6 1 14 24 30 11 5 27 14 16 8 25 19 17 12 36 23 12 18 29 19 32 40 28 35 30 38 34 39 41 33 36 41 43

tIER I: MORE dEvElOPEd COUNtRIES Norway Australia Iceland Sweden denmark New Zealand finland Belgium Netherlands france Germany Spain United Kingdom Portugal Switzerland Ireland Slovenia Estonia Greece Canada Italy hungary lithuania Czech Republic latvia Austria Croatia Japan Poland Slovakia United States luxembourg Belarus Malta Bulgaria Romania Serbia Russian federation Ukraine Moldova, Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia, tfyR Albania tIER II: lESS dEvElOPEd COUNtRIES Cuba Israel Cyprus Argentina Barbados Korea, Republic of Uruguay Kazakhstan Mongolia Bahamas Colombia Brazil Costa Rica Ecuador Jamaica Chile Bahrain China South Africa thailand Peru Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Mexico dominican Republic Panama trinidad and tobago Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan tunisia Armenia Bolivia, Plurinational State of Mauritius Paraguay vietnam Kuwait Malaysia United Arab Emirates Iran, Islamic Republic of Qatar

tIER II: lESS dEvElOPEd COUNtRIES (ConTInUeD) El Salvador 40 Belize 41 Guyana 41 43 Sri lanka Georgia 44 Namibia 44 lebanon 46 libyan Arab Jamahiriya 46 48 Cape verde Philippines 49 Suriname 49 Azerbaijan 51 Botswana 51 Algeria 53 Jordan 54 Indonesia 55 turkey 55 tajikistan 57 Nicaragua 58 honduras 59 Gabon 60 Egypt 61 Swaziland 62 fiji 63 Saudi Arabia 64 Syrian Arab Republic 65 Occupied Palestinian territory 66 Ghana 67 Guatemala 68 Oman 69 Zimbabwe 70 Kenya 71 Morocco 72 Cameroon 73 Congo 74 India 75 Papua New Guinea 76 Pakistan 77 Nigeria 78 Cte dIvoire 79 tIER III: lEASt dEvElOPEd COUNtRIES Maldives 1 Rwanda 2 lesotho 3 4 Malawi Uganda 5 Bhutan 6 Mozambique 7 lao Peoples democratic Republic 8 Comoros 9 Solomon Islands 9 Nepal 11 Cambodia 12 Madagascar 13 Myanmar 14 Gambia 15 Burundi 16 Tanzania, United Republic of 17 Bangladesh 18 Senegal 19 timor-leste 20 Mauritania 21 liberia 22 togo 23 Ethiopia 24 Guinea 25 Benin 26 Zambia 26 Burkina faso 28 djibouti 29 Angola 30 Sierra leone 31 Equatorial Guinea 32 Central African Republic 33 Sudan 34 Mali 35 Eritrea 36 Congo, democratic Republic of the 37 Chad 38 yemen 39 Guinea-Bissau 40 Niger 41 Afghanistan 42

* due to different indicator weights and rounding, it is possible for a country to rank high on the womens or childrens index but not score among the very highest countries in the overall Mothers Index. for a complete explanation of the indicator weighting, please see the Methodology and Research notes.

** Rankings for tiers I, II and III are out of the 43, 80 and 42 countries respectively for which sufficient data existed to calculate the Womens Index. *** Rankings for tiers I, II and III are out of the 43, 81 and 44 countries respectively for which sufficient data existed to calculate the Childrens Index.

30

THE COMPLETE MOTHERS INDEX 2011

TIER I
Development Group
MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in number stated) 2008 Albania Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Malta Moldova, Republic of Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom United States 1,700 7,400 14,300 5,100 10,900 9,300 5,800 5,600 5,200 8,500 10,900 5,300 7,600 6,600 11,100 31,800 5,500 9,400 17,800 15,200 12,200 3,600 5,800 3,800 7,300 9,200 2,000 4,000 7,100 3,800 7,600 13,300 9,800 2,700 1,900 7,500 13,300 4,100 11,400 11,400 7,600 3,000 4,700 2,100

Womens Index
Health Status Educational Status
Female life expectancy at birth (years) 2010 80 84 83 76 83 78 77 83 80 80 81 79 83 85 83 82 78 84 83 84 87 78 78 83 77 82 73 77 82 83 83 80 82 77 74 77 79 82 84 83 84 74 82 82 Expected number of years of formal female schooling 2009 11 21 15 15 16 14 14 16 14 16 18 17 18 16 16 (z) 17 16 20 18 17 15 17 17 13 13 15 12 17 20 18 16 16 15 15 14 16 18 17 16 15 15 17 17

Childrens Index
Economic Status
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income 2007 0.54 0.70 0.40 0.63 0.64 0.61 0.68 0.65 0.67 0.57 0.74 0.65 0.73 0.61 0.59 0.51 0.75 0.62 0.56 0.49 0.45 0.67 0.70 0.57 0.49 0.45 0.73 0.58 0.67 0.69 0.77 0.59 0.60 0.68 0.64 0.59 0.58 0.61 0.52 0.67 0.62 0.59 0.67 0.62

Rankings
SOWM 2011

Political Status
Participation of women in national government (% seats held by women) 2011 16 28 28 32 39 16 21 25 24 21 38 23 40 20 32 17 9 43 16 20 14 20 19 20 33 9 19 11 39 34 40 18 27 10 12 22 15 11 34 45 28 8 21 17 (i) Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 2009 15 5 4 12 5 14 10 6 5 4 4 6 3 4 4 3 6 3 4 4 3 8 6 3 11 7 17 9 4 6 3 7 4 12 12 7 7 3 4 3 4 15 6 8

Childrens Status
Gross pre-primary enrollment ratio (% of total) 2009 58 82 95 102 122 15 81 70 54 111 96 95 65 110 109 69 87 98 100 89 89 72 88 23 105 74 100 94 95 62 81 73 90 51 94 83 126 102 102 101 81 58 Gross secondary enrollment ratio (% of total) 2009 72 149 100 95 108 91 89 101 94 95 119 99 110 113 102 102 97 110 115 101 101 98 99 96 84 100 88 121 119 112 100 104 92 85 91 92 97 120 103 96 94 99 94 43 2 26 33 8 41 35 20 27 24 5 18 7 10 11 19 22 2 16 21 28 24 22 32 42 34 40 9 6 1 28 14 36 38 37 28 16 12 4 14 39 13 31

Percent of women using modern contraception 2008 22 71 47 56 73 11 40 72 63 72 56 75 77 66 46 71 66 41 44 56 33 10 43 43 17 65 72 82 28 63 38 53 19 66 63 62 65 78 48 82 (r) 68

Maternity leave benefits 2010 % wages length paid 365 days

1

Mothers Index Rank (out of 43 countries)+

Womens Index Rank (out of 43 countries)+

Childrens Index Rank (out of 43 countries)+

80, 50 (a) (b) 100 100 82, 75 (c,d) 50-100 (e) 90 55 (d,e) 100 (f,g) 69 100 (d) 100 70 (h) 100 (d) 100 (d) 50+ (b,j) 70 80 80 (h,d) 80 67 (b) 100 100 100 (k) 100 (l) 100 100 (d) 100 (d) 80,100 (m) 100 100 85 100 (b,d) 100 (n) 55 100 100 80 (o,d) 80 (d,e) 100 90 (p) (q)

43 1 33 29 9 37 32 14 26 27 4 17 6 12 15 21 21 5 11 25 34 23 20 35 42 41 40 8 3 2 28 16 31 35 37 29 17 13 7 19 39 10 24

43 30 5 33 15 42 36 24 32 16 20 17 19 6 4 14 22 7 29 2 2 26 25 10 41 18 40 21 26 7 31 13 38 39 35 28 11 12 1 9 37 23 34

12 months 16* weeks 126 days1 15 weeks 1 year 135 days 17 weeks 1+ year 28* weeks 52 weeks 140* days
1

105* days11 16* weeks 14* weeks 119 days 24* weeks 3 months 26 weeks 5 months 14 weeks 112 days1 126 days1 16 weeks 9 months 14 weeks 126 days1 16 weeks 14 weeks 46-56* weeks 16* weeks 120 days 126 days1 140 days1 365 days 28* weeks 105 days
1

16* weeks 480 days

1

14 weeks 126 days 52 weeks 12 weeks

To copy this table onto 8 12 x 11" paper, set your photocopier reduction to 85%

TIER II
Development Group
LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES and TERRITORIES (minus least developed countries) Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in number stated) 2008 Algeria Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belize Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Cameroon Cape Verde Chile China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Cte dIvoire Cuba Cyprus Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon Georgia Ghana Guatemala Guyana Honduras India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Israel Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Republic of Kuwait 340 600 1,900 1,200 1,000 2,200 1,100 330 150 180 860 2,000 35 350 2,000 1,500 460 39 1,100 44 1,400 6,600 320 270 380 350 1,300 110 1,300 66 210 150 240 140 190 1,500 300 5,100 450 510 950 38 230 4,700 4,500

Womens Index
Health Status
Percent of births Percent of attended by women using skilled health modern personnel contraception 2009 95 95 100 88 99 98 100 95 71 95 97 99 63 78 100 99 96 83 99 57 100 100 (y) 98 98 79 96 99 86 98 57 51 92 67 53 75 97 80 99 (y) 97 99 100 44 97 100 98 2008 52 64 19 13 60 31 (s) 53 31 34 42 70 12 46 (y) 58 (y) 86 68 13 72 8 72 70 58 58 66 12 27 17 34 33 56 49 57 59 33 52 (t) 66 41 49 32 58 75 39 (s)

Childrens Index
Economic Status
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income 2007 0.36 0.51 0.57 0.44 0.72 (y) 0.51 0.65 0.43 0.61 0.58 0.60 0.59 0.53 0.49 0.42 0.68 0.71 0.51 0.46 0.34 0.49 0.58 0.59 0.51 0.27 0.46 0.38 0.59 0.38 0.74 0.42 0.41 0.34 0.32 0.44 0.32 0.64 0.58 0.19 0.68 0.65 0.52 0.36

Rankings
SOWM 2011

Educational Status
Female life expectancy at birth (years) 2010 74 80 77 73 77 78 80 79 69 55 77 80 52 74 82 75 77 55 82 60 81 82 76 79 72 77 72 63 75 58 74 71 75 66 74 73 72 83 76 75 72 56 70 83 80 Expected number of years of formal female schooling 2009 13 17 13 13 12 15 16 (z) 13 14 12 14 14 9 12 15 12 14 8 12 5 19 14 13 14 11 12 13 12 13 9 10 12 12 (z) 10 13 15 8 16 14 13 15 11 16 14

Political Status
Participation of women in national government (% seats held by women) 2011 7 38 9 16 18 15 20 11 30 8 10 (iv) 14 18 14 21 14 9 39 9 43 13 19 32 13 19 (v) 16 7 8 12 30 18 11 18 3 25 19 16 12 14 10 16 15 8 Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 2009 32 14 22 34 12 12 11 18 51 57 21 7 154 28 9 19 19 128 11 119 6 4 32 24 21 17 18 69 29 69 40 35 30 66 39 31 44 4 31 25 29 84 33 5 10

Childrens Status
Percent of children under 5 moderately or severely underweight for age 2009 4 4 4 10 9 6 (y) 6 6 14 2 (z) 19 9 1 7 7 14 5 20 4 4 9 8 9 8 (y) 12 1 (z) 17 19 11 (z) 11 48 18 (z) 5 8 2 (z) 2 (z) 4 20 23 10 Gross primary enrollment ratio (% of total) 2009 108 116 99 116 103 107 105 (z) 122 107 109 127 107 114 98 106 113 120 120 110 74 104 103 106 117 100 115 94 134 108 105 114 103 116 117 119 128 103 111 93 97 108 113 105 95 Gross secondary enrollment ratio (% of total) 2009 83 85 93 106 93 96 103 (z) 76 81 82 101 98 42 81 90 76 95 43 96 26 90 98 77 81 79 65 81 53 108 57 57 103 65 60 74 83 51 90 91 88 99 59 97 90

Percent of population with access to safe water 2008 83 97 96 80 97 (y) 94 (y) 100 99 86 95 97 74 84 96 89 92 71 97 80 94 100 86 94 99 87 47 (y) 87 98 82 94 94 86 88 80 94 (y) 79 100 94 96 95 59 100 98 99

Mothers Index Rank (out of 79 countries)+

Womens Index Rank (out of 80 countries)+

Childrens Index Rank (out of 81 countries)+

53 4 30 51 10 17 5 41 30 51 12 73 48 16 18 11 74 13 79 1 3 24 14 61 40 63 60 44 67 68 41 59 75 55 38 2 15 54 8 71 5 35

57 6 36 52 14 18 5 50 26 45 13 16 73 45 23 11 10 74 22 80 1 3 23 12 70 39 56 45 58 62 67 54 60 76 48 41 2 14 64 9 63 6 37

43 15 16 57 6 22 3 23 51 57 12 78 48 5 43 34 76 13 79 9 1 40 35 26 49 68 71 7 69 62 32 56 75 66 28 61 3 27 17 21 74 2 23

THE COMPLETE MOTHERS INDEX 2011

TIER II
continued Health Status
Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in number stated) 2008 Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Morocco Namibia Nicaragua Nigeria Occupied Palestinian Territory Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Vietnam Zimbabwe 450 2,000 540 1,200 1,600 500 730 360 160 300 23 1,600 93 520 94 310 370 320 4,400 1,300 10,000 100 1,100 400 75 610 430 1,200 1,100 860 1,900 500 4,200 1,700 1,400 540 850 42 Percent of births Percent of attended by women using skilled health modern personnel contraception 2009 98 98 94 99 98 93 99 63 81 74 39 99 99 39 92 53 82 83 62 99 91 100 91 99 90 69 93 88 97 98 95 91 100 99 100 100 95 88 60 2008 46 34 26 30 (w) 39 67 61 52 54 69 9 39 18 (s) 22 54 (y) 20 70 47 36 32 (s) 29 (y,s) 53 60 53 41 47 43 33 80 38 52 43 45 24 (s) 75 59 62 68 58

Womens Index
Educational Status
Female life expectancy at birth (years) 2010 72 75 77 77 76 79 71 74 63 77 49 76 78 68 79 64 74 76 75 77 76 83 53 78 73 46 77 70 72 73 77 75 69 79 80 71 77 77 47 Expected number of years of formal female schooling 2009 13 14 17 13 14 14 15 9 12 11 8 13 11 6 14 6 (z) 12 14 12 14 13 14 (z) 13 13 10 11 10 13 12 15 11 12 17 11 15 10 9

Childrens Index
Economic Status
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income 2007 0.55 0.25 0.25 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.87 0.24 0.63 0.34 0.42 0.12 (y) 0.23 0.18 0.58 0.74 0.64 0.59 0.58 0.28 0.16 0.53 0.60 0.56 0.44 0.71 0.20 0.65 0.63 0.55 0.28 0.26 0.65 0.27 0.55 0.64 0.48 0.69 0.58 (y)

Rankings
SOWM 2011

Development Group
LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES and TERRITORIES (minus least developed countries)

Political Status
Participation of women in national government (% seats held by women) 2011 23 3 8 14 19 26 4 7 25 21 7 (vi) 9 21 8 1 14 28 22 0 0 23 43 (ii) 5 10 22 12 18 14 27 23 9 17 23 15 19 17 26 18 Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 2009 37 12 19 6 17 17 29 38 48 26 138 30 12 87 23 68 23 21 33 11 21 3 62 15 26 73 16 61 14 35 21 20 45 7 13 36 18 24 90

Childrens Status
Percent of children under 5 moderately or severely underweight for age 2009 3 4 5 8 15 5 6 10 21 7 29 3 18 38 8 (y) 26 4 6 26 6 14 3 12 27 10 10 10 18 9 6 3 3 11 14 5 5 5 20 16 Gross primary enrollment ratio (% of total) 2009 95 103 110 97 100 114 110 107 112 117 93 79 75 85 111 55 102 109 110 106 99 105 101 114 108 122 102 91 103 107 99 99 (z) 105 114 92 103 104 104 Gross secondary enrollment ratio (% of total) 2009 84 82 93 68 87 90 92 56 66 68 30 87 88 33 71 67 89 82 85 97 95 87 75 53 75 84 76 89 92 82 84 (z) 95 88 104 81 67 41

Percent of population with access to safe water 2008 90 100 72 (y) 100 99 94 76 81 92 85 58 91 88 90 93 40 86 82 91 100 95 (y) 100 91 90 93 69 89 70 100 94 94 99 72 (y) 100 100 87 83 (y) 94 82

Mothers Index Rank (out of 79 countries)+

Womens Index Rank (out of 80 countries)+

Childrens Index Rank (out of 81 countries)+

28 46 46 36 32 23 9 72 44 58 78 66 69 77 25 76 33 21 49 38 64 19 43 49 62 65 57 20 25 28 55 36 7 25 21 34 70

30 59 41 44 34 29 4 77 32 60 78 68 68 79 25 75 30 20 40 49 71 17 33 50 55 72 43 20 34 38 65 52 8 26 18 26 66

37 7 49 23 30 19 52 60 67 54 80 46 62 77 38 81 39 42 65 11 32 53 59 46 72 45 70 31 29 17 13 64 19 9 40 36 55 73

Note: Data refer to the year specified in the column heading or the most recently available.

No data

' calendar days

'' working days (all other days unspecified)

+ The Mothers Index rankings include only those countries for which sufficient data were available to calculate both the Womens and Childrens Indexes. The Womens Index and Childrens Index ranks, however, include additional countries for which adequate data were available to present findings on either womens or children's indicators, but not both. For complete methodology see Methodology and Research Notes. (i) The total refers to all voting members of the House; (ii) Figures calculated on the basis of permanent seats only; (iii) The parliament was dissolved following the December 2008 coup; (iv) There is no parliament; (v) Parliament has been dissolved or suspended for an indefinite period; (vi) The legislative council has been unable to meet and govern since 2007; (vii) Figures are from the previous term; recent election results were not available at the time of publication. (a) 80% prior to birth and for 150 days after and 50% for the rest of the leave period; (b) A lump sum grant is provided for each child; (c) 82% for the first 30 days and 75% for the remaining period; (d) Up to a ceiling; (e) Benefits vary by county or province; (f) 45 days before delivery and 1 year after; (g) 100% until the child reaches 6 months, then at a flat rate for the remaining period; (h) Benefits vary, but there is a minimum flat rate; (j) 50% plus a dependents supplement (10% each, up to 40%); (k) Paid amount not specified; (l) Paid only the first 13 weeks; (m) Parental benefits paid at 100% for 46-week option; 80% for 56-week option; (n) 100% of earnings paid for the first 6 months; 60% from the 6th-9th month; 30% for the last 3 months; (o) 480 calendar days paid parental leave: 80% for 390 days, flat rate for remaining 90; (p) 90% for the first 6 weeks and a flat rate for the remaining weeks; (q) There is no national program. Cash benefits may be provided at the state level; (r) Data excludes Northern Ireland; (s) Data pertain to nationals of the country; (t) Data pertain to the Jewish population; (w) Data pertain to Peninsular Malaysia; (y) Data are from an earlier publication of the same source; (z) Data differ from the standard definition and/or are from a secondary source * These countries also offer prolonged periods of parental leave (at least two years). For additional information on child-related leave entitlements see OECD Family Database www.oecd.org/els/social/family/database

To copy this table onto 8 12 x 11" paper, set your photocopier reduction to 85%

TIER III
Development Group
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in number stated) 2008 Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan Tanzania, United Republic of Timor-Leste Togo Uganda Yemen Zambia 11 29 110 43 170 28 25 110 27 14 71 24 93 73 72 40 49 26 18 93 49 62 20 45 36 1,200 22 41 37 180 80 16 35 46 21 230 14 32 23 44 67 35 91 38

Womens Index
Health Status
Percent of births Percent of attended by women using skilled health modern personnel contraception 2009 14 47 24 74 71 54 34 44 44 14 62 74 93 65 28 6 57 46 39 26 20 62 46 44 54 84 49 61 55 64 19 33 52 52 42 70 33 49 43 18 62 42 36 47 2008 16 5 48 6 31 13 9 27 9 2 19 6 17 6 5 14 13 4 6 24 29 35 10 17 38 34 6 8 12 33 44 5 26 10 6 1 6 20 7 11 18 19 27

Childrens Index
Economic Status
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income 2007 0.24 0.64 0.51 0.52 0.39 0.66 0.77 0.68 0.59 0.70 0.58 0.46 0.57 0.36 0.50 0.67 0.63 0.68 0.46 0.37 0.76 0.73 0.50 0.71 0.74 0.54 0.44 0.58 0.90 0.61 0.61 0.34 0.79 0.55 0.74 0.51 0.33 0.74 0.53 0.45 0.69 0.25 0.56

Rankings
SOWM 2011

Educational Status
Female life expectancy at birth (years) 2010 45 50 68 64 69 55 53 64 49 51 69 50 58 52 63 58 58 61 50 63 67 46 61 63 55 74 50 59 49 65 68 53 53 58 50 68 52 60 58 63 65 55 66 48 Expected number of years of formal female schooling 2009 5 4 (z) 8 6 11 6 7 9 5 5 10 7 4 7 4 8 8 7 5 8 10 9 10 9 12 7 8 7 9 8 4 11 7 6 9 2 6 5 10 8 10 7 7

Political Status
Participation of women in national government (% seats held by women) 2011 28 39 19 11 14 15 36 19 10 (vii) 5 3 8 14 10 22 26 8 (iii) 10 11 25 23 14 12 21 6 10 19 39 4 33 12 (vii,y) 51 30 13 0 7 24 36 29 11 31 1 14 Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 2009 199 161 52 118 79 166 166 88 171 209 104 199 94 145 55 104 103 142 193 87 59 84 112 58 110 13 191 117 142 71 48 160 111 93 192 36 180 108 108 56 98 128 66 141

Childrens Status
Percent of children under 5 moderately or severely underweight for age 2009 39 16 (z) 46 23 19 31 35 36 (y) 29 37 25 31 33 19 40 38 20 26 19 22 37 13 (z) 24 42 (y) 21 30 32 20 18 32 45 41 23 17 25 12 (z) 36 31 22 49 (z) 21 20 46 19 Gross primary enrollment ratio (% of total) 2009 106 128 92 117 109 78 147 116 89 90 119 90 55 82 48 102 86 90 120 50 (z) 112 108 91 160 119 111 95 104 115 117 115 62 151 84 158 107 33 74 105 113 115 122 85 113 Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary school 2009 0.66 0.81 1.06 0.87 1.01 0.89 0.97 0.94 0.71 0.70 0.92 0.85 0.86 0.96 0.83 0.91 1.06 0.85 0.67 1.08 (z) 0.91 0.99 0.90 0.98 1.03 0.95 0.84 1.08 0.90 0.99 0.86 0.80 1.01 1.04 0.88 0.97 0.55 0.90 1.00 0.95 0.94 1.01 0.80 0.99

Percent of population with access to safe water 2008 48 50 80 75 92 76 72 61 67 50 95 46 92 43 (y) 61 38 92 71 61 63 57 85 68 41 80 91 56 49 47 71 88 48 65 69 49 70 (y) 30 57 54 69 60 67 62 60

Mothers Index Rank (out of 42 countries)+

Womens Index Rank (out of 42 countries)+

Childrens Index Rank (out of 44 countries)+

42 30 18 26 6 28 16 12 33 38 9 37 29 32 36 24 15 25 40 8 3 22 13 4 1 35 21 7 14 11 41 2 19 31 9 34 17 20 23 5 39 26

42 31 16 29 11 26 14 9 33 32 12 34 30 36 37 20 18 24 40 8 3 22 7 6 1 35 21 4 13 10 41 2 23 25 15 38 18 17 27 5 39 28

43 32 16 12 2 29 27 24 35 41 6 39 19 28 34 36 5 23 36 21 22 2 17 30 7 4 38 19 26 11 14 41 9 8 40 1 44 30 14 25 12 9 33 18

M et HoDoloGy A nD R e Se A RCH not e S

Complete Mothers Index 1. In the first year of the Mothers Index (2000), a review of literature and consultation with members of the Save the Children staff identified health status, educational status, political status and childrens well-being as key factors related to the well-being of mothers. In 2007, the Mothers Index was revised to include indicators of economic status. All countries with populations over 250,000 were placed into one of three tiers according to united nations regional development groups: more developed countries, less developed countries and least developed countries. Indicators for each development group were selected to best represent factors of maternal well-being specific to that group and published data sources for each indicator were then identified. to facilitate international comparisons, in addition to reliability and validity, indicators were selected based on inclusivity (availability across countries) and variability (ability to differentiate between countries). to adjust for variations in data availability, when calculating the final index, indicators for maternal health and childrens well-being were grouped into sub-indices (see step 7). This procedure allowed researchers to draw on the wealth of useful information on those topics without giving too little weight to the factors for which less abundant data were available. Data presented in this report includes information available through 01 March 2011.
Sources: 2010 Population: United Nations Population Fund. The State of World Population 2010. (New York: 2010); Classification of development regions: United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Population Database. esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=5

female will die eventually from a maternal cause. This indicator reflects not only the risk of maternal death per pregnancy or per birth, but also the level of fertility in the population. Competing causes of maternal death are also taken into account. estimates are periodically calculated by an inter-agency group including WHo, unICeF, unFPA and the World Bank. Data are for 2008 and represent the most recent of these estimates available at the time of this analysis.
Source: WHO. Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2008. (Geneva: 2010). whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2010/9789241500265_eng.pdf

Percent of women using modern contraception Access to family planning resources, including modern contraception, allows women to plan their pregnancies. This helps ensure that a mother is physically and psychologically prepared to give birth and care for her child. Data are derived from sample survey reports and estimate the proportion of married women (including women in consensual unions) currently using modern methods of contraception, which include: male and female sterilization, IuD, the pill, injectables, hormonal implants, condoms and female barrier methods. Contraceptive prevalence data are the most recently available as of May 2009.
Source: United Nations Population Division. World Contraceptive Use 2009 (Wall Chart). www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2009/ contraceptive2009.htm

2. In tier I, data were gathered for seven indicators of womens status and three indicators of childrens status. Sufficient data existed to include analyses of two additional indicators of childrens well-being in tiers II and III. Indicators unique to specific development groups are noted below. the indicators that represent womens health status are: Lifetime risk of maternal death A womans risk of death in childbirth over the course of her life is a function of many factors, including the number of children she has and the spacing of births as well as the conditions under which she gives birth and her own health and nutritional status. The lifetime risk of maternal mortality is the probability that a 15-year-old

skilled attendant at delivery The presence of a skilled attendant at birth reduces the likelihood of both maternal and infant mortality. The attendant can help create a hygienic environment and recognize complications that require urgent medical care. Skilled attendance at delivery is defined as those births attended by physicians, nurses or midwives. Data are from 2005-2009. As nearly every birth is attended in the more developed countries, this indicator is not included in tier I.
Source: United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF). The State of the Worlds Children 2011. (New York: 2010) Table 8, pp.116-119. www.unicef.org/sowc2011/statistics.php

Female life expectancy Children benefit when mothers live longer, healthier lives. life expectancy reflects the health, social and economic status of a mother and captures trends in falling life expectancy associated with the feminization of HIv/
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AIDS. Female life expectancy is defined as the average number of years of life that a female can expect to live if she experiences the current mortality rate of the population at each age. Data estimates are for 2010.
Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The State of World Population 2010. (New York: 2010) pp. 94-98. www.unfpa. org/swp/

the indicator that represents womens educational status is: expected number of years of formal female schooling education is singularly effective in enhancing maternal health, womens freedom of movement and decision-making power within households. educated women are more likely to be able to earn a livelihood and support their families. They are also more likely than uneducated women to ensure that their children eat well, finish school and receive adequate health care. Female school life expectancy is defined as the number of years a female child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrollment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education. Primary to secondary estimates are used where primary to tertiary are not available. Data are from 2009 or the most recent year available.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Data Centre. http://stats.uis.unesco.org, supplemented with data from UNESCO. Global Education Digest 2009. (Montreal: 2009) Table 12, pp.158-167. www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/ged/2009/ GED_2009_EN.pdf

Maternity leave benefits The maternity leave indicator includes both the length of time for which benefits are provided and the extent of compensation. The data are compiled by the International labour office and the united States Social Security Administration from a variety of legislative and nonlegislative sources from 2004 to 2009. Data on maternity leave benefits are reported only for tier I countries, where women comprise a considerable share of the non-agricultural workforce and thus most working mothers are free to enjoy the benefits of maternity leave.
Source: United Nations Statistics Division. Statistics and indicators on women and men. Table 5g. Updated December 2010. unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/tab5g.htm

the indicator that represents womens political status is: Participation of women in national government When women have a voice in public institutions, they can participate directly in governance processes and advocate for issues of particular importance to women and children. This indicator represents the percentage of seats in single or, in the case of bicameral legislatures, upper and lower houses of national parliaments occupied by women. Data are as of 31 January 2011.
Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). Women in National Parliaments. www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm

the indicators that represent childrens well-being are: Under-5 mortality rate under-5 mortality rates are likely to increase dramatically when mothers receive little or no prenatal care and give birth under difficult circumstances, when infants are not exclusively breastfed, when few children are immunized and when fewer receive preventive or curative treatment for common childhood diseases. under-5 mortality rate is the probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. estimates are for 2009.
Source: UNICEF. The State of the Worlds Children 2011. (New York: 2010) Table 1, pp.88-91. www.unicef.org/sowc2011/ statistics.php

the indicators that represent womens economic status are: Ratio of estimated female to male earned income Mothers are likely to use their influence and the resources they control to promote the needs of their children. Where mothers are able to earn a decent standard of living and wield power over economic resources, children survive and thrive. The ratio of estimated female earned income to estimated male earned income how much women earn relative to men for equal work reveals gender inequality in the workplace. Female and male earned income are crudely estimated based on the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage, the female and male shares of the economically active population, the total female and male population, and GDP per capita in purchasing power parity terms in u.S. dollars. estimates are based on data for the most recent year available between 1996 and 2007.
Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2009. (New York: 2009 ) Table K, pp.186-189. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/130.html
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Percentage of children under age 5 moderately or severely underweight Poor nutrition affects children in many ways, including making them more susceptible to a variety of illnesses and impairing their physical and cognitive development. Children moderately or severely underweight are more than two and three standard deviations below median weight for age of the nCHS/WHo reference population respectively. Data are for the most recent year available between 2003 and 2009. Where nCHS/WHo data are not available, estimates based on

WHo Child Growth Standards are used. This indicator is included in tier II and tier III only, as few more developed countries report this data.
Source: UNICEF. The State of the Worlds Children 2011. (New York: 2010) Table 2, pp.92-95. www.unicef.org/sowc2011/ statistics.php

equity gaps disadvantaging girls in access to education are the largest in the world.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Data Centre. stats.uis.unesco.org

Gross pre-primary enrollment ratio early childhood care and education, including pre-primary schooling, supports childrens growth, development, learning and survival. It also contributes to proper health, poverty reduction and can provide essential support for working parents, particularly mothers. The pre-primary gross enrollment ratio is the total number of children enrolled in pre-primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official pre-primary school age. The ratio can be higher than 100 percent when children enter school later than the official enrollment age or do not advance through the grades at expected rates. Data are for the school year ending in 2009 or the most recently available. Pre-primary enrollment is analyzed across tier I countries only.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Data Centre. stats.uis.unesco.org

Gross secondary enrollment ratio The gross secondary enrollment ratio is the total number of children enrolled in secondary school, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official secondary school age. Data are for the school year ending in 2009 or the most recently available. This indicator is not tracked in tier III where many children still do not attend primary school, let alone transition to higher levels.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Data Centre. stats.uis.unesco.org, supplemented with data from UNESCO. Global Education Digest 2009. (Montreal: 2009) Table 5, pp.104-113. www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/ged/2009/GED_2009_EN.pdf and UNICEF. Secondary School Participation. www.childinfo.org/ education_secondary.php

Gross primary enrollment ratio The gross primary enrollment ratio (GeR) is the total number of children enrolled in primary school, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official primary school age. Where GeRs are not available, net attendance ratios are used. Data are for the school year ending in 2009 or the most recently available. This indicator is not tracked in tier I, where nearly all children complete primary school.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Data Centre. stats.uis.unesco.org, supplemented with data from UNESCO. Global Education Digest 2009. (Montreal: 2009) Table 3, pp.84-93. www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/ged/2009/GED_2009_EN.pdf and UNICEF. Primary School Participation. www.childinfo.org/ education_primary.php

Percent of population with access to safe water Safe water is essential to good health. Families need an adequate supply for drinking as well as cooking and washing. Access to safe and affordable water also brings gains for gender equity, especially in rural areas where women and young girls spend considerable time collecting water. This indicator reports the percentage of the population with access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source within a convenient distance from a users dwelling, as defined by country-level standards. Improved water sources include household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs and rainwater collection. In general, reasonable access is defined as at least 20 liters (5.3 gallons) per person per day, from a source within one kilometer (0.62 miles) of the users dwelling. Data are for 2008.
Source: UNICEF. The State of the Worlds Children 2011. (New York: 2010) Table 3, pp.96-99. www.unicef.org/sowc2011/ statistics.php

Gender parity index educating girls is one of the most effective means of improving the well-being of women and children. The ratio of gross enrollment of girls to boys in primary school or Gender Parity Index (GPI) measures gender disparities in primary school participation. It is calculated as the number of girls enrolled in primary school for every 100 enrolled boys, regardless of age. A score of 1 means equal numbers of girls and boys are enrolled; a score between 0 and 1 indicates a disparity in favor of boys; a score greater than 1 indicates a disparity in favor of girls. Where GeRs are not available, net attendance ratios are used to calculate the GPI. Data are for the school year ending in 2009 or the most recently available. GPI is included in tier III, where gender

3. Missing data were supplemented when possible with data from the same source published in a previous year, as noted in the fold-out table in this appendix. 4. Data points were rounded to the tenths place for analysis purposes. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft excel software. 5. Standard scores, or z-scores, were created for each of the indicators using the following formula: z=(xx)/s where: z = The standard, or z-score x = The score to be converted = The mean of the distribution x s = The standard deviation of the distribution
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Nigeria

6. The standard scores of indicators of ill-being were then multiplied by (-1) so that a higher score indicated increased well-being on all indicators. notes on specific indicators to facilitate cross-country comparisons, length of maternity leave was converted into days and allowances were averaged over the entire pay period. to report findings for the greatest number of countries possible, countries without a parliament, or where it has been dissolved, suspended or otherwise unable to meet, are given a 0 for political representation when calculating index scores. to avoid rewarding school systems where pupils do not start on time or fail to progress through the system at expected rates, gross enrollment ratios between 100 and 105 percent were discounted to 100 percent. Gross enrollment ratios over 105 percent were either discounted to 100 with any amount over 105 percent subtracted from 100 (for example, a country with a gross enrollment rate of 107 percent would be discounted to 100-(107-105), or 98) or to the respective countrys net enrollment ratio, whichever was higher. to avoid rewarding countries in which girls educational progress is made at the expense of boys, countries with gender parity indices greater than 1.02 (an indication of gender inequity disfavoring boys) were discounted to 1.00 with any amount over 1.02 then subtracted from 1.00.

7. The z-scores of the four indicators related to womens health were averaged to create an index score of womens health status. In tier I, an index score of womens economic status was similarly calculated as a weighted average of the ratio of female to male earned income (75 percent), length of maternity leave (12.5 percent) and percent of wages paid (12.5 percent). An index of child well-being the Childrens Index was also created by first averaging indicators of education, then averaging across all z-scores. At this stage, cases (countries) missing more than one indicator on either index were eliminated from the sample. Countries missing any one of the other indicators (that is educational, economic or political status) were also eliminated. The Womens Index was then calculated as a weighted average of health status (30 percent), educational status (30 percent), economic status (30 percent) and political status (10 percent). 8. The Mothers Index was calculated as a weighted average of childrens well-being (30 percent), womens health status (20 percent), womens educational status (20 percent), womens economic status (20), and womens political status (10 percent). The scores on the Mothers Index were then ranked. note: Data exclusive to mothers are not available for many important indicators (school life expectancy and government positions held, for example). In these instances, data on womens status have been used to approximate maternal status, since all mothers are women. In areas such as health, where a broader array of indicators is available, the index emphasizes indicators that address uniquely maternal issues.

34