Transmission System

Introduction. Low capacity transmission. High capacity transmission. Optical Fibre. Network configuration.
April 20, 2012, Slide No 1

Access and Trunk Network

The Transport Network is divided into two parts: Access network
Users are grouped together by being connected to the same switching node; the local exchange or access node (AN).

Trunk network
Trunk network connects ANs and network nodes (NN) with other ANs and NNs.

Transmission Medias
Copper Cable Radio link Optical fibre

April 20, 2012, Slide No 2

AUC

HLR
BSC

MS Mobile Station = phone + SIM card BTS Base Transceiver Station

VMS PrePaid Node
Telenor Nett

EIR

MSC
VLR

SMSC

IN

INTERNET

PSTN Fixed network

PSTN
International

PABX

MSC

BSC

April 20, 2012, Slide No 3

Media
Copper cable
Low bandwidth (-) Sensitive to crosstalk and noise(-) Attenuation per Km depends on wire diameter (0.4-1.1mm) and frequency. Reliable(+)

*** Attenuation is the loss of signal energy is measured in

Attenuation = 10log(P1/P2) P1=transmitted signal power P2=received signal power.

decibel,db.

***Noise is the random variation in current and voltage produced by all electrical
circuits.

***Crosstalk is the interference from another conversation/line.

April 20, 2012, Slide No 4

Media
Radio
Flexibility + Quick installation + Sensitive to ambient disturbance. (Rain and Multipath fading).Time and frequency dependent.+ Modulation /Demodulation.+ Low bit error (BER) in bursts.+ QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) [PSK+AM] . Radio license fees.-

***Non modulated signal is called Baseband signal

April 20, 2012, Slide No 5

Media
Optical Fibre
High transmission quality. (minimum attenuation). + High transmission capacity. + Resistance to ambient disturbance. + Long Implementation time. .

April 20, 2012, Slide No 6

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

As the semiconductor development proceeded successfully higher hierarchic levels have been standardized, each level handling timing transparency. PDH is a standardized bit interleaved multiplexing hierarchy for digital plesiochronous signals, using bit justification to achieve timing transparency. Actually there are three PDH hierarchies- two are based on 1.5 Mbits and used in North America & Japan. The European hierarchy is 2Mbits .

April 20, 2012, Slide No 7

Europe and Most other countries

Japan

North America

400Mbps 140Mbps x4 nx45Mbps

x4
34Mbps

100 Mbps x3

x4
8Mbps

45mbps x4 8Mbps x5 32Mbps

x4
2Mbps x31 64Kbps 1.5Mbps x24 Synchronous x120 6Mbps 6Mbps

2Mbps

x4

x4

x31 64 Kbps

8Kbps
April 20, 2012, Slide No 8

64K bps

Plesiochronous

Radio Path Calculation

Radio wave propagation
Propagation mechanism Earth Properties

Fading free condition

Free space loss Gas absorbtion Obstacle loss

Fading Condition
Fade Margin Fading Mechanism Link Budget

Repeaters
Active or Passive
April 20, 2012, Slide No 9

Attenuation of the radio wave

Earth properties
Atmosphere Earth topography Electrical properties of earth surface Earth curvature

Propagation mechanisms
Free space Absorption Diffraction Reflection/scattering Refraction Multipath propagation

, Slide No 10

Fading free condition

Fading Free Condition Free space loss Gas absorbtion Obstacle loss

Pr(dbm)=Pt(dbm)+Gt(db)+Gr(db)-20logf(ghz)-20logd(km)-92.4 Free space loss= 20logf(ghz)+20logd(km)+92.4

April 20, 2012, Slide No 11

The Fresnel zone

The radiated power is distributed in a zone surrounding the direct line-of-sight
d

Refracted Direct da Reflected db

hA

hB

1st fresnel zone : da+db-d=/2

, Slide No 12

Ground clearance and k factor

Radio optical line of sight
Geometrical line of sight d K=

Refracted Direct da Reflected

K=4/3

K=1 db

hA

hB
Ground clearance

K=2/3

Due to refraction in the atmosphere the radio beam is bent normally slightly downwards The bending effect is described by the earth factor k K =157/157+dn/dh=4/3 ; where dn/dh=- 40, N= density H=height
, Slide No 13

Terminology
Path loss

Wave propagation loss

Antenna gain Cable loss Free-space loss Gas absorption Obstacle loss Antenna gain Cable loss

Transmitter

Receiver

Output Power (dBm)

Effective radiated power (dBW)

Received Power (dBm)

, Slide No 14

Obstacle loss
When the size of an obstacle is large compared with the wavelength, diffraction may occur giving obstacle loss

0 dB

0 dB

6 dB

12 dB

16 dB

20 dB

, Slide No 15

Fading Mechanisms
Variation in signal strength in time, phase or polarization Attenuation that is changing temporarily.
Fading Mechanisms

Rain Fading

Multipath Fading

K- fading

Flat fading

Frequency selective fading

Reflections

Man made fading( temporary constructions, boats , aircrafts)

April 20, 2012, Slide No 16

Atmospheric fading ( Absorbtion, refraction) Atmospheric fading ( Absorption, refraction) Ground based fading( Tidesand other variations) Ground temporary constructions, and aircrafts) Man made fading(based fading( Tidesboats ,other variations)

Link budget & Fade Margin

POWER
output power antenna gain

feeder loss wave propagation losses

Free space loss Free space loss + + gas absorption gas absorption++ obstacle loss obstacle loss

received power feeder loss fade margin antenna gain receiver threshold value

Fade Margin is required for proper performance If Rx power is high from the level of the fade margin then Interference will occur.
, Slide No 17

Fade margin Should be large enough to guarantee that quality and availability objectives are met during fading conditions FM=P (n) P (th) Maximum attenuation before giving out of service

Attenuation of the radio wave

Earth properties
Atmosphere Earth topography Electrical properties of earth surface Earth curvature

Propagation mechanisms
Free space Absorption Diffraction Reflection/scattering Refraction Multipath propagation

, Slide No 18

Loss and fading

Obstacle loss Reflection loss Free-space attenuation Gas attenuation Rain fading Multipath fading

Maximum values
Free space Gas Obstacle 130 dB 5 dB < 20 dB

Predictable if present Always present and predictable Not always present but statistically predictable

Reflection

15 dB

Link budget

Fading prediction

Quality & availability

, Slide No 19

Quality and availability Targets

Recommendations from ITU-T
G.821

Error performance of a digital connection below the primary rate (commonly used in PDH Network)
G.826 Error performance of a digital connection at or above the primary rate (Commonly used in SDH network)

, Slide No 20

Definitions of bit errors

Errored second (ES)
A one-second period in which one or more bits are in error.

G.821
Severely errored second (SES)
A one-second period which has a bit error ratio higher than 10 .
-3

Errored blocks (EB)

A block in which one or more bits are in error.

Errored second (ES) G.826

A one-second period in which one or more blocks are in error.

Severely errored second (SES)

A one-second period which contains >30% errored blocks.

Background block error (BBE)

An errored block not occurring as part of an SES
, Slide No 21

Definitions of availability (G.826)

Time

10 sec

< 10 sec

10 sec

Unavailability detected Unavailable period Severely Errored Second Errored Second (non-SES) Error-free Second

Availability detected Available period

T1306430-95

April 20, 2012, Slide No 22

Thank you!

April 20, 2012, Slide No 23