LTE/LTE A Interference Coordination For Femtocells

Copyright2012
DOCOMOCommunicationsLaboratories
EuropeGmbH
LTE/LTEAInterferenceCoordinationfor
Femtocells
BeFEMTOWinterSchool
February6102012
ZubinBharucha
DOCOMOEuroLabs
Munich,Germany
Acknowledgements:SerkanUygungelen;NobuhikoMiki(NTTDOCOMO)
Copyright2012DOCOMOCommunicationsLaboratoriesEuropeGmbH
InfrastructureResearchGroup
Inanutshell
Part1:Refreshyourmemory!
LTEandLTEA
Theroadtothefuture
AnoverviewofICICtechniques
Part2:Femtomacrointerference
RelevantdetailsoftheLTEairinterface
Performancecomparisonofexistingtechniques
IntroductionofanoveltechniquetoprotectnonCSGusers
Part3:Femtofemtointerference
Networkdensificationanditseffects
Centralizedinterferencemitigation
Distributedinterferencemitigation
Conclusion
Part1:KnowyourLTE
A
(B,Cs)
WhatssogreataboutLTE?
LTE
Longtermevolutionof3Gusing3G
spectrum
Smoothintroductionof4G
LTEAdvanced
Evolution
of
LTE:
Targets
achievement of sufficiently higher
system performance than that for
LTE
Bandwidth:100MHz
Peakthroughput:1Gbps
Backwardcompatible withLTEto
enablecontinuousenhancement
anddeployment
MeetorexceedIMTAdvanced
requirementswithintheITURtime
plan
Systemperformance
LTEAdvanced
Smoothintroductionof
4G
~100MHz bandwidth
5~20MHz bandwidth
LTE
Longterm
evolutionof3G
HSUPA
HSDPA
WCDMARelease99
2000s
2010s
4
Theoldandthenew
LTEAdvancedshallbedeployedasanevolutionofLTERel.8withnew
bandsavailable
LTEAdvancedshallbebackwardscompatiblewithLTERel.8
SmoothandflexiblesystemmigrationfromLTERel.8toLTEAdvanced
AnLTEAUEworksinanLTEcell
An LTEUEworksinanLTEAcell
LTEAdvancedcontainsallfeaturesofLTERel.8&9andadditionalfeatures
forfurtherevolution
TargetPerformanceforLTEAdvanced
LTERel.8
LTEAdvanced
DL
300Mbps
1Gbps
UL
75Mbps
500Mbps
DL
15
30
UL
3.75
15
Ant.Config.
LTERel.8*1
LTEAdvanced*2
2by2
1.69
2.4
4by2
1.87
2.6
4by4
2.67
3.7
1by2
0.74
1.2
2by4
2.0
2by2
0.05
0.07
4by2
0.06
0.09
4by4
0.08
0.12
1by2
0.024
0.04
2by4
0.07
Peakdatarate
Peakspectrumefficiency
[bps/Hz]
DL
Capacity
[bps/Hz/cell]
UL
Celledgeuser
throughput
[bps/Hz/cell
/user]
DL
UL
x1.41.7
*Targetpeakdatarateof1Gbpsfornomadic/localareasisspecifiedinCircularLetter(CL)
*1SeeTR25.912(Case1scenario)*2SeeTR36.913(Case1scenario)*3SeeITURM.2135(BaseCoverageUrbanscenario)
WhatsnewinLTEA?
Widerbandwidth(carrieraggregation)
Improvespeakdatarateandspectrumflexibility
MeetsITURrequirementsforbandwidth(>=40
MHz)
Spectrum/carrieraggregationbasedon
componentcarrier(CC)concepttomaintain
backwardcompatibilityandallowsmooth
networkmigration
AdvancedMIMOtechniques(coveredyesterday)
Improvespeakdatarateandcell/celledge
spectrumefficiency
MeetsITURrequirementsforDLcellspectrum
efficiency
SUMIMOwithupto8layersforDLand4layers
forUL
MUMIMOwithenhancedCSIfeedback
WhatsnewinLTEA?
Enhanced intercell interference coordination (eICIC)
Improves celledge user throughput, coverage, and
deployment flexibility
Interference coordination for layered cell deployment with
different transmit power levels
Carrier aggregation can be used for frequency domain
coordination
Time domain coordination and power control are also to be
introduced
Relaying
Improves coverage and cost effective deployment
Type 1 relay node which can be seen as a Rel. 8 eNB from a
Release 8 LTE terminal
Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception
Scope is limited to intraeNB CoMP (implementation issue)
LTE Self Optimizing Network (SON) enhancements
HNB and HeNB mobility enhancements
HeteroGeniusNetworks
Motivation
Characteristics
Wireless backhaul
Open access
Operatordeployed
Major Issues
Effective backhaul design
Mitigating relay to macro
cell interference
4G networks will be characterized by a highdensity

deployment of lowpower nodes
It is essential for these nodes to operate without negatively
affecting the overall performance
Characteristics
Wired backhaul
Open access
Operatordeployed
Major Issues
Effectively
offloading
traffic from macrocell
Mitigating interference
caused to macrocell
users
Characteristics
Wired backhaul
Closed access
Userdeployed
Major Issues
Mitigating
femtotomacro
interference
Mitigating
interference
between nearby femtocells
HeteroGeniusNetworks
Motivation
Characteristics
Wireless backhaul
Open access
Operatordeployed
Major Issues
Effective backhaul design
Mitigating relay to macro
cell interference
4G networks will be characterized by a highdensity

deployment of lowpower nodes
It is essential for these nodes to operate without negatively
affecting the overall performance
Characteristics
Wired backhaul
Open access
Operatordeployed
Major Issues
Effectively
offloading
traffic from macrocell
Mitigating interference
caused to macrocell
users
Characteristics
Wired backhaul
Closed access
Userdeployed
Major Issues
Mitigating
femtotomacro
interference
Mitigating
interference
between nearby femtocells
10
Whydoweneedinterferencemanagement
withfemtocelldeployment?
Significant femto
interference for
nearby macro
UEs!
11
OverviewofICICinLTE/LTEA
LTE(Rel8/9)
OnlyoneCCisavailable
Makedowithwhatyouhaveanddeviseinterferencemanagement
techniquesassumingthatmacroandfemtocellsusethesameCC
FrequencydomainICIC?
TimedomainICICwithinoneCC?
LTEAdvanced(Rel10/11)
MultipleCCsavailableinthesystem
FrequencydomainICICovermultipleCCsispossible
TimedomainICICwithinoneCCisalsopossible
Muchgreaterflexibilityforinterferencemanagement
12
Sharingiscaring
Fractionalfrequencyreuse(FFR)improvesthethroughputforUEscloseto
thecellboarder
ProtectingUEsclosetocellboarderemployingfrequencyreuse
13
Sharingiscaring,butkeepusinformed
Relative Narrowband Transmit Power (RNTP) is exchanged between macro
eNBs via a backhaul interface (X2 interface)
The bitmap indicates whether transmission power of respective RB
exceed the predetermined threshold or not
14
Rel10ICICinheterogeneousnetworks
Tosupportfemtocelldeploymenteffectively,ICICisnecessary
Differentfromhomogeneousnetwork(macrocelldeployments),
Lowpowernodes(femtoeNBs)mustmute(orreducetransmission
power) NamedasProtectedresourceshere
Highpowernodes(macroeNBs)neednotmute
NamedasNonprotectedresourceshere
Protected/Nonprotectedresourcesaremultiplexedinfrequencyortime
domain BothICICtechniquesareeffectivelysupportedinRel10
Frequency-domain ICIC
Time-domain ICIC
Frequency
Carrier #1
Carrier Carrier
#2
#1
Frequency
Time
Cell layer
Macro layer
Femto layer
Time
Cell layer
15
FrequencydomainICICforLTE
Frequencydomain ICIC for data channel is already supported from Rel8/9
employing RNTP, although frequencydomain ICIC for control channel is
not supported
Data channel is multiplexed in limited bandwidth, i.e., at RBlevel to
obtain multiuser diversity in the frequencydomain
Control channel is multiplexed in the entire bandwidth to obtain
frequencydiversity
Here, control channel means downlink shared control channel (PDCCH)
which sends the assignment information of UEs, and must be decoded
correctly before decoding data channel (more on that later!)
16
FrequencydomainICICforLTEA
MultipleCCsareemployedtoperformICICforcontrolchannel
Inordertoindicatetheassignmentfordifferentcarriers,additionalbits
(CIF:CarrierIndicatorField)isintroduced
17
TimedomainICIC
InordertoapplytimedomainICIC,femtoeNBsmustmutespecific
subframestoprotectUEsconnectedtomacroeNBs
However,cellspecificreferencesignal(CRS)needstobesentfor
handovermeasurements,etc.
Knowninthe3GPPcommunityasAlmostblanksubframes(ABSs)
ThereareissueswithCSImeasurementsonprotectedandnonprotected
subframesatthemacrolayer
18
Whatelse?
Cellspecificreferencesymbol(CRS)interferenceisamajorissue
AdditionalmechanismstocopewiththeCRSinterferenceareunder
discussion
NonzerotransmitpowerABS
CRScancelationatUE
Transmittersideprocessing(sendinginterferingcelllists)
Etc.
19
Part2:Acomparisonof
stateoftheartICIC
techniques
20
Thealmightygrid theLTEframestructure
Alotofworkhasbeendoneondataregioninterferencemitigation
Inthiswork,wefocusonthecontrolregionbecauseifitcannotbe
decoded,thedataregion(andthereforethewholesubframe)isanyway
lost
21
Introducingthecontrolchannels:PCFICH
Thecontrolchannelis
1/2/3OFDMsymbols
long!
22
Introducingthecontrolchannels:PHICH
OKMr.UE,Ive
receivedyourUL
transmissions!
23
Introducingthecontrolchannels:PHICH
OKMr.UE,Ive
receivedyourUL
transmissions!
24
Introducingthecontrolchannels:PDCCH
HeyyouUE!Hereare
yourDLandUL
grants:x/y/zRBs!
25
Whatthecontrolregionreallylookslike
Thecontrolregioncontains3controlchannels:
PCFICH:occursonlyonfirstOFDMsymbol;scatteredinfrequency
domain;indicatessizeofcontrolregion
PDCCH:spreadintimeandfrequency;carriesschedulinginformation
PHICH:spreadintimeandfrequency;containsHARQinformation
Wefocusontheperformanceofthefirsttwobecauseofdifferencesin
theirdistributionpatterns thePCFICHhasrestrictedpositionsinthetime
domain,whereasthePDCCHisdispersedinthetimeandfrequency
domains
26
Whatisalreadydone
(a)
No coordination
Heavy
interference on 2
OFDM symbols
(b)
Femto
control
channel sparseness
Interference to
first OFDM symbol
is lowered
(c)
Almost blank subframe
Only interference from
reference symbol
Femto data transmission
is not allowed
27
Entermyapartmentatyourownperil!
5x5gridmodel
Macrousersuniformlydistributed
TrappedmacroUEsarethefocusofattention
28
Systemsetup(simulationparameters)
Parameter
Value
Avg. 5x5 blocks per sector
Avg. macro UEs per sector
10
Inter-site distance
500 m
HeNB activation probability
10%
System bandwidth
10 MHz
eNB transmit power
46 dBm
HeNB transmit power
20 dBm
Wall penetration loss
20 dB
29
Results(1/3):PDCCHperformancefor
trappedmacroUEs
Significantimprovementoverbenchmark
Sparsenessalsodegradesfemtotofemtoperformance(notseenhere)
30
Results(2/3):PHICHperformancefor
trappedmacroUEs
Macroperformanceimproves
Femtoperformancedegrades(notseenhere)
31
Results(3/3):PCFICHperformancefor
trappedmacroUEs
Macroperformanceimproves,butisstillnotgoodenough
Femtoperformancedegrades,butisacceptable(notseenhere)
32
Discussion
Thebackwardcompatiblemacrotofemtointerferencemitigation
techniquesaregoodforPDCCH
However,theirperformanceforthePCFICHispoor
ThenextsectionspecificallydealswithPCFICHprotectionfortrapped
macroUEs
Onceagain,backwardcompatibilityiskey!
33
Thingsothersaredoing
ClosedSubscriberGroup(CSG)IDmanipulation[3GPPTR36.921].
TheHeNBchangesbetweenadefault CSGID(assignedatdeployment
time)andadedicated (operatorconfigured)CSGID.
WhenthereisanearbymacroUE,theHeNBusesthededicatedCSGID
sothattheUEcanaccesstheHeNB,otherwiseitusesthedefault.
TheHeNBneedstobeawareofwhenamacroUEisnearittotrigger
CSGIDselection.
CentralizedcontrollerisrequiredtoensurethatnoHeNBuseseither
CSGIDforalongtime.
Heavysignalingburden.
PhysicalCellIdentity(PCI)reservation
ItispossibletoreserveasubsetofavailablePCIsforHeNBuse
Nointerferencecoordinationthroughthisapproach
WeactivelychangethePCIoftheHeNBatstartupsothatit
causesthelowestcollisionwiththePCFICHofthetrappedmacro
UE!
34
WhyisthePCFICHsoimportant?
The PCFICH is important to protect because

Our past work has shown that it exhibits the worst SINR performance
compared to the other control channels.
So far it has not been possible to satisfactorily protect the PCFICH from femto
cell interference.
If the PCFICH is incorrectly decoded by the trapped macro UE, the subframe is
lost.
Further advantages:
Since HeNBs serve a small number of users (with typically a low PDCCH
aggregation level), the control channel is sparse enough to allow for the
rearrangement of PCFICH, PHICH and PDCCH on the femto layer.
This proposal can easily handle PCFICH protection for macro UEs trapped
within the coverage of multiple HeNBs.
35
HowarePCFICHelementsphysicallymapped?
The 16 PCFICH resource elements are distributed over the entire frequency spectrum.
The PCFICH always occurs on the first OFDM symbol.
The location of the PCFICH resource elements undergoes an offset depending on the
physical cell identity (PCI).
xisaninteger
36
AndwhataboutthePDCCH?
The PDCCH search space (which CCEs are used for the PDCCH) of a UE depends on
the CRNTI assigned to that UE.
The order of the CCEs is interleaved the interleaving pattern is fixed.
The CCE interleaved order is cyclically shifted, depending on the PCI of the H/eNB.
This leads to the PDCCH locations being randomized, depending on the PCI.
Illustrationonly
37
Sowepropose
The proposal advocates carefully selecting the PCI of HeNBs at startup, such that
any interference caused by their control channels to the PCFICH of any trapped
macro UEs is avoided.
In order for this to be possible, the HeNB needs to identify the eNB that it is
closest to.
Identifying the eNB means that the HeNB must be aware of the PCI of the eNB
(decoded using synchronization procedure).
Illustrationonly
38
Whatneedstobedone
Identify
HeNB identifies most

dominant macro eNB
Decode
HeNB decodes dominant

eNBs PCI
Adjust
HeNB adjusts its own PCI

to reduce interference
This procedure can not only protect all the control channels but
also the CRSs
39
Cochanneldeploymentofmacroand
femtocells
Stripemodelused
NotallUEsareallowedtoconnecttoaHeNB
ForUEshavingnoaccesstoHeNBs,downlinkinterferenceis
significant
Sincethecontrolchannelisveryimportantforproperfunctionality,
howdoweprotectthecontrolchanneloftrappedmacroUEs?
40
OverallmacroUEperformance
Deceivinglysmall
Improvement!
Comparedtosparseness,thisproposalresultsinanimprovementofapproximately
2dB especiallyatthelowpercentiles.Thiscorrespondstothetrappedmacro
UEs.
BetterperformancethanABSconfiguration(duetobettercollisionavoidance).
41
OverallmacroUEperformancewithpower
control
Allcurvesshifttotherightduetopowercontrol
Femtocellperformanceisstillacceptable(notseenhere)
42
Improvements/advantages
EnablestheaggressorHeNBtocontinuetotransmitdata.Notpossiblewithalmost
blanksubframes
Theproposedtechnologyresultsinasignificantimprovementoverintroducing
sparsenesstothecontrolchannel.
Thereforethistechnologyincorporatesthebenefitsofbothsparsenessandalmost
blanksubframes.
MultiplemacroUEscanbeprotectedsimultaneously.
Noadditionalhardwareisneeded.
Noadditionalsignalingisneeded.
ThisprocedureisbackwardscompliantwithRel.8/9UEs.
Canbeseamlesslycombinedwithpowercontroltoboostperformanceeven
further.
43
Lessonslearned
FirststudydedicatedtocontrolchannelperformanceforLTE
ImpactonvulnerabletrappedmacroUEs assessed
Twobackwardcompatibletechniquesanalyzed
ResultsshowsignificantperformanceimprovementsforPDCCHbutnotfor
PCFICH
PCFICHprotectionisfurtheranalyzed
AnoveltechniqueemployingonlyPCImanipulationisshownto
significantlyimprovePCFICHperformancewithoutlosingthefemto
subframe
Afewtopicsforfurtherworkwouldinvolvedatachannelinterference
mitigation,powerconsumptionanalysisandhandoverimprovementsfor
legacysystems;newcontrolchanneldesignsforfuturereleases.
44
Part3:FemtotoFemto
interference
45
Femtocells Overview
FUE1
1
2
FBS1
MUE
macroBS
FUE2
FBS2
1.
2.
3.
BetweenFUEandMBS
BetweenMUEandFBS
BetweenFUEandFBS
Increaseincoverage
Increaseindatarate
Increaseininterference
46
Femtocells Overview
FUE1
1
2
FBS1
MUE
macroBS
FUE2
FBS2
1.
2.
3.
BetweenFUEandMBS
BetweenMUEandFBS
BetweenFUEandFBS
Increaseincoverage
Increaseindatarate
Increaseininterference
Howcanwemaintainacceptableuserexperienceindensefemtocell
networks?
47
CarrierAggregationforLTEA
CC1
CC2
CC3
100 MHz
CC4
CC5
freq.
LTE-A makes use of carrier aggregation via the use of

component carriers (CCs)
Improves peak data rate and spectrum flexibility
Meets ITU-R requirements for bandwidth (>=40 MHz)
Backward compatibility is maintained
Smooth network migration is possible with minimal loss of
service for legacy terminals
48
Howshouldthecakebeeaten?
pow.
1 2 3
freq.
ComponentCarrier
A
Interference
Interference between femtocells is a severe problem in densely deployed networks

Desired quality of service cannot be achieved for cell edge users
Resource partitioning is widely used to enhance the performance of cell edge users
interfering neighbors transmit data on different CCs
the drawback is that it decreases the networks overall resource efficiency
Vast variations of the interference conditions experienced by a BS during its operation
Dynamic environment
BSs should use as many resources as possible depending on their interference environment
flexibility in the amount of assigned resources
49
Howshouldthecakebeeaten?
pow.
1 2 3
freq.
ComponentCarrier
A
Interference
Interference between femtocells is a severe problem in densely deployed networks

Desired quality of service cannot be achieved for cell edge users
Resource partitioning is widely used to enhance the performance of cell edge users
interfering neighbors transmit data on different CCs
the drawback is that it decreases the networks overall resource efficiency
Vast variations of the interference conditions experienced by a BS during its operation
Dynamic environment
BSs should use as many resources as possible depending on their interference environment
flexibility in the amount of assigned resources
50
Aim
pow.
1 2 3
A
Interference mitigation techniques should:
freq.
DesiredSignal
Interference
1. Be dynamic in nature
resource assignment should be updated according to changes in the radio
environment
2. Achieve high resource utilization
51
Aim
pow.
1 2 3
2
1
1
A
DesiredSignal
Interference
C
environment
freq.
1
2
3

3. Be suitable for multiuser deployments
Each user in the same cell experiences different interference conditions
CC allocation should be done according to the UE measurements
Primary CC (PCC)
PCC
52
Aim
pow.
1 2 3
2
1
1 3
A
DesiredSignal
Interference
freq.
SCC
2
3

environment

3. Be suitable for multiuser deployments
Each user in the same cell experiences different interference conditions

CC allocation should be done according to the UE measurements
PCC
Primary CC (PCC)
Secondary CCs (SCC)
4. Be applicable to the networks
with a central controller central approach

without a central controller distributed approach
5. Be compatible with the LTEA systems

53
Twodifferentapproaches
Dynamicinterferencemitigationbyresourcepartitioning
Central Approach
Distributed Approach
Resources are assigned by a central

controller
Resources are assigned autonomously by

BSs
More efficient resource utilization than

the distributed approach
Less complexity
Needs extra signaling between the BSs

and the controller
High computational complexity at the
controller
High signaling overhead

Requires long time period to reach a stable
resource allocation
Low resource efficiency
54
Centralbrain
Interfering neighbor discovery:
Interference
Central
controller
A
HowdoesthecontrollerassignresourcestotheBSs?
55
Centralbrain

UE makes measurement
Identifies its interfering neighbors according to a predefined SINR threshold
B
A,C
Feedback
Interference
Central
controller
56
Acentrallycontrolledgraphbasedscheme

BSs send cell IDs of the interfering neighbors to the central controller
B
A,C
A
A,C
Feedback
Interference
Backhaul
Central
controller
57
Acentrallycontrolledgraphbasedscheme

BSs send cell IDs of the interfering neighbors to the central controller
The central controller maps this information into an interference graph where
Each node corresponds a BS
An edge connecting two nodes represents the interference between two BSs
B
A,C
A
A,C
Feedback
Interference
Backhaul
Central
controller
58
Sowhatisgraphcoloring?
Graph coloring is a way of coloring the vertices of a graph such that
no two adjacent vertices share the same color
here, Node BS; color CC
25
20
15
distance (m)
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
10
10
20
distance (m)
59
Sowhatisgraphcoloring?
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
distance (m)
distance (m)
Graph coloring is a way of coloring the vertices of a graph such that

no two adjacent vertices share the same color
here, Node BS; color CC
5
0
5
10
1
3
6
2
1
5
10
15
15
20
20
20
10
10
20
25
25
4
20
10
distance (m)
10
20
distance (m)
Resources can be assigned dynamically

One CC per BS is inefficient, as, when the number of CCs increases, a lot of
bandwidth tends to be wasted
Inefficiencies in terms of resource utilization
60
Howcanweimproveuponthis?
pow.
E
freq.
61
Therecursivestep
Applying the graph coloring algorithm multiple times
Identify CCs that can be assigned to BSs without causing undue
interference
pow.
E
freq.
62
Beingcleverhelpstoo
pow.
freq.
E
Resourceefficiency:5/15
63
Beingcleverhelpstoo
Identify the CCBS pairing which maximizes the resource efficiency
pow.
freq.
E
64
Beingcleverhelpstoo
Identify the CCBS pairing which maximizes the resource efficiency
CCs are assigned to BSs by using a cost function
pow.
freq.
65
Graphbaseddynamicfrequencyreuse(GB
DFR)
1st Step:
Apply the graph coloring algorithm smin times
Where smin is the minimum number of CCs that must be allocated to
each BS
Using the cost function, assign one CC to every BS in each iteration
(gains seen especially when the number of available CCs is high)
doing so increases the reuse efficiency of the system
2nd Step:
For each CC:
Using the cost function again, identify the combination of BSs which
maximizes the utilization of this CC (example on slide 65)
Advantages:
Dynamic adaptation according to prevailing interference conditions
Number of assigned CCs per BS is automatically adjusted depending
on the interference conditions
Very low wastage of resources
Low complexity and computational cost
66
SimulationParameters
5x5 grid case
Downlink only
Only femtofemto interference is

considered
Parameter
Value
Systembandwidth
20MHz
Trafficmodel
Fullbuffer
maxBSpower
10dBm
Antennagain
0dBi
Fadingmodel
Nofastfading
Activation ratio
0.5
NumberofUEs perBS
NumberofCCs
SINRthreshold
5dB
HeNB
UE
67
PerformanceEvaluation CDFofSINR
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
CDF
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Reuse-1
Conv. Graph Col. (S=6)
GB-DFR (S=6)
0.1
0
-10
10
20
30
40
50
SINR [dB]
68
PerformanceEvaluation CDFofUser
Capacity
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
CDF
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Reuse-1
Conv. Graph Col. (S=6)
GB-DFR (S=6)
0.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
User capacity [Mbps]

69
BSactivationprobabilityversusresource
utilization Probability that an
apartment contains an
active femto BS
Percentage of Assigned Subbands
100
Conv. Graph Col. (S = 6)
GB-DFR (S=6)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
BS Activation Probability p
70
EffectofSINRthresholdonperformance
5th and 10th Percentile User Capacity
12
5th percentile user capacity
10th percentile user capacity
10
Sweet spot
spots
8
th= 10dB
6
th= 5dB
th= 15dB
th= 0dB
2
th= 20dB
0
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Average User Capacity [Mbps]

71
Lessonslearned
Femtofemto interference is a severe problem in femtocell networks
Dynamic assignment of resources
Decreases coverage holes
Results in high resource utilization
GBDFR attains a significant capacity improvement for celledge UEs, at the
expense of a modest decrease for cellcentre users
Next section:
Extending the GBDFR to the networks where BSs serve multiple UEs
Fully distributed/autonomous approach
72
Twodifferentapproaches(recap)
Dynamicinterferencemitigationbyresourcepartitioning
Central Approach
Distributed Approach
Resources are assigned by a central

controller
Resources are assigned autonomously by

BSs
More efficient resource utilization than

the distributed approach
Less complexity
Needs extra signaling between the BSs

and the controller
High computational complexity at the
controller
High signaling overhead

Requires long time period to reach a stable
resource allocation
Low resource efficiency
73
Thedecentralizedtechnique asummary
Aim:
Autonomously assign resources in unplanned wireless networks
Balance high spatial reuse of radio resources with interference
protection for celledge users
The proposed method relies on UE measurements
Dynamic adaptation to the interference conditions faced in random
deployments
Less signaling overhead compared to existing LTE and LTEA signaling
procedures
Can easily be adapted to work in either the time or the frequency domain
74
Resourceassignment whogetswhat?
pow.
1 2 3
A
freq.
75
pow.
1 2 3
A
freq.
C
Potential
interferencepath
Dynamic interference environment

Number and position of neighbors change during the
operation
Fixed frequency planning is suboptimal
76
pow.
1 2 3
2
B
freq.
3
B
C
Potential
interferencepath

operation
Dynamic assignment of resources!
2
3
77
pow.
3
1
1 2 3
2
B
freq.
3
B
C
Potential
interferencepath

operation
Dynamic assignment of resources!
Multiuser deployment
Users in the same cell experience different interference
conditions
Resource assignment should depend on UE
measurements to maximize resource utilization
Classify resources according to their foreseen usages
2
3
78
NotallCCsarecreatedequal
ReservedCC(RCC):
AllocatedtocelledgeUEs
Protectedregion
Potential
interferencepath
B
C
2
3
79
ReservedCC(RCC):
Protectedregion
BannedCC:
Interferingneighborsarerestrictedtouse
theRCCallocatedtothevictimUE
ThisguaranteesdesiredSINRatcelledge
UEs
X2
XX3
C
Potential
interferencepath
80
ReservedCC(RCC):
13
Protectedregion
BannedCC:
Interferingneighborsarerestrictedtouse
theRCCallocatedtothevictimUE
ThisguaranteesdesiredSINRatcelledge
UEs
Potential
interferencepath
AuxiliaryCC(ACC):
AllocatedtotheUEsfacinglessinterference
Neighborsarenotrestricted
Increasesresourceefficiency,especially,for
themultiuserdeployments
X2
XX3
C
X3
81
Whatisneededtogetthistowork?
1.
IDsofinterferingBSs(UE ServingBS)
EachUEcanmeasurethereceived
powerfromtheBSsinitsvicinity
ItidentifiesinterferingBSIDsaccording
tothepredefinedSINRthreshold
Potential
interferencepath
A
B
1
2
C
3
82
1.
IDsofinterferingBSs(UE ServingBS)
EachUEcanmeasurethereceived
powerfromtheBSsinitsvicinity
ItidentifiesinterferingBSIDsaccording
tothepredefinedSINRthreshold
A
2,3
1,3
Potential
interferencepath
A
B
FeedbackfromUE
1
2
C
3
83
2.
RCCIndicator(BS InterferingBS)
Usedforpreventinginterfering
BSstousetheRCCallocatedto
thevictimUE
toB&C:
Dontuse1
Potential
interferencepath
RCCindicator
X2
XX3
toA&C:
Dontuse2
84
3.
SINRovereachCC(UE ServingBS)
1
EachUEobservesdifferentSINRovereachCC
Thesemeasurementsareusedtofindoutwhich
CCsareavailable fortransmission(asaRCCor
ACC)dependingonthepredefinedSINRthreshold
value
Potential
interferencepath
X2
XX3
C
85
3.
ReceivedSINRoneachCC(cellA):
A
+=overthreshold
=belowthreshold
=bannedCC
Potential
interferencepath
ReceivedSINRoneachCC(cellB):
ReceivedSINRoneachCC(cellC):
X2
XX3
C
FeedbackfromUE
86
3.
ReceivedSINRoneachCC(cellA):
A
+=overthreshold
=belowthreshold
=bannedCC
Potential
interferencepath
ReceivedSINRoneachCC(cellB):
nexttimeslot
ReceivedSINRoneachCC(cellC):
X2
XX3
C
FeedbackfromUE
X3
X2
XX3
87
Ourlatestacronym:DynamicAutonomous
CCAssignment DACCA
88
Ourlatestacronym:DynamicAutonomous
CCAssignment DACCA
Eventtriggered
CCsconfigurationisupdated
onlyifthereisachangeinthe
interferenceenvironment
AllBSsaresynchronized
withatimedurationequalto
thatofasocalledtimeslot
Betweenthestarting
instancesoftwotimeslots,
theCCconfigurationremains
undisturbed
89
Simulationparameters
5x5gridcaseanddownlinkdirectionisinvestigated
OnlyinterferencebetweenfemtoBSsisconsidered
Statisticsaretakenattheendof10th slot
Threemethodsarecompared:
BSsniffing1/4and2/4
DACCA
25
20
15
10
5
0
Parameter
Value
Systembandwidth
40 MHz(4 x10MHz)
Trafficmodel
Fullbuffer
Max. TxPowerperCC
20dBm
Antennagain
0dBi
Shadowingstd. dev.
10dB
Activation ratio
0.2
FemtoBS
NumberofUEs perBS
4(closedaccess)
UE
SINRthreshold
5dB
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-20
-10
10
20
90
CDFofSINR
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
CDF
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
BS Sniffing (1/4)
BS Sniffing (2/4)
DACCA
0.1
0
-20
-10
5 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
SINR [dB]
91
CDFofusercapacity
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
CDF
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
BS Sniffing (1/4)
BS Sniffing (2/4)
DACCA
0.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
User capacity [Mbps]

92
Meancellcapacityversususercapacity
User Capacity [Mbps]
20%
BS Sniffing (1/4)
BS Sniffing (2/4)
DACCA
20%
20%
10%
5
4
5%
10%
3
10%
2
1
0
35
5%
5%
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Mean Cell Capacity[Mbps]

93
Convergenceofthealgorithm
80
Percentage of Assigned Resources
Percentage of Collisions (SINR<-10dB)
70
AllocatedRBs/AllRBs
Percentage
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
RBsFacingSINRbelow10dB/AllocatedRBs
1
10
Time Slot
94
EffectofSINRthreshold
5 dB
Cell Edge Capacity [Mbps]
10 dB
3.5
0 dB
3
2.5
-5 dB
2
15 dB
1.5
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Average Cell Capacity [Mbps]

95
Wrapup
Wehavehadalookatsomefairlysimpleandbackwardcompatiblefemto
macrointerferencemitigationtechniquesandstudiedtheirperformance
Wehaveidentifiedthatthecontrolchannelisparticularlysusceptibleto
interference especiallysinceitissoinflexible
Inparticular,themostimportantcontrolchannelexhibitstheworst
performance
Wehaveaddressedthisissuebyproposingacleverinterferencemitigation
technique
Wethenconsiderthecaseoffemtofemtointerference
Wehavehadalookataninterferencemitigationtechniquewhichrelies
onacentralcontroller
Wehavethenattemptedtoremovethecentralcontrollerandseeifthat
works(itdoes)
96
Wheredowegofromhere?
Lotsofinterestingareasforfurtherresearch
Femtocellsarenotgoinganywhere
Designofspecialairinterfacestodealespeciallywiththeinterference
problem
Newwaysofhandlinghandovers
Cleverschedulingstrategieswithtightmacrofemtocooperation
Femtocellswithcognitiveradio?
MIMO?
Etc.
97
ZubinBharucha
bharucha@docomolabeuro.com
DOCOMOCommunicationsLaboratoriesEuropeGmbH
LandsbergerStrasse312 80687Munich,Germany
Phone:+49(89)568240|www.docomolabeuro.com

LTE/LTE A Interference Coordination For Femtocells

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LTE/LTE A Interference Coordination For Femtocells

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Copyright2012

4G networks will be characterized by a highdensity

4G networks will be characterized by a highdensity

Avg. 5x5 blocks per sector

Avg. macro UEs per sector

HeNB activation probability

eNB transmit power

HeNB transmit power

Wall penetration loss

The PCFICH is important to protect because

HeNB identifies most

HeNB decodes dominant

HeNB adjusts its own PCI

LTE-A makes use of carrier aggregation via the use of

Interference between femtocells is a severe problem in densely deployed networks

Interference between femtocells is a severe problem in densely deployed networks

2. Achieve high resource utilization

Interference mitigation techniques should:

resource assignment should be updated according to changes in the radio

2. Achieve high resource utilization

Each user in the same cell experiences different interference conditions

4. Be applicable to the networks

with a central controller central approach

5. Be compatible with the LTEA systems

Resources are assigned by a central

Resources are assigned autonomously by

More efficient resource utilization than

Needs extra signaling between the BSs

High signaling overhead

Interfering neighbor discovery:

Interfering neighbor discovery:

Interfering neighbor discovery:

Interfering neighbor discovery:

Graph coloring is a way of coloring the vertices of a graph such that

Resources can be assigned dynamically

5x5 grid case

Only femtofemto interference is

User capacity [Mbps]

Percentage of Assigned Subbands

5th and 10th Percentile User Capacity

Average User Capacity [Mbps]

Resources are assigned by a central

Resources are assigned autonomously by

More efficient resource utilization than

Needs extra signaling between the BSs

High signaling overhead

Dynamic interference environment

Dynamic interference environment

Dynamic interference environment

User capacity [Mbps]

User Capacity [Mbps]

Mean Cell Capacity[Mbps]

Cell Edge Capacity [Mbps]

Average Cell Capacity [Mbps]

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