Connection Design According To en 1993-1-8

Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Steel Structures Publications 33 Teknillisen korkeakoulun tersrakennetekniikan laboratorion julkaisuja 31 Espoo 2007 TKK-TER-33
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS TO EUROCODE

Preview of MS Power Point presentations
F. Wald
AB
TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULU TEKNISKA HGSKOLAN HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT HELSINKI UNIVERSITE DE TECHNOLOGIE DHELSINKI
List of Lessons at Seminar
Introduction
Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8
Prof. Frantiek Wald Czech Technical University in Prague
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Introduction Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8 Welded connections Bolted connections Basics of structural joints Design of simple connections Column bases Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2 Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
2
Summary
List of content Timing National Annexes CeStruCo Access STEEL Summary
List of Content in EN 1993-1-8

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Introduction Basis of design Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins Welded connections Analysis, classification and modelling Structural joints connecting H or I sections Hollow section joints
Lessons in Window Help Format with PP Presentations
CeStruCo
Summary
Development of Eurocodes
ECCS Concept in 1978 ECCS First draft in 1984 CEN Started with Eurocodes in 1990 CEN ENV 199x-x-x in 1992 (actions nationally only) CEN EN 199x-x-x in 2005 Advantages
European agreement All structural materials under one safety concept
CeStruCo
Weakness
Copyrights Size (some countries only rules, some textbooks)
5 6
List of Eurocodes
EN 1990 EN 1991 EN 1992 EN 1993 Eurocode 0: Eurocode 1: Eurocode 2: Eurocode 3: Basis of Structural Design Actions on structures Design of concrete structures Design of steel structures
Project team Prof. F. Bijlaard
Eurocodes List of Actions

EN 1991-1-1 Actions Dead load published 04/02 EN 1991-1-2 Actions Fire 11/02 EN 1991-1-3 Actions Snow 07/03 EN 1991-1-4 Actions Wind 04/05 EN 1991-1-5 Actions Temperature 11/03 EN 1991-1-6 Actions During erection 06/05 EN 1991-1-7 Actions Exceptional 05/06 EN 1991-2 Actions Transport on bridges 09/03 EN 1991-3 Actions Crane girders 11/06 EN 1991-4 Actions Silos and tanks 08/05
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete struc.

Project team Prof. D. Anderson
EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1997 EN 1998 EN 1999
Eurocode 5: Eurocode 6: Eurocode 7: Eurocode 8: Eurocode 9:
Design of timber structures Design of masonry structures Geotechnical design Design of structures for earthquake resistance Design of aluminium structures
7
Structural Steel Eurocodes

EN 1993-1-1 EN 1993-1-2 EN 1993-1-3 EN 1993-1-4 EN 1993-1-5 EN 1993-1-6 EN 1993-1-7 EN 1993-1-8 EN 1993-1-9 EN 1993-1-10 EN 1993-1-11 EN 1993-1-12 EN 1993-2 EN 1993-3-1 EN 1993-3-2 EN 1993-4-1 EN 1993-4-2 EN 1993-4-3 EN 1993-5 EN 1993- 6 Basic rules Fire resistance Thin walled Corrosion resistant Plates Shells Plates 2 Connections Fatigue Brittle fracture Tensile members (cables) HSS Bridges Mast Chimneys Silos Tanks Pipelines Pilots Crane girders
(20 documents)
First package 05/05 04/05
Development of EN 1993-1-8
From ENV 1991-1 Chapter 6 Connections Annex J Joints Annex L Base plates Annex K Hollow section joints
May 12, 1992 VTT, Finland Sept. 9, 2001 Nov. 20, 2001 April 16, 2004 May 11, 2005 10
05/05 05/05 05/05
ECCS TC10 comments to ENV 1993-1-1 CEN/TS250/SC3 project team, head Mr. Jouko Kouhi prEN 1993-1-8 document N 1054 E 900 national comments Final draft Voting Acceptation by CEN
Eurocode Implementation - Examples

Translations UK N/A; France 12/2006; Poland 2007; Czech Rep. 8/2006 Czech Rep. 8/2006
Summary
List of content Timing National Annexes CeStruCo Access STEEL Conclusions
National Annexes UK 12/2007; France 12/2006; Poland 2010;
Eurocodes be adopted for government construction UK unknown; France Not; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 2008 Eurocodes be adopted for non-government construction UK unknown; France Not; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 2008 National standards withdrawn UK 2010; France 2010; Poland 2010; Czech Rep. 2010
11
CeStruCo
12
National Annex for EN 1993-1-8

Alternative procedures Nationally Determined Parameters
National choice is allowed in EN 1993-1-8 through (only): 1.2.6(6) Reference standard Rivets 2.2(2) Partial safety factors 3.1.1(3) Bolt classes 3.4.2(1) Hand tightening of the nut is considered adequate 5.2.1(2) Classification of joints 6.2.7.2(9) Requirements for elastic distribution of forces in bolt rows
13
National Choice (Czech Rep.)

Clause 1.2.6 Reference Standards, Group 6: Rivets
SN 02 2300: Rivets, Overview (Czech national standards).
Clause 2.2 Partial safety factors, paragraph (2)

Numerical values of partial safety factors for joints are not changed, the values in Table 2.1 should be used.
Clause 3.1.1(3) General, paragraph (2)

All bolt classes listened in Table 3.1 may be used.
Clause 3.4.2 Tension connections, paragraph (1)

If the preload is not explicitly required in design for slip resistance, the hand tightening of the nut is considered adequate without the control of preload.
Clause 5.2.1 General, paragraph (2)

No additional information on classification of joints by their stiffness and strength are given to that included in 5.2.1(2).
Clause 6.2.7.2 Beam-to-column joints with bolted end-plate connections, paragraph (9)
The requirements for elastic distribution of forces in the bolt rows introduced 14 in (6.26) are not changed.
Summary
CeStruCo = Civil enginnering Structural Connections

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Bouwen met Staall, Netherlands Building Research Establishment Ltd., United Kingdom Czech Technical University (contractor), Czech Republic Lule University of Technology, Sweden University of Coimbra, Portugal Politechnica University of Timisoara, Romania Review KREKON Design office, Rotterdam, Netherlands Czech EXCON a.s., Prague, Czech Republic Constructional Steelwork Association Ostrava, CR
CeStruCo
15
16
European Educational Projects

ESDEP WIVISS SteelCall Stainless SteelCall SSEDTA CeStruCo NFATEC SDCWASS DIFISEK Basic European educational project CD lessons Virtual office Internet/CD PP presentation + lessons Connection design Internet courses Austenitic stainless steel Fire design
17
Textbook
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Introduction Bolts Welding Structural Modelling Simple Connections Moment Resistance Connections Column Bases Seismic Design Fire Design Hollow Section Joints Cold-Formed Member Joints Aluminium Connections Design Cases
18
Internet / CD Version
Lessons in Window help format Textbook in PDF file Worked examples Presentations
PowerPoint Programme Nonlinear analyses of joints by component method Video film
Lessons in Window Help Format
Tools for connection design

Example of Software Example of Tables
19
Prepared by RoboHelp tool at Czech Technical University in Prague
20
PowerPoint Presentations
Software
Non-linear Analysis of Steel Connections

Coimbra University Prediction of behaviour by component method with nonlinear force - deformation diagram of components
21 22
Based on Fire test on 8th storey building Cardington, January 16, 2003
Video Film
CeStruCo on CD
Educational material to support conversion of ENV 1993-1-1 to EN1993-1-8 CD / Internet lessons
Statically Stressed Bolts in Dynamically Loaded Connections prepared at Delft University

23
www.fsv.cvut.cz/cestruco
CeStruCo
24
Summary
Access STEEL Informational tool at www.access-steel.com
CeStruCo
25
26
Access STEEL Information System

Eurocodes 1993-1-x and EN 1994-1-x for not steel specialists
Project Initiation Scheme Development Detailed Design Verification
Access STEEL - Documents

Topics
Multi-storey Buildings Single Buildings Residential Construction
Fire Safety Engineering
For practising designers, architects and their clients

Detailed design of elements Step-by-step guidance Full supporting information Worked examples Interactive worked examples
250 separate technical resources + 50 interlinked modules

Client's guide Concept designs Flow Charts
27
English, French, German and Spanish Project of EU eContent Programme
Non-conflicting Complementary Information Worked examples (Pasive and Interactive)
28
Example - Client's Guide
Example - Concept Designs
29
30
Example - Flow Charts
Example - Non-Conflicting Complementary Information
31
32
Example Pasive Worked Example
Example Interactive Worked Example
33
34
Access STEEL
Informational system based on hypertext engine
Summary
EN 1993-1-8 Connectors and joints EN 1993-1-8 Will be used from 2007 (mostly) CeStruCo Educational material to EN 1993-1-8 Access STEEL Informational tool for EC3 on internet
35
36
Bases of Design according to EN 1993-1-8

Lessons Connection Design according to EN 1993-1-8 Prof. Frantiek Wald
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1
2
Topics
Bases of Design Eccentricity at Intersections Connection Modelling in Global Analyses Global Analysis of Lattice Girders Classification of Joints Modelling of Beam-to-Column Joints Summary
3
General Requirements
All joints should have a design resistance such that the structure is capable of satisfying all the basic design requirements given in EN 1993-1-1.
Partial safety factors for joints

Resistance of members and cross-sections M0, M1, M2 Resistance of bolts, rivets, pins, welds, plates in bearing M2 Slip resistance M3, M3,ser Bearing resistance of an injection bolt M4 Resistance of joints in hollow section lattice girder M5 Resistance of pins at serviceability limit state M6,ser Preload of high strength bolts M7 Recommended values M2 = M3 = 1,25 (EN 1993-1-1 M0 = 1,00, M1 = 1,10) Frequency bar chart M3,ser = M7 = 1,10 Effect of actions M4 = M5 = M6,ser = 1,00
Applied Forces and Moments

The forces and moments applied to joints at the ultimate limit state should be determined according to the principles in EN 1993-1-1.
Resistance
Resistance of Joints
On the basis of the resistances of its basic components Linear-elastic or elastic-plastic analysis Fasteners with different stiffnesses
With the highest stiffness should be designed to carry the load. (An exception bolts and slip resistant bolts).
Topics
8
Eccentricity at Intersections
The joints and members should be designed for the resulting moments and forces
Except in the case of particular types of structures - lattice girders
Reduction of Resistance of Angles Connected by One Leg

(and other unsymmetrically connected members in tension)
With 1 bolt: With 2 bolts: Nu,Rd Nu,Rd
In the case of joints of angles or tees attached by either a single line of bolts or two lines of bolts
Centroidal axes
M2 2 Anet fu = M2
=
2,0(e2 0,5d0 )t fu
With 3 or more bolts:

Fasteners
Reduction factors
Nu,Rd
> 5,0 do 0,7 0,7
3 Anet fu M2
Pitch 2 bolts
p1 < 2,5 do 2 0,4 0,5
Fasteners Setting out lines

9
3 bolts or more 3
10
Topics
11
Types of Joint Modelling

STIFFNESS Full-strength Rigid Semi - rigid Pinned Continuous RESISTANCE Partial-strength Semi-continuous Pinned Simple
Semi-continuous Semi-continuous -
12
Elastic analysis at the Serviceability Limit State

Design joint properties based on the type of global analysis
Initial stiffness Sj,ini and resistance Mj.Rd
M 2 3 M j,Rd M j,Sd
Elastic analysis at the Ultimate Limit State

Modified stiffness Sj,ini and resistance Mj,Rd
M M j,Rd Mj,Sd Sj,ini
Sj,ini
Sj,ini /
is stiffness modification coefficient

13 14
Stiffness Modification Coefficient
M j,Rd Mj,Sd
Sj,ini
Rigid - Plastic Analysis

Resistance Mj,Rd and deformation capacity Cd
Sj,ini /
M M j,Rd
Type of connection Welded Bolted end-plates Bolted flange cleats Base plates
Other types of joints (beam-to-beam joints, Beam-to-column joints beam splices, column base joints) 2 3 2 3 2 3,5 3
15
Cd
16
Elastic - Plastic Analysis

Full curve description
M M j,Rd
Joint Modelling and Frame Global Analysis

MODELLING Elastic analysis Continuous Semicontinuous Rigid Semi-rigid TYPE OF FRAME ANALYSIS Rigid-plastic analysis Full-strength Partial-strength Elastic-plastic analysis Rigid/full strength Rigid/partial-strength Semi-rigid/full-strength Semi-rigid/partial-strength Pinned
S j,ini
Cd
17
Simple
Pinned
Pinned
18
Topics
19
Global Analysis of Lattice Girders

Hollow sections Assumption the members connected by pinned joints (for the distribution of axial forces)
Secondary moments (due to rigidity of joints) Moments resulting from transverse loads Moments resulting from eccentricities Type of component Compression chord Tension chord Brace member Joint Not if criter. is satisfied Yes Source of the bending moment Secondary effects Transverse loading Eccentricity Yes No No Not (if criter. is satisfied)
20
Secondary Moments
Moments, caused by the rotational stiffness's of the joints, may be neglected in the design of members and joints.
Moments Resulting from Transverse Loads

Momets should be taken into account in the design of the members to which they are applied
Joint geometry is within the range Ratio of the system length to the depth of the member in the plane is not less than 6
Brace members may be considered as pin-connected to the chords.

Moments resulting from transverse loads applied to chord members need not be distributed into brace members, and vice versa.
Chords may be considered as continuous beams, with simple supports at panel points.
21 22
Moments resulting from Eccentricities

Centric
Moments resulting from Eccentricities

May be neglected in the design of tension chord members and brace members May be neglected in the design of connections if the eccentricities are within the limits:
Negative eccentricity
0,55 d0 e 0,25 d0 0,55 h0 e 0,25 h0

e d0 h0
23
Positive eccentricity
eccentricity diameter of the chord depth of the chord, in the plane of the lattice girder
24
Topics
25
Based on Resitance
Moment, M M b,pl,Rd Full strength connection Partial strength connection Bending moment resistance of connected beam
Rotation,
26
Based on Stiffness
Accuracy of calculation
5% Ultimate Limit State 20% Serviceability Limit State
(Values for Column Bases)
Based on Rotational Capacity

Deformation capacity of connected member
Moment, Elastic rotation M of connected beam M
Relative moment M j / M pl,Rd 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 Rigid column base S j.ini.c.n = 30 E I c / L c S j.ini.c.s = 12 E I c / L c Semi-rigid column base 0,01 0,002
E Ic = L c M c,pl,Rd
Ultimate rotation of connected beam Ductile connection (Class 1) Semi-ductile connection (Class 2) Brittle connection (Class 3) Rotation,
o = 1,36
Pinned column base ,27 rad 0,003
28
Column Bases Braced Frames

Prediction of column resistance based on the lower support bending stiffness
Relative stiffness of base plate S j.ini Simplified boundary E I c/ L c 50 40 30 20 10 0
Column Bases Braced Frames

Prediction of column resistance based on the lower support bending stiffness
for for
0 ,5
is the limit S j .ini > 0 ,
0 ,5 < < 3,93 is the limit S j .ini 7 ( 2 1 )E I c / Lc , is the limit S j .ini 48 I c / Lc .
Accurate boundary
and for 3 ,93
The limiting stiffness 12 E Ic / Lc (slenderness lower than = 1,36 )

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 Relative slenderness of column
29 30
Classification of Joints
National Annex may give additional information on the classification of joints by their stiffness and strength in Cl 5.2.2.1(2) Pin is difficult to define
Small moment resistance Small stiffness High deformation/rotational capacity
31
Topics
32
Modelling of Joint by Rotational Springs

Component method
Shear Panel
Ma Ma Mb
a
T
Mb
Forces and moments acting on the joint
Joint
Shear panel separatelly
Shear panel in connections

33
N b2,Ed M b2,Ed
Vb2,Ed
Vb1,Ed
N b1,Ed Mb1,Ed
Forces and moments acting on the web panel at the connections
34
Distribution of Internal Forces

= F t1.Rd = F t1.Rd <F <F
t2.Rd t3.Rd
Topics
36
= F t1.Rd = F t2.Rd <F F

t3.Rd
z3
z2
z1
= F t3.Rd F c.Rd
= Ft2.Rd
c.Rd
F c.Rd
Plastic distribution
Elastic distribution Elastic-plastic distribution
Shear forces
A bolt row in shear only Rest of shear resistance of each bolt row Supplement of shear resistance of each bolt row
35
List of Lessons at Seminar Welded Connections

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1
2
Topics
Bases of design Fillet weld
Design model Design independent of the direction of loading Very long welds Design example Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Bases of Design
Fillet welds But weld Plug welds Groove welds
a
Welding in cold-formed zones Design of partially penetrated butt weld Summary
EN 1993-1-8 requirements Design rules + Design models
Fillet welds Definition of Effective Throat Thickness a

The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm
Topics
Design model Design of independent of the direction of loading Very long welds Example - Modelling the resistance Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Design throat thickness of flare groove welds in rectangular structural hollow section
5
Welding in cold-formed zones Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld Summary
Design Model of Fillet Welds
Plane Stresses
Huber Misses- Henckey condition of plasticity (HMH)
Triaxial state of stress (needed exceptionally only) Plane state of stress (needed very often) z x2 + z2 - x2 z2 + 32 (fy / M) 2
effective throat thickness of the fillet weld normal stresses perpendicular to the throat normal stresses parallel to the axis of weld (omitted) shear stresses perpendicular to the axis of weld shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld
Uniaxial state of stress (from the material tests) fy / M0 fy / (M0 3)
Design Model
2 + 3 2 + 2 II
Correlation factor w for fillet welds
f u ( w Mw ) f u Mw
Standard and steel grade EN 10025 S 235 S 235 W S 275 S 275 N/NL S 275 M/ML S 355 S 355 N/NL S 355 M/ML S 355 W S 420 N/NL S 420 M/ML EN 10210 S 235 H S 275 H S 275 NH/NLH S 355 H S 355 NH/NLH EN 10219 S 235 H S 275 H S 275 NH/NLH S 275 MH/MLH S 355 H S 355 NH/NLH S 355 MH/MLH S 420 MH/MLH S 460 NH/NLH S 460 NH/NLH S 460 MH/MLH
Correlation factor w 0,80 0,85
fu
Ultimate tensile strength of connected material
w Correlation factor
0,90
1,00 1,00
Mw partial safety factor for material of welds

9
S 460 N/NL S 460 M/ML S 460 Q/QL/QL1
10
Topics
Design model Design independent of the direction of loading Very long welds Example - Modelling the resistance Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Design Independent of the Direction of Loading

N Sd F w,Rd F w,Sd F w,Rd La V ,Sd V // ,Sd
fvw ,d =
fu 3 w Mw
Fw ,Rd = a fvw ,d
11 12
Topics
Design model Design of independent of the direction of loading Very long welds Design example Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Very Long Welds

Overloading of weld ends due to the different deformation of the connected elements
//
//
//
//
Lw
13
14
Long welds
Reduction of design strength Lw = 1,2 0,2 (Lw 150 a ) 1,0
1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 50 Lw
//
//
Topics
Design model Design of independent of the direction of loading Very long welds Design examples Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Lw
L/a 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

15
16
Two Fillet Welds in Parallel Shear

= F 2a l From plane stress analysis is F 2a l fu
Fillet Weld in Normal Shear

= 0
= = R
w Mw
Has to be satisfied 2 + 3 2 f u ( w Mw ) After substitution
(
17
2 +3 R
) (
2
)=
2
2 2 f u ( w Mw ) R
18
R f u w Mw 2
Connection of Cantilever
Shear force Transferred by web fillets Bending moment M V
Sd
= FSd.
Flange - Web Weld

V l = V Sd S I where V
Sd
Vl
VSd
II = FSd 2 a h
Sd
Welds are loaded by longitudinal shear force
= F Sd e
shear force
Transferred by the shape of.weld Centre of gravity, Iwe and cross section modulus W we For weld at lower flange cross section modulus
1 = 1 = M Sd
S Static moment of flange to neutral axis I moment of inertia This longitudinal force is carried by two welds effective thickness Shear stress II = V l 2 a f u w Mw 3
19
2 W we ,1
Wwe,1 and stress is
For upper weld on flange is

2 = 2 = M Sd
2 W we , 2
Maximum stress is at the point of maximum shear force
20
Topics
Design model Design of independent of the direction of loading Very long welds Worked Examples Effective width of welded beam-to-column connection Weld design for full resistance of connecting members
Effective Width of Welded Beam-to-Column Connection

Connection to plate deformed out of its plate
21
22
Effective Width
Unstiffened column flanges In EN 1993-1-8 Chapter 4.10
t fb
Effective Width
Unstiffened column flanges In EN1993-1-8 Clause 6.2.4.4
beff = twc + 2 s + 7 t fc
Ft ,fc ,Rd = (twc + 2 s + 7 k t fc )

rc t fc t wc beff
t fb fyb
t 2 f beff = twc + 2 s + 7 fc yc t f fb yb
twc tfc tfb s
M0
f t k = min yc fc ; 1 f t yb fb
twc tfc tfb s is thickness of column web thickness of column flange thickness of beam flange is equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections
thickness of column web thickness of column flange thickness of beam flange equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections
23
24
Topics
Weld Design for Full Resistance of Connecting Members - Loading by Normal Force
Not directly in code
a > 0,7
t fu / Mw
w
t
FSd
Throat thickness of a fillet weld used in a hollow section joints Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld Summary 25
= FSd / (t h) the acting design force FSd plate design strength fu t the thinness of connecting plate b width of connecting plate full capacity of a plate the thickness S235: (f / ) t ( 235 / 1,10 ) t a > 0,7 y M 0 = 0,7 = 0,52 t 0,5 t fu / Mw 360 / 1,25
26
Weld Design for Full Resistance of Connecting Members - Loading by Shear Force

VSd h
Weld Design or Full Resistance of Connecting Members

Loading by shear force Loading by normal force 0,5 t 0,4 t
= VSd / (t h) t VSd the design shear force in weld full capacity of a plate the thickness S235
a > 0,85 f /( 3 M 0 ) t 235 /( 1,1 3 ) t t 0,85 y = 0,85 = 0,36 t 0,4 t fw / Mw fu / Mw 360 / 1,25
27
28
Topics
Welding in Cold-Formed Zones

May be carried out within a length 5 t either side of a cold-formed zone
Cold-formed zones are normalized after cold-forming but before welding r / t - ratio satisfy the relevant values:
r/t 25 10 3,0 2,0 1,5 1,0 Maximum thickness (mm) Fully killed Aluminium-killed steel (Al 0,02 %) any any 24 12 10 6
29
30
Topics
Butt welds
V 1/2 V U
Fully suply the cross-section
For low quality is decreased design strength

Calculation as fillet weld
31
32
t anom a nom.1
Design of Partially Penetrated Butt Weld

a = anom 2 mm
t anom a nom.1
anom
a nom
c nom a nom.2
Full penetration T joints
anom
a nom
c nom a nom.2
anom ,1 + anom ,2 t t c nom 5 cnom 3 mm

Partial penetration with an effective width .
anom ,1 + anom ,2 < t a1 = anom,1 2 mm a2 = anom,2 2 mm

34
33
Topics
Summary
Chapter 4 Welded connections + Rules for connection of open sections
Component method
Rules for connection of hollow sections

Welded
35
36
List of Lessons at Seminar Bolted Connections

(Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1
2
Scope of the Lecture

General Design resistance of individual fasteners
Non-preloading bolts Single lap joints Bearing through packing Slotted holes Long joints Rivets Anchor bolts
Material
Nominal values of the yield strength fyb and the ultimate tensile strength fub for bolts
Bolt class fyb (N/mm2) fub (N/mm2) 4.6 240 400 4.8 320 400 5.6 300 500 5.8 400 500 6.8 480 600 8.8 640 800 10.9 900 1000
Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts Design for block tearing Lug angles Pin connections Injection bolts Summary
Note: Bolts 12.9 are not allowed
Categories of Bolted Connections

Shear connections A Bearing type B Slip-resistant at serviceability C Slip-resistant at ultimate Fv,Ed Fv,Rd Fv,Ed Fb,Rd Fv,Ed.ser Fs,Rd,ser Fv,Ed Fv,Rd Fv,Ed Fb,Rd Fv,Ed Fs,Rd Fv,Ed Fb,Rd Fv,Ed Nnet,Rd Tension connections D Non-preloaded E Preloaded Ft,Ed Ft,Rd Ft,Ed Bp,Rd Ft,Ed Ft,Rd Ft,Ed Bp,Rd from 4.6 to 10.9 8.8 or 10.9 from 4.6 to 10.9 8.8 or 10.9
Holes (ENV 1990)

Normal
+1 mm for M 12 +2 mm for M 16 up M 24 +3 mm for M 27 and bigger
8.8 or 10.9
Extra large With loose 3 mm (M12) up 8 mm (M27) Slotted (elongated) Accurate flushed bolts
for bolt M20 must be the clearance d < 0,3 mm
5 6
Positioning of Holes for Bolts and Rivets

p1 e1 e2 p2
Maximum Values for Spacings

Edge and end distances are unlimited, except :
for compression members in order to avoid local buckling and to prevent corrosion in exposed members and; for exposed tension members to prevent corrosion.
Minimum values for spacings

End distance e1 Edge distance e2 Distance in slotted holes e3 Distance in slotted holes e4 Spacing p1 Spacing p2 1,2 d0 1,2 d0 1,5 d0 1,5 d0 2,2 d0 2,4 d0
7
Local Buckling of Plate

in compression between the fasteners:
need not to be checked if p1 / t is smaller than 9
= 235 / fy
Staggered Rows
minimum line spacing of p2 = 1,2d0
according to EN 1993-1-1 using 0,6 p1 as buckling length t thickness of the thinner outer connected part
9 10

Resistance in Shear in One Shear Plane

Plane of shear is going through threads of bolt: For classes 4.6 a 5.6 Fv ,Rd = (0,6 f ub A s ) M2 For classes 8.8 a 10.9 Fv , Rd = (0,5 f ub A s ) M2 A s Core area of cross section of bolt
f ub Ultimate strength of bolt

11
M2 Partial safety factor of bolt
12
d0
Resistance in Shear in One Shear Plane

Plane of shear is going through shaft of bolt
Resistance in Bearing
Fb,. Rd = (2 ,5 f u d t ) M2
where is minimum from formulas
e1
Fv , Rd
= (0,6 f ub A ) M2
p1
A Full area of cross section of bolt fub Ultimate strength of bolt M2 Partial safety factor of bolt
e1 3 d 0 ; p1 3 d 0 - 1 4 ; f ub f u ; 1,0
t d minimum thickness in one direction diameter of bolt
Fb.Sd
d0 diameter of hole f ub strength of bolt

13
f u strength of material
(0,8 in oversized holes)
14
Resistance in Bearing
In oversized holes reduction 0,8 Load on a bolt is not parallel to the edge, the bearing resistance may be verified separately for the bolt load components parallel and normal to the end
R 10 30 e1 40 p 1 60 e1 40 tw 5,6 tp 10 L 140 20 IPE 200 P 10 - 140 x 100 M 20 - 5.6 4 4 VSd = 110 kN
Bearing of Plate and Bolt

Inner bolt
Outer bolt
10
50 10
15
16
Bearing Resistance of Bolt Group

p1 p1 = 3 d0 e1 e1 = 1,2 d 0 F
Tensile Resistance
Ft,Rd = (k 2 fub A s ) M2
As f ub Area of core of bolt Ultimate bolt strength
For the holes 2:

=
For the holes 1:

=
e1 1,2 d 0 = = 0,4 3 d0 3 d0
Holes 1
Holes 2
3 d0 p1 0,25 = 0,25 = 1 0,25 = 0,75 3 d0 3 d0
Mb Partial safety factor

k2 = 0,90 for regular bolt head k2 = 0,63 for countersunk bolt
18
1)Total bearing resistance is based on direct summarising 2,5 d t fu 2,5 d t fu 2,5 d t fu Fb ,Rd = ( ) = (2 0,4 + 2 0,75 ) = 2,3 2)Total bearing resistance is based on smallest of the individual resistances 2,5 d t fu 2,5 d t fu 2,5 d t fu Fb .Rd = ( ) = (2 0,4 + 2 0,40) = 1,6 17
M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2
Punching Shear Resistance

Bp,Rd = 0,6 dm tp fu / M2 tp plate thickness
Combined Shear and Tension

F t,exp F t 1,0 Experimental tensile resistance / predicted tensile resistance Treads in shear plane Shank in shear plane
F v,S Ft,S + F v,R 1 ,4 F t,R

0,5
dm the mean of the across points and across flats dimensions of the bolt head or the nut, whichever is smaller
dm = d1 + d 2 2
d1 d2 d w dm
19
0,5
Experimental shear resistance predicted tensile resistance F v,exp 1,0 Ft
20 Owens G.W., Cheal D.B.: Structural Steelwork Connections, Butterworths, 1989.
Single Lap Connection with One Bolt

Reduction of bearing resistance

Fb ,Rd
1,5 fu d t
M2
M 16 - 5.6 P5 - 60 x 840 FSd 30 30 8 5
21
22
Shear and Bearing pass through Packing

Reduction of bolt shear resistance
Bearing Resistance in Slotted Holes

60% of resistance in circular holes (force perpendicular to the long direction of the slot)
22 18 40 40 8 16 8 M 16 M 16 18 40 40 8 16 8 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Displacement , mm 30 35 40 45 Slotted holes, (test 5c-16-1-d+2,5) Force, F, kN Circular holes, (test 1c-16-1-d+2)
p =
9d 8 d + 3 tp
p 1,0
1,0
p
tp
10 35 50 25 110
10 35 50 25 110
0,5
0,3 d
1,0 d
1,5 d
23
24
Long Connection
Reduction of shear resistance
Lt
1 0,8 0,75 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 15d 65d

Lf = 1
Lt 1,0
Lt 0,75
L j 15d 200 d

Non-preloading bolts Single lap joints Bearing through packing Slotted holes Long connections Rivets Anchor bolts
Lj
Lj
25
26
Rivet Connections
Philosophy of design was used for bolts (class A)
Bolts spacing's recommendations are coming from rivets

27
28
Anchor Bolts
The nominal yield strength does not exceed
when the anchor bolts act in shear 640 N/mm2 otherwis not more than 900 N/mm2

For bolts with cut threads reduction by a factor of 0,85
29
30
Slip-resistant Connections using 8.8 or 10.9 Bolts

Prestressing force
Fs, Rd = (k s n M3,ser ) F p, Cd . F p,Cd is design prestressing force of bolt n ks friction coefficient number of friction planes coefficient corresponding to clearance of hole
31
Friction Coefficient
F p.Cd F s.Rd
Tests
EN 14399-2:2002 High strength structural bolting for preloading Part 2 : Suitability Test for Preloading
Table for class of friction surfaces

With painted surface treatments a loss of pre-load may occur over time.
(= 0,7 f ub A s),
Class of friction surfaces A blasted, metal spraying (EN 1090) B blasted (EN 1090) C cleaned (EN 1090) D cleaned (EN 1090)
Slip factor 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2

32
Hole Size Coefficient ks

Description Normal holes Oversized holes or short slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load transfer Long slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load transfer Short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer Long slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer ks 1,0 0,85 0,7 0,76 0,63
33
Combined Tension and Shear

Fs,Rd = k s n ( Fp ,C 0,8 Ft ,Ed )
M2
Fb
Fb total bolt force
bolt preload Fp
Fj
Ft external tensile force
Fj
elongation of the bolt
p,ext
b,ext
plate shortening
34

Block Tearing
Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of bolts along the shear face of the hole group accompanied by tensile rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tension face of the bolt group.
N Ed
N Ed
35
N Ed
N Ed
36
Test
FE Model
Rupture
Orbison J.G., Wagner M. E., Fritz W.P.: Tension plane behavior in single-row bolted connections subject to block shear, Journal of 37 Constructional Steel Research, 49, 1999, s. 225 239.
Topkaya C.: A finite element parametric study on block shear failure of steel tension members, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 60 , 2004, s. 1615 1635, ISSN 0143-974X. 38
Design Model
Symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading Veff,1,Rd = fu Ant / M2 + (1/3) fy Anv / M0 Ant net area subjected to tension Anv net area subjected to shear Eccentric loading Veff,2,Rd = 0,5 fu Ant / M2 + (1/3) fy Anv / M0
39
Worked Example - Angle

P10; 1.4401 70 40 35 25 L - 100 x 100 10 materil 1.4401 8 x M16; 70 100 70 30 + 7 x 30 +30 60 240 240 35
In plate (staggered rows)

Veff,1,Rd = fu Ant 1 A (2 240 6 18 2 9)10 = 72 + 409 = 481kN 0,5 530 (35 2 9) 10 1 + fy nv = = + 220 M2 3 M0 1,25103 1,1103 3
In angle (staggered rows)

Veff,2,Rd = 0,5 fu,p Ant M2 +
(240 3 18 9)10 = 70 + 204 = 274kN 0,5 530 (60 189)10 1 1 A + 220 fy,p nv = = 1,25103 1,1103 M0 3 3
40
Single Lap Connection

Reduction of bearing resistance
d t
Single Lap Connection

p1
Nu .Rd =
5 d 0 d0 2,5
Fb ,Rd
N u .Rd =
1,5 fu d t
M2
2 Anet fu M2 3 Anet fu M2
p1
p1
e2
2 ,0 e 2 0 ,5 d 0 t f u
M2
p1
p1
Nu .Rd =
p1
Reduction factors Pitch p1 2 bolts 2 3 and more bolts 3

41
0,4 0,5
0,7 0,7
42
Worked Example Fin Plate

3 x M20, 8.8 P10 - 230 x 110 meteril S235 35 IPE 300 S235 230 70 VSd = 100 kN 45 5 45 70 10 HEA 200 S235
Worked Example Fin Plate, Shear Resistance

80 70 230 70 70 45 50 50
45 70
50 50 60
In beam web
VRd,11 =
43
0 ,5 fu,b1 Ant
M2
1 A fy,b1 nv M0 3
0 ,5 360 276 ,9 1 1171,5 + 235 = 199 kN 1,25 1,0 3

44
Worked Example Fin Plate, Tying Resistance

45 70 70 70 70 45 50 50
In beam web
NRd,u,6 = fu,b1 Ant
M,u
A 1 fy,b1 nv M0 3
553 ,8 360 681,6 1 + 235 = 298 kN 1,0 1,1 3

45
46
Lug Angles

1. The lug angle to transmit a force 1,2 times the force in the outstand of the angle connected. 2. The fasteners connecting the lug angle to the outstand of the angle member should be designed to transmit a force 1,4 times the force in the outstand of the angle member. 3. The connection of a lug angle to a gusset plate or other supporting part should terminate at the end of the member connected. 4. The connection of the lug angle to the member should run from the end of the member to a point beyond the direct connection of the member to the gusset or other supporting part. 47
48
Pin Connections
Analysis
As bolt (shear, bearing) As beam (bending) Combination of shear and bending
d = 30 F Sd d3 = 20
Design of Pin
Given thickness t
FEd M 0 2 d 0 F d : c Ed M 0 + 0 + 2 t fy 3 2 t fy 3
Given geometry
t1 c t2 t1 c
t 1 = 10 c =1
t 1 = 10 c =1 t2 = 18
M Sd
49
t 0,7
FEd M 0 fy
: d 0 2,5 t
50
Analysis of Pin - Shear

Resistance of one shear area of pin in shear
Fv . Rd = ( ,6 A f up ) Mp Fv .Sd = 0,5 FSd 0
Analysis of Pin - Bending

Resistance of pin in bending
M Rd = ( ,8 W el A f yp ) Mp M Sd = (FSd 8 )(t + 4 c + 2 t 1 ) 0
F Sd f yp Mp = 1,45 A applied force yield point of pin partial safety material factor cross sectional area of pin
M Sd t1 c t2 t1 c
F Sd f up Mp = 1,45 A
applied force strength of pin partial safety material factor Cross sectional area of pin
51
W el = d 3 32 cross sectional elastic modulus of pin
52
Analysis of Pin Combination of Bending and Shear

Stresses due to bending and shear:
Analysis of Pin - Bearing

Bearing stress of plate and pin Fb, Rd = 1,5 t d f y Mp pro f yp f y a 2 t 1 t
fy f yp Mp = 1,45 yield point of plates
yield point of pin
(MSd
2 2 M Rd ) + (Fv ,Sd Fv , Rd ) 1
t1 c
t2
t1 c
partial safety material factor
M Sd
53 54
Analysis of Pin - Serviceability

Replaceable pin the contact bearing stress should satisfy h,Ed fh,Rd
h,Ed = 0,591
E FEd ,ser ( d 0 d ) d2 t

fh,Ed = 2,5 fy / M6,ser

d the diameter of the pin; d0 the diameter of the pin hole; FEd,ser the design value of the force to be transferred in bearing, under the characteristic load combination for serviceability limit states
55
56
Injection Bolts
2 1 2 t2 t1 t2
1,33 1,0
Bearing Strength of an Injection Bolt

t M4 coefficient depending of the thickness ratio 1.0 2.0 t / t fb,resin bearing strength of the resin tb, resin effective bearing thickness of the resin 1,0 for serviceability limit state kt 1,2 for ultimate limit state 1,0 for holes with normal clearances or (1,0 - 0,1 m), ks for oversized holes; m the difference (in mm) between the normal and oversized hole dimensions 58 2
2 1 1 2 1
Fb,Rd,resin =
k t k s d t b ,re sin f b ,re sin

1
t2 t1
1,33 1,0
1
1.0
1
2.0
2 t1/ t2
Bolts of class 8.8 or 10.9

The design ultimate shear load of any bolt in a Category A Preloaded injection bolts should be used for Category B and C connections
57

Summary
Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins in Chapter 3 of EN 1993-1-8 Non-preloaded bolts Preloaded bolts preload (0,7 fub) Injection bolts (replacement of rivets; bolts 8.8 and 10.9) Pins (including serviceability)
59 60
List of Lessons at Seminar Basics of structural joints

(Structural Joints Connecting Open Sections)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1
2

General Component method Basic components Assembly
Resistance Stiffness Rotation capacity
Different Approaches
Experimentation Curve fitting Finite element analysis Simplified analytical models Component Method
M Experiment lt
Function
= C1( kM )1 + C3 ( kM )3 + C5 ( kM )5
hb ta
M-N interaction Summary
Moment-Rotation Characteristic
Rotational stiffness Moment resistance Rotation capacity

Joint resistance M j, Rd Elastic limit 2/3 M j, Rd
M, moment, kNm Initial stiffness Sj, ini Experimental curve Design curve
Deformation capacity j,Cd
Rotation, , mrad
5
Procedure
Decomposition of joint Component description Joint assembly
Rotational Capacity
M
Column web in tension Connection
Bending moment, kNm
Experimental curve Bilinear model
j.Rd
Components in tension Components in compression Web panel in shear Column web in compression Joint
7
Plastic rotational capacity
pl
Rotational capacity of joint
Classification Representation Modelling in analyses
el
Cd
Rotation, mrad
Decomposition of Joint
Background References
Zoetemeijer P.: Summary of the research on bolted beam-to-column connections, TU-Delft report 26-6-90-2, Delft, 1990. Zoetemeijer P.: Summary of the Research on Bolted Beam-to-Column Connections (period 1978 - 1983), Ref. No. 6-85-M, Steven Laboratory, Delft, 1983. Zoetemeijer P.: Proposal for Standardisation of Extended End Plate Connection based on Test results Test and Analysis, Ref. No. 6-83-23, Steven Laboratory, Delft, 1983.
9 10
Unstiffened column web in shear Unstiffened column web in compression Beam flange in compression Column flange in bending Bolt row in tension End plate in bending Unstiffened column web in tension
Practical Application of the Component Method

Design tables
Green book Blue book
Spring Models
Parallel configuration
F 2 1 2 1 Fu = F1.u + F2.u k = k1 + k2
Computer programs Simplified hand calculation
Serial configuration
F 1
= min (1; 2)
1 2
Fu = min (F1.u; F2.u) 2 1 / k = 1 / k1 +1 / k2
= 1 + 2 .
11
12

Description of Basic Components

The structural properties of basic joint components are described in Chapter 6 of EN 1993-1-8. e.g.
VEd
Column web panel in shear Column web in transverse compression Column web in transverse tension Column flange in bending End-plate in bending Flange cleat in bending etc.
VEd
Ft,Ed
Fc,Ed
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed
13
14
Bolts in Tension
Analytical model
Stiffness coefficient
Ft,Ed
End-plate in Bending
Analytical model
Stiffness coefficient
Ft,Ed
F L b = t ,Ed b 2 E As kb = Ft ,Ed A = 2,0 s E b Lb
p =
k b = k 10 =1,6
Resistance, see bolts Deformation capacity - britle
As Lb
15
Ft ,Ed m 3 2L t3 3E I 3 eff ,ini F F 3E I L t3 12 = = 0,5 eff ,ini3 k p = t ,Ed = t ,Ed E p E Ft ,Ed m 3 m3 m
Leff.ini = 1,7 Leff

k p = k 4 = k 5 = k 6 = 0,85 Leff t 3 m3
16
Ft,Ed
End-Plate Resistance
By equivalent T-stub in tension
F n m t B B L eff 2
Failure Modes
Mode 1 - Plate failure Mode 2 - Plate and bolts failure Mode 3 - Bolts failure
Deformation capacity - ductile

17 18
Bolt head / washer size influence

F/2 Q F/2 F/2 F/2 Q
Effective Length
Circular failure
Single bolt Bolt group
Q
Mode 1 only
n
dw F/4 Q/2
m
dw F/4 Q/2
F/2 F/2
F/4 Q/2
F/4 Q/2
Another failure
Q
19
n C
Single bolt Bolt group

20
Circular Failure
F F
Bolt in Corner
F 2r
1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0
=8
2p
5,5
4,75
4,45
Leff ,op = m
r=n
r=m
In EN 1993-1-8 graph only

m 2 = 2 m+e m 1 = m+e
Virtual work on cone deformation
/2
r
Leff ,cp = 2 m
/2
x
/2
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
21 22
Bolt at Oversize
e mx Weld e mx e mx e mx
T stub Position
bp Yield lines
23
24
Column Flange with Backing Plates

Increase of resistance Mode 1 only
4M pl ,1,Rd + 2M bp ,Rd m
2
e bp h bp e bp
Flange Cleat in Bending

As equivalent T-stub flange
FT,1,Rd =
M pl,1,Rd = 0,25l eff ,1t f fy / M 0 M bp,Rd = 0,25l eff ,1t bp fy ,bp / M 0

25 26
Influence of Gap
g 0,4 ta
ra emin m 0,8 r a
a
Another Components
g > 0,4 ta
ra emin m 0,5 t a
a
see EN 1993-1-8
g 0,4 t
g >0,4 t
Effective length eff = 0,5ba
ba
27 28

Design Resistance
Welded connection
Ft,Rd Fc,Rd
M j,Rd
M j ,Rd =Ft ,Rd z
29
30
Design Resistance
Boted connection one bolt row
Ft.Rd z Fc.Rd z Ft.Rd
Simplified Lever Arm
Fc.Rd
M j ,Rd =
i ti ,Rd
zi
31
32
More Bolt Rows - Firs Bolt Row (start from top)

Limits by shear and compressed part
Colum web in shear Column web in compression
Ft1.Rd
More Bolt Rows Second Bolt Row

Limit By shear and compressed part Resistance of second bolt row
Colum web in shear
Ft1.Rd Ft1.Rd Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd Ft2.Rd Ft1.Rd
Beam flange in compression

Ft1.Rd
Column web in compression
Beam flange in compression
Ft1.Rd
Column flange in bending,

Ft2.Rd
Column web in tension
End plate in bending
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
Resistence of first bolt row
Column flange in bending

Ft1.Rd

Ft1.Rd
End plate in bending

F
t1.Rd
Column flange in bending Column web in tension

Ft1.Rd Ft1.Rd Ft2.Rd
33
Resistance of both bobt rows
Ft2.Rd
Ft2.Rd
34
More Bolt Rows - Third Bot Row

Taking into account bolt rows groups Etc.
F
t1.Rd

F t2.Rd Ft3.Rd Ft3.Rd
Ft1.Rd F t2.Rd Ft3.Rd
t1.Rd
F t2.Rd Ft3.Rd
F t2.Rd Ft3.Rd

F t2.Rd Ft3.Rd
F t2.Rd Ft3.Rd
Part in compression
F
t1.Rd
t1.Rd
Part in tension
F t2.Rd Ft3.Rd
F t2.Rd Ft3.Rd
35
36
Rotational Stiffness
Rotatinal stiffness Deformation or a component Rotation in joint j = i z Joint with more springs
S j .ini = Mj
Sj = M /
i =
i
Shape Stiffness Ratio Factor

From curve fitting
Fi ki E
Joint resistance M j, Rd Elastic limit 2/3 M j, Rd
S j ,ini Sj
j,
M, moment, kNm
M = Sd M j ,Rd
Initial stiffness S ini Design curve Shape by stiffness ratio factor Deformation capacity j,Cd
Fi z
=
i
Fi E
Fi z 2
k
i
E z2 1 ki
E z2
1 ki
37
Rotation, , mrad
38
More Components
Mj
Equivalent stiffness
k eq =
k
i
eff ,i
zi
1 2 3
z1 z z 2
k eff =
z
1
k
i
1
i
z1
eff ,i z i 2
Lever arm
k z= k
i i
z4
eff ,i z i
39
40

Rotation Capacity
For platic global analyses M For basic safety
M j.Rd
Ductile components
Plate in bending 0,0 Column web in shear
el
Cd
Cd
Brittle components
41
Bots, welds
42
Upper Limits for Material

In the US standard only
In EN 1993-1-8
Deem to satisfy criteria
Brittle Ductile
Welded joints
CD ,min = 0,015 Unstiffned Unstiffned in tension + Stiffened in compression + No shear influece
Cd,1
F Ductile Brittle
Cd,2
Cd ,min = 0,025 hc / hb
Boted joints

Cd,1
Plate failure End plate/column flange thickness
t 0,36 d fub / fy
44
43 Cd,2

M-N Interaction
For most portal frame connections (pitched rafters) In EN 1993-1-8
Limit 5% of normal force resistance of connected element Linear interaction NSd M + Sd 1 N j ,Rd M j ,Rd Component method
45
46
Example
VSd
M Sd NSd Normal force, kN
Application of EN 1993-1-8 Procedure

NSd M + Sd 1 N j ,Rd M j ,Rd
Normal force N j,t,M,Rd Nj,t,M=0,Rd F 3,t F2,t Nj,t,M,Rd M j.c.N M
j.t.N
5 % error
Moment, kNm
Linear interaction Linear interaction
et
Moment
F1,t
Component method Linear interaction

47
F2,c Component method Nj,c,M,Rd N j,c,M=0,Rd N j,c,M,Rd F1,c

48
et
Component Method - Resistance

Centre of the part in tension F t.Rd
Stiffness
Simplification to two springs
Bolts Compressed part in centre of flage
zt z Centre of the part in compression zc Fc.Rd Neutral axis Active part

F c.Rd Bolts and compressed part
N Sd
M Sd
Ft.Rd N Sd MSd zt zc z
Fc.t.Rd z
NSd MSd Fc.b.Rd Two compressed parts
c.t
c.b
As for base plates

49 50
Evaluation on Tests
Normal force, kN 200 100 -10 0 0 -100 -200 Test SN 1500 10 SN 1000 Interaction Component method 20 Moment, kNm
M - Diagram Praha Test

Moment, kNm 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
51
Test SN 1500 Prediction by component method Prediction of resistance by interaction
Rotation, rad 0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04

52
Evaluation on Coimbra Tests

Normal force, kN 800 400 0 -50 -400 0 50 Interaction Component method Experiments
EE7 Moment, EE6 kNm EE1 EE2 EE3 EE4 EE5
M - Diagram Coimbra Test

Moment, kNm 120 100 80 60 40 20 Rotation, rad 0 0
53
Test EE7
Prediction by component method Prediction of resistance by interaction
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
54
List of Lessons at Seminar Design of Simple Connections (of Open Sections)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1
2
SSEDTA Lecture
New and Flexible Approach to Training for Engineers in Construction Leson 16 Design of Simple Joints Access STEEL information tool on internet
List of Lessons related to Connection Design

Flow Charts
Simple connections - fin plates Simple connections - end plates Column splices for both axial load & moment Column bases (axial load only)
Non-conflicting Complementary Information

Design model for simple end plate connections A: Detailing guidance B: Shear resistance C: Tying resistance Design model for simple fin plate connections A: Detailing B: Shear resistance C: Tying resistance Design model for simple Column splices (non-bearing) Initial sizing for non-bearing splices Design model for simple Column bases - axially loaded
Passive examples
Beam to beam fin plate connection Beam to column end plate connection Column splice (non-bearing) Column base, axially loaded Column splice (bearing)
3 4
Example Fin Plate

Flow chart
Example Fin Plate

Subject to shear
1 3 1 3 1
1. Fin plate 2. Supported beam 3. Column 4. Supporting beam

7 8
Example Fin Plate

Mode of failure - subject to shear
Bolts in shear Fin plate in bearing Fin plate in shear (gross section) Fin plate in shear (net section) Fin plate in shear (block shear) Fin plate in bending Fin plate in buckling (LTB) Beam web in bearing Beam web in shear (gross section) Beam web in shear (net section) Beam web in shear (block shear) Supporting column web or supporting beam web (punching shear) VRd,1 VRd,2 VRd,3 VRd,4 VRd,5 VRd,6 VRd,7 VRd,8 VRd,9 VRd,10 VRd,11 VRd,12 9
Example Fin Plate

Ductility requirements not guided by bolt shear failure
10
Example Fin Plate

Rotation capacity requirements
1. Given rules in initial design
Depth of supported beam hb1 (mm) Fin plate thickness tp (mm) 10 10 Fin plate width Horizontal gap gh (mm) bp (mm) 100 120 10 20 Beam edge distance e2,b (mm) 40 40
bp gh e1,b gv
Example Fin Plate

Subject to tying forces
Fin plate edge distance e2 (mm) 50 60
2 2 2 1 3 1 3 1
hb1 600 hb1 > 600
or 2. Limit of hight and calculate required rotation

hp hb 2t f,b1 2r
e1 p1 p1 e1 e 2 e 2,b z he a hp
available > required
1. Fin plate 2. Supported beam 3. Column 4. Supporting beam

12
11
Example Fin Plate

Mode of failure subject to tying
Bolts in shear Fin plate in bearing Fin plate in tension (block tearing) Fin plate in tension (net section) Beam web in bearing Beam web in tension (block tearing) Beam web in tension (net section) Supporting column web in bending NRd,u,1 NRd,u,2 NRd,u,3 NRd,u,4 NRd,u,5 NRd,u,6 NRd,u,7 NRd,u,8
13
Summary
Design of simple connections not described in EN 1993-1-8 Tables
Green book UK Blue book Germany ECCS TC10 document (in preparation)
Access STEEL materials on internet

14

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Introduction Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8 Welded connections Bolted connections Basics of structural joints Design of simple connections Column bases Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2 Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
15
Thank you for your attention
16
Structural Steelwork Eurocodes
Simple Joints
Frames are traditionally analysed assuming joints to be either:
Design of Simple Joints

Pinned. Rigid. However few joints meet these ideals.
Design Considerations of Joints
EC 3 Requirement
EC3 states that: A nominally pinned connection shall be designed so that it cannot develop significant moments which might adversely affect members of the structure.
Rigid Joints: Expensive to fabricate and construct. Real Pin Joints: Also expensive Simple Joints: Need to be flexible
Joint Requirements
Joint Properties
Joints must: Transfer actions. Accept required rotations.
Joints have three principal properties: 1. Strength: able to transfer moments & forces. 2. Stiffness: have an appropriate slope on M - curve. 3.Deformability: Have adequate rotation capacity.
Stiffness Requirement
Strength Requirement
S j,ini not greater than: 0,5 E Ib / Lb. where: S j,ini is the initial rotational stiffness of the connection. is the second moment of area of the connected Ib beam. is the length of the connected beam. Lb
Depends upon the members connected. Ensures that joint has only a small resistance compared to the connected members. Remember that shear and any axial load must be transferred between members.
Maximum Moment Resistance

Mpb is fully plastic moment of resistance of beam. Mpc is fully plastic moment of resistance of column.
M pc M pb M pc M pc M pc M pb
Rotation Capacity
Joint must not fail as a consequence of any large rotations required. Not sufficient to consider just the detail of the connection in initial state.
If Mpb < 2Mpc then Mj,Rd = 0.25Mpb
If Mpb > 2Mpc then Mj,Rd = 0.25*2*Mpc

9 10
Figure 1: Maximum moment resistance requirement for simple joints
Effect of Gap Closure

M Contact between beam flange and column face
Practicalities
Many joints currently assumed to operate as simple joints transfer moments in excess of EC3 limits. Resulting designs function satisfactorily.
Supported by extensive research.
Figure 2 : Effect of gap closure

11 12
Transfer of Forces
Beam to Column Joints Example 1
Joints likened to links in a chain. Strength determined by weakest link. Principal transfers by: Welding. Bolting. Riveting,(occasionally ).
Top and seat cleats (major and minor axes
Seat and stability cleats (major and minor axes)
13
14
Double web cleats (minor Single web cleat (major axis: axis: Welded to beam, bolted to beam and column) bolted to column). Welded fin plate: (minor axis: bolted to beam, welded to column. Tab plate: (major axis: welded to beam, bolted to column).
15
Shear plate (major axis)
Shear plate (major axis)
16
Typical Beam to Beam Joint

Supporting beam Supported beam Figure 4: Beam to beam connections
Simple Web Angle Connection
Single notched angle connection Double notched end plate connection

2.1.2 Should any tying forces need to be considered ( as is the case in the U.K.NAD). Then the connection must also be checked for such action which will involve consideration of the following potential failure modes, remembering that it will often be necessary to combine the axial and the shear forces to obtain a resultant action.
17 18
Transfer of Forces
Simple Web Angle Connection
Shear force must be transferred to column. This involves several steps: Beam into bolts. Bolts into angle. Angle into bolts. Bolts into column flange.
a1 Lv a3 a2
19 20
Transfer of Forces
Checks Needed for Tying Forces

Block shear in beam web (amended failure zone). Bearing in bolts to beam web. Shear in bolts. Tensile capacity of web cleats. Tensile capacity of bolts to column face.
Web of beam into bolts: Block shear. Web of beam into bolts: Bearing. Shear failure in bolts. Bearing and block shear in angle legs. Shear in bolts to column flange. Bearing in bolts to column flange.
21
22
Other Detailing Guidance
Summary
Minimum end distance. Minimum edge distance. Maximum end and edge distances. Minimum bolt spacing. Maximum bolt spacing.
The philosophy of simple joints in terms of idealised and real behaviour has been introduced. The concept of joints as an assemblage of components has been put forward. Requirements for strength, stiffness and rotation capacity have been described. Examples of practical details are provided.
23
24
List of Lessons at Seminar Column Bases

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1

Basis of design Components
Base plate in bending and bolt in tension Base plate and concrete in compression Anchor bolt in shear
Background Materials
ENV 1993-1-1
Annex L (1992) Annex A2 Design of Joints (1992, 1999)
Assembly
Resistance Stiffness Pre-design
COST C1
- Semirigid connections (EU project, finished 1999)
Classification Worked examples Summary
Fixing by Base Plate

Base plate in bending and anchor bolts in tension Column web in compression Base plate in bending and concrete in compression
Component Method
Baseplate and concrete in compression Baseplate in bending anchor bolts in tension Column flange and web in compression Anchor bolt in shear
Anchor bolts in shear
Major components

Base plate in bending and bolt in tension Base plate in bending and concrete in compression Anchor bolt in shear
Base-plate in bending and anchor bolts in tension

Column flange e m F
Assembly
t l eff Base plate
Contact of Edge of T stub

p
Q=0
b = p n
m n
b
Q=0
Lb .lim
8 ,82m 3 As = Leff t 3
< >
Lb
Embedded Anchor Bolt
Force, kN 180
40
L bf L L be d
160 140
120 100 80 60 40 20
Experiment W13/98 Experiment W14/97 24 - 355 Prediction P6 - 40 x 50 40 50 10 6 P10 - 95 x 95 5
315 5 10
Lbe 8 d
0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 Deformation, mm 95
95
CEB documents for anchor bolts resistance
F / B t.Rd 1 Mode 2
m
n FRd.3 Bt.Rd Bt.Rd Q a)
Mode 3
0,8
FRd.1 Bt.Rd B B Q Q c) Q FRd.2 B t.Rd
0,6 0,4 0,2
Mode 1 Mode 1*
Mode 3
b)
Mode 1
Mode 2
End plate contact or no contact Base plate no contact

B
FRd.1*
0 0
B
0,5
1,5
2 2,5 4 l eff M pl.Rd / B t.Rd
FRd.1*
350 300 250 200 150
Force, kN
350 Force, kN 300 W97-12
Resistance
Simplified prediction m = 32 Complex calculation
250 Experiment 200 150 100 50 Complex calculationm = 67 Simplified prediction
100 50 W97-02 0 0 2 4 Deformation, mm 6 8
Rd .1
2 Leff M pl .Rd m
0 0 2 4
Deformation, mm 6 8
Stiffness
Effective length of T stub
No prying 0 ,425 Leff t 3 kp = m3 Prying accured 0 ,85 Leff t 3 kp = m3
kb = 2 ,0
As Lb
e m
A kb = 1,6 s Lb
Prying occured l 1 = 2 m (4 m + 1,25 e ) l2 = 2 m Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 )

Leff ,2 = l 1
No prying
l 1 = 2 m (4 m + 1,25 e ) l2 = 4 m Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ) Leff ,2 = l 1
e ex mx
Effective Length for Hollow Sections

(not in EN 1993-1-8)
a ac
bp
Prying l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x l 2 = 2 mx l 3 = 0,5 bp l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex l 6 = mx + 2 e Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 )
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 )
No prying l 1 = 4.m x+1,25 e x l 2 = 4 mx l 3 = 0,5 bp l 4 = 0,5 w + 2 mx + 0,625 ex l 5 = e + 2 mx + 0,625 ex l 6 = 2 mx + 4 e Leff ,2 = min(l 1 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 )
b (a) m m
bc eb
m ea
Leff .1 = m Leff .5 = m
Leff .2 = Leff .4
Leff ,1 = min(l 1 ;l 2 ;l 3 ;l 4 ;l 5 ;l 6 )
b 2 a = 2
m=
(a a c )2 + (b bc )2
ea
2
Leff .3 =
2 2 + eb
e a + eb
2
8 e a eb
(a ac )2 + (b bc )2
L eff = min ( Leff .1 ; Leff .2 ; Leff .3 ; Leff .4 ; Leff .5 )

Base plate in bending and concrete in compression

Column flange FSd c L t Base plate fj tw FRd c
Assembly
Flexible base plate 3D behaviour concrete in crushing
Concrete 3D Resistance in Crushing

(the same as EN 1992-1-1)
a1 a t h b b1 br
c c
ar
cc c t c c
Joint coefficient
kj =
a 1 b1 ab
Effective width Elastic resistance ensuring small deformations, to unit length Bending moment to unit length Equivalent length of cantilever Effective width
c=t fy 3 Mc0 = jt f
fy 3 M0 fj
Effective width
a + 2 a r 5 a a 1 = min a+h 5b1 b + 2 br 5 b b1 = min b+h 5 a 1
a1 a
1 1 f 2c 2 = 1 2t 2 f 1 j f j c = 6 fy y t 22 6
1 M = 1 j c2 2 f M =2 f j c
1 M M = t 2 fyd fyd 6
Effective width
b1 b
Contact Area
c c c Ap A eq c A
0,1 0,0
Comparison to FE simulation
Vertical deformation at the surface, mm Vertical deformation along the block height top of the concrete block elastic deformation of the whole block
elastic deformation
local deformation under plate predicted value
glob
deformation at the edge
edge axis
deformation at the axis
c c
edge
axis
foot of the concrete block 0
Vertical deformation, mm 0,1
Stiffness
Comparison to Experiments
deformation of elastic hemisphere
1800 1600 1400 Calculated strength Experiment Concrete and grout Concrete t Force, kN tw F L
F ar = E c Ar = 0 ,85 F Ec L ar
1200 1000
kc
E c a eq . el L E c a eq . el L F = = = E 1 ,5 * 0 ,85 E 1 ,275 E fy 3 f j
M 0
800 600 400 200 0 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 Deformation, mm Prediction based on local deformation only Prediction based on local and global deformation,
a eq.el = t w + 2,5 t a eq.str = t w + 2 c = t w + 2 t

cfl x
E Ip
Grout
t tg h tg tg
45
o
tg

45
j = 2 / 3
f c.g 0,2 f c t g 0,2 min (a ; b) t g 0,2 min (a ; b)
lower nut
Assembly
packings
Components in Shear
Anchor Bolt in Shear

Fh Fh Resistance in tension Reduce resistance in tension Resistance in bending and shear 0
4.6 F v .Rd = 0 ,375 f ub As
5.6
Mb
F v .Rd =
0 ,250 f ub As
Mb
Format as bolts in shear

Resistance
N Rd M Rd Aeff active part
rb
Assembly
F t.Rd
N Rd = fAeff f j Ft .Rd
j
N Rd = Aeff M jRd- = F.tRd rb + Aeff f j rc . f F t .Rd M Rd = F t . Rd rb + Aeff f j rc

Plastic design force equilibrium Complex shape of contact area
M1 , N

M 2, N 2

M N=0
N Rd = Aeff f j Ft .Rd
tension Ft.Rd 0
Assembly
M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .
N
M=0
compression
Interaction diagram
History of Loading
MRd Moment Non-proportional loading Proportional loading Nonlinear part of the curve Plastification of one component 0 Anchor bolts in tension and one flange in compression e0 NSd 0 Moment Non-proportional loading Proportional loading Column base resistance Normal force
NSd
MSd c c z zc c kp c c cc c
zT
N = Aeff fkj Ft .Rd Rd

t
Ft
S j.ini Rotation
Fc
kb
kc
kc
kc
FT .Rd z Fc .Rd z ; M Rd = min zc zt 1+ 1 M Sd / N Sd M Sd / N Sd
Simplified contact area
Stiffness
MSd / NSd = konst. Sj =
2
xc <N Sd / MSd <
Moment, kNm 120 100
M Sd / N Sd Ez 1 M Sd / N Sd ki z k z k = c c t t N Rd = Aeff f j kc + kt
t = 30 25 20
400 kN HE 160 B t
Rd
c c c F
p
c c cc c
80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10
M 20 - 10.9
t .Rd
N Rd = Aeff f j 10 t .Rd F
15 M Rd 20 25 t .Rd 30b + Aeff f j rc . = F r Rotation, mrad
15
= ( 1,5 )
2 ,7
M Sd / N Sd = r/2 M Rd / N Sd + M Sd / N Sd Simplified contact area
1+
k /2 r M Rd = FtkRd rb + Aeff f j rc . .

t
kb
kc
kc
kc
Sensitivity study, base plate thickness
Normal force, kN 3 000 Lever arm is changing by the activation of one bolt row Lever arm is changing by the activation of both bolt rows 40 2 000 30 25 1 000 20 15 Base plate thickness, t, mm Simplified prediction M pl.Rd N pl.Rd HE 200 B t 30
NSd
Sd
Components
M 24
Assembly
Moment, kNm 80 Experiment W7-4.20-prop N HE 160 B t = 20 h = 500 M
Force, kN 200 Ekb
h = 1 000 1 600 420 590 590 420 1 600
100
N Rd = Aeff fColumn Ft .Rd j resistance

100 Moment, kNm
Anchor bolt 0 0,5 200 Force, kN 100 E k p 0 200 100 0 Base plate 0,5 E k c Force, kN 0,5 Concrete Deformation, , mm
60
N Rd40 = Aeff f j Predictiont .Rd F
20 M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc . 0 0 10 Rotation, mrad
Sensitivity study, base plate thickness, resistance
Comparison to experiment
Pre-design, stiffness
S j .ini .app = E z2t 20

Sd
Sd
N Rd = Aeff f j Ft .Rd M Rd = Ft .Rd rb + Aeff f j rc .

z
Lever arm
Assembly
Classification
According to stiffness Accuracy 5% in resistance and 10% in serviceability Simillar to beam-to-column joints
Non-Sway by Resistance
=
1 0,9 0,8
Fcr.pin Fcr,res
S j,ini,pin
S j,ini,stif
0,7 0,6 0,0001
t = 12 mm a 1 = b1 = 280 mm a = b = 500 mm h = 1000 mm M 24 -420 S j,ini,pin = 7 100 kNm / rad t = 40 mm a 1 = b1 = 420 mm a = b = 500 mm h = 1000 mm M 24 -420 S j,ini,stif = 74 800 kNm / ra
_
0,01
1,00
100,0
log S
o 2 pro o 0,5 pro 0,5 < o < 3,93 pro o 3,93 o 1,36
Sj,ini 0 Sj,ini 7 (2 o - 1) E Ic / Lc Sj,ini 48 E Ic / Lc Sj,ini 12 E Ic / Lc.
Sway Frames for Serviceability

115 kN yS / yP 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 HE 200 B 5 kN y HE 200 B 4m 115 kN
S j,ini,pin S j,ini,stif log S
5m
Asked stiffness for relative slenderness
0 0,0001 0,01 1 100
Relative moment 1,0 Rigid connection 0,8 S 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0

j.ini.c.n
= 30 E Ic / L c = 12 E I c / Lc Semi-rigid connection 0,2 0,3

o = 1,36
Hinge Relative rotation,
j.ini.c.s
0,1
Assembly
In relative values
Worked Example Base plate

FSd HE 200 B t = 30 30 M 24 e a = 50 eb = 90 p = 240 h = 1000 e c = 60 rb = 160 br = 590 b = 420 b1 = 1600 MSd a1 = 1600 a = 420 ar = 590
bc =200 c tw=9 c
tf =15 hc =200
c c
rb b eff r c
tf =15 c c
Contact area
Worked Example Frame (sway)

Mj.Rd / M Ny.pl.Rd
1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 S

j.ini.c.n
F
= 30 E I c / L c
j.ini.c.s
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd
IPE 550
(for o < 1,36 )
1,2 m
= 12 E I c / L c
HE 340 B
= E I c / Lc
HE 340 B
9m
Worked diagram
24 m
Frame imperfections by equivalent forces Element imperfections by stability check

F y F y F y F y 2 F x F x F F x x 2 F = 0,38 kN x F = 23,00 kN y w 1 w1 = 2,64 kN/m w = 1,65 kN/m
2
F y
F y F x
F y F x
F y F x F x 2 w2
F y 2
F y 2
F y
F y
F y
F y
F y
F y
F y
F y 2
N
F = 26,79 kN y
N H
First load combination
Second load combination
Load combination
N N
Comparison
Elastic design connection stiffness, pre-design
Maximal moment in base plate kNm
Maximal moment in corner kNm
Maximal moment in rafter kNm
Vertical deformation of rafter mm
Horizontal sway of corner mm
337,85 290,13 305,90
318,10 307,62 274,73
113,68 109,80 95,54
73,70 27,43 19,42
S j .ini.b c =
E z 2 t 210 000 * 700 2 * 20 = = 242 100 kNm/ rad kf 8 ,5
108,20 214,09
S j .ini.b b
E z 2 t 210 000 * 700 2 * 20 = = = 343 000 kNm/ rad kf 6
3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0
S j .ini.cb
z
E z 2 t 210 000 * 400 2 * 30 = = = 50 400 kNm/ rad kf 20

Summary
Component method
Good accuracy
Worked examples
Savings by taking into account of stiffness (for serviceability only) Hand calculation unusual
Assembly
List of Lessons at Seminar Fire Design of Connections

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1
2

Structural fire design Temperature of connections Connectors at elevated temperature Component method Structural integrity Summary
Structural Fire Design Procedure of Design

Thermal analyses of fire compartment or local fire Transfer of heat into the structure (EN 1991-1-1)
(EN 199x-1-2) Mechanical loading at fire situation (EN 1990, EN 1991-1-x)
Mechanical modelling of structure at elevated temperature (EN 199x-1-2)
Connections under Fire

Steel looses with temperature strength and stiffness Steel structures expand when heated and contract on cooling Temperature within the connections is lower compare to connecting steel members
EN 1993-1-2 Approaches
Fire protection is applied to the member and its connections
Rules based to protect as members
Component approach in EN 1993-1-8 together with a method for calculation the behaviour of welds and bolts at elevated temperature
Connection moment, shear and axial capacity can be evaluated at elevated temperature

Analytical Models of Heat Transfer

1. Section factor (Am /V) method simmilar as for members Am /V surface/volume ratio 2. Based on the temperature of the beam lower flange
Concrete slab h 400 mm 0,62 0 0,75 0 0,88 0
7
h > 400 mm 0,70 0 0,88 0 0,88 0

8
h h h
Accuracy Demonstration on 7th Large Scale Fire Experiments on Steel Frame

A 4
Fire Test
January 16. 2003
9000
9000
9000
9000
9000
Motivation Temperatures in elements and connections Internal forces in the connections Behaviour of the composite slab
6000
3
9000
2
6000
1
Fire Compartment for Structural Integrity Fire Test, January 16, 2003
10
Fire Compartment
Instrumentation
148 57 10 37 10 2
thermocouples low temperature strain gauges high temperature strain gauges deformations video cameras thermo-imaging cameras
Interier
Exterier, Fire load 11
12
Moderate Fire
No Collapse Reached
Maximal temperature 1108 C in 55 min
13
Deflections over 1000 mm; residual deflections 925 mm
14
Fin Plate Connection before the Experiment
Instrumentation
D
C454 - 462 G521 C463 - 471 G525
West view
Walls
C486 - 488 C472 - 475 G529 C475 - 479
C441 C442 C443 C446 G533
C447 C444 C448 C445 C449 120 D1/2-E1/2
G534 G522 G526 C441 - 449 G527 C483 - 485 G530 C450 - 453 G531 N
North view
C483 C484
G523
G535 G536 DE1/2
C485
FIRE COMPARTMENT
D2 E2
G524
G528
C480 - 482
G532
Fin plate connection
Fire compartment
N D1 E1
Thermocouples at elements and connections, numbered Cijk Thermocouples in compartment 300 mm below ceiling, numbered Gijk
Window
West view
C450 4th bolt row C451 3rd bolt row C4522nd bolt row C453 1st bolt row 120 E1/2-D1/2
16
15
t = 26 min.
con, = 275 C
t = t0t +=28 min h t= 026 28
T = 330 330 con, = 275= C C con, con, C
980,0C
980,0C
In 26 min of fire is temperature of the structure under 400C

800 800
600
600
1000 600
Gas temperature , C Heating
Gas temperature
400
Time
1000 600 0 0
, C Heating
400
Time
400,0C
17
400,0C
18
0 0
30
60
90
t,min
30
60
90
t,min
t = t0 += 42 min t 0 h 42
T = 645 C con, con, = 645 C
t = t0 += 44 min t 0 h 44
T = 660 C con, con, = 660 C
980,0C
980,0C
Buckling of beam lower flange

800
Buckling of beam lower flange

800
600
600
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
30
30
25
26
t = t0 += 46 min t 0 h 46
T = 685 C con, con, = 685 C
t = t0 += 48 min t 0 h 48
T = 710 C con, con, = 710 C
980,0C
980,0C
800
800
600
600
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
30
30
27
28
t = t0 += 50 min t 0 h 50
T = 730 C con, con, = 730 C
t = t0 += 52 min t 0 h 52
T = 775 C con, con, = 775 C
980,0C
980,0C
800
800
600
600
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
30
30
29
30
t = t0 += 54 min t 0 h 54
T = 810 C con, con, = 810 C
t = t0 += 56 min t 0 h 56
T = 835 C con, con, = 835 C
980,0C
The maximal temperature of 1088 C of secondary beam was reached by its lower flange in 57 min
800
980,0C
800
600
600
1000 600
Gas temperature , C Cooling
400
Time
1000 600
400 400,0C
Time
t,min
0 0
400,0C
31
30
60
90
t,min
0 0
30
60
90
32
t = t0 += 58 min t 0 h 58
T = 855 C con, con, = 855 C
t = t0 += 60 min t 1 h 00
T = 880 C con, con, = 880 C
980,0C
980,0C
800
800
600
600
1000 600
Gas temperature Cooling , C
400 400,0C
Time
1000 600
400
Time
400,0C
34
0 0
30
60
90
t,min
0 0
30
60
90
t,min
33
t = t0 += 62 min t 1 h 02
T = 900 C con, con, = 900 C
t = t0 += 64 min t 1 h 04
T = 885 C con, con, = 885 C
Maximal temperature of fin plate connection 908,3C was reached in 63 min
980,0C
980,0C
800
800
600
600
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
30
30
35
36
t = t0 += 78 min t 1 h 18
T = 775 C con, con, = 755 C
t = t0 += 80 min t 1 h 20
T = 745 C con, con, = 745 C
980,0C
980,0C
800
800
600
600
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
30
30
43
44
t = t0 += 82 min t 1 h 22
T = 740 C con, con, = 740 C
t = t0 += 84 min t 1 h 24
T = 730 C con, con, = 730 C
980,0C
980,0C
800
800
600
600
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
t,min
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
30
60
90
30
45
46
t = t0 += 76 min t 1 h 26
T = 720 C con, con, = 720 C
t = t0 + = 78 min t 1 h 28
T = 710 710 con,con, =C C
980,0C
980,0C
800
800
600
600
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
1000 600 0 0
, C
400 400,0C
60 90 t,min
30
30
47
48
Fin plate connection after the fire test
Temperature Differences Measured by Thermocouples
Measured temperature, C
D2 E2
Difference shown 1000 by the thermo imaging 800 camera 600

D1 E1
400 200 0 0 15 30
Fin plate, by 4th bolt Beam, bottom flange
45
60
75
90
105
120
135 Time, min
Maximal temperature of fin plate by 4th bolt 908 C in 63 min

67 68
Analytical Prediction Compared to Test

Connection temperature, C 1000 800 600 400 200 Measured 0 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 Time, min Predicted from beam bottom flange based on measured temp. D1 E1 Predicted from gas measured temp. based on "section factor" D2

E2
Measured 908 C in 63 min.; predicted 878 C in 53 min

69 70
Bolts and Welds Properties at Elevated Temperature

Factors kb,; kw, are used to describe the strength reduction
1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000
a ,C
71
Bolt Resistance at Elevated Temperature

Marked loss of strength between 300 and 700C Shear resistance of bolts in fire Fv ,t ,Rd = Fv ,Rd k b , m Bearing resistance of bolts in fire Tension resistance of a bolts in fire
Bolt k b, Carbon steel k y,
m ,fi m m ,fi
m m ,fi
Fb ,t ,Rd = Fb ,Rd k b ,
Ften ,t ,Rd = Ft ,Rd k b ,
Weld k w,
partial safety factor for the resistance ,fi partial safety factor for fire
72
Filled Weld Resistance at Elevated Temperature

Design strength per unit length of a fillet weld in a fire
Fw ,t ,Rd = Fw ,Rd k w ,
Butt Weld Resistance at Elevated Temperature

For full penetration butt weld up to 700C as equal to the strength of the weaker part of the joint using the appropriate reduction factors for steel For temperatures higher than 700C the reduction factors for fillet welds to butt welds
m m ,fi
partial safety factor for the resistance ,fi partial safety factor for fire
73
74

Component Method
Decomposition of joint Componnet description Joint assembly
M z
75
76
Component Method
Decomposition of joint Componet description Joint assembly
Component Force Joint Moment
Component Method
Decomposition of joint Componnet description Joint assembly
M z
F i ; = k y , F i ; 20 C ;
Deformation F i ;
M i ; = k y ; M i ; 20 C ;
k y ; M = i ; = i ; 20 C ; k E ; Si ;
i ; =
K i ;
k y ; k E ;
i ; 20 C
Rotation
M, kNm Moment 50 100C 500C 600C 0 800C 60
i ;
Stiffness
20 C
Stiffness K i ; = k E , K i ; 20 C ;
Si ;
E z2 = = k E ; Si ; 20 C ; 1 k 77 i i ;
700C 80
20
40
Rotation , mrad 100 78
P 28 500 kN 500 kN
Worked Example
Fire resistance of an end plate connection of the truss lower flange Required R30
P 28 500 kN 150 4 x M24 500 kN
Fire Resistance
150 4 x M24
85
125
40 45
Unprotected Am / V = 54 ,0 / 1 ,24 = 43 ,18 m - 1 Section factor Fire resistance t = 44 min (exposed to nominal standard fire curve)
85
125
40 45
79
dp = 15 mm Protected Intumescent paint Am p 0 ,1 = 43 ,18 = 288 Wm - 3 K - 1 Fire resistance V dp 0 ,015 (exposed to nominal standard fire curve) t = 112 min 80

Structural Integrity
If used catenary actions of beams and slabs In case of advanced design models
Resistance of connections to horizontal forces at ultimate limit state (for fu)

81 82
FE Simulation of Cardington Test

Normal force, kN 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 - 300 Heating 720C Cooling Observed joint I. II. III.
4 x 6,0 m 6 x 3,75 m
Experiment in Cardington
I. Beam only II. One section III. Full floor
20
40 60 80 100 Time, min
Model of structure
83
84
Low Temperature Strain Gauges

PLAN Internal wall of the fire compartment 11,0 m 7,0 m N Window 1,27 x 8,70 m D1 UC 305 x 305 x 198 99 103 83 97 101 D1 5th floor 105 109 107, 111 89 93 91, 95 105, 109 E1 500 107 111 91 95 81, 85 500 UC 305 x 305 x 137 (UC 305 x 305 x 198) 20 15,2
Protected Columns
99, 103 97, 101 81 85 83,87
87 E1 UC 305 x 305 x 137
89, 93
4th floor
20
115 119 127 123
113 117 115, 119 125 121 127, 123
500 113,117
(31,4) 21,7 20
309,2 (314,5) 320,5 y 13,8 (339,9) (19,1) z 20
At external columns
3rd floor
121, 125 500
85
Internal
External (with 1 m of beam)
86
Measured Stresses at External Columns

Stress, MPa
150 100 50 0 15 -50 -100 -150 -200 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
Measured Bending Moments in Columns

Bending moments, kNm 600 400 200 0 -200 a-D1 c-E1 2nd floor Time, min. 0 60 d-E1 120 d-D1 D2 D1 b-D1 c-D1 5th floor 4th floor 3rd floor d-D1; d-E1 c-D1; c-E1 b-D1 a-D1
Column D1 83 81 93 95 87 87 85
Column E1 91 89 95 93
Time, min.
195 210
81 83 89 91
D1, E1 4th floor 500 mm
Section 500 mm above the floor at 4th floor

87 88
Measured Forces in External Columns

Force, kN 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 c-E1 Beam model 4th floor 0 3rd floor (5th foor) 60 120 c-E1 Everage c-D1 Ft,5 5th floor Ft,5 d-D1; d-E1 c-D1; c-E1 b-D1 a-D1 Ft,3 2nd floor D2 D1 Ft,4 4th floor Ft,4 d-E1 3rd floor Ft,3
Required Tie Forces - References

BS 5950: Structural use of steelwork in buildings EN 1991-1-7 Actions Exceptional loading
Column ties
d-D1
Time, min. d-D1 d-E1 Everage c-D1
Tie anchoring re-entrant corner
A Tie anchoring free column A Edge ties Beams not used as ties
90
Forces at 3rd, 4th and 5th floor calculated from strainganges at level c,d
89
Required Tie Forces
Column ties

Tie anchoring re-entrant corner
A Tie anchoring free column A Edge ties Beams not used as ties
Ft = min [0,5 ( 1,4 gk + 1,6 qk ) st L; 75]

gk the characteristic value of permanent action, qk the characteristic value of variable action, L the beam span
st
the mean transverse spacing of the ties adjacent to that being checked
91
92
Summary
Well designed connections at ambient temperature do not need to be recalculated at elevated temperature, if are not directly exposed to fire The structural fire design according to EN 1993-1-2 is ready for design of connections exposed to fire
Thermal analyses of fire compartment or local fire EN 1991-1-2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Introduction Bases of design according to EN 1993-1-8 Welded connections Bolted connections Basics of structural joints Design of simple connections Column bases Fire design of connections, EN 1993-1-2 Seismic design, EN 1998-1-1
94
Transfer of heat into structure
Mechanical behaviour at elevated temperature
EN 199x-1-2
93
Thank you for your attention
95
List of Lessons at Seminar Seismic Design of Connections

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1
2

Principles Design criteria
Beam-to-column typologies Design and fabrication recommendations Welding technology
Principles
Basic conditions
Over-strength demand Ductility demand (rotation capacity) Robustness demand (reliable detailing together with material behaviour)
Strain-rate loading M - modelling Column web panel Summary
Northridge and Kobe earthquake

Unexpected damages to connections
Detailing practices
Welding
3 4

Design Criteria for Seismic Resistant Frames

Strong Column/Weak Beam design principle Panel zone strength Connection strength and degradation characteristics P- effects Member local buckling
Design Criteria in USA

Guidelines designs for frames with different anticipated seismic demands
1997 NEHRP Provisions
Requirements for Connection Successful Performance Welded Joints

Through-Thickness Strength Base Material Notch-Toughness Weld Wire Notch-Toughness Weld backing and Run out Tabs Reinforcing Fillet Welds Cope Hole Size, Shape, Workmanship
AISC Seismic Provisions

Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF)
Plastic rotation capacities of 0,01 rad
Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames (IMRF)

Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF)

7
Bolted Joints
Bolt Sizing, Hole Type, Tightening Net Section Strength
8
Design Criteria in Europe

EN 1998-1-1 basic provisions concerning steel joints
General rules for steel connections in dissipative structures Requirements for MRF (Moment Resistant Frame) beam-to-column connections

EN 1993-1-8
Rotational stiffness of a joint Sj
axial force NSd in the connected member not exceed 10%
Rotation capacity
9
10
Beam-to-Column Typologies
FEMA/SAC test programmes
Connection type classified for certain ranges of
Member size Plastic rotation angle
Connection Types
Prescriptive Moment Frame Connection
Connection types
Welded Unreinforced Flange (WURF) Welded Cover Plated Flange (WCPF) Welded Flange Plates (WFP) Welded Vertical Ribbed Flange (WVRF) Welded Column Tree with Bolted Beam (WCT/BB) Welded Single Haunch (WSH) Welded Double Haunch (WDH)
11
12
Welded Flange Plate Connection
Welded Column Tree with Bolted Beam
13
14
Field Bolted Types of Connections

Guidelines as pre-qualified for certain conditions of use
Bolted end plate (BEP) Welded flange plates with bolted beam (WFPBB) Bolted single haunch (BSH) Bolted double haunch (BDH)

Bolted end plate (BEP)
15
16

Welded flange plates with bolted beam (WFPBB)

Bolted double haunch (BDH)
17
18
Specific joints in Japan
Stiffener Stiffener
Specific joints in Europe
Extended end plate joint
A A
. . .
10M20 - 10.9 A-A
19
20
Welded joint
B B
Welded flange plate joint
C C
.
.
. .
.
3M20 - 6.6 C-C
B-B
21
22

General Rules for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures

Localisation of plastic strains, high residual stresses, and fabrication defects
By experimental evidence
Non dissipative connections of dissipative members

Full penetration butt welds
Deemed to satisfy the overstrength criterion
For fillet weld or bolted non dissipative connections
Rd 1,35 R fy
23 24
General Rules for Steel Connections in Dissipative Structures

Bolted joints
In shear categories B and C (slip resistant) only Un tension category E With controlled tightening of the bolts
Shear joints with fitted bolts are also allowed.
Requirements for Moment Resistant Frame beam-to-column connections

Structure dissipate energy in the beams
Connections between the beams and the columns should be designed for the required degree of overstrength Moment resistance Mpl.Rd and the shear force (VG, Ed + VM,Ed) evaluated in 6.6.2 of standard EN 1998-1
Bolted shear connection

The shear resistance of the bolts should be higher than 1,2 times the bearing resistance
Dissipative semi-rigid and/or partial strength connections are permitted provided all of the following conditions
Connections have a rotation capacity consistent with global deformations Members framing into the connections are demonstrated to be stable at the ultimate limit state (ULS) Effect of connections deformation on global drift is taken into account
26
The strength and ductility of members and their connections under cyclic loading
Should be supported by experimental evidence For all types of connections in dissipative zones Available plastic rotation = /( 0 ,5 L )
p
25
Requirements for Moment Resistant Frame Beam-to-Column Connections

Connection design
Plastic rotation capacity Cd in the plastic hinge Not less than 35 mrad for structures of ductility class H and 25 mrad for structures of ductility class M with q>2. Under cyclic loading without degradation of strength and stiffness greater than 20% Supported by experimental evidence
Design and Fabrication Recommendations

Material properties Yield-to-Ultimate Stress Ratio (YUSR)
YUSR (fy/fu) = 0,65 or 0,80 YUSR = 0,95
Reduced plastic hinge length at a plastic rotation capacity of 0,030 rad For a plastic rotation capacity up to 0,030 rad.
Partial strength connections

Column capacity design from the plastic capacity of connections
The plastified length of the beam with YUSR = 0,95

Half the corresponding length in YUSR = 0,80
27
28


Access Hole Size and Geometry
29
30

Access Hole Size and Geometry Increasing the size of the web cope
Easier welding on the beam bottom flange Better weld quality
25 25 20 25 10 10 38 20 25 50

Standard Modified Configurations of weld access hole

31
32
Strain-Rate Loading
The strain-rate loading has an important influence on the behaviour of joints A strain rate typical for steel members yielding under seismic action in the range of 0,03-0,06 s-1
Increases the yield strength Lower ultimate strength of welded connections Ductility is reduced by up to 27% Decrease of ductility due to high strain rates is not straightforward for cyclic loading
Strain-Rate of Carbon Steel

Stress
Conventional speed E Very high speed
Strain
33
34
Strain-Rate of Carbon Steel

DIF , fy = f y ,dyn / f y DIF , fu = f u .dyn / f u
Time to yield stress >1s 100 ms 10 ms 1 ms
Strain-Rate of Austenitic Steel

800 600 400 50 s -1 200 140 s -1 Stress, MPa 502 s
-1
10 -2 -1 s
10 -4s -1
DIF.fy
1,0 1,1 1,6 1,9
DIF .fu
1,00 1,05 1,05 1,05
35
0 15 30 45
Strain, % 60 75
EN 10088-2 1.4307 (304L) increase of f02 o cca 7% - 28%
36

M - Modelling
Stable behaviour Unstable curve Slip in connection
M M M
37
38
M - Modelling
Stable behaviour Unstable curve Slip in connection
Parametres
Rotational capacity Energy Rotational capacity and energy Stiffness
39
.i =
j .i j .el
e =
Ei M j .el (i el ) Ei i el M j .el (ix el )

S j .i S j .ini M j .i M j .ini
40
E .i =
S .i =
Resistance
M .i =
Models
Curve fitting
Initial stiffness Moment resistance Unloading
Exponential Curve
Initial stiffness Moment resistance Unloading Sj,ini M0 Sj,s
Ma M0
Sj.ini Sj.ini
Sj.s
a
Sj.s - M0
Component
Component cycling description Assembling
M j = S j .i i = M i 1
(S j .ini S j .s )(a ) S ( ) j .s a 1/ n (S j .ini S j .s )( a )n 1 +

2 M0
41
42

Column Web Panel

T joints or double T joints with unsymmetrical loads strong influence on the behaviour of the joint The resistance of the joint is reduced by between 20 - 40% and the ductility is increased by 150 - 200%, due to the web panel. Adding supplementary web plates on the column web panel can increase the resistance of the joint.
43
44
Column Web Panel

r
High Strength Bolts in Seismic Joints

High strength bolts (in US HSFG, High Strength Friction Grip bolts) can be used as ordinary bolts in seismic joints It is recommended that they are tightened at a level of 50% of their preloading force. In this case the surfaces of the plates do not have to be prepared for working as a slip-resistant connection
beff Ls beff
For static loads
For seismic loads
45
46


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
47
48

Connection Design According To en 1993-1-8

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Connection Design According To en 1993-1-8

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Steel Structures Publications 33 Teknillisen korkeakoulun tersrakennetekniikan laboratorion julkaisuja 31 Espoo 2007 TKK-TER-33

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS TO EUROCODE

List of Lessons at Seminar

List of Content in EN 1993-1-8

Lessons in Window Help Format with PP Presentations

Lessons in Window Help Format with PP Presentations

Eurocodes List of Actions

EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete struc.

EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1997 EN 1998 EN 1999

Eurocode 5: Eurocode 6: Eurocode 7: Eurocode 8: Eurocode 9:

Structural Steel Eurocodes

05/05 05/05 05/05

Eurocode Implementation - Examples

National Annexes UK 12/2007; France 12/2006; Poland 2010;

Lessons in Window Help Format with PP Presentations

National Annex for EN 1993-1-8

National Choice (Czech Rep.)

Clause 2.2 Partial safety factors, paragraph (2)

Clause 3.1.1(3) General, paragraph (2)

Clause 3.4.2 Tension connections, paragraph (1)

Clause 5.2.1 General, paragraph (2)

CeStruCo = Civil enginnering Structural Connections

Lessons in Window Help Format with PP Presentations

European Educational Projects

Lessons in Window Help Format

Tools for connection design

Prepared by RoboHelp tool at Czech Technical University in Prague

Non-linear Analysis of Steel Connections

Statically Stressed Bolts in Dynamically Loaded Connections prepared at Delft University

Access STEEL Informational tool at www.access-steel.com

Lessons in Window Help Format with PP Presentations

Access STEEL Information System

Access STEEL - Documents

For practising designers, architects and their clients

250 separate technical resources + 50 interlinked modules

English, French, German and Spanish Project of EU eContent Programme

Non-conflicting Complementary Information Worked examples (Pasive and Interactive)

Example - Client's Guide

Example - Concept Designs

Example - Flow Charts

Example - Non-Conflicting Complementary Information

Example Pasive Worked Example

Example Interactive Worked Example

List of Lessons at Seminar

Bases of Design according to EN 1993-1-8

Partial safety factors for joints

Applied Forces and Moments

Reduction of Resistance of Angles Connected by One Leg

With 3 or more bolts:

p1 < 2,5 do 2 0,4 0,5

Fasteners Setting out lines

Types of Joint Modelling

Elastic analysis at the Serviceability Limit State

Elastic analysis at the Ultimate Limit State

is stiffness modification coefficient

Stiffness Modification Coefficient

Rigid - Plastic Analysis

Elastic - Plastic Analysis

Joint Modelling and Frame Global Analysis

Global Analysis of Lattice Girders

Moments Resulting from Transverse Loads

Brace members may be considered as pin-connected to the chords.

Moments resulting from Eccentricities