MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

9.2
Ammonia and Its Salt

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AMMONIA, NH3
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MAIN USE
1.To manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate , ammonium nitrate and urea
neutralization Ammonia + sulphuric acid Ammonium Sulphate 2NH3 + H2 SO4 (NH4 )2 SO4 Ammonium Nitrate NH4 NO3 neutralization Ammonia + nitric acid NH3 + HNO3

temperature 200 c pressure 200 atmosphere Ammonia + carbon dioxide Urea 2NH3
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+ CO2

(NH2 )2 CO + H 2 O

Ammonium Sulphate

neutralisation Ammonia + sulpharic acid Ammonium Sulphate 2NH3

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+ H2 SO4

(NH4 )2 SO4

Ammonium Nitrate

neutralization Ammonia + nitric acid NH3 + HNO3

Ammonium Nitrate NH4 NO3

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Urea

temperature 200 c pressure 200 atmosphere Ammonia + carbon dioxide Urea 2NH3
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+ CO2

(NH2 )2 CO + H 2 O

MAIN USE
2.Liquid form is use as a cooling agent in refrigerators because it has a low boiling point and is very volatile

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MAIN USE
3.As a raw material for the manufacturer of nitric acid in the Ostwald process

Ammonia + sulphuric acid is oxidized to nitrogen monoxide gas in the presence of platinum as the catalyst platinum 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2 O Nitrogen monoxide oxidized to nitrogen dioxide 2NO + O2 2NO2 Nitrogen dioxide dissolved in water to produce nitric acid 4NO2
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+ O2 + 2 H 2 O

4NHO3

MAIN USE
4. Convert to nitric acid for making explosives such as TNT

Nitric acid react with methylbenzene (toluene)

5. Ammonia neutralize the organic acid prevent the coagulation of latex . Latex remain at liquid form
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MAIN USE
6. Ammonia react with hydrogen chloride to produce ammonium chloride which use as the electrolyte in dry cells

NH3

+ H2O

NH 4

+ OH

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MAIN USE
7. As a cleaning agent to remove grease

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MAIN USE
8. Used in manufacture of synthetic bers such as nylon

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Properties of Ammonia
1. colourless and pungert gas 2. Turn moist red litmus paper to blue. (Alkaline gas) 3. Very soluble in water 4. Form white fumes with HCL gas
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The Industrial Process in the Manufacture of Ammonia HABER PROCESS - Industrial method used to prepare ammonium gas on a large scale using nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.

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Two Methods :H2 O + C CO

+

H2

This mixture is known as water gas

The reaction between steam and natural gas

2H2 O + C H4 CO2
+

4 H2

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Ammonia Fertilizers Plants require nitrogen to produce protein

Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of nitrates . NO3

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Ammonia Fertilizers Ammonium fer tilizer s is determined by the percentage of nitrogen by mass Percentage of nitrogen mass Mass of nitrogen ________________ Molar mass of fertilizer

100%

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