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Final Draft: 25 July 2011
 
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ii | pakistan: violence vs. stability—a national net assessment
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anthony h. cordesman and varun vira| iii
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contents
List of FiguresAcknowledgmentsExecutive Summary
The Challenges of Internal ViolenceThe Challenges of External RelationsInstability as a Self-Inflicted WoundThe Broader Cost of Pakistani Instability
1. SETTING THE STAGE 1
 
Pakistan’s Political Landscape 1
 
Civilian Governance with Military “Preeminence” 1
 
The Uncertain Role of the ISI 4Military Rule Lite 6Stability Problems within the Army 8 Nuclear Safety 11Semi-Dysfunctional Civilian Government 14A Continuing History of Failed Civil Politics and Governance? 14A Background of Modern Feudalism 17Appeasement in the Face of Extremism 18Faltering Progress toward Reform 19Weak Police and Rule of Law 20Rise of Religious Extremists 24The Grim Legacies of Zia and Musharraf 25The Wrong Kind of Movement toward Political Unity 27But Extremists Remain a Threat to Extremists 28Religious Extremism and Anti-American Populism 29Demographics, Economics, and Education 30The Struggling Economy 32Educating a Nation for Failure 34Madrassa Education versus Secular Failure 37Symptoms of a Failed State: Forcing Private as the Substitute for Public Education 38
2. The Current Crisis: Patterns of Militancy and Violence 41
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