Fundamentals of

TV Lighting
Miho Shirakawa
NHK
Broadcast Engineering Department
Content Production Engineering Center
(Production Engineering I)
training material ©NHK 2007
What is “LIGHTING” ?
LIGHTING is
Like
drawing pictures

with
light and shadow
example
Johannes Vermeer van Delft
“The Kitchen Maid”
training material ©NHK 2007
 Classification of Lighting
Street Lighting
Office Lighting
Daily Life Lighting
Room Lighting
Signboard Lighting
LIGHTING
Television Lighting

Stage Lighting
Amusement Lighting
Movie Lighting

Photograph Lighting

training material ©NHK 2007

 To Watch Something
Incident light
retina

lens
Optic Nerve

Reflected
Image
light

Object Eye

Brain

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Image on TV System
Eye Brain

LIGHT SIGNAL

LIGHT
SIGNAL
NHK

Camera Monitor
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 For TV Lighting
Understanding of the Characteristics on

・ TV Camera

・ Light

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To know TV Camera
• Sensitivity
2000 lx / F8
• Resolution
1080i, 720p
• Others on each camera
Lens, S/N, etc.
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To Understand Light

① Visible Light
② Luminous Intensity
③ Illuminance
④ Color Temperature
⑤ Color Rendering Index

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White Light Spectrum

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 Visible Light

380 nm 750 nm

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 Luminous Intensity
The luminous flux emitted from a point per unit solid angle
into a particular direction.

Official base unit for light

1/683 [W/sr]
Intensity of illuminant

1 [cd] = 540×1012 [Hz]

training material ©NHK 2007

 Illuminance
The total amount of visible light illuminating a point on
a surface from all directions above the surface.

at a point on a surface

Illuminant Object

[lx] illuminated intensity of a surface

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 Illuminance (E)
I [cd]

θ
D [m]

Point
Source
Object
Surface

E = I cosθ / D2 [lx]

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 Typical Illuminance Values
INSIDE OUTSIDE
PLACE [lx] PLACE [lx]
Living Room 300 - 700 Plain Sunshine ～105
Office Room 300 - 700 Cloudy Sky ～102
Operating Table 20,000 ～ Evening 1～10
Auditorium 70 - 150 Full Moon ～10-1
(theatre)
Half Moon ～10-2
Restaurant 300 - 700
Star Night ～10-3
Shop Front 1500 – 3000
イメージセンサの基礎
Cf. イメージセンサの 基礎と
基礎と応用, pp. 20

training material ©NHK 2007

 Colour Temperature
The absolute temperature of a blackbody radiator
having a chromaticity equal to that of the light source

Black heated heated, heated, ・・・・・ heated

Body

The colour The colour

temperature is low. temperature is high.

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 Correlated Colour
Temperature (CCT)

Standard
warmer Setting colder

[K] absolute zero temperature

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CIE Standard Illuminant
Illuminant A 2854 [K] tungsten lamp
Illuminant series C filtering illuminant A
Illuminant series D natural daylight
Illuminant series F Fluorescent lamp

CIE Standard Illuminant

Illuminant A
Illuminant D50 (5000 [K] for daylight and fluorescent lighting)
Illuminant D65 (6500 [K] for daylight and fluorescent lighting)

training material ©NHK 2007

 CCTs of Illuminants
Illuminant [K]
Fire of Candle 1900
Studio Tungsten Lamp 3000 ～ 3200
Fluorescent Lamp 3200 ～ 7500
Metal Halide Lamp 5600 ～ 6000
Mercury Lamp 5800
Xenon Lamp 6000

training material ©NHK 2007

 Natural Light
Illuminant [K]
Sunrise, Sunset 2000 ～ 3000
Plain Sunshine 5700
Summer Sunny Sky 5500 ～ 6500
Summer Shade 6000 ～ 7000
Overcast Sky 6800 ～ 7000
Clear North Sky 10000 ～ 20000

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 Spectral Sensitivity Curve of
Illuminants
Incandescent
Relative energy

lamp

Daylight
（
％）

Metal halide lamp

ｎｍ]
ｎｍ
Wavelength [ｎｍ
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Correlated Color Temperature
(CCT)
CIE (1931) xy
chromaticity diagram

Wavelengths of
D65 monochromatic light are
shown in blue.

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 CCT
CIE (1931) xy
chromaticity diagram

high colour low colour

temperature temperature

slight significant
change change
of CCT of CCT

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 Mired
Mired (M) : micro reciprocal degree

106
M= [mired]
T [K]
T [K] color temperature

examples :
Blue Sky 25000 K 40 mireds
Flash (photos) 5000 K 200 mireds

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Colour Temperature Conversion
Daytime Evening

6300 K 3400 K

159 mired 294 mired

+135 mired
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 Conversion at Studio
Daytime Evening

135 mired

Studio Tungsten Lamp 2232 K

3200 K

313 mired +135 mired = 448 mired

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 Color Conversion Filter

A series :
Decrease in CCT

B series :
Increase in CCT

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 Colour Conversion Filters
Filters of Tokyo Butaishomei CO., LTD

No. mired Conversion [K] No. mired Conversion [K]

A1 20 5500 → 5000 B1 -10 3200 → 3300
A2 40 5500 → 4500 B2 -30 3200 → 3500
A3 70 5500 → 4000 B3 -56 3200 → 3900
A4 100 5500 → 3600 B4 -81 3200 → 4300
A5 131 5500 → 3200 B5 -112 3200 → 5000

* See Each Specification.

* Mired values are not in common.
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 Filter Attachment
Daytime Evening

135 mired

Tungsten Lamp
3200 K + A5
Filter

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 Question

To mach a halogen lamp of

3200 K into the room with
fluorescent lamp of 4300 K,
which conversion filter should
be used?

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Allowable Range of CT
Human Eye TV Camera

NHK

5 mired 20 mired

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Allowable Range Chart
ILLIMINANT 3200 K 6500 K
SENSOR

Human Eye + 50 K + 200 K

5 mired - 50 K - 200 K
Film + 200 K + 500 K
10 mired - 100 K - 400 K
TV Camera + 250 K + 1000 K
20 mired - 200 K - 750 K

training material ©NHK 2007

 A Red Apple?

Yes! Red Apple! It looks yellowish.

training material ©NHK 2007

 Color Rendering
A characteristic of a light source on the color
appearance of objects, compared to natural light.

• Good performance in Colour Rendering

Ex. Tungsten Lamp

• Bad performance in Colour Rendering

Ex. Fluorescent lamp,
Mercury Lamp
training material ©NHK 2007
Color Rendering Index
(CRI)
A method for describing the effect of a light source on
the color appearance of objects, compared to a
reference source of the same color temperature.

Best Condition Poorest

CRI of 100 CRI of 0
low-pressure
incandescent sodium vapor
lamp lamp

training material ©NHK 2007

 Illuminant Spectral Sensitivity
Incandescent Sodium
Sunshine lamp lamp
Quantum Efficiency [%]

Quantum Efficiency [%]

Quantum Efficiency [%]

Wavelength [nm] Wavelength [nm] Wavelength [nm]

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 CRI

i : particular sample colour

4.6 : factor chosen that the Ra of a standard
warm-white Thalium lamp would be about 50
⊿Ei : distance

“Perfect” Source
CCT ≦ 5000 K : generally a black body radiator

CCT ＞ 5000 K : simulated daylight (e.g. D65)

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General Color Rendering Index
(Ra)
An averaged CRI of eight standardized colors chosen to
be of intermediate saturation and spread throughout
the range of hues.

training material ©NHK 2007

 8 Test Colors for Ra
No. Colour appearance under
daylight CIE test color samples

1 Light greyish red

2 Dark greyish yellow
3 Strong yellow green
cf. JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard)
4 Moderate yellowish green
non-saturated colors 5 Light bluish green
evenly distributed over the 6 Light blue
complete range of hues
7 Light violet
8 Light reddish purple
training material ©NHK 2007
 Extra Test Colors
To supply extra information
No. Colour appearance under
daylight CIE test color samples

9 Strong red
10 Strong yellow

cf. JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) 11 Strong green

12 Strong blue
Our extra …
15 : Light Yellowish pink 13 Light yellowish pink
(human complexion)
(Japanese human complexion)
14 Moderate olive green
(leaf green)

training material ©NHK 2007

 Example of Ra

Light Source Ra
Sun Light (zenith) 100
Tungsten Bulb 100
Halogen lamp 100
Metal Halide Lamp 70 - 96
White Fluorescent Lamp 61
High Colour Rendering Fluorescent Lamp 90 - 99
Low Pressure Sodium Lamp 0

training material ©NHK 2007

 Missions

① Optimise Illuminance
② Balance Contrast
③ Correct Colour Balance
④ Appear Solidity
⑤ Express Texture
⑥ Express Feeling

training material ©NHK 2007

① Optimise Illuminance

Incident light
Adjustment
83 % 100 %
Object
Reflected NHK Signal
light

TV Camera

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 Adjusted Signal
Signal Output
100 %

Reflectance
83 %

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 Iris and Optimised
Illuminance

f/# = focal length / aperture diameter

f/# 2 2.8 4 5.6 8 11 16

Illumi-
nance 2000
[lx]

E = I cosθ / D2 [lx] Standard Camera

Sensitivity

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② Balance Contrast

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③ Correct Color Balance

• Color Temperature of Light Sources

Fluorescent Lamp?
Tungsten Bulb?

• White Balance of Camera

Reconstructed Image
of RGB signals

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 Color Balance

Fluorescent
Correct Colour Balance Lamp

4000 K example

example 3200 K

Illuminant : Daylight
CCT : 5500 K Tungsten
Bulb
example

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 ④ Appear Solidity
Which does appear solidity?

Balance between Light and Shadow

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 ⑤ Express Texture

Juicy Pork Comparison with grains

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⑥ Express Feeling

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Hard shadow and soft shadow

Point light

Parallel light

Source of light
with narrow area

Source of light
with wide area

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