STUDIO EQUIPMENTS.

1. Dolly

A platform on wheels that allows the camera and its operator to create smooth tracking moves.

2. Tripod

This is a device utilizing three telescoping legs with a device at the top called a "head," used to
support a camera and create panning and tilting moves.

3. Kino

These are specially color balanced flourescent lights manufactured by the Kino lighting company.

4. Pedestal

A type of camera support, similar to a tripod. Basic pedestals consist of a central core tube on top of
a set of wheels and a camera mounting platform. The central core telescopes up and down to allow
for various camera heights. The wheels are made of a smooth rubber to keep camera shake and
unwanted noise to a minimum.

5. Blimp

A solid, soundproof housing that encloses film cameras so that the camera's noise doesn't affect the
scene.

6. Jib

When referring to a camera, a jib is a long, pivoting arm that sits on a tripod and allows the camera
to move in various directions. Jibs can range from 4 feet long to 40 or 50 feet long (these start to fall
into the crane category) and will allow for complex overhead and/or moving shots.

7. TelePrompTer

A brand name for a two-part device that allows on-camera talent to read text while looking directly
into the camera lens. Part 1 consists of an angled two-way mirror that reflects text from a monitor
that hangs below the mirror. Part 2 consists of a computer and a hand controller or foot pedal that
regulates the speed at which text scrolls up the screen.

8. Lighting Board

A large console with rows and columns of faders and dials that control the output levels of lights in
the studio.

9. Video Switcher

A large console that controls inputs from cameras, videotape players, hard drives and graphics
devices. The switcher allows a director to mix and cut between the input sources to create a final
program.

10. Audio Mixing Console

A console containing inputs of all the audio sources in a studio, including microphones, CD drives
and players, sound effects generators and computers. The mixing console is used to manage the
levels of various controls of each audio input.
 11. Monitors

High quality, professional grade audio speakers. Monitors are capable of reproducing a wide range
of frequencies for the purpose of aiding technicians in audio sweeteni

7 Basic Camera Movement

1. Zoom

Without a doubt, zooming is the most used (and therefore, most overused) camera movement
there is. It is often used as a clutch when the videographer is not sure what else to do to add
interest to a shot. If you are going to use zoom, try to use it creatively. Zoom in or out from an
unexpected, yet important, object or person in your shot. Use a quick zoom to add energy to a
fast-paced piece. Don’t get stuck with your zoom as your default move!

2. Pan

Panning is when you move your camera horizontally; either left to right or right to left, while its
base is fixated on a certain point. You are not moving the position of the camera itself, just the
direction it faces. These types of shots are great for establishing a sense of location within your
story

3. Tilt

Tilting is when you move the camera vertically, up to down or down to up, while its base is fixated
to a certain point. Again, like panning, this move typically involves the use of a tripod where the
camera is stationary but you move the angle it points to. These shots are popular when
introducing a character, especially one of grandeur, in a movie.

4. Dolly

A dolly is when you move the entire camera forwards and backwards, typically on some sort of
track or motorized vehicle. This type of movement can create beautiful, flowing effects when done
correctly. If you want to attempt a dolly, make sure your track is stable and will allow for fluid
movement

5. Truck

Trucking is the same as dollying, only you are moving the camera from left to right instead of in
and out. Again, it is best to do this using a fluid motion track that will eliminate any jerking or
friction.

6. Pedestal

A pedestal is when you move the camera vertically up or down while it is fixated in one location.
This term came from the use of studio cameras when the operators would have to adjust the
pedestal the camera sat on to compensate for the height of the subject. A pedestal move is easy
to do when the camera is fixated to an adjustable tripod.

7. Rack Focus

Ok, rack focus is not as much of a camera move as it is a technique, but many beginners overlook
this essential skill. You adjust the lens to start an image blurry and then shift the focus to make it
crisper, or vice versa. It is an extremely effective way for you to change your audience’s focus from
one subject to another.
 STILL CAMERA

Parts Of Camera And Their Uses.

Viewfinder

A small video monitor that allows the camera operator to view the images in the shot. On field
cameras, this shows important information about how the camera is working.

Pedestal column

This is located in the center of the tripod and allows the camera to be raised and lowered.

CCU - camera control unit

A piece of equipment which controls the video signal sent from the camera.

Overview: Digital cameras produce pictures by "capturing" or recording the characteristics of the
light from a scene or subject. The main parts of the camera that are involved in the process are the
camera body, the camera shutter, the camera lens, the lens aperture, and the camera's image
sensor. The camera's LCD screen is for previewing and then viewing the captured image.

The camera body is a light proof box. The controls for exposure settings and other effects are located
on the camera body. (cameras with Touch LCD Screens may also have many controls available right
on the LCD screen) The camera shutter and the image sensor are located inside the camera body.

Depending on the type of camera, the camera lens may be permanently attached to the camera,
(fixed lens) or removable. (interchangeable lens)

When the camera's shutter release button is pressed, the camera shutter opens and any light flowing
into the camera lens is directed through the lens aperture and the open shutter to the camera's
image sensor

The amount of light that reaches the image sensor is determined by size of the camera lens aperture
opening that has been set. The amount of time the light is exposed to the image sensor is
determined by which shutter speed is being used.

When you take a picture, the colors and characteristics of the light that the image sensor is exposed
to is recorded by the image sensor and then saved to the camera's memory card. (all objects reflect
light and colors to varying degrees. That reflected light is actually what your pictures or images are
made of)
The light that is captured by the camera's image sensor and saved to the memory card can then be
reproduced on your camera's LCD screen, on a computer screen, or as a print on photo paper. Next,
some of the parts of a camera and their functions are explained individually.

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Picture

Digital Slr Camera Lens

The Camera Lens: The purpose of the camera lens is to focus and direct the incoming light. The
camera lens consists of one or more precisely shaped pieces of glass or plastic called elements. The
light coming through the elements is "bent" or directed to the image sensor where the information
about the light is captured

The camera lens is an extremely important part of the camera. That is because the type of lens and
the quality of the lens being used will contribute greatly to the sharpness and overall appearance of
the picture.

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There are various types of camera lenses available. The most common types of lenses are Wide
Angle, Standard, Telephoto, and Zoom lenses. Please refer to the Prime Lenses tutorial or the Zoom
Lenses tutorial to learn the different uses and functions for each of these types of camera lenses.

It is important to note that lenses on Basic Compact Cameras are fixed and cannot be changed.
Lenses for Digital SLR Cameras and Compact System Cameras can be removed and changed to better
suit a particular photo shooting situation. There is a little more about different types of cameras
covered further down in this tutorial.

Picture

Lens Aperture Diagram

The Camera Lens Aperture: The lens aperture is actually a part of the camera lens. The camera lens
aperture controls the amount of light that will reach the camera's image sensor. (as opposed to the
camera shutter which controls the length of time light is exposed to the image sensor)

The lens aperture has different size openings which are referred to as F stops. Take a look at the
aperture chart on the right for some examples.
A large aperture opening would be an aperture setting such as F2.8 or F4 while a small opening
would be set at F16 or F11. The aperture opening size also helps to determine how much certain
areas of the image will be in focus or out of focus. (that is called Depth of Field)

Read the tutorial about the Camera Lens Aperture for more details about this part of the camera and
its function.

The Camera Shutter: As previously mentioned, light enters the camera through the lens. However,
the light coming through the lens cannot reach the image sensor until the shutter release button is
pressed and the camera shutter is opened.

Once the camera shutter is opened, the light flows in and the camera's image sensor is exposed to
the light. The amount of time the shutter remains open is called the shutter speed. Shutter speeds
are usually expressed as seconds or fractions of a second.

A 1/30 shutter speed means the shutter will be open for one thirtieth of a second. A 1/250 shutter
speed will keep the shutter open for one two hundred and fiftieth of a second. Check the Camera
Shutter and Shutter Speeds tutorial to see why shutter speed is important.

Picture

APS-C CMOS Image Sensor

Camera Image Sensors and Pixels: The focused light coming through the lens is directed to the digital
camera's image sensor. That focused light is "captured" or read by the sensor prior to being stored in
the cameras memory card. The image sensor has a grid with millions of microscopic light information
gathering elements called "photosites."

Each one of these photosites are better known as pixels. There are one million pixels in a Megapixel.
Each photographic image consist of millions of pixels. In general, the more pixels in a picture, the
better the quality of the image.

The size of the camera's image sensor is also a factor in the quality of an image. Larger sensors have
larger pixels and are able to reproduce colors as well as shadow areas more accurately. The image
sensors in Digital Slr cameras are much larger than those in basic compact cameras.

However, digital camera technology has advanced to the point where compact cameras and even
cell phone cameras with their smaller sensors can produce excellent images by ordinary standards.
The cameras with larger image sensors are geared more toward photo enthusiasts and
professionals.
For more on sensors, please read Digital Camera Sensors.

Picture

Screens: Just about all cameras manufactured these days have LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens.
The LCD screen is the part of the camera that allows you to view your subject or scene before taking
the picture. The LCD screen also allows you to see your images immediately after you take a picture.

When viewing a scene on the LCD Screen (before taking the picture), you are using what is called the
"Live View" Mode.

Once you press the camera's shutter release button and the shutter opens, the light coming through
the camera lens is directed straight to the camera image sensor, recorded and then displayed on the
LCD screen.

Additionally, exposure setting information such as shutter speed,aperture setting, ISO setting and
histograms can be seen on the LCD Screen.

Eye Level Optical Viewfinders: All Digital Slr cameras are equipped with eye level viewfinders and
most of them also have LCD screens. Many Compact System cameras and Bridge cameras are also
equipped with eye level viewfinders.

You must hold the camera up to your eye to see your subject when using an eye level optical
viewfinder. Although this might seem a little awkward to some people, the camera is more stable
and there is less of a chance of camera shake when the eye level viewfinder is used. (if the upper
arms are held close to the body.)

A major difference between basic compact cameras and Digital Slr cameras is that Digital Slr cameras
use a mirror and pentaprism system to reflect the light coming through the lens directly to the eye
level viewfinder. When the shutter release button is pressed the mirror flips up so that the light can
reach the image sensor.

The mirror system found in Digital SLR cameras is a major reason for its larger size. It also
contributes to the higher price of the camera.

Of course there are more working parts in the camera that contribute to producing an image.
However, the functions of the other parts of a camera revolves around making sure the above
mentioned parts are working properly together.