TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

The six trigonometric functions: opp y hyp r 1 = = = sin = csc = hyp r opp y sin Sum and product formulas: sin a cos b = 1 [sin (a + b ) + sin (a b )] 2
cos a sin b

cos =

adj x = hyp r opp y sin tan = = = adj x cos

= 1 [sin (a + b ) sin (a b )] 2
1 [cos (a 2 1 [cos (a 2

sec =

hyp r 1 = = adj x cos

cos a cos b = sin a sin b =

+ b ) + cos (a b )] b ) cos (a + b )]

cot =

adj x 1 = = opp y tan

sin a + sin b = 2 sin( a + b ) cos( a b ) 2 2 sin a sin b = 2 cos( a + b ) sin( a b ) 2 2 cos a + cos b = 2 cos( a + b ) cos( a b ) 2 2

Sum or difference of two angles: sin (a b ) = sin a cos b cos a sin b cos(a b ) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b tan a tan b tan( a b) = 1 m tan a tan b Double angle formulas:
sin 2 = 2 sin cos cos 2 = 1 2 sin 2

cos a cos b = 2 sin( a + b ) sin( a b ) 2 2

2 2 2 Law of cosines: a = b + c 2bc cos A where A is the angle of a scalene triangle opposite side a. Radian measure: 8.1 p420 1 = radians 180 180 1 radian =

2 tan tan 2 = 1 tan 2 cos 2 = 2 cos 2 1 cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2

Pythagorean Identities: tan + 1 = sec

2 2

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 cot 2 + 1 = csc 2

Half angle formulas: 1 1 cos2 = (1 + cos 2) sin 2 = (1 cos 2 ) 2 2 1 cos 1 + cos sin = cos = 2 2 2 2 1 cos sin 1 cos tan = = = 2 1 + cos 1 + cos sin

Reduction formulas: sin( ) = sin

cos( ) = cos

sin() = sin( )
tan( ) = tan

cos() = cos( )
tan() = tan( )

m sin x = cos( x )
2

cos x = sin( x ) 2
e j = cos j sin sin = j12 ( e j e j )

Complex Numbers:

cos = 1 ( e j + e j ) 2

TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES FOR COMMON ANGLES

Degrees
0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180 210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360

Radians
0 /6 /4 /3 /2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/6 5/4 4/3 3/2 5/3 7/4 11/6 2

sin
0 1/2

cos
1

tan
0 3/3 1
3

cot
Undefined 3 1
3/3 0

sec
1 2 3/3 2 2 Undefined -2 - 2 -2 3 / 3 -1 -2 3 / 3 - 2 -2 Undefined 2
2

csc
Undefined 2 2 2 3/3 1 2 3/3 2 2 Undefined -2 - 2 -2 3 / 3 -1 -2 3 / 3 - 2 -2 Undefined

2 /2 3/2
1

3/2 2 /2
1/2 0 -1/2 - 2 /2 - 3/2 -1 - 3/2 - 2 /2 -1/2 0 1/2

3/2 2 /2
1/2 0 -1/2 - 2 /2 - 3/2 -1 - 3/2 - 2 /2 -1/2 0

Undefined - 3 -1 - 3/3 0 3/3 1

- 3/3 -1 - 3 Undefined
3

1
3/3

3
Undefined - 3 -1 - 3/3 0

0 - 3 -1 - 3 Undefined

2 /2 3/2
1

2 3/3 1

Tom Penick

tomzap@eden.com

www.teicontrols.com/notes

2/20/2000

Expansions for sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent:

y3 y5 y 7 sin y = y + +L 6 5! 7! y2 y4 y6 cos y = 1 + +L 2 4! 6! y3 2 y5 tan y = y + + +L 3 15 1 y y3 2 y5 cot y = L y 3 45 945

Hyperbolic functions:

sinh y =

1 y e e y 2 1 cosh y = e y + e y 2

) )

sinh jy = jsin y cosh jy = jcos y tanh jy = j tan y

Expansions for hyperbolic functions:

y3 sinh y = y + +L 6 y2 cosh y = 1 + +L 2 y2 5y 4 sech y = 1 + L 2 24 1 y y3 ctnh y = + +L y 3 45 1 y 7 y3 csch y = + L y 6 360 y3 2 y5 tanh y = y + L 3 15

Tom Penick

tomzap@eden.com

www.teicontrols.com/notes

2/20/2000