Cls Jeead-14-15 Xi Mat Target-4 Set-1 Chapter-16

Chapter
16
Probability
Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1.
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
2.
Total number of outcomes = 100

Favourable outcomes = {9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90}
Number of favourable outcomes = 10
Hence, required probability =

3.
10
1
100 10
Leap year consists of 52 weeks and 2 days. These 2 days can be {(Sunday, Monday), (Monday, Tuesday),
(Tuesday, Wednesday), (Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday, Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday, Sunday)}
Total number of outcomes = 7
And number of favourable outcomes = 2

Thus, required probability =
4.
5.
2
7
1
221
S = {(R, B1), (R, B2), (R, B3), (B1, R), (B1, B2), (B1, B3), (B2, B1), (B2, B3), (B2, R), (B3, R), (B3, B1),
(B3, B2),}
4
6.
C2 2
Required probability = 7
C2 7
7.
4! 2! 4!
1
8!
35
8.
Let A be the event getting a total of atleast 5

P(A) = 1 P ( A)
= 1 P(getting a total of atmost 4)
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102
Probability
(School/Board Exams.) Solutions
Favourable elementary events to A = (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 2), (2, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1)
P ( A)
4
216
[ Total number of elementary events = 216]
Thus, P ( A) 1 P ( A)
= 1
9.
4
212 53
216 216 54
A four digit number is formed at random using the numerals, 1, 2, 3 and 5

Total number of elementary events = 4! = 24
Favourable elementary events = Th
1
Hence, required probability =
= 1 2 3 1 = 6
[ Unit digit can be 5 only]
6
1
24 4
10. P(A) = 0.25, P(B) = 0.50

P(A B) = 0.14
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
= 0.25 + 0.50 0.14 = 0.61
Now, P ( A B ) P ( A B ) 1 P ( A B ) 1 0.61
= 0.39
Short Answer Type Questions :
11. P(E1 E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) P(E1 E2)
P(E E2) = p1 + p2 p3
Now, P (E1 E2 ) P (E1 E 2 ) 1 P (E1 E2 )

= 1 (p1 + p2 p3)
= 1 p1 p2 + p3
P (E1 E2 ) = 1 p1 p2 + p3
12. Total number of elementary events =
30C
3
Favourable elementary events = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (28, 29, 30)}
Number of favourable outcomes = 28
Thus, required probability =
28
30
C3
1
145
13. Let E be event that all the three drawn balls are of same colour.
Then number of elements in favour of E = 3C3 + 4C3
All the possible different ways drawing three balls = 7C3
3
Required probability =
C3 4C3
7
C3
1
7

13
14.
52
Probability
103
C5
C5
15. Let P(A B) = K d, P(A) = K, P(B) = K + d,

and 1 = P(A B) = K + 2d
1 K
2
P(A) = K, P(B) = K + d =
P(A) : P(B) = K :
K 1
2
K 1
2K : K 1
2
16. We know that the probability of occurrence of an event is always less than or equal to 1 and it is given that
P(A B C) 0.55
0.55 P(A B C) 1
Let P(B C) = x
0.55 0.2 + 0.5 + 0.4 0.06 0.05 x + 0.04 1
0.55 1.03 x 1
1 x 1.03 0.55
0.03 x 0.48
P(B C) lies in the interval [0.03, 0.48]
17. Let E and H denote the events that the student will pass in English and Hindi examination respectively
P (E H ) 0.1
P (E H ) 0.1
1 P(E H) = 0.1
P(EH) = 0.9
P(E) + P(H) P(E H) = 0.9
0.75 + P(H) 0.5 = 0.9
P(H) = 0.65
18. Since, the events are mutually exclusive,

1 3 p 1 p 1 2p
1
3
4
2
0 4 + 12p + 3 3p + 6 12p 12
13 3p 1
1
13
p
3
3
Also 0
1 3p
1
2
1 p
3
3
3
(i)
(ii)
104
Probability
1 2p
1
1
1 p
2
2
2
(iii)
1 p
1 3 p 1
4
(iv)
From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get

1
1
p
3
2
20C
1
= 20
A multiple of 3 or 7 can be obtained as follows:

3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 7, 14
So, number of favourable elementary events = 8
20.
P ( A)
P (B )
20
C2
30
C2
22
C2
30
(A : Event of getting 2 apples)
(B : Event of getting 2 good items)
C2
P( A B)
8
2
20 5
15
30
C2
C2
i.e., P(getting 2 items which are good apples)
Now, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

20
30
C2
C2
22
30
C2
C2
15
30
C2
C2
316
435
21. The quadratic equation will have real roots

p2 4
1
( p 2) 0
4
p2 p 2 0
(p 2) (p + 1) 0
p2
[i.e. b2 4ac 0]
( p 0)
52 3
5
5
22. Let E be the event sum of the numbers obtained on the two dice is neither a multiple of 2 nor a multiple of 3
E : Event sum of the numbers obtained on the two dice is a multiple of 2 or 3

Total number of elementary events = 6 6 = 36
Probability
105
Favourable elementary events to event E = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 5,)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5),
(6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4) (6, 6)}
P (E )
24 2
36 3
Hence, P(E) = 1 P (E ) 1
2 1
3 3
23. Favourable cases:

With difference 1 : (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4) (9, 10, 11) = 9
With difference 2 : (1, 3, 5), (2, 4, 6) (7, 9, 11) = 7
With difference 3 : (1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (5, 8, 11) = 5
With difference 4 : (1, 5, 9), (2, 6, 10), (3, 7, 11) = 3
With difference 5 : (1, 6, 11) = 1
Probability =
25
11
C3
5
33
24. A, B and C mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
P ( A)
19
4
P ( A) 1 P ( A)
4
19
1
1 5
P (C ) 2 P (B ) 2 2 (P ( A))
5
5
P ( A) P ( A) 1
2
4
25. Probability that out of four drawn balls 2 are white, one red and one black.
5
C2 7C1 8C1
20
C4
112
969
26. Let x S. Then either

x P, x Q or x P, x Q, or x P, x Q, x P, x Q.
Out of the above four cases, three cases are favourable to the events P Q = .
3
4
20
27. Total number of ways in which 8 persons can sit on a round table is (8 1)! = 7!
Total number of elementary events 7!

Consider two named individuals as one person, then there will be 7 persons, who can sit on a round table
is (7 1)! = 6! ways.
Also, two named individuals can be seated together in 2 ways
Favourable number of elementary events = 6! 2

So, required probability =
6! 2 2
7!
7
106
Probability
28. A : Both cards are black

B : Both cards are queens
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

26
=
3
29. P(none white) =
52
C2
C2
C0 7C2
10
C2
C2
52
C2
C2
52
C2
7
15
30. P(A) = P(B) = 2P(C)

1 = P(A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 5P(C)
1
2
, P ( A ) P (B )
5
5
P (C )
P (B C ) P (B ) P (C )
2 1 3

5 5 5
Long Answer Type Questions :

31. P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
1 1 2
P( A B)
2 4 5
P( A B)
1 2 1
3

4 5 2 20
P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( A B )
13
32. (i)
(iv)
33. (i)
53
2
1
20
20 10
C1
13
C1
C2
C1 4C1
52
(iii)
1 3
4 20
52
(ii)
C2
C2
52
C2
13
C2
52
C2
13
52
C2
C2
13
52
C2
C2
13
52
C2
C2
13
52
C2
C2
For red and king, there are 2 favourable cases
Probability =
2
1
52 26
(ii)
35.
28
7
52 13
Probability =
C3
15
(ii)
107
For red or a king, there are 28 favourable cases
34. (i)
Probability
C3
4
455
C1 6C1 4C1
15
C3
24
91
4
9
36. Total number of cases = 10 10 = 100

For real roots, b2 4c
Number of possible ways is given in the following table:
Value of C
Value of 4c
Value of b
No. of ways of b
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
3, 4, 5, 6, 10
12
4, 5, 6, 10
16
4, 5, 6, 10
20
5, 6, 7, 10
24
5, 6, 7, 10
28
6, 7, 8, 9, 10
32
6, 7, 8, 9, 10
36
6, 7, 8, 9, 10
10
40
7, 8, 9, 10
4
62
Probability =
62
0.62
100
37. Total number of cases = 100

E : Event that n +
100
50
n
n2 50n + 100 > 0
(n 25)2 > 525
| n 25| 525
n 25 525
n 25 525
or
n 25 525
n 25 525
n 2 or n 48
108
Probability
E = {1, 2, 48, 49, 50, 100}
P (E )
55
0.55
100
38. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB and CD are parallel sides

Since AB || CD
Hence,
B + C = 180
Now,
A + D = 180
A D
A
D
90
90
2
2
2
2
A
D
tan cot
2
2
Similarly, tan
tan
B
C
cot
2
2
A
B
C
D
tan tan tan 1
2
2
2
2
The event tan
A
B
C
D
tan tan tan 1 is a certain event
2
2
2
2
Probability = 1

Now,A = {2, 4, 6, 50}
50C
1
= 50
P(A) =
25
50
B = {3, 6, 9, 48}
P(B) =
16
50
C = {10, 20 50}
P(C) =
5
50
A B = {6, 12, 18, 48}
P(A B) =
8
50
B C = {30}
P(B C) =
1
50
A C = {10, 20, 50}
P(A C) =
5
50
And A B C = {30}
P(A B C) =
1
50
Required probability = P(A B C)

= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(A B) P(B C) P(A C) + P(A B C)
=
25 16 5
8
1
5
1
33
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

8
40. (i)
C2
20
(ii)
C2
(ii)
C3
C4
15
4
19
3
10
1
6
C3
10
(ii)
C2 6C1 4C3
42. (i)
C1 4C2
10
(iii)
C4
C3
42
6
455 65
C2 9C2 36
1365
91
(iii)
1
65
(iv)
48
91
43. (i)
C2
C3
10
109
14
95
C1 5C1
20
41. (i)
Probability
P(At least one of E1 and E2)

= P(E1 E2)
= P(E1) + P(E2) P(E1 E2)
= 0.50 + 0.40 0.15
= 0.75
(ii)
P(neither E1 nor E2 occurs)

= P(E1 E2)
= P(E1 E2)
= 1 P(E1 E2) = 1 0.75 = 0.25
30
44.
C3 25 C3
30
=
45. (i)
C3
88
203
A = getting an odd number on the first die
= {(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6),
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6),
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)}
110
Probability
(ii)
A or B = Getting any number on the first die S

{(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)}
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)}
(iii) B and C = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)

(3, 1), (3, 2)}
(iv)
A and D = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4)}
SECTION - B
NCERT Questions
Exercise-16.1
1.
When a coin is tossed once, there are 2 possible outcomes, Head and Tail, usually represented by H and T.
When a coin is tossed 3 times, then there are 23 = 8 possible outcomes. If S is the sample space of
this experiment, then
Number of times a coin is tossed

1
2
3 HHH
2.
Outcomes
HH
HT
HHT HTH
TH
HTT THH
THT TTH
TT
TTT
A die has six faces, each face bearing one of the numbers from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. So, when a die is rolled
once, then there are six possible outcomes. When the die is rolled twice, there are 6 6 = 36 possible
outcomes. If S is the sample space of this experiment, then
S = {(x, y): x, y {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}}
i .e.,
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3),(3, 4),(3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5),(5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2),(6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
3.
When a coin is tossed once, there are 2 possible outcomes Head and Tail usually written as H and T. When
a coin is tossed four times, there are 2 2 2 2 = 24 = 16 possible outcomes. If S is the sample space
of this experiment, then
{HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH,HTHT,
S HTTH,HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT,
TTHH,TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
4.
Probability
111
When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes H and T and when a die is rolled once, then there
are six possible outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
When a coin is tossed and a die is thrown, then the sample space contains 2 6 = 12 outcomes.
If S is the sample space, then
{(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6)
(T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
5.
1 2 3
4 5 6
1 2 3
4 5 6
When a coin is tossed, it will show either a head or a tail. When the coin shows up a head, a die is rolled
which may show up any one of the six numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
H
1 2 3
4 5 6
Let S denotes the sample space of the experiment, then
S = {T, (H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6)}
6.
Let the boys and girls in room X be denoted by B1, B2; G1, G2 and those in room Y be denoted by
b1, g1, g2, g3.
A room out of the two can be selected in two ways, either the room X is selected or the room Y is selected.
Corresponding to either case, there are four ways of selecting a person.
B1 B2
b1
G1 G2
g2
g1
g3

S
7.
{( X , B1 ), ( X , B2 ), ( X , G1 ), ( X , G2 ), (Y , b1 ),
(Y , g1 ), (Y , g 2 ), (Y , g3 )}
There are 3 ways of picking up a die from the bag. Any one of red, white or blue die may be selected.
Corresponding to each way of doing so there are six possible outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Let the three dice
be represented by R, W and B respectively.
2 3
4 5 6
2 3
4 5 6
2 3
4 5 6

{(R, 1), (R, 2), (R, 3), (R, 4), (R, 5), (R, 6), (W , 1),
S (W , 2), (W , 3), (W , 4), (W , 5), (W , 6), (B, 1), (B, 2),
(B, 3), (B, 4), (B, 5), (B, 6)}
112
8.
Probability
(i)
Here, there are four possibilities

(1) Both the children are boys
(2) First child is a boy and second child is a girl
(3) First child is a girl and second child is a boy
(4) Both the children are girls
In this case, the sample space is
S = {BB, BG, GB, GG}
(ii)
In this case, there are 3 possible cases:

(1) There is no girl child.
(2) There is only one girl child
(3) Both the children are girls.
So, in this case, the sample space is S = {0, 1, 2}.

9.
S = {(R, W1), (R, W2), (R, W3),

(W1, R), (W1, W2), (W1, W3),
(W2, R), (W2, W1), (W2, W3),
(W3, R), (W3, W1), (W3, W2)}
10. It is a two stage experiment. First stage results in either head or tail. When the coin shows up head, then
it is tossed again showing up either a head or a tail and if the first toss shows up a tail, then a die is rolled
once which may show up any one of the six numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
HH
HT
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
If S is the sample space, then S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}.
11. This experiment is analogous to the experiment of tossing a coin thrice or tossing three coins once. The
only difference is that here we use symbols D and N in place of H and T. Here also, there are 23 = 8 possible
outcomes.
DD
DDD
DN
DDN DND
ND
DNN NDD
NN
NDN NND
NNN
Here, the sample space is

S = {DDD, DDN, DND, DNN, NDD, NDN, NND, NNN}
Probability
113
12. It is a three stage experiment
First stage
Second stage 1
Third stage
2 3
4 5 6
1 2 3
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 5 6
{T, (H, 1), (H, 3), (H, 5), (H, 2, 1), (H, 2, 2), (H, 2, 3),
(H, 2, 4), (H, 2, 5), (H, 2, 6 ), (H, 4, 1), (H, 4, 2), (H, 4, 3),
Here the sample space is S
(H, 4, 4), (H, 4, 5), (H, 4, 6), (H, 6, 1), (H, 6, 2), (H, 6, 3),
(H, 6, 4), (H, 6, 5), (H, 6, 6 )}
Note that the sample space contains 1 + 3 + 18 = 22 outcomes.
13. Here, the first slip has four possibilities and second only three. So, there are 4 3 = 12 possible outcomes.
The second slip must show a number different from one on the first slip.
First slip
Second slip

S = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}.
14. It is a two stage experiment. When a die is rolled, it may show up any one of this six numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
First stage
1
Second stage
HH
HT
TH
TT
H
T
HH
HT
TH
TT
H
T
HH
HT
TH
TT
H
T
114
Probability
When, the die shows up an odd number, a coin is tossed twice and hence, corresponding to each of 1, 3
and 5 there are four possibilities. When the die shows up an even number, a coin is tossed once and hence,
corresponding to each of 2, 4 and 6 there are only two possible outcomes. In this case, the sample
space is
{2H, 2T, 4H, 4T, 6H, 6T,

S 1HH, 1HT, 1TH, 1TT, 3HH, 3HT,
3TH, 3TT, 5HH, 5HT, 5TH, 5TT}
Note that there are 18 possible outcomes.
15. Let the balls in the box be represented by R1, R2 and B1, B2, B3. It is a two stage experiment.
Stage I
Stage II
1 2 3
5 6
R1
R2 B1
B2
B3
Sample space S is given by

S
{(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6)
(T, R1 ), (T, R 2 ), (T, B1 ), (T, B2 ), (T, B3 )}
16. If the die shows up 6, we stop. If it shows any other number, then the die is tossed again. If the second toss
shows up 6, we stop. If the second toss shows any other number, then we toss the die again. In this
experiment dice may be tossed once, twice, thrice, four times, any number of times.
{6, (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6),
S (1, 1, 6), (1, 2, 6),(1, 3, 6), (1, 4, 6),
(1, 5, 6), (2, 1, 6), (2, 2, 6),}
Exercise-16.2
1.
Here, the sample space is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

The event E : die shows 4
and F : die shows an even number
i.e., E = {4} and F = {2, 4, 6}
As
2.
E F = {4} , therefore, E and F are not mutually exclusive.
When a die is rolled once, the sample space is

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
(i)
A : a number less than 7,
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = S ; A sure event
(ii)
B : a number greater than 7,
B = { }, an impossible event
Note that there is no outcome in the sample space which is greater than 7.
(iii) C : a multiple of 3,
C = {3, 6}.
(iv)
D : a number less than 4,
D = {1, 2, 3}.
(v)
E : an even number greater than 4,
E = {6}.
(vi)
F : a number not less than 3,
Probability
i.e.,
115
F : a number greater than or equal to 3
F = {3, 4, 5, 6}
A B = S { } = S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
A B = S { } = { }
B C = { } {3, 6} = {3, 6},
E F = {6} {3, 4, 5, 6} = {6},
D E = {1, 2, 3} {6} = { },
A C = S {3, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} {3, 6} = {1, 2, 4, 5}
D E = {1, 2, 3} {6} = {1, 2, 3}
E F= {6} {3, 4, 5, 6} = {6} {1, 2} = { }
and F= {3, 4, 5, 6} = {1, 2}.
3.
When a pair of dice is rolled once, then the sample space contains 6 6 = 36, ordered pairs of the type
(x, y), where x is the number that comes up on the first die and y is the number that comes up on the second
die. So, the sample space is
S = {(x, y) : x, y {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}}.
(i)
A : the sum is greater than 8

i.e., A : the sum is 9, 10, 11 or 12
(ii)
A = {(3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 4), (4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
B : 2 occurs on either die
(iii)
B = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (1, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2)}
C : the sum is atleast 7 and a multiple of 3
i.e., C : the sum is 9 or 12
C = {(3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 6)}
Here, A B = , B C = , therefore, A and B are mutually exclusive and also B and C are mutually
exclusive. Note that A and C are not mutually exclusive as A C
4.

When three coins are tossed once or one coin is tossed thrice, the sample space is same
Here, A : getting three heads
i.e., A = {HHH}
B : getting two heads and one tail
i.e., B = {HTH, HHT, THH}
C : getting three tails
i.e., C = {TTT} and
D : getting head on the first coin
i.e., D = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT}
(i)
Here,
A B = A C = B C = D C =
Hence,
A and B are mutually exclusive,

A and C are mutually exclusive,
B and C are mutually exclusive,
and
C and D are mutually exclusive.
116
Probability
(ii)
As A and C contain only one outcome, therefore, A, C are simple events.
(iii) Both B and D are compound events as either of them contains more than one outcomes.
5.
In this case also, the sample space of the experiment is

When a single coin is tossed thrice or three coins are tossed once, the sample space is the same.
(i)
Consider the events

E1 : one head and two tails show up
and E2 : one tail and two heads show up
i.e., E1 = {HTT, THT, TTH}
and E2 = {HTH, THH, HHT}
Here, E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive
(ii)
Consider the events

E1 : not more than one head shows up
E2 : exactly two heads show up
and E3 : three heads show up
i.e., E1 = {TTT, HTT, THT, TTH}
E2 = {HHT, THH, HTH}
E3 = {HHH}
In this case, E1 E2 = E2 E3 = E3 E1 = and E1 E2 E3 = S.
The three events E1, E2 and E3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
(iii) Consider the events

E1 : not more than one head shows up
and E2 : no head show up
i.e., E1 = {TTT, HTT, THT, TTH}
and E2 = {TTT}
Here, E1 and E2 are not mutually exclusive.
(iv)
Events E1 and E2 of part (i) are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive as
E1 E2 = but E1 E2 S
(v)
Consider the events

E1 : only one head shows up
E2 : exactly two heads show up and
E3 : three heads show up i.e.,
E1 = {HTT, THT, TTH}
E2 = {THH, HHT, HTH} and
E3 = {HHH},
then E1 E2 = E2 E3 = E3 E1 =
but E1 E2 E3 S
The three events E1, E2, E3, are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive.
6.
Probability
117
Here, the sample space contains 6 6 = 36 simple events

Sample space is
S = {(x, y) : x, y {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} }
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
i.e., S
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
Given
A : getting an even number on first die

B : getting an odd number on first die
and
C : getting the sum of number on the die less than equal to 5
i.e.,
{(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
A (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
B (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)}
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1),
and
(i)
A = { : A}
(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)}
(sum is less than or equal to sum is 2, 3 or 4)
= S A = B (note that A B = and A B = S)

(ii)
not B = B = { : B}
=SB=A
(iii) A or B = A B = S
(iv)
A and B = {: A and B}
={}
(v)
A but not C = A C = {: A and C}

=
(vi)
{(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5),
(4, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
B or C = B C = {: B or C}
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
=
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (4, 1)}
(vii) B and C = B C
= { : B and C}
= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
118
Probability
(viii) A BC
= (A B)C
= {A A}C
= A C
= A but not C = { : A and C}
=
{(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5),
(4, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
Alternatively, A B C = (A B)C
= (A B) C
= (A B) C
= A C ( A and B have no element in common, therefore, A B = A)
7.
(i)
True ( A B = )
(ii)
True ( A B = and A B = S)
(iii) True ( A = S B B)
(iv)
False ( A C = {(2, 1), (2, 3), (4, 1)} )
(v)
False ( A B = A A = A )
(vi)
False ( A C = B C and also B C = A C
Exercise-16.3
1.
(a)
Here, each assigned value is non-negative and the sum of all the values
= 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.05 + 0.03 + 0.01 + 0.2 + 0.6 = 1.00
Therefore, given assignment of probabilities is valid.
(b)
Here, also each assigned value is non-negative and sum of all the values
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Therefore, given assignment of probabilities is valid

(c)
In this case, the sum of assigned values = 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 0.6 + 0.7 = 2.8 1
Therefore, the given assignment of probabilities is not valid.
(d)
In this case, values assigned to 1 and 5 are negative, therefore, the given assignment of probabilities
is not valid.
(e)
In this case, the sum of assigned values =
1
2
3
4
5
6 15 36
1
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Therefore, the given assignment of probabilities is not valid.

Alternatively, the value assigned to 7 is
2.
15
> 1, therefore, the given assignment of probabilities is not valid.
14
When a coin is tossed twice, the sample space S contains four equally likely outcomes HH, HT, TH and TT,
i.e., S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Let E : atleast one tail occurs, then E = {HT, TH, TT}
P (E )
Number of outcomes favourable to E 3
Total number of outcomes

4
3.
Probability
119
When a dice is thrown, there are six possible outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
All the outcomes are equally likely.
(i)
Let E1 : A prime number will appear, then E1 = {2, 3, 5}

Hence, P (E1 )
(ii)
Number of outcomes favourable to E1 3 1

6 2
Let E2 : A number greater than or equal to 3 will appear, then E2 = {3, 4, 5, 6}

Hence, P (E2 )
Number of outcomes favourable to E2 4 2

6 3
(iii) Let E3 : A number less than or equal to one will appear, then E3 = {1}
Hence, P (E3 )
(iv)
Number of outcomes favourable to E3 1
Total number of outcomes in S

6
Let E4 : A number more than 6 will appear,

then E4 = { }, i.e., E4 is an impossible event
( There is no outcome greater than 6)
Hence, P(E4) = 0
(v)
Let E5 : A number less than 6, will appear,

then E5 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Hence, P(E5) =
4.
Number of outcomes favourable to E5 5
Total number of outcomes in S

6
When a card is taken out from a deck of 52 cards, there are 52 equally likely outcomes.
(a)
Sample space contains 52 sample points
(b)
P (card drawn is an ace of spades)

=
(c)
(i)
1
52
( There is only one card which is an ace of spades)
P(Card drawn is an ace)

=
4
1
52 13
( There are four aces in the deck)
(ii) P(card drawn is a black card)

=
5.
26 1
52 2
( There are 26 black cards, 13 of spades and 13 of clubs)
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
1 2 3
5 6
1 2 3
5 6
120
Probability
Thus, the sample space contains 2 6 = 12 equally likely outcomes

(i)
P(sum of the numbers is 3) = P({1, 2}) =
1
.
12
( Only one outcome (1, 2) is favourable to the event in reference)

(ii)
P(sum of the number is 12) = P({(6, 6)}) =
1
.
12
( Only one outcome (6, 6) is favourable to the event in reference)

6.
There are total 10 members of which only six are women
7.
P(a woman member is selected) =
6
3
.
10 5
When a coin is tossed four times, there are 24 = 16 possible equally likely outcomes. The sample space in
this case is
{HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT, HTTH,
S HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH,
TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
Let E() be the amount of money corresponding to an outcome S, then

E(HHHH) = Rs(1 + 1 + 1 + 1) = Rs 4
E(HHHT) = Rs(1 + 1 + 1 1.50) = Rs 1.50
E(HHTH) = Rs(1 + 1 1.50 + 1) = Rs 1.50
E(HHTT) = Rs(1 + 1 1.50 1.50) = Rs 1
E(HTHH) = Rs(1 1.50 + 1 + 1) = Rs 1.50
E(HTHT) = Rs(1 1.50 + 1 1.50) = Rs 1
E(HTTH) = Rs(1 1.50 1.50 + 1) = Rs 1
E(HTTT) = Rs(1 1.50 1.50 1.50) = Rs 3.50
E(THHH) = Rs( 1.50 + 1 + 1 + 1) = Rs 1.50
E(THHT) = Rs( 1.50 + 1 + 1 1.50) = Rs 1
E(THTH) = Rs( 1.50 + 1 1.50 H) = Rs 1
E(THTT) = Rs( 1.50 + 1 1.50 1.50) = Rs 3.50
E(TTHH) = Rs( 1.50 1.50 + 1 + 1) = Rs 1
E(TTHT) = Rs( 1.50 1.50 1.50) = Rs 3.50
E(TTHT) = Rs( 1.50 1.50 1.50 + 1) = Rs 3.50
E(TTTT) = Rs( 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50) = Rs 6
Thus, we see that there are five possible amounts of money, gain of Rs. 4, gain of Rs. 1.50, loss of Rs 1,
loss of Rs 3.50 and loss of Rs 6.
Case-I
Four heads appear

P(HHHH) =
1 1 1 1
1

2 2 2 2 16
Total money = Rs 4
Case-II
Probability
121
3 heads, 1 tails
C3
1 1 1 1
1
=
2 2 2 2
4
Total money
= 3 1 1 1.5
= Rs 1.5
Case-III 2 heads, 2 tails
4
Probability =
3
1 1 1 1
=
8
2 2 2 2
C2
Total money
= 2 1 2 1.5
=1
Case-IV 1 heads, 3 tail
4
Probability =
C1
1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2
1
4
Total money = 1 1 3 1.5

= 3.5
Probabilities of various amounts of money are as follows:
Amount
Rs 4 Rs 1.50 Rs 1 Rs 3.50 Rs 6
1
1
3
1
1
Probability
16
4
8
4
16
Case-V 4 tails
P (T T T T)
1
16
Total money = 4 1.5 = 6

8.
When three coins are tossed, there are 23 = 8 possible equally likely outcomes. The sample space in this
case is
{HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,

THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
1
8
(i)
P(3 heads) = P{HHH} =
(ii)
P(2 heads) = P({HHT, HTH, THH}) =
3
8
(iii) P(at least 2 heads) = P(either 2 heads or 3 heads)

= P({HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}) =
4 1
8 2
122
Probability
(iv)
P(at most 2 heads) = P(either no head or 1 head or 2 heads)

= P({TTT, HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH})
=
Alternatively, P(at most 2 heads) = 1 P(3 heads)

= 1 P(HHH)
= 1
(v)
1 7
8 8
1
8
P(no head) = P({TTT}) =
1
8
(vii) P(exactly two tails) = P({THT, TTH, HTT})
(vi)
P(3 tails) = P(TTT) =
3
8
1
8
(viii) P(no tail) = P({HHH}) =
(ix) P(at most two tails) = 1 P(3 tails)

= 1 P({TTT})
= 1
9.
Given P(A) =
1 7
8 8
2
11
P(not A) = 1 P(A) = 1
2
9
11 11
10. The word ASSASSINATION consists of 13 letters, 6 vowels A, A, A, I, I, O and 7 consonants S, S, S, S, N, T, N

6
13
(i)
P(a vowel is chosen) =
(ii)
P(a consonant is chosen) =
7
13
11. Out of 20, a person can choose 6 natural numbers in 20C6 ways. Out of these there is only one choice which
will match the six numbers already fixed by the committee
P(the person wins the prize)

1
6 20 6
20
20
6 14
6 5 4 3 2 1 14
20
20 19 18 17 16 15 14
2
1
19 17 16 15 19 17 8 15
1
38760
C6
12. (i)
Probability
123
Since, A B A, therefore we must have P(A B) P(A).

But, we are given that P(A) = 0.5 and P(A B) = 0.6 which is not consistent.
(ii)
Here, P(A) + P(B) = 0.5 + 0.4 = 0.9 and P(A B) = 0.8 < P(A) + P(B), therefore, these probabilities
are consistently defined
( P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) < P(A) + P(B))
13. (i)
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

=
(ii)
1 1 1
5 3 1 7

3 5 15
15
15
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
P(B) = P(A B) + P(A B) P(A)

= 0.6 + 0.25 0.35 = 0.5
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
(iii)
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

= 0.5 + 0.35 0.7 = 0.15
Complete table is
P(A)
P(B)
P(A B)
1
5
1
15
7
15
0.25
0.6
(i)
1
3
(ii)
0.35
0.5
(iii)
0.5
0.35
0.15
P(A B)
0.7
14. A and B are mutually exclusive events, therefore,

A B =
P(A B) = 0
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

=
15. (i)
(ii)
P(A or B) =
3 1
4
0
5 5
5
4
5
P(E or F) = P(E F) = P(E) + P(F) P(E F)

=
1 1
P (E and F )
4 2
1 1 1 2 4 1 5

4 2 8
8
8
P(not E and not F) = P(E F)

= P(E F)
(De Morgans laws)
= 1 P(E F)
= 1
5
3
=
8
8
124
Probability
16. P(not E or not F) = 0.25
P(E F) = 0.25
P((E F)) = 0.25
1 P(E F) = 0.25
P(E F) = 1 0.25 = 0.75 0
E and F are not mutually exclusive
17. (i)
P(not A) = 1 P(A) = 1 0.42 = 0.58
(ii)
P(not B) = 1 P(B) = 1 0.48 = 0.52
(iii) P(A or B) = P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

= P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)
= 0.42 + 0.48 0.16 = 0.74
18. P(student is studying mathematics or Biology)
= P(student is studying Mathematics) + P(student is studying Biology)
P(student is studying both Mathematics and Biology)
( P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B))
=
40
30
10
60
0.6
100 100 100 100
19. Let E1 : student passes first examination

E2 : student passes second examination
We are given P(E1) = 0.8, P(E2) = 0.7
and P(at least one of E1 and E2) = 0.95
P(E1 or E2) = 0.95
P(E1) + P(E2) P(E1 and E2) 0.95
0.8 + 0.7 P(E1 and E2) = 0.95
P(E1 and E2) = 0.8 + 0.7 0.95 = 0.55
P(students passes both examination = 0.55)

E1 : student passes in English
20.
and E2 : student passes in Hindi

We are given that
P(E1 and E2) = 0.5, i.e., P(E1 E2) = 0.5
P(neither E1 nor E2) = 0.1
P(E1 and E2) = 0.1
P(E1 E2) = 0.1
P(E1 E2) = 0.1
1 P(E1 E2) = 0.1
1 {P(E1) + P(E2) P(E1 E2)} = 0.1
1 {0.75 + P(E2) 0.5} = 0.1
1 0.75 P(E2) + 0.5 = 0.1
P(E2) = 0.75 0.1 = 0.65.
Probability
125
21. Let E1 : student opted for NCC

E2 : student opted for NSS,
then P(E1) =
P (E 2 )
30 1
,
60 2
32
8
and
60 15
P (E1 and E2 )
(i)
P(E1 E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) P(E1 and E2)

=
(ii)
24 2
60 5
1 8 2 15 16 12 19
2 15 5
30
30
P(student opted NCC or NSS) =
19
30
P(student opted neither NCC nor NSS)

= P(E1 and E2)
= P(E1 E2)
= P((E1 E2))
= 1 P(E1 E2)
= 1
19
30
(Using part (i))
11
30
(iii) P(student has opted NSS but not NCC)

= P(E2 but not E1)
= P(E2 E1)
= P(E2 E1)
= P(E2 E2 E1)
= P(E2) P(E2 E1)
=
8
2
15 5
86
2
15
15
{ E2 E1 E2}
126
Probability
Miscellaneous Exercise
1.
5 marbles out of 10 + 20 + 30 = 60 can be drawn in

(i)
5 blue marbles out of 20 can be drawn in

20
(ii)
P(all 5 marbles are blue) =
60
20C
5
60C
5
ways.
ways
C5
C5
20 19 18 17 16
5
5
60 59 58 57 56
1 1 18 17 16
2 17
34

=
3 3 59 58 56 59 29 7
11977
P(atleast one green marble is chosen)

= 1 P(no green marble is chosen)
= 1
60
C5
(5 Non-green marbles can be selected out of 10 + 20 = 30 in
C5
= 1
30 29 28 27 26
1 1 1 27 26
1
60 59 58 57 56
2 2 2 59 57
= 1
9 13
117
1
4 59 19
4484
4 cards can be drawn of 52 in
52C
4
ways
3 spades (out of 13) and one ace (out of 13) can be selected in
13
C3
52
C1
C4
13C
1
ways
13 12 11 13
3
1
52 51 50 49
4
13 2 11 13
22 13
286
52 51 50 49 17 25 49 20825
1 2 3 4
Here, P(1) =
(i)
13C
3
P(3 diamond and one spade is drawn)

13
3.
30C )
5
4484 117 4367
4484
4484
=
2.
30
2 1
6 3
( Two faces out of six are marked 1)
P (2)
3 1
and
6 2
( Three faces out of six are marked 2)
P (3)
1
6
( Only one face out of six bears the number 3)
P (2)
1
2
(ii)
Probability
P(1 or 3) = P(1) + P(3)

=
1 1 3 1

3 6 6 2
(iii) P (not 3) = 1 P(3) = 1

4.
(a)
1 5
6 6
One ticket out of 10,000 can be selected in
10000C
1
One ticket with prize can be selected out of 10 in
= 10000 ways
10C
1
= 10 ways
10
1
10000 1000
P(getting a prize) =
P(not getting a prize) = 1 P(getting a prize)

= 1
(b)
1
999
1000 1000
Two tickets out of 10,000 can be selected in
10000C
2
ways.
Two tickets (not winning a prize) out of 10,000 10 = 9990 can be selected in
9990
P(not getting a prize) =
=
(c)
9990 9989
1108779
10000 9999 1111000
9990
P(not getting a prize) =
10000C
10
ways.
9990C
10
ways
C10
10000
C10
Two sections of 40 and 60 can be formed out 100 in

(a)
ways.
C2
10 tickets out 10000 can be selected in
9990C
2
C2
10000
10 tickets (not winning a prize) out of 10000 10 = 9990 can be selected in
5.
127
100C
60
(or
100C )
40
ways.
Both you and your friend can go either to one section containing 40 students or to the other section
containing 60 students, which can happen in 98C38 + 98C40 ways
(When both go to the section of 40, we have to select 38 out of 98 which can be done in 98C38 ways
and when they go to the other section, we have to select 40 out of 98 students which can be done in
98C
40 ways).
98
P(both enter the same section) =
C38
100
98
C40
C40
98
98
38 60 40 58
100
60 40
60 40 98 1
1
100
38 60 40 58
98 40 60
= 100 38 58
40 39 60 59 1560 3540 5100 17
100 99
9900
9900 33
128
Probability
(b)
When you and your friend enter into different sections, then it can happen in
98C
39
2C1 ways.
( For the section containing 40 students, we have to select 39 out of remaining 98 and one out
of you and your friend)
98
C39 2C1
100
C40
98
100
C39
( 2C1 = 2)
C40
2 98 60 40 2 40 60 48 16
= 59 39 100 100 99 99 33
6.
Let the three letters be denoted by L1, L2, L3, and three envelopes by E1, E2, E3.
Total number of ways of putting the letters into three envelopes is 3P3 = 3 6
The number of ways in which none of the letter is put into proper envelope is 2.
E1
E2
E3
Required probability
L2
L3
L1
= P(atleast one of the letters is put into right envelope)
L3
L1
L2
= 1 P(none of the letters is put into right envelope)

= 1
7.
(i)
2
1 2
1
6
3 3
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

= 0.54 + 0.69 0.35
= 1.23 0.35
= 0.88
(ii)
P(AB) = P((A B)) = 1 P(A B)

= 1 0.88
(Using part (i))
= 0.12
(iii) P(A B) = P(A B) = P(A A B ) = P(A) P(A B)
( A B A)
= 0.54 0.35
= 0.19
(iv)
P(BA) = P(B A) = P(B A B) = P(B) P(A B)

= 0.69 0.35 = 0.34
8.
Let E1 : Spokes person is a male and E2 spokes person is over 35 years, then
P (E1 )
3
2
and P (E2 )
5
5
Also P(E1 E2) = P(selecting a male over 35 years)

=
1
5
P(selecting a male person or a person over 35 years)

= P(E1 or E2)
Probability
129
= P(E1 E2)
= P(E1) + P(E2) P(E1 E2)
=
9.
(i)
3 2 1 4

5 5 5 5
When repetition of digits is allowed

Th
2 ways 5 ways 5 ways 5 ways
Left most place can be filled in two ways as only 5 or 7 can be placed there ( Number to be formed
are greater than 5000)
Each of the remaining three places can be filled in 5 ways.
Number of numbers that can be formed = 2 5 5 5 = 250 1 = 249 (excluding 5000)

If the number is divisible by 5, then units place is to be filled
Th
H
T
U
2 ways 5 ways 5 ways 2 ways
With either 0 or 5. Also, the thousands place can be filled in two ways as only 5 and 7 are to be placed
there. Each of the remaining two places can be filled in 5 ways.
Number of numbers that are divisible by 5 = 2 5 5 2 = (100 1) = 99 (excluding 5000)

(ii)
99
249
When the repetition of digits is not allowed:

As the number to be formed is more than 5000, leftmost place (i.e., thousands place) can be filled in
two ways only as 5 or 7 can be placed there. The remaining three places can be filled in with remaining
four digits in 4P3 ways.
Number of numbers (> 5000) that can be formed = 2 4P3

= 2 4 3 2 = 48
The numbers which are divisible by 5 have either 0 or 5 in the units place
Case-I
In this case 5 is fixed in units place, 7 is fixed in thousands place and the remaining two places can
be filled in with remaining 3 digits in 3P2 = 3 2 = 6 ways
Number of numbers of this kind = 6

Case-II
In this case 0 is fixed in units place. Thousands place can be filled in two ways as either 5 or 7 can
be placed there. The remaining two places can be filled in with remaining three digits in 3P2 = 3 2 =
6 ways. Number of numbers of this kind = 2 6 = 12
Number of numbers divisible by 5 = 6 + 12 = 18
18 3
.
48 8
130
Probability
10. The number of all possible sequences = 10 10 10 10 = 10000

( Each of the four wheel has 10 digits marked on it)
The lock is to be opened with a sequence of 4 distinct digits.
10P
4
Number of such sequences =
= 10 9 8 7 = 5040
(10 digits can be arranged in a line 4 at a time in
10P
4
ways)
1
5040
SECTION - C
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1.
S = {(T, R1), (T, R2), (T, B1), (T, B2), (T, B3)
(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6)}
2.
It is a sure event
3.
The prime numbers between 1 and 50 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47
4.
Probability of getting atleast 52 wednesdays in a leap year is 1
15
3
50 10
Total number of cases = 6 6

E : Event that the sum is prime
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1),
Favourable events to E = (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1),
(4, 3), (5, 2), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 5)}
P (E )
15
5
36 12
5.
Required number of elements = 7 6 = 42
6.
Total number of outcomes = 6 6 6 = 216

Favourable outcomes = {(1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3),
(4, 4, 4), (5, 5, 5), (6, 6, 6)}
6
1
216 36
Short Answer Type Questions :

7.
Each of the five places can be filled in 7 ways.
Total number of numbers that can be formed = 7 7 7 7 7 = 75
Since, None of the digits is repeated
Number of possible numbers that can be formed is 7P5
P5
360
2401
8.
Probability
Total number of ways of arranging the letters of the word MUMMY is
131
5!
and when the letters at extreme ends
3!
are Ms, then the number of ways is 3! [MM]
9.
C2 8C3
14
C5
3! 3!
3
5!
10
60
143
10. A Event number on the card is divisible by 3

B Event number on the card is divisible by 7
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
P(A B) =
5
2
0
17 17
P(A B) =
7
17
11. Number of elements in sample space is
10C
2
= 45
Selected two balls will be of different colours if either one is white and one red or one is red and one green
or one is green and one white. Hence number of different ways selecting two balls of different colours
= 2C1 3C1 + 3C1 5C1 + 5C1 2C1 = 31
31
45
12. A and B are mutually exclusive
P(A B) = 0
Now, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)

= [1 P ( A)] P (B )
0.75 = [1 0.6] + P(B)
13.
P(B) = 0.35
5! 4!
1
8!
14
14. Since, A and B mutually exclusive and exhaustive events,
P(S) = P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)
1 = P(A) +
P ( A)
3
P ( A)
2
[ 3P(A) = 2P(B)]
5
P ( A)
2
2
5
132
Probability
15. A Event number is divisible by 6

B Event number is divisible by 8
P(A) =
33
25
, P(B) =
,
200
200
P(A B) =
8
200
A B Numbers which are divisible by both 6 and 8 i.e., by 24

Now, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
=
33
25
8
200 200 200
50
1
200 4
Long Answer Type Questions :

16. Total number of different ways selecting three children =
12C
3
= 220
Number of different ways so that selection of three children consists at least 2 girls
= (number of ways selecting two girls and one boy) + (number of ways selecting three girls)
= 6C2 6C1 + 6C3 = 110
17. (i)
110 1
220 2
P(not A grade) = 1 P(A grade)

= 1 0.4 = 0.6
(ii)
P(B or C grade) = P(grade B) + P(grade C)

= 0.35 + 0.15 = 0.5
(iii) P(atmost C grade) = P(grade C) + P(grade D)

= 0.15 + 0.10 = 0.25
18. (i)
1
25
(ii)
2
25
(iii)
4
25
20
19. (i)
(iii)
100
80
C10
C10
80
C10
100
C10
(ii)
80
(iv)
C10
100
C10
C10
100
C10

Cls Jeead-14-15 Xi Mat Target-4 Set-1 Chapter-16

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Cls Jeead-14-15 Xi Mat Target-4 Set-1 Chapter-16

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Chapter

S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

Total number of outcomes = 100

Number of favourable outcomes = 10

Hence, required probability =

Total number of outcomes = 7

And number of favourable outcomes = 2

Let A be the event getting a total of atleast 5

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

Favourable elementary events to A = (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 2), (2, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1)

[ Total number of elementary events = 216]

A four digit number is formed at random using the numerals, 1, 2, 3 and 5

Hence, required probability =

[ Unit digit can be 5 only]

10. P(A) = 0.25, P(B) = 0.50

Now, P (E1 E2 ) P (E1 E 2 ) 1 P (E1 E2 )

12. Total number of elementary events =

Number of favourable outcomes = 28

Thus, required probability =

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

15. Let P(A B) = K d, P(A) = K, P(B) = K + d,

0.55 0.2 + 0.5 + 0.4 0.06 0.05 x + 0.04 1

P(B C) lies in the interval [0.03, 0.48]

P(E) + P(H) P(E H) = 0.9

0.75 + P(H) 0.5 = 0.9

18. Since, the events are mutually exclusive,

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get

19. Total number of elementary events =

A multiple of 3 or 7 can be obtained as follows:

(A : Event of getting 2 apples)

(B : Event of getting 2 good items)

i.e., P(getting 2 items which are good apples)

Now, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

21. The quadratic equation will have real roots

E : Event sum of the numbers obtained on the two dice is a multiple of 2 or 3

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

23. Favourable cases:

24. A, B and C mutually exclusive and exhaustive events

P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1

26. Let x S. Then either

Total number of elementary events 7!

Favourable number of elementary events = 6! 2

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

28. A : Both cards are black

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

29. P(none white) =

30. P(A) = P(B) = 2P(C)

Long Answer Type Questions :

For red and king, there are 2 favourable cases

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

For red or a king, there are 28 favourable cases

36. Total number of cases = 10 10 = 100

37. Total number of cases = 100

n2 50n + 100 > 0

(n 25)2 > 525

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

E = {1, 2, 48, 49, 50, 100}

38. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB and CD are parallel sides

The event tan

39. Total number of elementary events =

A B = {6, 12, 18, 48}

A C = {10, 20, 50}

Required probability = P(A B C)