Data Analysis Using SPSS

t-test

t-test

Used to test whether there is significant difference between the means of two groups, e.g.:
Male v female Full-time v part-time

t-test

Typical hypotheses for t-test:

a) There is no difference in affective commitment (affcomm) between male and female employees b) There is no difference in continuance commitment (concomm) between male and female employees c) There is no difference in normative commitment (norcomm) between male and female employees

Performing T-test
Analyze Compare Means Independent-Samples T-test

Analyze

Compare Means

Independent-Samples T Test

Performing T-test

Select the variables to test (Test Variables), in this case:

affcomm concomm norcomm

And bring the variables to the Test Variables box

Test variables are selected and carried to the box on the right by pressing the arrow

The test variables: affcomm, concomm, and norcomm

Performing T-test

Select the grouping variable, i.e. gender; bring it to the grouping variable box Click Define Groups

Gender is the grouping variable

Performing T-test

Choose Use specified values Key in the codes for the variable gender as used in the Value Labels. In this case:
1 - Male 2 - Female

Click Continue, then OK

Specified values for gender are: 1 (Male) and 2 (Female)

T-Test: SPSS Output

Group Statistics GENDER OF RESPONDENT MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE N 357 315 357 315 357 315 Mean Std. Deviation 3.49720 .731988 3.38016 .696273 3.18838 .756794 3.15159 .666338 3.24090 .665938 3.27540 .647409 Std. Error Mean .038741 .039231 .040054 .037544 .035245 .036477

affcomm concomm norcomm

Mean scores for Male on the three test variables The mean scores for Female

T-test: SPSS Output

Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper .008442 .008780 -.071863 -.071006 -.134272 -.134097 .225638 .225300 .145440 .144582 .065271 .065096

F affcomm Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 1.048

Sig. .306

t 2.116 2.123

df 670 666.213 670 669.997 670 663.726

Sig. (2-tailed) .035 .034 .506 .503 .497 .497

Mean Difference .117040 .117040 .036788 .036788 -.034500 -.034500

Std. Error Difference .055308 .055135 .055335 .054899 .050813 .050723

concomm

5.353

.021

.665 .670

norcomm

.656

.418

-.679 -.680

3
(1) Sig. is 0.306 (> 0.05) so there is no significant difference in the variances of the two groups (2) so the row Equal variances assumed will be used to read the sig. of t-test (3) Sig. level for t-test is 0.035 (<0.05) Therefore there is a significant difference in the levels of affective commitment (affcomm) between male and female employees.

From the SPSS output, we are able to see that the means of the respective variables for the two groups are:
Affective commitment (affcomm)

Male 3.49720 Female 3.38016

Male 3.18838 Female 3.15159 Male 3.24090 Female 3.27540

Continuance commitment (concomm)

Normative commitment (norcomm)

T-test: Interpretation

For the variable affcomm

Levenes Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (1.048) is not significant (0.306)* therefore the Equal variances assumed row will be used for the ttest.
* This score (sig.) has to be 0.05 or less to be considered significant.

T-test: Interpretation

Under the t-test for Equality of Means look at Sig. (2-tailed) for Equal variances assumed. The score is 0.035 (which is less than 0.05), therefore there is a significant difference between the means of the two groups.

T-test: Interpretation
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper .008442 .008780 -.071863 -.071006 -.134272 -.134097 .225638 .225300 .145440 .144582 .065271 .065096

F affcomm Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 1.048

Sig. .306

t 2.116 2.123

df 670 666.213 670 669.997 670 663.726

Sig. (2-tailed) .035 .034 .506 .503 .497 .497

Mean Difference .117040 .117040 .036788 .036788 -.034500 -.034500

Std. Error Difference .055308 .055135 .055335 .054899 .050813 .050723

concomm

5.353

.021

.665 .670

norcomm

.656

.418

-.679 -.680

1. Sig. is 0.021 (<0.05), there is significant difference between the variances 2. The row Equal variances not assumed is used for interpreting the t-test 3. The relevant significant level for t-test is 0.503 (>0.05) Therefore, there is no significant difference between the two groups

T-test: Interpretation

For the variable concomm

Levenes Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (5.353) is significant (0.021)* therefore the Equal variances not assumed row will be used for the ttest.
* This score (sig.) is less than 0.05, so there is significant different in the variances of the two groups.

T-test: Interpretation

Under the t-test for Equality of Means look at Sig. (2-tailed) for Equal variances not assumed. The score is 0.503 (which is more than 0.05), therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the two groups.

T-test: Interpretation
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper .008442 .008780 -.071863 -.071006 -.134272 -.134097 .225638 .225300 .145440 .144582 .065271 .065096

F affcomm Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 1.048

Sig. .306

t 2.116 2.123

df 670 666.213 670 669.997 670 663.726

Sig. (2-tailed) .035 .034 .506 .503 .497 .497

Mean Difference .117040 .117040 .036788 .036788 -.034500 -.034500

Std. Error Difference .055308 .055135 .055335 .054899 .050813 .050723

concomm

5.353

.021

.665 .670

norcomm

.656

.418

-.679 -.680

1. The sig. is 0.418 (>0.05) so there is no significant difference between the variances 2. Equal variances assumed will be used to determine t-test 3. The Sig. of t-test is 0.497 (>0.05) Therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the two groups

T-test: Interpretation

For the variable norcomm

Levenes Test for Equality of Variances shows that F (0.656) is not significant (0.418)* therefore the Equal variances are assumed row will be used for the ttest.
* This score (sig.) is more than 0.05, so there is no significant different in the variances of the two groups.

T-test: Interpretation

Under the t-test for Equality of Means look at Sig. (2-tailed) for Equal variances assumed. The score is 0.497 (which is more than 0.05), therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the two groups.