Solves problem involving test of hypothesis on the population

Lesson 1 proportion.

What’s In
For example, a researcher who is studying on the rapid growth of rat population
wants to determine the proportion of female rats in a certain region, then he doesn’t need
to catch every rat he sees and record its gender. He only needs a sufficient sample from
which he will make inference about the proportion of female rats.

What’s New
In the example above, the researcher may initially believe that 50% of the rat
population are female. Suppose he has set-up traps to collect several rats in different parts
of the region and out of the 50 rats he has collected, 23 are female. Would this support his
initial belief?
To test a claim about population proportion, we use the z-test for population proportion.
The formula below is used:
Where: p = claimed/ hypothesized
Z= p̂ -p
√p q/n proportion p̂ = sample proportion q=
As in the use of the z-test for means, the decision 1- p̂ n = sample size
rule below is used:
1. If Z computed > Z critical REJECT Ho
2. If Z computed < Z critical DO NOT REJECT Ho
Note: The critical value of z is likewise taken from Appendix C
(Statistics and probability book)
Example # 1
Compute the z for each given the claim (p), the observed proportion (p), and the sample
size (n).
ρ = 0.3, p̂ = 0.4, n = 60 Example # 2 Solution:
From example above, the researcher wants Since p= 0.3, q = 0.7, thus
to test his belief that 50% or 0.5 of the Z= p̂ -p = 0.4 – 0.3 = 0.1 = 1.69
population of rat is female. From his collected √p q/n √ (0.3) (0.7)/ 60 0.059
samples, 23 out of 50 are female. Would this
support his claim?
Use α= 0.05
Using the five-step hypothesis testing procedure.
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) and Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
Ho: p = 0.5 Ha: p ≠ 0.5
2. Statistical Test = z- test for proportion (two-tailed)
α= 0.05
Z critical = 1.96
(See the table below of Critical value of Z)
3. Computation Z= - 0.56 (NEGATIVE SIGN
From the problem, p = 23/50 = 0.46, thus, q = 0.54 could be disregarded since
Z= p̂ -p__ the test is two- tailed)
√p q/n
Z = 0.46 – 0.5_____
√ (0.5) (0.54)/50
Z= -0.04
0.071
Decision (reject or not to reject Ho)
Since the computed z (disregarding negative sign) is less than the critical value of z,
Ho is NOT REJECTED.
4. Conclusion
There is no sufficient evidence to deny the researcher’s claim. Thus, 50% of the rat
population are female.
 What I Have Learned
Critical Value of z
α 0.101 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
Confidence 90% 95% 97% 98% 99%
Level
One- tailed 1.28 1.64 1.88 2.05 2.33
(Directional)
Two- tailed 1.64 1.96 2.17 2.33 2.58
(Directional)
.

Assessment

Solve the following using the five-step hypothesis testing procedure.

1. A movie and regulations personnel claims that 30%
of all movies made are Rated G. If 13 out of the 40
randomly selected movies are Rated G, is the
personnel’s claim supported? Use 95% confidence
level.
Steps.
1.__________________
2.__________________
3.__________________
4.__________________
5.__________________

Lesson Illustrates the nature of bivariate data.

2

What’s In
Bivariate data deals with two variables that can change and are compared to find
relationships. If one variable is influencing another variable, then you will have bivariate
data that has an independent and dependent variable. Univariate data only has one data
set with one variable.
Usually, when an association between two variables is analyzed (the so called
“Bivariate analysis”), one variable is defined as the “Outcome variable” and its different
values are compared based on the different values displayed by the other variable, which
is defined as the “Explanatory variable”.
What’s New
Data for two variables (usually two types of related data). When you conduct a study
that looks at a single variable, that study involves univariate data. For example, you
might study a group of college students to find out their average SAT scores or you might
study a group of diabetic patients to find their weights. Bivariate data is when you are
studying two variables.
Example:
Ice cream sales versus the temperature on that day. The two variables are Ice
Cream Sales and Temperature.
In many studies, we measure more than one variable for everyone.
Examples:
1. Rainfall amounts and plant growth.
2. Exercise and cholesterol levels for a group of people.
3. Height and weight for a group of people.
Note: In these cases, we are interested in whether the two variables have relationship.
The uses of bivariate data.
1. The primary purpose of bivariate data is to compare the two sets of data or to
find a relationship between the two variables.
2. Bivariate data is most often analyzed visually using scatterplots.
 3. On the other hand, univariate data is when one variable is analyzed to describe
a scenario or experiment.
Represent the bivariate data using the tabular and graphic form.
Two Qualitative Variables:
When bivariate data results from two qualitative (attribute or categorical)
variables, the data is often arranged on a cross-tabulation or contingency table.
Example: A survey was conducted to investigate the relationship between preferences
for television, radio, or newspaper for national news, and gender. The results are
given in the table below.

TV Radio NP
Male 280 175 305
Female 115 275 170

This table may be extended to display the marginal totals (or marginals). The total of the
marginal totals is the grand total.
TV Radio NP Row Totals

Male 280 175 305 760

Female 115 275 170 560

Col. Totals 395 450 475 1320

Contingency tables often show percentages (relative frequencies). These percentages are
based on the entire sample or on the subsample (row or column) classifications.

Percentages based on the grand total (entire sample):

The previous contingency table may be converted to percentages of the grand total by
dividing each frequency by the grand total and multiplying by 100.
For example, 175 becomes 13.3%
TV Radio NP Row
Totals
Male 21.2 13.3 23.1 57.6
Female 8.7 20.8 12.9 42.4
Col. Totals 29.9 34.1 36.0 100.0

These same statistics (numerical values describing sample results) can be shown in a
(side-by-side) bar graph.

50.0 Percentages Based on Grand Total

0.0

Male

TV Radio NP
Percentages based on row (column) totals:
The entries in a contingency table may also be expressed as percentages of the row
(column) totals by dividing each row (column) entry by that row’s (column’s) total and
multiplying by 100. The entries in the contingency table below are expressed as
percentages of the column totals.
TV Radio NP Row Totals

Male 70.9 38.9 64.2 57.6

Female 29.1 61.1 35.8 42.4
Col. Totals 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

These statistics may also be displayed in a side-by-side bar graph.

 What is it?
Read each statement carefully. Identify the following whether it is a “UNIVARIATE DATA or
BIVARIATE DATA”. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. Does not deal with causes or relationships. ________________________
2. Involving a single variable. ________________________
3. Involving two variables. ________________________
4. The major purpose of the data is to explain. ________________________
5. Analysis of two variables simultaneously. ________________________

What’s More
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the uses of bivariate data?
a._____________________________
b._____________________________
c. _____________________________

What I Have Learned

One Qualitative and One Quantitative Variable:

1. When bivariate data results from one qualitative and one quantitative
variable, the quantitative values are viewed as separate samples.
2. Each set is identified by levels of the qualitative variable.
3. Each sample is described using summary statistics, and the results are
displayed for side-by-side comparison.
4. Statistics for comparison: measures of central tendency, measures of
variation, 5-number summary.
5. Graphs for comparison: dot plot, boxplot

Construct a scatter plot and Describe shapes (form), trend (direction) and
Lesson 3 variation (strength) based on a scatter plot

What’s In
The scatter plot can be an opportunity to prove and disprove the relationship of
two variables. Provided that the quality of data you are using to build your scatter plot is
as high as it can be, you can finally settle old arguments and determine whether the
variable has the impact on the other variable as other people think it does.

What’s New
A scatter diagram pairs of numeral data, with one variable on each axis. It is used when
your dependent variable may have multiple value of your independent variable and when
you are trying to determine whether two variables are related.
Steps:
1. Choose your dependent and independent variables.
2. Draw x-axis for the independent variable.
3. Draw y-axis for the dependent variable.
4. Make each data point on your scatter plot.
5. Label your graph and your axes.
 Example: Create scatter plot using the data below.

X Y
2.5 20
3 30
3.3 32
3.7 32
4 45
5 50
5.8 54

What I Have Learned

Identify
Draw x. - axis Draw y. - axis Make each.
independent Label your
for the for the data point on
and graph and
independent dependent your scatter
dependent your axes.
variable. variable. plot.
variable.