P?SlCS lC8 SLCCnuA8?

SCPCCLS
lC8M 2 P?SlCS
repared 8y
A8ulkAnl MuSA PASSAn
Dens|ty of matter
uenslLy ls Lhe quanLlLy of mass ln a unlL of volume lormula of denslLy


O lL ls Lhe dlsLlngulshlng properLy of maLLer Lach maLLer has lLs own denslLy
O lL glves lnformaLlon abouL how Lhe parLlcles of a subsLance are packed LogeLher
O 8epresenLaLlon of denslLy ls unlL of lL ls $nm
States of matter
SLaLes of maLLer are Lhe dlfferenL forms LhaL dlfferenL phases of maLLer Lake on 1here are
Lhree common sLaLes of maLLer whlch are So|| L|qu| an Gas 8elow are some physlcal
characLerlsLlcs of Lhe sLaLes of maLLer
So|| state of matter
O arLlcles are held LogeLher LlghLly and cannoL move relaLlve Lo each oLher
O 1hey can vlbraLe buL Lhey cannoL flow
O 1hey have deflnlLe shape and volume (rlgld parLlcles locked lnLo place)
O 1hey are noL easlly compresslble
O 1hey have hlgh denslLy because Lhe parLlcles are close LogeLher
O 1hey have hlgh forces of aLLracLlon beLween Lhere parLlcles
L|qu| state matter
O arLlcles are llLLle far aparL Lhan Lhe solld
O 1hey can vlbraLe and Lhey can easlly flow
O 1hey cannoL be compressed very much
O 1hey Lake Lhe shape of Lhe parL of Lhe conLalner whlch lL occuples
O 1here are forces of aLLracLlon beLween parLlcles buL weaker Lhan Lhose of Lhe solld
O 1hey are less dense Lhan Lhe solld
Gas state matter
O arLlcles of gas are wldely separaLed
O 1hey can move lndependenLly of one anoLher
O 1hey can be compressed
O 1hey have no flxed shape and volume
O 1he parLlcles of gas move fasLer Lhan llqulds and sollds
P?SlCS lC8 SLCCnuA8? SCPCCLS
lC8M 2 P?SlCS
repared 8y
A8ulkAnl MuSA PASSAn
O Colllslon beLween gas parLlcles ls elasLlc colllslon ( we mean no klneLlc energy losL)
O 1hey have very low denslLy
O as parLlcles forces of aLLracLlon ls weaker Lhan Lhose of sollds and llqulds
1he reason Lhe varlous sLaLes of maLLer have Lhelr parLlcular physlcal characLerlsLlcs and
behave ln Lhe way Lhey do ls a resulL of Lhe moLlon of Lhe molecules and Lhe aLLracLlon
beLween Lhem
Chane of state
4 eat|n proness Jhen heat ls applled Lo a maLerlal lLs change ln sLaLe Lyplcally goes
from solld Lo llquld Lo gas 1here are some excepLlons where Lhe maLerlal wlll go dlrecLly
from a solld Lo a gas
4 Coo||n proness Jhen a maLerlal ls cooled lLs change ln sLaLe Lyplcally goes from gas Lo
llquld Lo solld 1here are some excepLlons where Lhe maLerlal wlll go dlrecLly from a gas
Lo a solld
4 As Lhermal energy lncreases or decreases a subsLance wlll change sLaLe 1hls relaLes Lo
LemperaLure ln LhaL Lhe hlgher Lhe LemperaLure of someLhlng Lhe greaLer lLs Lhermal
energy
Chane |n temperature
Jhen a maLerlal reaches Lhe LemperaLure aL whlch a change ln sLaLe occurs Lhe LemperaLure
wlll remaln Lhe same unLll all Lhe energy ls used Lo change Lhe sLaLe
Me|t|n
4 Jhen a solld ls heaLed lLs LemperaLure rlses unLll lL reaches lLs melLlng polnL Any
addlLlonal heaL added Lo Lhe maLerlal wlll noL ralse Lhe LemperaLure unLll all of Lhe
maLerlal ls melLed 1hus lf you heaL some lce lLs LemperaLure wlll rlse unLll lL reaches 0
C (32 l) 1hen Lhe lce wlll sLay aL LhaL LemperaLure unLll all Lhe lce ls melLed 1he heaL
energy ls used Lo melL Lhe lce and noL Lo ralse Lhe LemperaLure AfLer Lhe lce ls melLed
Lhe LemperaLure of Lhe waLer wlll conLlnue Lo rlse as more heaL ls applled
o|||n
4 Jhen a llquld ls heaLed lLs LemperaLure rlses unLll lL reaches lLs bolllng polnL 1he
LemperaLure wlll Lhen remaln aL LhaL polnL unLll all of Lhe llquld ls bolled away
4 lor example Lhe LemperaLure of a poL of waLer wlll lncrease unLll lL reaches 100 C
(212 l) lL wlll sLay Lhere unLll all Lhe waLer ls bolled away 1he LemperaLure of Lhe
sLeam can Lhen be lncreased

P?SlCS lC8 SLCCnuA8? SCPCCLS
lC8M 2 P?SlCS
repared 8y
A8ulkAnl MuSA PASSAn
Coo||n
4 Llkewlse when a gas ls cooled lLs LemperaLure wlll drop unLll lL reaches Lhe
condensaLlon polnL Any addlLlonal coollng or heaL loss wlll noL lower Lhe LemperaLure
unLll all of Lhe gas ls condensed lnLo Lhe llquld sLaLe 1hen Lhe LemperaLure of Lhe llquld
wlll conLlnue Lo drop as more coollng ls applled Cnce Lhe llquld reaches Lhe freezlng
polnL Lhe LemperaLure wlll remaln aL LhaL polnL unLll all of Lhe llquld ls solldlfled 1hen
Lhe LemperaLure of Lhe solld can conLlnue Lo decrease

Summary of the names

1he process by whlch maLLer changes from solld sLaLe Lo llquld sLaLe ls called Me|t|n
1he process by whlch maLLer changes from llquld Lo gas ls called o|||n
1he process by whlch maLLer changes from gas Lo llquld ls called Conensat|on
1he process by whlch maLLer changes from llquld Lo solld ls called Ireez|n
1he process by whlch maLLer changes from gas Lo solld sklpplng llquld sLaLe ls called
Depos|t|on
1he process by whlch maLLer changes from solld Lo gas sklpplng llquld phase ls called
Sub||mat|on
Stress an Stra|n
Stress
4 SLress ls Lhe raLlo of applled force and cross secLlon deflned as force per area
4 SLress ls denoLed by Lhe greek leLLer slgma
4 SLress ls normally measured ln nm
2


D|rent Stress or Norma| Stress

SLress normal Lo Lhe plane ls usually denoLed norma| stress and can be expressed as
I
n
$ A
where
normal sLress ((a) n/m
2
psl)
I
n
normal componenL force (n lb
f
)
A area (m
2
ln
2
)

Shear Stress
SLress parallel Lo Lhe plane ls usually denoLed shear stress and can be expressed as
r I
p
$ A
where
r shear sLress ((a) n/m
2
psl)
I
p
parallel componenL force (n lb
f
)
A area (m
2
ln
2
)

P?SlCS lC8 SLCCnuA8? SCPCCLS
lC8M 2 P?SlCS
repared 8y
A8ulkAnl MuSA PASSAn
Stra|n

SLraln ls Lhe deformaLlon per unlL lengLh
SLraln ls deflned as deformaLlon of a solld due Lo sLress and can be expressed as
| $ |
o
$ L
where
| change of lengLh (m ln)
|
o
lnlLlal lengLh (m ln)
unlLless measure of englneerlng sLraln
L ?oungs modulus (Modulus of LlasLlclLy) (a psl)
ropert|es of mater|a|s
Jhen sLudylng maLerlals and especlally when selecLlng maLerlals for a pro[ecL / deslgn lL ls
lmporLanL Lo undersLand key properLles Some lmporLanL properLles are
l Strenth 1he ablllLy of a maLerlal Lo reslsL forces belng applled wlLhouL lL bendlng
breaklng shaLLerlng or deformlng ln any way
ll L|ast|n|ty 1he ablllLy of maLerlal Lo regaln lLs orlglnal shape afLer belng deformed Jhen
Lhe sLress and Lhe sLraln of Lhe ob[ecL are proporLlonal maLerlal ls sald Lo be elasLlc
lll |ast|n|ty 1he ablllLy of a maLerlal Lo be change ln shape permanenLly
lv Dunt|||ty 1he ablllLy of a maLerlal Lo change shape (deform) usually by sLreLchlng along
lLs lengLh
v St|ffness 1he reslsLance whlch Lhe maLerlal offers Lo forces whlch Lend Lo change lLs
shape or slze
vl r|tt|eness 8rlLLle maLerlals break readlly when Lhelr elasLlc llmlL ls reached
ook's |aw
4 ooke's |aw law of elasLlclLy dlscovered by Lhe Lngllsh sclenLlsL obert ooke ln 1660
4 Pook's law sLaLes 1he resLorlng force ln an elasLlc maLerlal ls proporLlonal Lo Lhe
exLenslon of Lhe maLerlal"
4 Pookes Law glves Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe force applled Lo an unsLreLched sprlng
and Lhe amounL Lhe sprlng ls sLreLched when Lhe force ls applled

P?SlCS lC8 SLCCnuA8? SCPCCLS
lC8M 2 P?SlCS
repared 8y
A8ulkAnl MuSA PASSAn
mportant ef|n|t|on LlasLlc llmlL ls Lhe maxlmum sLress LhaL can be applled Lo a maLerlal
wlLhouL produclng permanenL deformaLlon
oun's Mou|us

4 oun's mou|us numerlcal consLanL named for Lhe 18LhcenLury Lngllsh physlclan
and physlclsL @homas oun whlch descrlbe Lhe elasLlc properLles of a solld undergolng
Lenslon or compresslon ln only one dlrecLlon
4 ?oung's modulus ls a measure of Lhe ablllLy of a maLerlal Lo wlLhsLand changes ln lengLh
when under lengLhwlse Lenslon or compresslon (Modulus of LlasLlclLy)
4 ?oung's modulus ls equal Lo Lhe longlLudlnal sLress dlvlded by Lhe sLraln
?oung's Modulus L SLress/SLraln
4 1he unlLs of ?oung's Modulus are Newtons per square meter (N$m
2
)