ECE 274 - Digital Logic

Lecture 2

Digital Design
Circuit Types: Combinational vs. Sequential

Lecture 2
Transistors, Switches, CMOS Basic Logic Gates Boolean Equations

Truth Table: w/o time or previous values

Digital Design
Circuit Components: Historical Perspective

Digital Design
Transistors as Switches: Binary Switch

x = 0

x = 1 (a) Two states of a switch

S x
The evolution of switches: Relays (1930s), vacuum tubes (1940s), discrete transistors (1950s), and integrated circuits (ICs) containing transistors (1960s--present). ICs originally held about ten transistors; now they can hold more than a billion.

(b) Symbol for a switch

Digital Design
Transistors as Switches: Light controlled be a Switch

Digital Design
Transistors as Switches: Basic Functions (AND/OR)

S Battery x L Light

(a) Simple connection to a battery

S Power supply x L

(b) Using a ground connection as the return path

5 6

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design

CMOS transistors: (a) transistor on silicon, (b) nMOS transistor symbol with indication of conducting when gate=1, (c) pMOS transistor symbol conducts when gate=0.

CMOS transistor operation analogy -- A person may not be able to cross a river, until just enough stepping stones are attracted into one pathway. Likewise, electrons cant cross the channel between source and drain, until just enough electrons are attracted into the channel.

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design

Digital Design
Circuit Logic: Historical Perspective

Having the right building blocks can make all the difference when building things.
9

Shannon applied Boolean algebra to switch-based circuits, providing a formal basis to digital circuit design.
10

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates !x x+y xy

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates

Everyday Boolean Logic:

Ill(i) go to lunch if Mary(m) goes OR John(j) goes, AND Sally(s) does not go.

Which answer correctly represents the statement above: A) j = (i + m)(s) B) i = (j)(m + !s) C) i = (m + j) (!s)
Warning: real AND and OR gates arent actually built this way, but rather in a more complex manner
11 12

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates

Everyday Boolean Logic:

Ill(i) go to lunch if Mary(m) goes OR John(j) goes, AND Sally(s) does not go.

Converting English Problem to Boolean Logic:

A fire sprinkler system should spray water if high heat is sensed and the system is set to enabled. Identify and label variables:
h represents high heat is sensed e represents enabled F represents spraying water

Will you go to lunch if: m = 1, j = 0, and s = 1? A) No (i = 0) B) Yes (i = 1)

Write Boolean Equation expressing functionality described

F = h AND e

13

14

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Basic Logic Gates
x1 x2 AND gates x1 x2 xn xn x1 x2 x1 + x2 OR gates x1 + x2 + + xn xn x1 x2

x1 x2

x1 x2

NOT gate

Three-input AND and OR.

15

16

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Inverter

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Inverter

Inverter conduction paths when: (a) the input is 0, and (b) the input is 1.

Inverter timing diagram.

17 18

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: OR Gate

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: OR Gate

OR gate conduction paths when: (a) one input is 1, and (b) both inputs are 0.
19

OR gate timing diagram.

20

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: AND Gate

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: AND Gate

1 0 1 y 0 1 F 0

time
AND gate conduction paths when: (a) all inputs are 1, and (b) any input is 0.
21

AND gate timing diagram.

22

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design: Converting Boolean Equations to Circuits

Building the circuit for F = a AND NOT (b OR NOT (c)): (a) partial, (b) complete.

Converting Boolean equations to circuits.

24

23

Digital Design
Combinational Logic Design

Using multiple-input AND gates: (a) using 2-input AND gates, (b) using a 3-input AND gate.
25