Mathematical Physics

A study to establish set theory as natures logical description

Authors Arno P.L.M. Gorgels Shevkinaz Bulut

Introduction Mathematical descriptions such as Lorentz-transformations or the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics are often taken as "mathematical physics". These descriptions, however, are neither more nor less than isolated mathematical descriptions of specific experimental observations. In this paper, a mathematical theory of nature is only called "Mathematical Physics" when its mathematical axioms are identifiable in nature. The authors believe based upon an idea of the mathematician Amir D. Aczel - that Set Theory complies with this requirement. This study proposes to introduce Set Theory, when based upon the set of natural numbers, as the most appropriate mathematical tool to describe nature. The authors believe that the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel[1] (1907-1930), forming the standard form of axiomatic Set Theory (including Cantor's theory of infinities[2] (1877)), allow for the most complete description of the universe; natural laws and nature's constants should be derivable from it. They elaborate on an idea of Amir D. Aczel12. Set Theory allows real, virtual and imaginary (concrete and abstract) elements of nature to be arranged individually as well as in groups. It assumes the existence of any elements in a mathematical environment that is called "the set of those elements" possibly with (actual) infinite numbers, and applies Cantors mathematics of infinities. Unlike the fully symmetrical Lie-Algebras (around 1870, theory of continued symmetry, [3]) and the KacMoody-Algebras, [4] and [5], Set Theory (when applied to physics) is asymmetrical with regards to the structure of its basic field (basic set). Full symmetry occurs only from its first power set upwards by natural selection ensuring enduring stability of the resulting closed system. Asymmetry of the basic field is essential to the theory. Unlike KacMoody-Algebras, Set Theory does not require at t=0 the presence of space (or vacuum). On the contrary: Set Theory of natural numbers allows us to describe the early cosmic phase of space inflation (assumed t=0-4 sec.), in a way which eventually results in a stable residual basic field and the birth of myriads of photons (later to become energy respectively matter). These photons are supposed to be caused due to instability at the field's borders at actual infinity. This basic field is mathematically described by the set of rational numbers. It corresponds to the gravitational field (Isaac Newton (1642-1727), Wheeler (1911-2008)). It builds upon undetectable field elements being virtual directionless one-dimensional-volume-quanta of the format Xn = X.sin(t + n) + j.X.cos(t + n) with n=1,2,3 actual X = non-directional length in m; = frequency; = angular phase shift (1)

It argues that these virtual elements, numbered n=1,2,3 are eventually neatly lined up like a sphere surrounding a fixed starting point according to an increasing n finally forming a structured vacuum in which all natural events happen. The structure resembles a classical spin network (as proposed by Roger Penrose) but has the advantage to seem to enable non-commuting processes as measured by quantum mechanics. The word "virtual is here to be understood as not directly measurable. The basis of this study is therefore not directly falsifiable according to Karl Popper's condition for falsifiability dealing with a decisive criterion for scientific theories (1902-1994). In line with the established expression superstrings, the authors call volume-quanta: superquanta. Superquanta factually correspond to three-dimensional strings. Their surface can mathematically be made visible in the Lorentz equations of Albert Einsteins Special Relativity as follows: x + y + z + j.c.t = F for which we can write: x + y + z + j.c.t = F.(sin(t + n)-jcos(t + n)) whereas sin(t + n) - jcos(t + n) = sin(t + n) + cos(t + n) = 1. F in m is the basic invariable introduced by Max Born7 (1920). (It should be noted that the expression of the right member in (3) can (without F) be written as: (sin(t + n)+jcos(t + n))*(sin(t + n)-jcos(t + n)) or ej(t + n) *e-j(t + n), i.e. the product of two undamped vibrations. Each volume-point in vacuum appears to possess this feature.) Through formula (3) Special Relativity (SRT), volume-quanta (Quantum Mechanics) and strings (onedimensional vibrations in multidimensional space) can thus be seen to be interrelated at vacuum level. The field asymmetry mentioned above should explain the phenomenon of dark matter (the extra gravitational force that is being observed in addition to the gravitational force caused by visible matter, which pulls stars to the centre of the galaxy they belong to). At material level, however, complete symmetry prevails. This complies with Set Theory and is also in line with current exclusively symmetrical theories. This study gives a number of examples of observations that can only be explained through the basic asymmetry mentioned here-above. Those observations include, at the macroscopic level, the concept of dark matter, as well as the concept of a galaxy being a closed space-time unit in a steady state universe with intergalactic space equal to 0. At the microscopic level, they include the allocation of positrons within the atom nucleus. Related to this is the redefinition of protons, neutrons and quarks as being measured results of subatomic structures that, according to Set Theory, can be compositions of positrons surrounded by newly proposed particles, called eons and peons, that carry -1/3 e and +2/3 e electrical charge, as well as electrons orbiting in subatomic paths in respectively 4*c and 2*c space-environments, for which c is the speed of light. The article thus provides arguments to accept Set Theory as the most fundamental mathematical description of nature. The related physical theory is proposed as Superquantum Theory (SQT). For a complete picture, please refer to the diagram Generalized structure of mathematical physics. 1) Methods of investigation. In 1959, Louise Volders demonstrated that spiral galaxy M33 does not spin as expected according to Keplerian dynamics, a result which was extended to many other spiral galaxies during the seventies. This extra mass is proposed by astronomers to be dark matter within the galactic halo. The phenomenon of Dark Matter first observed by Fritz Zwicky[6] in 1933, in addition to the almost classical problem of relating the theories of gravity (the General Relativity Theory[7] of Albert Einstein, 1912) and quantum mechanics (Heisenberg, 1929), seems to urge a new approach in theoretical physics. The idea of a possible new approach was given by Amir D. Aczel12. He suggested to investigate Set Theory based upon natural numbers together with Cantor's Continuum as a theory that could fully describe nature. To do this, the field of gravity is, as a first (3) (2)

step, to be understood as the basic set (a field of numbers with an originating point (midpoint of the galaxy) and, as such, asymmetrical) which unfolds into several power sets that form the natural forces. What, then, can space and matter be made of? 2) Matter composed of atoms

Only two centuries ago scientists believed the atom to be the smallest unit of matter. A short time later it was found that the atom is composed of a nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. The present experiments with colliding hadrons (LHC) are an attempt to find further subatomic particles. Quantum physics assumes subatomic particles to be elementary. The Standard Model describes this world of elementary particles. Atoms are made up of a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons. The nucleus is surrounded by one or more electrons. Electrons are lightweight, negatively charged particles. The nucleus is made up of positively charged particles called protons and neutral neutrons. Protons and neutrons are believed to be made up of even smaller particles called quarks. In this paper, a slightly different composition is proposed, taking two new elementary particles called eons and peons into account.

3) The standard model and gravity

The standard model (SM) has mainly been developed in the years 1961-1973. It has extensively been investigated and tested (Glashow 1961, [8]; Weinberg/Salam 1967, [9]), and thus appears to perfectly describe the building blocks of the atomic world and the interactions of at least three of the four known natural forces. However, there are a number of open questions that it can not answer. There is, first of all, the question of a quantum related to gravity: so far gravity is excluded from the SM the reason being that gravitational field elements called gravitons have never been observed. A hypothetical particle, a graviton called the Higgs Boson, has been proposed by Peter Higgs (1964, [10]) to cause that gravitational interaction that gives mass to particles. Secondly, we mentioned above the problem of Dark Matter: this substance which is necessary to explain fast star movements at the edge of galaxies can neither be explained using the particles of the Standard Model nor by the General Relativity Theory. The present understanding of nature describes four natural forces: gravitation, electromagnetism, the weak interaction and the strong interaction. Each of these forces is mediated by a fundamental particle (=quantum) known as a force carrying particle. Three of the four forces are unified through the Standard Model of particle physics. SM describes the universe in terms of matter and force. If the Higgs Boson experimentally could be found SM would gain considerably in terms of reliability and acceptance. However, SQT does not predict a Higgs Boson. SQT argues that the genuine theoretical basis of nature is given by the mathematics of sets. The universal and simple structure of set theory that, at the same time, allows for the most complicated constructions, is understood as being able to formalize almost all mathematical concepts, [11]. Set theory is therefore generally taken to be the backbone structure of mathematics[12]. SQT proposes that it may also constitute the mathematical description of nature. Like

the string theory, SQT assumes virtual particles for which no experiment can be designed to allow direct observation. Moreover those virtual particles are associated solutions of partial differential equations, i.e. the solutions contain a real and an imaginary portion of the form given above in (1). They are grouped as in the infinite set of numbers that leads to Cantor's set theory of infinities, also called Cantor's Continuum. In this paper the authors propose to use the mathematical tools of Set Theory to find solutions to some of the current problems of particle physics. 4) Power set of the gravitational field

The set theory was conceived in 1874 by the mathematician Georg Cantor[13]. He especially investigated sets with an infinite number of elements. Cantor's perception was that several number infinities do exist; that was called Cantor's Continuum. He defines actual infinity and uses the power set axiom to build a large numbers of infinities. Aczel (2000) suggests applying Set Theory to theoretical physics. We are convinced that Aczel is correct. This article proposes ways to test or falsify his hypothesis. SQT suggests connecting the four known natural forces by arranging them within the power sets of the basic set of real numbers, already identified as the gravitational field. The following graphic shows how. 5) The correspondence between power set and natural forces Assuming gravity as the basic field of the set of natural fields, it can be considered as a basic set with just one element: gravity. The first power set of this basic set contains, according to set theory, 2 elements that easily should be identifiable as the electric and magnetic field. These three measurable fields (gravity, electric field and magnetic field) can be arranged as elements of a further basic set, being the set of measurable fields. Besides the function of its elements as causing the natural forces of gravity (1), electricity (2) and magnetism (3), they allow for the existence of a further power set, that exists of 2 elements, schematically made visible as follows:

6) Power Set and Quantum Chromodynamics

Gluons are commonly described as combinations of three "colour charges". SQT suggests that the three gluon colours seen in experiments (Weinberg, 1967) should therefore be identified as the equivalent of G, E, and M.

7) The atom nucleus

Cantor's continuum allows the calculation of the internal structure of elementary particles. It covers, in principle, the three-dimensional space x, y, z of Galileo, the four-dimensional space time x, y, z, t of Albert Einstein, and the extended six- and more dimensional spaces of Burkhard Heim and his successors. Cantor understood that the continuum is unlimited, however it should be realized that the corresponding physical continuum must be limited because its components and elements may physically be neither infinitely small nor infinitely large even though this would mathematically be thinkable. The physical continuum, limited to 10 levels as shown in the next diagram, allows, in addition to electrons and positrons, the occurrence of electrically charged particles with +2/3e and -1/3e. These newly-postulated particles now allow us to define the internal structure of protons and neutrons. The new elementary particles are called eon (1/3e) and peon (+2/3e). Thus, the nucleus is defined as the following constellation: positrons veiled by peons and eons (which are bound by weak nuclear forces) with a surrounding electron. The interaction of positron, eon, peon, and electron are measured as proton, neutron, up-Quark and down-Quark as follows. The elements positron, peon and eon may be experimental results of the coming hadron colliding experiments in CERN. 1- Proton = 2- Neutron = 3- Up Quark = 4- Down Quark = + Peon + 2*Eon p+e + Peon + e + Eon + e

Thus, the nucleus is a combination of positrons and electrons which interact with peons and eons. Protons, neutrons as well as up-Quarks and down-Quarks merely are experimental results of particle physics. In the course of further study W-bosons and Quarks need to be reviewed, since in this article positrons and electrons appear to be an integral part of atom nuclei. As can be seen from the picture, quarks and W-bosons are composed of elementary particles within the several space-time-structures. These space-time structures are shown in the following generalized overall picture.

8) Generalized structure of mathematical physics

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The mathematical/physical architecture of nature thus is a projection of Cantor's continuum that combines the mathematical real axis and the imaginary axis. All matter as well as events can only be combinations of volume quanta and are therefore sure to carry real and imaginary elements. All events within Level L(x, y, z, t) are therefore governed by the formula: EL = EL.cos(Lt + nL) + j.EL.sin(Lt + nL) with L = 0, 1, 2, 3 9 and L = 2L. Remark: according to Euler[14] this can be written for L=1 as: E.e j (t + n ) =E.( cos(t + n) + j sin(t + n)) This equation is, among others, essential to understand the several velocities in vacuum of electromechanical waves shown in the previous diagram. In this diagram the frequency and the speed of electomechanical waves c within L0 are mathematically and physically interrelated due to their their presence in the powerfactor of the mathematical formula: i.e. e2c equals ec. It should be independently noted that an implicit precondition that is yet to be verified is that c and (and other natural constants related to L) will be found to be proportional to Cantors' first infinite cardinal number called Aleph0 (shortly ). The authors believe that this can be proven without great difficulty. The portion of nature thus taken from the total of Cantor's continuum is seen to be limited to only 10 levels of the entire infinite continuum. The ten levels should be understood to be equal to genuine spaces, each featuring a f(x, y, z, t). Each of these spaces, together forming the vacuum, carries its own distinguished (maximal) speed of electromechanical waves c, 2*c, 4*c etc. in line with set theory. The relativity space with 2*c may carry the background radiation. Einsteins General Relativity applies to gravitation between masses; an addition of field gravitation should be considered as per Set Theory. An observer could only, by measuring interactions between the several spaces L (i.e. the phenomenon of tunnelling) or by identifying particles within or allocated to particular spaces, become aware of the existence of L(x,y,z,t). The authors believe that the experiments in CERN will give evidence of the standard existence of positrons within protons and, as such, will give a strong experimental sign of the correctness of the proposed level 3 particles (eon and peon) and, in the following analysis, proof of the correctness of the proposed introduction of set theory as the most adequate mathematical description of nature. The authors believe that the corresponding suggestion made by Amir D. Aczel will be proven to be substantiated. This paper contains an approach to establish proof of the theorem of set theory being the most comprehensive mathematical description of nature. Further theoretical study linked with experimental investigations should provide the necessary evidence to consolidate this approach. Correspondence address: Arno Gorgels Hans-Thoma-Strasse 3 14467 Potsdam Germany Tel. 0049 (0)331 9678361 Mobile: 0049 (0)15772788149 Property and Copyright of ideas, texts, illustrations and elaborations: Arno Gorgels /Potsdam Shevkinaz Bulut/ Cologne Reviewed by Joshua Berkowicz

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9) Literature

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Abraham Fraenkel, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel and Azriel Levy, 1973 (1958). Foundations of Set Theory. North Holland. Fraenkel's final word on ZF and ZFC. Cohen, P. J. (1966). Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis. W. A. Benjamin. Igor Frenkel, James Lepowsky, Arne Meurman: Vertex Operator Algebras and the Monster, Academic Press, New York (1989) ISBN 0-12-267065-5 V. Kac Infinite dimensional Lie algebras ISBN 0521466938 R.V. Moody, A new class of Lie algebras J. of Algebra , 10 (1968) pp. 211230 Richard Panek, The Father of Dark Matter. Discover. pp.81-87. January 2009 Die Relativittstheorie Einsteins und ihre physikalischen Grundlagen (Springer, 1920) - Based on Borns lectures at the University of Frankfurt am Main. Available in English under the title Einsteins Theory of Relativity. Sheldon L. Glashow (1961). "Partial-symmetries of weak interactions". Nuclear Physics 22: 579588. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2 Steven Weinberg (1967). "A Model of Leptons". Physical Review Letters 19: 12641266. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264. Abdus Salam (1968). Nils Svartholm. ed. Eighth Nobel Symposium. Elementary Particle Physics: Relativistic Groups and Analyticity. Stockholm: Almquvist and Wiksell Peter W. Higgs (1964). "Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons". Physical Review Letters 13: 508509. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508 Johnson, Philip, 1972. A History of Set Theory. Prindle, Weber & Schmidt ISBN 0871501546 Amir D. Aczel The Mystery of the Aleph: Mathematics, the Kabbalah, and the Search for Infinity, 2000. ISBN 1-56858-105-X Cantor, Georg (1955, 1915). Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0486600451 Dunham, William (1999) Euler: The Master of Us All, Washington: Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 0883853280

10) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Abraham Fraenkel, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel and Azriel Levy, 1973 (1958). Foundations of Set Theory. North Holland. Fraenkel's final word on ZF and ZFC. Cohen, P. J. (1966). Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis. W. A. Benjamin.

Igor Frenkel, James Lepowsky, Arne Meurman: Vertex Operator Algebras and the Monster, Academic Press, New York (1989) ISBN 0-12-267065-5 V. Kac Infinite dimensional Lie algebras ISBN 0521466938 R.V. Moody, A new class of Lie algebras J. of Algebra , 10 (1968) pp. 211230 Richard Panek, The Father of Dark Matter. Discover. pp.81-87. January 2009

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[7]

Die Relativittstheorie Einsteins und ihre physikalischen Grundlagen (Springer, 1920) - Based on Borns lectures at the University of Frankfurt am Main. Available in English under the title Einsteins Theory of Relativity.

[8] [9]

Sheldon L. Glashow (1961). "Partial-symmetries of weak interactions". Nuclear Physics 22: 579 588. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2 Steven Weinberg (1967). "A Model of Leptons". Physical Review Letters 19: 12641266. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264. Abdus Salam (1968). Nils Svartholm. ed. Eighth Nobel Symposium. Elementary Particle Physics: Relativistic Groups and Analyticity. Stockholm: Almquvist and Wiksell

[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Peter W. Higgs (1964). "Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons". Physical Review Letters 13: 508509. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508 Johnson, Philip, 1972. A History of Set Theory. Prindle, Weber & Schmidt ISBN 0871501546

Amir D. Aczel The Mystery of the Aleph: Mathematics, the Kabbalah, and the Search for Infinity, 2000. ISBN 1-56858-105-X Cantor, Georg (1955, 1915). Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0486600451 Dunham, William (1999) Euler: The Master of Us All, Washington: Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 0883853280

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