BASIC TERMINOLOGY Collocation comprises the restrictions on how words can be used together, for example which prepositions

are used with particular verbs, or which verbs and nouns are used together. Collocations are examples of lexical units. Collocations should not be confused with idioms. When translating, one must be aware of the possibility of making a mistake because of the grammar of ones mother tongue, which differs from the grammar of the L2 FALSE COGNATES are pairs of words in the same or different languages that are similar in form and meaning but have different roots. That is, they appear to be, or are sometimes considered, cognates, when in fact they are not. FALSE FRIENDS (or faux amis) are pairs of words in two languages or dialects (or letters in two alphabets) that look or sound similar, but differ in meaning. False cognates, by contrast, are similar words in different languages that appear to have a common historical linguistic origin (whatever their current meaning) but actually do not.

Both false friends and false cognates can cause difficulty for students learning a foreign language, particularly one that is related to their native language, because students are likely to identify the words wrongly, because of linguistic interference.

Sa etimoloke take gledita, postoji nekoliko naina da se kreiraju lani prijatelji:

homonimi: Jezik A i jezik B imaju rije koja zvui (izgleda) isto, a u stvari oznaava razliite pojmove. Na primjer, rije banka, postoji i u bosanskom i u ruskom jeziku, ali na bosanskom jeziku znai banka (novani zavod, ustanova koja posluje novcem), a na ruskom znai kutija (predmet izraen od razliitog materijala, najee u obliku pravougaonog paralelopipeda). Tako je na primer, francuska re ignorer (ne znati) slina engleskoj rijei ignore to znai ne obazirati. Pod lanim prijateljima najee se podrazumijevaju meujeziki homonimi. pseudo anglicizmi: na primjer: rije oldtajmer (oldtimer) u engleskom jeziku se koristi kako bi se opisala osoba, a u njemakom jeziku se koristi iskljuivo da se opie auto.

Ima rijei koje su i u engleski i u bosanski jezik stigle iz nekog treeg jezika, uglavnom iz latinskog i nemaju u njima ista znaenja. ak i izvorno engleske rijei mogu da znae neto drugo u bosanskom jeziku iz nekoliko razloga: 1. pogreno su shvaene kada su stigle u bosanski jezik 2. dobro su shvaene, ali sad u engleskom znae neto drugo 3. dobro su shvaene, ali sad u bosanskom znae neto drugo Postoji nekoliko vrsta semantikih odnosa unutar parova lanih prijatelja :

Nazivi lani parovi, lani prijatelji, prijatelji, meujezini homonimi ili pseoudoanalogoni oznauju postojanje rijei iz dvaju ili vie jezika (za ovaj predmet bitan odnos engleskoga i bosanskoga) slinih po obliku, a razliitih po sadraju. Iscrpan popis englesko-hrvatskih lanih parova moe se nai u Ivir 1985: 107-103-127.

THE MOST COMMON TRANSLATION EQUIVALENT NAJEI PREVODNI EKVIVALENT e.g. Bosanska prepozicija za se obino prevodi engleskom prepozicijom for. Meutim,esto se za ne moe prevesti sa for. Kada se to dogodi, zaveo nas je NPE (naivni prevodni ekvivalent)

- The government sent them a printed postcard.

POSTCARD

RAZGLEDNICA

u ovom sluaju postcard nema znaenje razglednica NAJEI PREVODNI EKVIVALENT

NAIVNI PREVODNI EKVIVALENT

ZADATAK 1

Prevesti slijedei tekst na engleski jezik :

Ga: to prije plinara i optina shvate da ljudi nee trpiti ovakve stvari, tim bolje. A ima jo neto Gdin: Aha, i ta je to, ljubavi? Ga: elim da ti napie pismo lokalnim novinama i zvaninu albu u ime stanovnika Salt Lane-a. Gdin: Ali mi ne ivimo u Salt Lane-u. Ga: Znam da ne ivimo, ali ona kaserka u samoposluzi ivi. Kae da joj je grozno, zbog mirisa plina iz cijevi nikad ne zna da li je ispravno upalila poret ili ne. Gdin: Hm. Prije nego to ponem pisati imam neto da ti kaem. Ga: Ah, nita loe, nadam se. Gdin: Ne. Mislim da nije loe. Radi se samo o tome da moja firma seli slijedee godine. Ga: Seli? A gdje to? Gdin: U jednu od novih poslovnih zgrada u Salt Lane-u. TRANSLATION: Mrs: The sooner the gas board and the local government realize that people will no longer be putting up with things like this, the better. And one more thing Mr: I see, and what else, darling? Mrs: I want you to write a letter and an official complaint to the local newspaper on behalf of the citizens of Salt Lane. Mr: But we don't reside at Salt Lane. Mrs: I know we don't, but the check out girl in the supermarket does. She says that it's terrible for her. She can never be sure whether she had turned on her gas stove, because of the smell of gas coming out from the pipes. Mr: Hmm. Before I start writing, there is something I want to tell you. Mrs: Oh, I suppose it's nothing bad. Mr: No. I don't think it's bad. It's only that my company is moving next year. Mrs: Moving? Where to? Mr: To one of our new office buildings in Salt Lane. ENGLISH ORIGINAL: Mrs: The sooner the Gas Company and the Council realise that people wont put up with this sort of thing, the better. And theres another thing Mr: Oh, whats that dear? Mrs: I want you to write to the local newspaper and make a formal complaint on behalf of the residents of Salt Lane. Mr: But we don't live in Salt Lane. Mrs: I know we don't, but that cashier in the supermarket does. She says that it's terrible. She never knows whether lit her cooker properly or not because of the smell from the gasworks. Mr: Hmm. Before I write, there is something Ive got to tell you. Mrs: Oh? Nothing bad, I hope. Mr: No. I don't think so. It's just that my firm are moving offices next year. Mrs: Moving? Where to? Mr: To one of the new office blocks in Salt Lane.

ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON The sooner the Gas Company and the Council realise that people wont put up with Mrs: The sooner the gas board and the local government realize that people will no longer be putting up this sort of thing, the better. And theres another thing with things like this, the better. And one more thing Oh, whats that dear? Mr: I see, and what else, darling? I want you to write to the local newspaper and make a formal complaint on behalf of the Mrs: I want you to write a letter and an official complaint to the local newspaper on behalf of the residents of Salt Lane. citizens of Salt Lane. But we don't live in Salt Lane. Mr: But we don't reside at Salt Lane. I know we don't, but that cashier in the supermarket does. She says that it's terrible. Mrs: I know we don't, but the check out girl in the supermarket does. She says that it's terrible for her. She never knows whether lit her cooker properly or not because of the smell from the gasworks. She can never be sure whether she had turned on her gas stove, because of the smell of gas coming out ...... from the pipes. Hmm. Before I write, there is something Ive got to tell you Mr: Hmm. Before I start writing, there is something I want to tell you. Oh? Nothing bad, I hope. Mrs: Oh, I suppose it's nothing bad. No. I don't think so. It's just that my firm are moving offices next year. Mr: No. I don't think it's bad. It's only that my company is moving next year. Moving? Where to? Mrs: Moving? Where to? To one of the new office blocks in Salt Lane. Mr: To one of our new office buildings in Salt Lane.
BOSNIAN VERSION plinara TRANSLATION gas board ENGLISH ORIGINAL gas company COMMENTS

1.

2.

optina

local government

council

gas board ; A board is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a company or organization. The body sometimes has a different name, such as board of trustees, board of governors, board of managers, or executive board. It is often simply referred to as "the board." gas company ; A public utility that provides gas Local government; Any form of government whose remit covers an area less than that of the nation Council: A Council is a type of committee that is usually intended to lead or govern. Councils often serve several different functions.

In British culture, a municipality is often referred to as simply the Council without any further attempt by the speaker. At making a size or scale designation, as in Council house. It is assumed the listener will already know the specific meaning of the word without further guidance.
3. zvanina alba official complaint formal complaint

4.

ivjeti

to reside

to live

Collocation: formal complaint; ?? Official complaint a grievance, problem, difficulty, or concern; the act of complaining. Middle English; compleinte, from Old French complainte, from feminine past participle of complaindre, to complain. to reside: From Old French resider < Latin residere (to remain behind, reside, dwell) < re(back) + sedere (to sit). 1. To dwell permanently or for a considerable time; to have a settled abode for a time; to remain for a long time. 2. To have a seat or fixed position; to inhere; to lie or be as in attribute or element. 3. To sink; to settle, as sediment. to live: From Old English libban, lifian (to live) 1. (intransitive) To have permanent residence ......... somewhere. 2. (intransitive) To survive, to persevere, to .........continue. 3.(transitive) To spend, as one's life; to pass; to .........maintain; to continue in, constantly or .........habitually. Darling: A person who is dear to one. dear; Someone who is loved (used as term of endearment) resident; A person, animal or plant living at a location or in an area citizen; A person that is a legally recognized as a member of a state, with associated rights and obligations. . 1. (dated) A member of a state that is not a monarchy; used as antonym to subject. 2. A person that is a legally recognized resident of a city or town. 3. A resident of any particular place to which the subject feels to belong. 4. A civilian, as opposed to a soldier, police officer etc.

5.

ljubavi

darling

dear

6.

stanovnik

resident

citizen

7.

kaserka

checkout girl

cashier

check out ; A counter in a supermarket where you

8.

poret

gas stove

cooker

pay for your purchases ; check out girl vs. cashier ; synonym cashier; A person who works at a till or receiving payments or a person in charge of the cash of a business or bank. Gas stove; A range with gas rings and an oven for cooking with gas cooker; (chiefly British) An appliance or utensil for cooking food.

gas cooker electric cooker slow cooker pressure cooker

9. 10.

upaliti (poret) cijevi (plinske)

turn on a gas stove pipes

light a cooker gasworks

different expression; terminology issue; turn on/off, light a gas stove, light cooker

11.

firma

company

firm

Pipe; A long tube made of metal or plastic that is used to carry water or oil or gas etc. gasworks; a place where gas is made from coal so that it can be used to produce heat and energy company; Old French compaignie "companionship" (French: compagnie), possibly from Late Latin *compania, but this word is not attested. 1. An institution created to conduct business firm; From German Firma (business", "name of business), from Italian firma (signature), from firmare (to sign) 1. (British, business) A business partnership; the name under which it trades. 2. (business, economics) A business enterprise, however organized

12.

poslovna zgrada

office building

office block

Office building ; A commercial building containing spaces for offices Office block; A building containing offices where work is done

Additional analysis: 1. trpiti ovakve stvari a) Translation from Bosnian into English : to be putting up with things like this b) English original version : to put up with this sort of thing ENGLISH ORIGINAL to put up with this sort of thing TRANSLATION to be putting up with things like this

There are cases when nouns in plural form in Bosnian language can be expressed with singular in English.

2. napisati pismo lokalnim novinama a) Translation from Bosnian into English : to write a letter to the local newspaper b) English original version : to write ( X ) to the local newspaper ENGLISH ORIGINAL to write to the local newspaper TRANSLATION to write a letter to the local newspaper

In English language the object of the verb write can be omitted intransitive use. Bosnian phrase pisati pismo nekomecan be translated by omitting the object of the verb write, because the object (in this case a letter is understood from the context. Therefore, English speakers, especially in colloquial speech, rather use the phrase write to X than write a letter to X to write (third-person singular simple present writes, present participle writing, simple past wrote or (archaic) writ, past participle written or (archaic) writ) 1. (transitive, intransitive) To form letters, words or symbols on a surface in order to communicate. The pupil wrote his name on the paper. Your son has been writing on the wall. 2. (transitive) To be the author of (a book, article, poem, etc.). My uncle writes newspaper articles for The Herald. 3. (transitive, US) To send a letter to. Please write me when you get there. 4. (transitive) To send a letter to. Please write to me when you get there. 3. napisati zvaninu albu Translation from Bosnian into English: to write an official complaint. b) English original version: to make a formal complaint. Bosnians usually write their complaints (napisati albu) while English speakers rather make a complaint, or simply complain, orally or in written form. In Bosnian language, it would sound quite strange to say napraviti albu. This meaning is usually expressed by the entire statement alio/alila sam se. or Napisao/Napisala sam albu in Bosnian language. This is a great example of how Bosnian speakers may often make a mistake when translating into English, because in the right collocation in English for this specific example would be to make a complaint and not to write a complaint

ENGLISH ORIGINAL to make a formal complaint

TRANSLATION to write an official complaint

Formal vs. Official formal (comparative more formal, superlative the most formal) Positive formal Comparative more formal Superlative most formal

1. being in accord with established forms 2. official formal recognition of the reformed church a formal agreement between the countries There is no formal structure for negotiating pay increases Mr Kelly has lodged a formal complaint against the police.

OFFICIAL

3. relating to the form or structure of something 4. ceremonial 5. (horticulture) Organized; well-structured and planned. official (comparative more official, superlative most official) Positive official Comparative more official Superlative most official

1. Of or pertaining to an office or public trust official duties 2. Derived from the proper office or officer, or from the proper authority; made or communicated by virtue of authority an official statement or report 3. Approved by authority; authorized. 4. sanctioned by the pharmacopoeia; appointed to be used in medicine; officinal an official drug or preparation From the comparison that was made above, it is possible to draw a conclusion that formal and official are, at a certain point of meaning, considered to be synonyms. As there are no two absolutely identical words, or synonyms with the exact same meaning to be found in a language, we can conclude that formal and official cannot be used to create the absolutely identical meaning when collocated with different words. The adjective official doesnt usually collocate with the noun complaint, and, therefore, the term an official complaint sounds more odd than a formal complaint, although the meaning of these two might be quite similar if we observe each unit of the collocation separately.